Solution

WORKSHEET-1 (CH-1 & CH-2)

Class 12 - Mathematics
Section A
1.
(c) neither transitive, nor symmetric, nor reflexive
Explanation:
The relation R defined on a set of human beings as
R = {(x, y) : x is 5 cm shorter than y}

is neither transitive, nor symmetric, nor reflexive.

2.
(c) f (x) = x + 2
Explanation:
Injectivity: Let x, y ∈ Z, then, f(x) = f(y) ⇒ x + 2 = y + 2 ⇒ x = y.⇒ f is one-one.
Surjectivity: Let f(x) = y , where y ∈ Z, .⇒ x + 2 = y .⇒ x = y – 2 ∈ Z, ⇒ f is onto.
Therefore, f is a bijective function.

3. (a) 4
Explanation:
4
4.
(d) {(1, 1), (3, 3), (3, 1), (2, 3)}
Explanation:
i. R is reflexive if it contains ({1, 1), (2, 2) and (3, 3)}.
Since, (2, 2) ∈ R. So, we need to add (1, 1) and (3, 3) to make R reflexive.
ii. R is symmetric if it contains {(2, 2), (1, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (2, 3)}.
Since, {(2, 2), (1, 3), (3,2)} ∈ R. So, we need to add (3, 1) and (2, 3).
Thus, minimum ordered pairs which should be added in relation R to make it reflexive and symmetric are {(1, 1), (3, 3), (3,
1), (2, 3)}.

5.
(b) injective only
Explanation:
Let x1, x2 ∈ N
f(x1) = f(x2)
2 2
⇒ x = x
1 2

⇒ x
2
1
− x=02
2

⇒ (x1 + x2)(x1 - x2) = 0

⇒ x1 = x2

{x1 + x2 ≠ 0 as x1, x2 ∈ N}
Hence, f(x) is injective.
Also, the elements like 2 and 3 have no pre-image in N. Thus, f(x) is not surjective.

6.
(b) 2
Explanation:

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 Total possible pairs {(1, 1) (1, 3), (1, 5), (3, 3), (3, 1), (3, 5) (5, 5), (5, 1), (5, 3)}
1st equivalence relation
R1 = {(1, 1,), (5, 5), (3, 3), (1, 3), (3, 1)}
2nd equivalence relation
R2 = {(1, 1,), (5, 5), (3, 3), (1, 3), (3, 1), (3, 5), (5, 3)}
∴no of possible equivalence relation
=2

7.
(b) bijective
Explanation:
The function f (x) = 9x + 6x − 5 is one-one (strictly increasing) and onto [−5, ∞) since it achieves its minimum value of
2

-5 at x = 0 and goes to ∞ . Thus, the answer is bijective.

8.
(d) 2π

Explanation:
cos–1 (cos (680°))
= cos–1 [cos (720° – 40°)]
= cos–1 [cos (– 40°)]
= cos–1 [cos (40°)]
= 40°
= . 2π

9.
(d) [1, 2]
Explanation:
Let, f(x) = cos-1(2x - 3)
-1 ≤ 2x - 3 ≤ 1
⇒ 2 ≤ 2x ≤ 4

⇒ 1 ≤ x ≤ 2

∴ x ∈ [1, 2] or domain of x is [1, 2].

−
−
2
10. (a) √ 3

Explanation:
−
− −
−
sin [cot–1 (cos π

4
)] = sin [cot-1 1
] = sin [ sin −1
√
2

3
] = √
2

3
.
√2

Which is the required solution.

11.
−π
(d) 10

Explanation:
−1 3π
sin (cos )
5

−1 π 3π
= sin (sin( − ))
2 5

−1 5π−6π
= sin sin( )
10

−1 π
= sin sin(− )
10

π π π
= − ϵ [− , ]
10 2 2

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12. (a) [2π, 3π]
Explanation:
[2π, 3π]
2 2
5π
13. (a) 4
and π

Explanation:
We have
(sin–1x)2 + (cos–1x)2 = (sin–1x + cos–1x)2 – 2 sin–1x cos–1 x
- 2 sin-1 x(
2

= π

4
π

2
− sin
−1
x)

- π sin-1 x + 2(sin-1 x)2

2

= π

2 2

= 2 [ (sin −1
x) −
π

2
sin
−1
x +
π

8
]

2 2
π π
= 2 [(sin −1
x −
4
) +
16
]

2 2 2 2 2
−π 5π
Thus, the least value is 2( π

16
) i.e. π

8
and the Greatest value is 2[( 2
−
π

4
) +
π

16
] i.e. 4
.

