Class Notes: Non-Verbal Communication
Definition
Non-verbal communication refers to the process of conveying meaning without using
words.
It encompasses gestures, posture, facial expressions, eye contact, and more.
Importance: More than 90% of human communication is non-verbal, making it crucial
to understand and master its nuances.
Types of Non-Verbal Communication
1. Paralanguage
Involves vocal elements that accompany speech, such as:
o Tone: Reflects emotion (e.g., a cheerful tone conveys positivity).
o Pitch: High pitch can indicate excitement; low pitch can convey seriousness.
o Volume: Loudness emphasizes urgency or authority, while softer speech creates
intimacy.
o Pace: Rapid speech can show nervousness or urgency; slow speech can indicate
thoughtfulness.
Example: A teacher raising their voice to command attention in a noisy classroom.
2. Kinesics (Body Language)
Refers to the use of body movements and posture to communicate.
Gestures:
o Movements of the hands, arms, or feet to express ideas or emotions.
o Effective Gestures:
Hand movements during presentations: Emphasize key points.
Greeting gestures: Waving or nodding when addressing an audience.
o Inappropriate Gestures:
Scratching your head—indicates confusion.
Pointing fingers—can appear confrontational.
Shaking your legs—signals nervousness or impatience.
Posture:
o Reflects confidence or lack thereof.
o Confident Posture: Straight back, shoulders firm, chin up, arms open.
o Non-Confident Posture: Slouched shoulders, crossed arms, looking down.
Example: Standing upright with relaxed arms during a job interview conveys confidence.
3. Facial Expressions
A crucial aspect of non-verbal communication that reveals emotions and attitudes.
Positive Expressions:
o A warm smile when greeting someone fosters trust and friendliness.
o Raised eyebrows can indicate interest or curiosity.
Negative Expressions:
o Frowns or lack of engagement can show disapproval or boredom.
Example: A welcoming smile by a customer service representative makes clients feel
valued.
4. Oculesics (Eye Contact)
Study of eye movements and their role in communication.
Key Points:
o Maintaining eye contact shows confidence and sincerity.
o Avoid staring at one person; instead, scan the audience to engage everyone.
o Be mindful of cultural differences: In some cultures, direct eye contact may be
perceived as impolite.
Example: During a presentation, glancing at each audience member briefly keeps them
engaged.
5. Artifacts (Personal Appearance)
Refers to the visual presentation of a person and the objects they use.
Personal Appearance:
o People often form opinions based on first impressions.
o Tips:
Dress conservatively for formal occasions.
Keep jewelry minimal to avoid distractions.
Use mild perfumes; strong scents can be off-putting.
o Example: A well-groomed individual in professional attire creates a positive
impression in business meetings.
Objects of Style:
o Includes clothes, shoes, watches, jewelry, and gadgets.
o These items reflect personality and status.
o Example: A sleek watch and polished shoes enhance a professional look.
6. Proxemics (Physical Distance)
Study of how distance between people affects communication.
Zones of Space:
o Intimate Space (Up to 45 cm):
Reserved for close family, partners, and loved ones.
Intrusion by strangers can feel threatening or uncomfortable.
o Friendly Space (45 cm - 1.2 m):
Shared with close friends and family.
o Social and Public Space (Beyond 1.2 m):
Used for interactions with acquaintances or formal gatherings.
Example: Standing too close to a colleague during a discussion may make them
uncomfortable.
7. Haptics (Touch Communication)
Refers to communication through touch, used to express emotions or establish
relationships.
Positive Touch:
o Handshakes: Create a professional connection.
o Hugs: Show support or empathy in personal contexts.
Cultural Sensitivity:
o Touch gestures vary across cultures; what is acceptable in one culture may be
inappropriate in another.
Example: A firm handshake during an interview demonstrates confidence.
8. Chronemics (Time Management)
The study of how time affects communication.
Key Aspects:
o Punctuality: Arriving on time signals respect and professionalism.
o Time Allocation: Devoting full attention to meetings without distractions (e.g.,
putting phones on silent mode).
o Example: A salesperson arriving early for a meeting conveys their eagerness to
engage.
Importance of Non-Verbal Communication
Enhances the impact of verbal communication.
Builds trust and rapport with others.
Demonstrates professionalism and emotional intelligence.
Conclusion
Non-verbal communication is a powerful tool that complements spoken words. By mastering its
various aspects—paralanguage, kinesics, proxemics, haptics, and more—you can enhance your
personal and professional interactions significantly. Practice and awareness are key to effectively
using non-verbal cues.
