MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI, INDIA

ARVIND GAVALI COLLEGE OF POLYTECHNIC,

SATARA
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

A MICRO PROJECT REPORT

ON
“Effect of Climatic Change on Environment”

SUBMITTED BY

Enrollment no Name of Student

2216170095 Ithape Swati Sandip
2216170097 Jadhav Gauri Suresh
2216170099 Jadhav Tanmay Sudam
2216170100 Jadhav Viraj Sanjay

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Dr. Madhuri More

ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-25

 Certificate
This is to certify that the micro project work entitled
“Effect of Climatic Change on Environment”

Has been successfully completed by

Enrollment No Name of Student

2216170095 Ithape Swati Sandip
2216170097 Jadhav Gauri Suresh
2216170099 Jadhav Tanmay Sudam
2216170100 Jadhav Viraj Sanjay

In fulfilment for the

Diploma in Computer Engineering

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

During the academic year 2024-25 under the guidance of

Dr. Madhuri More Mrs. Anuradha Kadam

Guide H.O.D

Dr. S. Nipanikar Dr. V. A. Pharande

Dean Principal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

During the selection of topic entitled “Effect of Climatic Change on

Environment”, they would first like to express our gratitude to our Principal Dr V.
A. Pharande, our Dean Dr. S. Nipanikar our HOD Mrs. Kadam A.M and our
Project Guide. Dr. More. M.M for their immense support, suggestion,
encouragement and interest in our micro project work. Without their invaluable
suggestion our project selection would be incomplete. Last but not least, we would
like to thank our friends, parents and group members for their belief ant patience in
our endeavours.

Date:-
Place:-Satara
 INDEX

Page
Sr.No Content
No.

1 Introduction 5

2 Litreature Review 7

3 Material & Methodology 9

4 Theory of Climatic Change and its Effect 11

Effects of Climatic Change on Weather &

5 13
Environment

6 Conclusion 16

7 Reference 17
 Chapter 1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

Climate change refers to the long-term changes in the climate that occur over decades,
centuries or longer. It is caused by rapidly increasing greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere
due primarily to burning fossil fuels (e.g., coal, oil, and natural gas).

These heat-trapping gases are warming the Earth and the Oceans resulting in rising sea
levels, changes in storm patterns, altered ocean currents, changes in rainfall, melting snow and ice,
more extreme heat events, fires, and drought. These impacts are projected to continue and in some
cases, intensify, affecting human health, infrastructure, forests, agriculture, freshwater supplies,
coastlines, and marine systems.

1.2 Projections

 Atmospheric temperatures: 2-4°C increase by 2100, mostly due to human activity ref

 Sea level rise: ~1 m rise by 2100 due to thermal expansion and glacial melting. Note: the
contribution of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheet could increase the extent of
sea-level rise ref

 Changes in storm patterns - warming may cause tropical storms globally to be more
intense on average (with intensity increases of 2-11% by 2100) ref

For more projections of climate change and specific impacts to coral reefs, click here. For local and
regional, projections in key geographies, see the Resources section below.

1.3 Difference Between Weather and Climate

 Weather refers to atmospheric conditions such as temperature and rainfall over a short
period of time (a few hours or a few days). Weather is what you experience day to day.

 Climate is the average pattern of weather for a particular place over a long period of time,
usually at least 30 years.

1.4 Climate Variability

The natural variation in climate that occurs from month to month, season to season, year to
year and decade to decade is referred to as climate variability (e.g., yearly cycle of wet and dry
seasons in the western tropical Pacific).
 Climate variability between years is caused by natural variations in the atmosphere and
ocean, such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). ENSO has two extreme phases: El Niño
and La Niña. El Niño tends to bring weaker trade winds and warmer ocean conditions near the
equator across much of the Pacific, whereas La Niña tends to bring stronger trade winds and cooler
ocean conditions.

Natural climate variability occurs in parallel with climate change (i.e., droughts and floods caused
by ENSO will continue to occur and may intensify due to climate change). Therefore, these natural
fluctuations must also be taken into account when planning for the future.

1.5 Justification

Climate change projects are justified because climate change is a threat to life on Earth and is
caused by human activities. Climate change projects aim to reduce the impacts of climate change
by:

 Reducing emissions

Cutting emissions by switching to renewable energy sources like solar or wind.

 Adapting to climate impacts

Protecting people, homes, businesses, and natural ecosystems from the effects of climate change.

 Financing adjustments

Mobilizing climate finance through carbon trading, carbon taxes, and other means.