14.
(b) x ∈ [0, π]
Explanation:
cos
−1
(cos x) = x if 0 ⩽ x ⩽ π i.e. if , x ∈ [0, π]

15.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
Assertion: Here, f : R → R is given by
x, if x ≥ 0
f(x) = |x| = {
−x, if x < 0
It is seen that f(-1) = |-1| = 1, f(1) = |1| = 1
Therefore, f(-1) = f(1) but -1 ≠ 1
Therefore, f is not one-one.
Now, consider -1 ∈ R
It is known that f(x) = |x| is always non-negative
Thus, there does not exist any element x in domain R such that f (x) = |x| = -1.
Therefore, f is not onto.
Hence, the modulus function is neither one-one nor onto.
⎧ 1,
⎪
if x > 0
⎪

Reason: f : R → R, f(x) = ⎨ 0, if x = 0
⎪
⎩
⎪
−1, if x < 0

It is seen that f(1) = f(2) = 1 but 1 ≠ 2.

Therefore, f is not one-one
Now, as f(x) takes only three values (1, 0 or -1), therefore for the element -2 in codomain R, there does not exist any x in
domain R such that f(x) = -2
Therefore, f is not onto. Hence, the Signum function is neither one-one nor onto.

16.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
Assertion: It is given that f : R* → R* is defined by
1
f (x) =
x

For one-one, f(x) = f(y)

1 1
⇒ =
x y

⇒ x=y
Therefore, f is one-one.

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 For onto, it is clear that for y ∈ R , there exists x =
∗ 1

y
∈ R
∗
(exists as y ≠ 0 ) such that
1
f (x) = = y
1
( )
y

Therefore, f is onto. Thus, the given function (f) is one-one and onto.
Reason: Now, consider function g : N → R* defined by g(x) = . 1

x
1 1
We have, g (x 1) = g (x2 ) ⇒
x1
=
x2

⇒ x1 = x2
Therefore, g is one-one.
Further, it is clear that g is not onto as for 1 ⋅ 2 ∈ R , there does not exist any x in N such that g(x) = 1⋅ 2
∗

1
⇒ = 1 ⋅ 2
x

⇒ x =
1

1⋅2
∉ N (domain)
Hence, function g is one-one but not onto.

17.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
Explanation:
Assertion Consider x2 + 1 = 17
⇒ x2 = 16
⇒ x = ±4

Hence, pre-images of 17 are ± 4.

Hence, both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.

18.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
A is false but R is true.
Explanation:
Assertion (A): All trigonometric functions have their inverses over their respective domains. (false)
As all trigonometric functions are periodic functions and hence manyone functions. Therefore trigonometric functions are not
invertible over their respective domains.

Reason (R): The inverse of tan-1 x exists for some x ∈R ( true)

19.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
A is true but R is false.

20.
(c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
A is true but R is false.
Explanation:
A: The maximum value of (cos-1 x) 2 is π (true) 2

R: Range of the principal value branch of cos-1x is [

−π π

2
,
2
] . (false)
The range of the principal value branch of cos-1x is [−π, π] .

Section B
21. a. Reflexive:
∵ |x2 - x2| < 8 ∀ x ∈ A ⇒ (x, x) ∈ R ∴ R is reflexive.

