P.
2 Notes
Exponents and
Scientific Notation
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Objectives:
• Use the product rule.
• Use the quotient rule.
• Use the zero-exponent rule.
• Use the negative-exponent rule.
• Use the power rule.
• Find the power of a product.
• Find the power of a quotient.
• Simplify exponential expressions.
• Use scientific notation.
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The Product Rule
When multiplying exponential expressions with the
same base, add the exponents. Use this sum as the
exponent of the common base.
b m b n = b m+n
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Example: Using the Product Rule
Multiply the expression using the product rule:
(4 x3 y 4 )(10 x 2 y 6 )
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Checkpoint 1
Multiply each expression using the product rule.
2 2
2 3
(6 x y )(5x y )
4 3 2 7
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The Quotient Rule
When dividing exponential expressions with the same
nonzero base, subtract the exponent in the denominator
from the exponent in the numerator. Use this difference
as the exponent of the common base.
bm m−n
n
= b ,b 0
b
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Example: Using the Quotient Rule
Divide using the quotient rule:
27 x14 y 8
3x3 y 5
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Checkpoint 2
Simplify using the quotient rule
12 9
30 x y
3 7
5x y
( −2) 7
( −2) 4
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The Zero-Exponent Rule
If b is any real number other than 0,
b =1
0
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Example: Using the Zero-Exponent Rule
Simplify: 3x 0
Simplify: (3x)0
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The Negative Exponent Rule
If b is any real number other than 0 and n is a natural
number, then
−n 1
b = n
b
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Example: Using the Negative-Exponent Rule
−2
Use the negative-exponent rule to write 5 with a
positive exponent.
Use the negative-exponent rule to write 3x −6 y 4 with
positive exponents only.
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Checkpoint 3
Use the negative exponent rule to write each
expression with a positive exponent.
−2
9
−5
( −2 )
−5 2
7x y
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The Power Rule (Powers to Powers)
When an exponential expression is raised to a power,
multiply the exponents. Place the product of the
exponents on the base and remove the parentheses.
(b m )n = bmn
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Example: Using the Power Rule (Powers to Powers)
Simplify the expression using the power rule:
(33 )2
Simplify the expression using the power rule:
(b −3 ) −4
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The Products-to-Powers Rule for Exponents
When a product is raised to a power, raise each factor to
that power.
(ab)n = a nb n
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Example: Raising a Product to a Power
Simplify: (−4 x)3
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Checkpoint 4
Simplify using the power rule
(2 )
2 3
(y )
5 −3
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Checkpoint 5
Simplify:
(− 2 y )
2 4
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The Quotients-to-Powers Rule for Exponents
When a quotient is raised to a power, raise the
numerator to that power and divide by the denominator
to that power.
If b is a nonzero real number, then
n
=
n
a a
b b
n
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Example: Raising Quotients to Powers
5
2
− y
Simplify:
3
Simplify: x
5
3
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Checkpoint 6
Simplify by raising each quotient to the given power:
4
3
−
x
3
x 2
4
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Simplifying Exponential Expressions
An exponential expression is simplified when:
No parentheses appear.
No powers are raised to powers.
Each base occurs only once.
No negative or zero exponents appear.
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Example: Simplifying Exponential Expressions
Simplify: (2 x3 y 6 )4
−2
Simplify: 5x
y4
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Checkpoint 7
Simplify:
(− 3x y ) 4 5 3
(− 7 xy )(− 2 x y )
4 5 6
− 35 x 2 y 4
6 −8
5x y
−3
4x 2
y
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Scientific Notation
A number is written in scientific notation when it is
expressed in the form
a 10n
where the absolute value of a is greater than or equal to
1 and less than 10, (1 a 10), and n is an integer.
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Example: Converting from Decimal Notation to Scientific
Notation
Write in scientific notation:
5,210,000,000
Write in scientific notation:
– 0.00000006893
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Checkpoint 8
Write in decimal notation
6.2 107
− 6.2 107
−3
2.019 10
Write in scientific notation:
34,970,000
− 34,970,000
.000802
− .000802
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Checkpoint Answers
CP 1 25 = 32
30 x 6 y10
CP 2 6 x9 y 2
( − 2 ) 3 = −8
1
CP 3 81
1
−
32
7 y2
x5
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CP 4
64 CP 7 − 27 x12 y15
1 14 x 6y10
y15 − 7 y12
x4
y3
CP 5 16 y 8
64 x 6
81
CP 6
x4
x6
64
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CP 8
62,000,000
− 62,000,000
.002019
− .0002019
3.497 107
− 3.497 107
8.02 10 − 4
− 8.02 10 − 4
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