Power System Protection
Dr. Ibrahim El-Amin
Chapter 2
RELAY OPERATING
PRINCIPLES
2.5 Solid-State Relays
Advantages :-
More accurate
settings repeatable & closer tolerance
Characteristic shaped by logic changes
Not affected by vibrations / dust
compact & less space
Disadvantages
Limited capability of temp, humidity, over-
voltage and over-currents
Requires independent power supplies.
Types of Solid-State Relays
1. Analog Relays
a. Fault sensing circuits
b. Measuring circuits
2. Digital Logic Circuits
A. Solid State Instantaneous
Over- current Relay
Input current I is passed through
R
The corresponding voltage is
rectified .
The voltage is filtered through the
R-C filter.
The voltage is applied to a
summing amplifier.
A reference voltage is the second
input of the amplifier.
When er is exceeded ,the output
is high.
A time delay circuit can be used.
Typical Waveforms at different Points
B. Solid State Distance (MhO) Relay
The Mho characteristics:
Z ( K / K ) sin( )
3 2
Let
Z r ( K3 / K 2 )
Then the Relay Performance is given by
Z ( Z r sin( )
Multiply both sides by
I and replace IZ by E
Then the relay equation
is: E IZ r sin( ) 0
Mho Characteristics
All points inside circle : Trip
All points outside circle : block
outside circle : angle E &( IZr-E) > 90 deg.
inside circle : angle E &( IZr-E) < 90 deg.
Mho Characteristics
Inside circle : angle (E-IZr) &E) > 90 deg.
Outside circle: angle (E-IZr) &E) ) < 90 deg.
Possible Circuit Configuration
Input current is passed through impedance.
The negative of this voltage and Relay input
voltage are into amplifiers.
Output of amplifier is rectangular waves.
Negative & positive are isolated by rectifiers.
The output is sent into AND gate.
For Steady state, the output of AND gates is
High( level 1) for duration equal to angle
between (E-IZr) & E
If the angle is greater than 90 (1/4 cycle),
relay should operate.
For external faults, output shall be “0”.
2.6 Computer Relays
Microprocessor-based Relay
2.7 Other Relay Design Considerations
1. Contact Definitions:
Relays make contact assume
a condition when the relay
is completely De-
energized.
A contact which is closed
under this condition
“normally closed” “b”
If relay is open under this
condition, it is “normally
open” – a
2.Targets
An indication of whether the relay operates
or not is needed.
Targets are used.
They are electrical or mechanical flags
3. Seal-In Circuit
Relays contacts are not
designed to interrupt breaker
trip coil current.
Contacts provided with
holding mechanism.
A coil in series with relay
contacts but its contact is
parallel.
As trip coil energized
electromagnet coil & contacts
closed. Drop out
when breaker opens
4.Operating time
5.Ratio of Pickup to Reset
The relays requires less current to keep it
picked-up than it took to pick-up
Reset value is very small relays may not
reset after breaker operates.
2.8 Control Circuit
Lamps are arranged to glow at ½
brilliance
If one pole is grounded one lamp
goes off & other is full bright.
TC is connected in series with
auxiliary contact “a”, to the – ve
pole always
breaker normally closed, when
power is ON
TC is connected to – ve pole
always.
Seal-in & target TC connected in
series to + ve thro’ Relay contact
Sea-in contacts bypass the relay
contacts to protect for tripping TC
current.
Breaker trip coil is interrupted by
auxiliary “a” contact.