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 b. Symmetric:
Let (x, y) ∈ R for some x, y ∈ A
∴ |x2 - y2| < 8 ⇒ |y2 - x2| < 8 ⇒ (y, x) ∈ R
Hence R is symmetric.
c. Transitive:
(1, 2), (2, 3) ∈ R as |12 - 22| < 8, |22 - 32| < 8 respectively
But |12 - 32| ≮ 8 ⇒ (1, 3) ∉ R
Hence R is not transitive.
22. f(x) = ax + b
Solving a + b = 1 and 2a + b = 3 to get a = 2, b = -1
f(x) = 2x - 1
Let f(x1) = f(x2) for some x1, x2 ∈ R
2x1 - 1 = 2x2 - 1 ⇒ x1 = x2
Hence f is one-one.
Let y = 2x - 1, y ∈ R (Codomain)
y+1
⇒ x= 2
∈ R (domain)
y+1
Also, f(x) = f( 2
) =y
∴ f is onto.
23. i. Reflexivity:
let (a,b) ∈ R, Then,
(a,b) R (a, b) since ab = ba
Thus, (a,b) R (a,b) ∀(a, b) ∈ R
Thus, R is reflexive.
ii. Symmetry:
Let (a,b) R (c,d) Then
(a,b) R (c,d) => ad = bc
=> bc = ad
=> cb = da
=> (c, d) R (a,b)
R is symmetric.
iii. Transitivity
Let (a,b) R (c,d) and (c,d) R (e,f) Then,
ad = bc and cf = de
=> adcf = bcde
=> (af )(cd) = (bε)(cd)
=> (a,b) R (e,f)
∴ (a, b)R(c, d) and (c, d)R(e, f ) ⇒ (a, b)R(e, f )

Therefore, R is transitive. Thus, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.

Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
24. Principal value branch of sin1 x is [− π

2
,
π

2
]

And its graph is given here

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25. We know that sin −1 1

2
=
π

6
.
−1 −1 1
∴ tan {2 cos(2 sin )}
2

−1 π
= tan {2 cos(2 × )}
6

−1 π −1 1 −1 π
= tan (2 cos ) = tan (2 × ) = tan 1 =
3 2 4

26. We know that tan −1

1 =
π

4
.
−1 −1
∴ cot[ sin {cos(tan 1)}]

−1 π −1 1 π
= cot{sin (cos )} = cot(sin ) = cot = 1
4 √2 4

− √3
27. We have, cos[ cos −1
(
2
) +
π

6
]

−1 π π
cos[ cos ( − cos ) + ]
6 6

−1 5π π
= cos[ cos (cos ) + ]
6 6

5π π −1
= cos( + ){∵ cos cos x = x, x ∈ [0, π]}
6 6

6π
= cos( )
6

= cos(π) = −1

28. We have, tan −1

(tan
2π

3
) = tan
−1
tan(π −
π

3
)

−1 π −1 −1
= tan (− tan ) [∵ tan (−x) = − tan x]
3

−π π
{tex} = {\tan ^{ - 1}}\tan \ (\frac{\ -π } {3})= - \frac{\pi }{3}{/tex} [∵ tan −1
(tan x) = x, x ∈ (
2
,
2
)]

Note: Remember that, tan −1

(tan
2π

3
) ≠
2π

Since, tan-1(tan x) = x, if x ∈ (−
−π
π

2
,
π

2
) and 2π

3
∉ (
2
,
π

2
)

29. sin −1
(sin(− 600 )) = sin
∘ −1
{sin(−600 ×
π

180
)}

−1 10π −1 10π
= sin {sin(− )} = sin (− sin )
3 3

−1 π −1 π
= sin {− sin(3π + )} = sin {− (− sin )}
3 3

−1 π π
= sin (sin ) =
3 3

30. tan −1
(tan
9π

8
)

−1 π
= tan tan(π + )
8

−1 π
= tan (tan( ))
8

π
=
8

Section C
31. We have
a b
=
a b

This implies that (a, b) R (a, b)∀(a, b) ∈ N × N

Hence R is reflexive
Let (a, b)R(c, d) for some (a, b), (c, d) ∈ N × N
a b
Then c
=
d
c d
⇒ =
a b

⇒ (c, d)R(a, b)

Hence, R is symmetric.
Let (a, b)R(c, d), (c, d)R(e, f ) for some (a, b), (c, d), (e, f ) ∈ N × N Then a

c
=
b

d
,
c

e
=
d

a b
⇒ =
e f

⇒ (a, b)R(e, f )

Hence, R is transitive
Thus, R is an equivalence relation.
32. We have, a relation R on N × N defined by (a, b)R(c, d) , if ad(b + c) = bc(a + d)
Reflexive :
Let (a, b) ∈ N × N be any arbitrary element.
We have to show (a, b)R(a, b) , i.e. to show ab(b + a) = ba(a + b) which is trivially true as natural numbers are commutative

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 under usual multiplication and addition.
Since, (a, b) ∈ N × N was arbitrary, therefore R is reflexive.
Symmetric:
Let (a, b), (c, d) ∈ N × N such that(a, b)R(c, d) , i.e. ad(b + c) = bc(a + d) ... (i)
To show, (c, d) R (a, b), i.e. to show cb(d + a) = da(c + b)
From Eq.(i), we have ad(b + c) = bc(a + d)da(c + b) = cb(d + a) [∵ natural numbers are commutative under usual addition
and multiplication]
⇒ cb(d + a) = da(c + b)

⇒ (c, d)R(a, b)

Thus, R is symmetric.
Transitive:
Let (a, b), (c, d) and (e, f) ∈ N × N such that (a, b) R (c, d) and (c, d R (e, f)
Now, (a, b) R (c, d) ⇒ ad(b + c) = bc(a + d)
b+c a+d
⇒
bc
=
ad
⇒
1

b
+
1

c
=
1

a
+
1

d
.......(ii)
and (c, d) R (e, f) ⇒ cf(d + e) = de(c + f)
d+e c+f
⇒ =
de cf

1 1 1 1
⇒
d
+
e
=
c
+
f
......(iii)
1 1 1 1 e+b f +a
⇒ + = + ⇒ =
b e a f be af

⇒af (e + b) = be(f + a)

⇒af (b + e) = be(a + f )

⇒ (a, b)R(e, f )

⇒ R is transitive
Thus, R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive, hence R is an equivalence relation.
33. Let f(x1) = f(x2)
x1 x2
⇒ =
1+ x1 2
1+ x2 2

⇒ x1 + x1x22 = x2 + x12x2
⇒ (x1 - x2)(1 - x1x2) = 0
1
for x1 = x2, x1 = x2
as x1 ≠ x2
⇒ f is not one-one.i.e. f(x) is many one
Let x ∈ R such that f(x) = y
x
⇒ y= 2
1+x

y + x2y = x
x2y - x + y = 0
1± √1−4y2

⇒ x= (y ≠ 0) .
2 y
[For y = 0 ∈ [− 1

2
,
1

2
] , we have 0 ∈ R such that f(0) = 0]
x ≠ 0, x ∈ R
⇒ 1 - 4y2 ≥ 0, y ≠ 0
⇒
1

4
≥ y2
y ≤ ±
1

2
, y ∈ [− 1

2
,
1

2
] - {0}.
Also, y = 0 when x = 0
∴ Range = [− , ] = Codomain
1 1

2 2

∴ f is onto.
34. Let f (x ) = f (x ) for some x , x
1 2 1 2 ∈ R

Then x + x + 1 = x + x + 1
2
1 1 2
2
2

⇒ (x1 − x2 ) (1 + x1 + x2 ) = 0

⇒ x1 − x2 = 0 or x 1 + x2 = −1

⇒ x1 = x2 or x 1
+ x2 = −1 so if x 1
+ x2 = −1, x1 ≠ x2

Hence f is not one -one

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 Let y = f (x) where x ∈ R
Then y = x + x + 1 . 2

2
⇒ x + x + 1 − y = 0

−1± √4y−3

⇒ x =
2

For x to be real, 4y − 3 ≥ 0
3
⇒ y ≥
4

Hence, range = [ 3

4
, ∞) ≠ codomain
Hence, f is not onto.
2 2
f (x) = 3 ⇒ x + x + 1 = 3 ⇒ x + x − 2 = 0

−1± √9
⇒ x = = −2, 1
2
1+1
35. f(1) = 2
=1
f(2) = 2

2
= 1

Two different elements have same image.

f is not one - one.
For any x ∈ N, 2x ∈ N such that f(2x) = 2x

2
= x

This implies range(f) = N and therefore f is onto.

Hence, f is not bijective.
36. Let (a, b) ∈ N × N

We have
a− a= b − b

This implies that (a, b)R(a, b)∀(a, b) ∈ N × N

Hence R is reflexive
Let (a, b)R(c, d) for some (a, b), (c, d) ∈ N × N
Then a − c = b − d
⇒ c − a= d − b

⇒ (c, d)R(a, b)

Hence, R is symmetric.
Let (a, b)R(c, d), (c, d)R(e, f ) for some (a, b), (c, d), (e, f ) ∈ N × N

Then a − c = b − d, c − e = d − f
⇒ a− c + c − e= b − d + d − f

⇒ a− e= b − f

⇒ (a, b)R(e, f )

Hence, R is transitive
Thus, R is an equivalence relation.
37. Let f (x ) = f (x ) for some x , x
1 2 1 2 ∈ R
2x1 2x2
Then 2
=
2
1+x 1+x
1 2

2 2
⇒ x1 + x1 x = x2 + x x2
2 1

⇒ (x1 − x2 ) − x1 x2 (x1 − x2 ) = 0

⇒ (x1 − x2 ) (1 − x1 x2 ) = 0

⇒ x1 − x2 = 0 or 1 − x 1 x2 = 0

⇒ x1 = x2 or x x = 1, so if x 1 2 1 x2 = 1, x1 ≠ x2

Hence f is not one -one

Let y = f (x) where x ∈ R
2x
Then y = 2
. Here, for x = 0, y = 0
1+x
2x
If y ≠ 0, then y = 2
1+x

2
⇒ yx − 2x + y = 0

2
2± √4−4y

⇒ x =
2y

For x to be real, 4 − 4y 2
≥ 0

2
⇒ y ≤ 1

⇒ −1 ≤ y ≤ 1

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 Hence, range = [−1, 1] ≠ codomain
Hence, f is not onto.
For the given function to become onto, A = [−1, 1]
38. Check for Reflexive:
If (a,a) for every a ∈ R ⇒ R is Reflexive
Here a divided a ⇒ (a,a) ∈ R
R is Reflexive
Check for Symmetric
If (a,b) ∈ R then (b,a) ∈ R ⇒ R is symmetric
Here a divided by b ⇒ (1,2) ∈ but (2,1) ∉​R
R is not symmetric
Check for transitive
If (a,b), (b,c) ∈ R then (a,c) ∈​R ⇒ R is transitive
Here a divides b and b divides c ⇒ a divides c (a,c) ∈​R ⇒ R is transitive
As R is not symmetric. Hence it is not an equivalence relation.
4x+3
39. Given, f(x) = 6x−4

where, x ∈A = R -{ 2

3
}

One-one function
Let x1, x2 ∈A = R -{ 2

3
} such that f(x1) = f(x2)
4x1 +3 4x2 +3
Then, 6x1 −4
=
6x2 −4

⇒(4x1 + 3)(6x2 − 4) = (4x2 + 3)(6x1 − 4)

⇒ 24x1 x2 − 16x1 + 18x2 − 12 = 24x1 x2 − 16x2 + 18x1 − 12

⇒ −34x1 = −34x2

⇒ x1 = x2

So, f is one-one function. Measure of stability of the nucleus Measure of stability of the nucleus
Onto function Let y be an arbitrary element of A (co domain).
Then, f(x) = y
4x+3
⇒ = y
6x−4

⇒ 4x + 3 = 6xy − 4y

⇒ 4x − 6xy = −4y − 3

⇒x(4 − 6y) = −(4y + 3)

−(4y+3)
⇒ x =
4−6y

4y+3
⇒ x =
6y−4

4y+3
Clearly, x = 6y−4
is a real number for all y ≠ 4

6
=
2

4y+3 2
⎡ =
6y−4 3
4y+3
Also, 6
≠
2

3
⎢
⎢ ⇒ 12y + 9 = 12y − 8

⎣
⇒ 9 = −8, which is absurd
4y+3
Thus, for each y ∈ A (codomain), there exists x = 6y−4
∈ A (domain) such that
4y+3
f (x) = f ( )
6y−4

4y+3
4( )+3
6y−4
=
−4
4y+3
6( )
6y−4

16y+12+18y−12
=
24y+18−24y+16

34y
= = y
34

Hence, f is onto function.

Since f is a bijective function, so its inverse exists.
3+4y
−1
∴ x = f (y) =
6y−4

3+4x 2
or, f −1
(x) =
6x−4
,x ≠
3

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40. Let us consider tan-1(1) = x then we obtain
tan x = 1 = tan π

We know that range of the principle value branch of tan-1 is [− π

2
,
π

2
]

Thus, tan-1 (1) = π

4
1
Let cos −1
(−
2
)= y

cos y = − 1

2
= cos(π −
π

3
) = cos(
2π

3
)

We know that range of the principle value branch of cos-1 is [0, π ]

Thus, cos (− ) = −1 1

2
2π

Let sin-1 (− 1

2
)= z

π π
sin z = − sin = sin(− )
6 6

We know that range of the principle value branch of sin-1 is [− π

2
,
π

2
]

Thus, sin-1 (−
1 π
)= −
2 6

Now,we have
−1 −1 1 1
tan (1) + cos (− ) + sin(− )
2 2
3π+8π−2π 9π 3π
= π

4
+
2π

3
−
π

6
=
12
=
12
=
4

Section D
41. R = {(a,b) = |a.b| is divisible by 2.
where a, b ∈ A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
reflexivty
For any a∈A,|a−a|=0 Which is divisible by 2.
∴ (a, a) ∈ r for all a ∈ A

So ,R is Reflexive
Symmetric :
Let (a, b) ∈ R for all a, b ∈ R
|a−b| is divisible by 2
|b−a| is divisible by 2
(a, b) ∈ r ⇒ (b, a) ∈ R

So, R is symmetirc .
Transitive :
Let (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R then
(a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R
|a−b| is divisible by 2
|b−c| is divisible by 2
Two cases :
Case 1:
When b is even
(a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R

|a−c| is divisible by 2
|b−c| is divisible by 2
|a−c| is divisible by 2
∴ (a, c) ∈ R

Case 2:
When b is odd
(a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R

|a−c| is divisible by 2
|b−c| is divisible by 2
|a−c| is divisible by 2
Thus, (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R ⇒ (a, c) ∈ R
So R is transitive.
Hence , R is an equivalence relation

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42. A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and R = {(a, b) : |a - b| is even}, then R = {(1, 3), (1, 5), (3, 5), (2, 4)}
1. For (a, a), |a - a| = 0 which is even. ∴ R is reflexive.
If |a - b| is even, then |b - a| is also even. ∴ R is symmetric.
Now, if |a - b| and |b - c| is even then |a - b + b - c| is even
⇒ |a - c| is also even. ∴ R is transitive.

Therefore, R is an equivalence relation.

2. Elements of {1, 3, 5} are related to each other.
Since |1 - 3| = 2, |3 - 5| = 2, |1 - 5| = 4 all are even numbers
⇒ Elements of {1, 3, 5} are related to each other.

Similarly elements of (2, 4) are related to each other.

Since |2 - 4| = 2 an even number, then no element of the set {1, 3, 5} is related to any element of (2, 4).
Hence no element of {1, 3, 5} is related to any element of {2, 4}.
43. f is one-one: For any x, y ∈ R, we have f(x) : f(y)
x y
⇒ =
1+|x| |y|+1

⇒ xy + x = xy + y
⇒ x = y

Therefore, f is one-one function.

If f is one-one, let y = R – {1}, then f(x) = y
x
⇒ = y
x+1
y
⇒ x =
1−y

It is clear that x ∈ R for all y = R – {1}, also x ≠ =-1

Because x = -1
y
⇒ = −1
1−y

⇒ y = -1 + y which is not possible.

y
Thus for each R – {1} there exists x = 1−y
∈ R – {1} such that
y

x 1−y
f (x) = = y
= y
x+1
+1
1−y

Therefore f is onto function.

44. L1||L1 i.e (L1, L1) ∈ R Hence reflexive
Let (L , L ) ∈ R , then
1 2

L1||L2 which implies L2 ||L1

⇒ (L2, L ) ∈ R Hence symmetric
1

We know the
L1||L2 and L2||L3
Then L1 || L3
Therefore,(L , L ) ∈ R and (L , L ) ∈ R implies (L , L ) ∈ R
1 2 2 3 1 3

Hence Transitive
Hence, R is an equivalence relation.
Any line parallel to y = 2x + 4 is of the form y = 2x + K, where k is a real number.
Therefore, set of all lines parallel to y = 2x + 4 is {y : y = 2x + k, k is a real number}
45. Given that A = {1, 2, 3, ....9} (a, b) R (c, d) a + d = b + c for (a, b) ∈ A× A and (c, d) ∈ A× A.
Let (a, b) R (a, b)
⇒ a + b = b + a, ∀ a, b ∈ A

Which is true for any a, b ∈ A

Hence, R is reflexive.
Let (a, b) R (c, d)
a+d = b+c
c + b = d + a ⇒ (c, d) R (a, b)
So, R is symmetric.
Let (a, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R (e, f)
a + d = b + c and c + f = d + e

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 a + d = b + c and d + e = c + f(a + d) - (d + e) = (b + c) - (c + f)
(a - e) = b - f
a+f=b+e
(a, b) R (e, f)
So, R is transitive.
Hence R is an equivalence relation.
Let (a,b) R ( 2,5),then
a+5=b+2
a=b-3
If b<3 ,then a does not belong to A.
Therefore,possible values of b are >3.
For b=4,5,6,7,8,9
a=1,2,3,4,5,6
Therefore, equivalence class of (2,5) is
{(1,4),(2,5),(3,6),(4,7),(5,8),(6,9).
46. For x1, x2 ∈ R, consider
f(x1) = f(x2)
x1 x2
⇒ =
2 2
x +1 x +1
1 2

2 2
⇒ x1 x + x1 = x2 x + x2
2 1

⇒ x1x2(x2 - x1) = x2 - x1
⇒ x1 = x2 or x1x2 = 1
We note that there are point, x1 and x2 with x1 ≠ x2 and f(x1) = f(x2) for instance, if we take x1 = 2 and x 2
=
1

2
, then we have
2 2 1
f (x1 )
5
and f (x 2) =
5
but 2 ≠ 2
. Hence f is not one-one. Also, f is not onto for if so then for 1 ∈ R ∃ x ∈ R such that f(x) = 1
. But there is no such x in the domain R, since the equation x2 - x + 1 = 0 does not give any real value of x.
x
which gives 2
= 1
x +1

Section E
47. i. For f(x) to be defined x - 2 ≠ 0 i.e., x ≠ 2
∴ Domain of f = R - {2}
x−1
ii. Let y = f(x), then y = x−2
2y−1
⇒ xy - 2y = x - 1 ⇒ xy - x = 2y - 1 ⇒ x = y−1

Since, x ∈ R - {1}, therefore y ≠ 1

Hence, range of f(x)= R - {1}
iii. We have, g(x) = 2f(x) - 1
x−1 2x−2−x+2 x
= 2( ) − 1 = =
x−2 x−2 x−2

OR
f(x1) = f{x2) ⇒ x1 = x2

48. i. B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
R = {(x, y) : y is divisible by x}
Now, since x is divisible by x
⇒ (x, x) ∈ R

So R is reflexive
Also, here (2, 4) ∈ R, as 4 is divisible by 2
But (4, 2) ∉ R as 2 is not divisible by 4
So R is not symmetric
Now, if (x, y) ∈ R & (y, z) ∈ R
Then (x,z) ∈ R
So R is transitive
Hence R is reflexive and transitive
ii. As A has 2 elements and B has 6 elements
So, number of functions from A to B = 62.

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 iii. ∵ (1, 1) ∉ R
So R is not reflexive
Now, here (1, 2) ∈ but (2, 1) ∉ R
So R is not symmetric
Also (1, 3) ∈ R and (3, 4) ∈ R
But (1, 4) ∉ R
So R is not transitive.
OR
Number of relations
= 2number of element in A number of element in B
×

= 22 6
= 212
49. i. Given that, A = {1, 2, 3}
Now, number of equivalence relations are as follows:
R1 = ((1, 1),(2, 2),(2, 3))
R2 = {(1, 1),(2, 2),(3, 3),(1, 2),(2, 1))
R3 = ((1, 1),(2, 2),(3, 3),(1, 3),(3, 1))
R4 = ((1, 1),(2, 2),(3, 3),(2, 3),(3, 2))

R5 = {(1, 2, 3) ⇒ A × A = A2}
∴ Maximum number of equivalence relations on the set A = {1, 2, 3} = 5

ii. aRb ⇒ a is brother of b.

This does not mean b is also a brother of a as b can be a sister of a.
Hence, R is not symmetric.
aRb ⇒ a is brother of b
and b Rc ⇒ b is a brother of c.
So, a is brother of c.
Hence, R is transitive.
iii. Given relation R1= {(x, y) | x2 = y2}

Reflexive: For all x ∈R, x2 = x2, so, (x, x) ∈ R1

Hence, R1 is reflexive relation.
Symmetric: For all x, y ∈R
If x2 = y2 then y2 n = x2
Hence, R1 is symmetric relation.

Transitive: For all x, y ∈ R, x2 = y2 and for all y, z ∈ R

y2 = z2
∴ x2 = y2 = z2,or all x, y, z ∈ R
Hence, R1 is transitive.
Thus, R1 is an equivalence relation.
OR
Given, x greater than y, ∀ x, y ∈ N
⇒ x > y ∀ x, y ∈ N

Reflexive: Now, for (x, x) ∈ R

Therefore, x > x is not true for any x ∈ N
Thus, R is not reflexive.
Symmetric: Now, let (x, y)∈ R, then x > y
If x > y, then y ≯ x for any x, y ∈ N
Thus, R is not symmetric.
Transitive: Now, let (x, y) ∈R and (y, z) ∈ R
⇒ x > y and y > z

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 Therefore, x > z ⇒ (x, z)∈ R for all x, y, z ∈N
Thus, R is transitive.
50. i. in △BDA
AB2 = AD2 + BD2
= (30√3) + (30)2
– 2

= (60)2
AB = 60 m
Now, sin α = BD

AB
30 1
sin α = =
60 2

−1 1
α = sin ( )
2

α = sin-1( 1

2
)

Again, In △BDA
30√3 √3
AD
cos α = = =
AB 60 2

√3
−1
α = cos ( )
2

ii. DC = AC - AD
– –
DC = 40√3 − 30√3
–
DC = 10√3 m
In △BDC,
BD 30 –
tan β = = = √3
DC 10√3

tan-1(√3)
–
β =

iii. ∵ sin α = 1

2
∘
sin α = sin 30
∘
α = 30
–
tan β = √3

∘
β = 60

Now, In △ABC
∠ ABC +∠ BAC + ∠ ACB = 180o
∠ ABC + 30o + 60o = 180o
∠ ABC = 90o
∠ ABC =
π

OR
Domain - [-1, 1] and range is [0, π ]
51. i. Let f(x) = sin-1√x − 1
−−−−−

⇒ 0 ≤ x - 1 ≤ 1

⇒ 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
−−−−− −−−−−
∴ x ∈ [1, 2] [∵ √x − 1 ≥ 0 and −1 ≤ √x − 1 ≤ 1 ]

ii. we know that, Domain of sin-1 is [-1, 1]

∴ Domain of sin-1[x] is {x : -1 ≤ [x] ≤ 1}
⎧ −1∀
⎪
−1 ≤ x < 0

But {x} = ⎨ 0∀ 0 ≤ x < 1

⎩
⎪
1∀ 1 ≤ x < 2

∴ Domain of sin-1[x] is [-1, 2)

iii. sin[ π

3
− sin
−1
(−
1

2
)]

= sin[ π

3
+ sin
−1
(−
1

2
)] [∵ sin-1(-θ) = -sinθ]

= sin[ π

3
+ sin
−1
(sin
π

6
)]

= sin[ π

3
+
π

6
]

2π+π
= sin[ 6
]

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 3π
= sin( 6
)

= sin( π

2
) =1
OR
Let,
y = cos-1(cos 2π

3
) + sin-1(sin 2π

3
)
= 2π

3
+ sin-1(sin(π − π

3
))
= 2π

3
+ sin-1(sin π

3
)
2π π
= 3
+ 3
=π
Principal value of cos-1(cos ) + sin-1(sin
2π 2π
∴
3 3
) = π.

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