Some examples of climate change projects include:

 Climate Change Adaptation Project

This project aims to increase the resilience of vulnerable communities to climate change by
reducing their vulnerability and increasing their adaptive capacity.

 National Missions

These missions focus on building national scientific and technological (S&T) capacities in the area
of climate change.

 Carbon trading

This project involves quantifying greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions into carbon credits that can be
bought and sold.

 Carbon taxes

These taxes are applied to discourage the use of products and services with big carbon footprints.
 Chapter 2
2. LITREATURE REVIEW

Methodology
Sr. no Year Paper Title Author
Used
The Economic Impact of
1 2008 Richard S.J.
Climate Change
Medhavi Sandhani, Anubhab
Impact of Climate on
pattanayak,
2 2020 Economic Growth
K.S.Kavi Kumar
The Impact of Universities
3 2020 Tristan McCowan
on Climate Change
Climate change: Does Doris Klingelhofer,
international research fulfil Ruth Muller, Markus Braun,
4 2020
global demands and Dorthe Bruggmann, David A.
necessities Groneberg.
Jason Shogren,
5 2000 Climate Change Policy
Micheal Toman
Climate Change as a
Context for Developing
6 2008 Standards-Based Research Rich Seymour
Skills in Secondary School
Students
Global Warming:
7 2001 Michael C.MacCracken
A Science Overview
A.Haines, R.S.Kovats,
Impacts, vulnerability &
8 2006 D.Campdella-Lendrum,
public health
C.Corvalan
Scientific Studies on
Climate Change , Children
9 2023 Elif Ozturk
& Education: Current
Situation & Suggestion
10 2014 Climate Change Chris Riedy

Climate Changes Evidence US national Academy Of

11 2020 & Causes Science
Climate Change: Causes, Jameel R. Kaddo.
12 2016 Effects,& Solutions
Climate Change & Tariq Banuri, &
13 2007 Sustainable Development Hans Opschoor
Health Effects Of Climate
14 2004 CLINICIAN’S CORNER
Change

15 2004 What Is Climate Change ? ROGER A. PIELKE, JR.

Effects of climate change

16 2004 Simon Roborts
on the built environment
 Chapter 3

3. MATERIAL & METHODOLOGY

The materials used in studies of climate change effects include both physical tools and datasets:

3.1 Meteorological Data (Simplified)

 Local Weather Data: Obtain temperature, precipitation, and wind data from local weather
stations or online resources like government meteorological departments.

 Climate Change Indicators: Use simplified data sources, such as daily temperature
averages or yearly rainfall to assess trends.

3.2 Field Equipment

 Thermometers: To record local temperature variations.

 Rain Gauges: To measure precipitation changes in specific areas.

 Soil Moisture Sensors: For tracking drought conditions.

 Simple Cameras: For capturing visual changes in the environment, like plant growth, ice
melt, or water levels.

3.3 Remote Sensing Tools (Free/Open Source)

 Google Earth: Use satellite images to observe changes in land use, vegetation, or bodies of
water over time.

 Open Satellite Data: Platforms like NASA’s Worldview or ESA’s Sentinel Hub provide
free, low-resolution satellite data that can be used to track changes in vegetation cover or ice
melt.

3.4 Local Environmental Data

 Biodiversity Monitoring: Document local species, such as insects or plants, that may be
impacted by changing climate conditions.

 Water Quality Testing Kits: To measure pH, temperature, and chemical content in nearby
water bodies.

3.5 Data Collection

  Field Surveys: Researchers collect data directly from environments like forests, oceans,
wetlands, and urban areas. This might include measuring soil temperature, tree height, or
water salinity.

 Remote Sensing and Satellite Data: Imagery and sensor data are used to track
environmental changes over time, such as deforestation, glacial melting, and coral
bleaching.

 Laboratory Analysis: Samples collected from the field (e.g., ice cores, soil samples) are
analyzed to understand historical climate patterns or chemical changes.

3.6 Data Analysis

 Statistical Methods: Techniques like regression analysis, time-series analysis, or

multivariate analysis are used to identify trends and correlations in climate data.

 Climate Modeling: Models simulate future scenarios based on varying assumptions of CO2
levels and human activities. Outputs from models can predict temperature increases, sea-
level rise, and precipitation patterns.

 Geospatial Analysis: GIS is used to map changes in land cover, biodiversity, or urban
development in response to climate change. For example, mapping shifting agricultural
zones due to warming temperatures.

3.7 Impact Assessment

 Vulnerability and Risk Analysis: Researchers assess how climate change affects
ecosystems, species, and human communities. For example, by using vulnerability indices
for specific ecosystems or human populations.

 Scenario Analysis: Different scenarios are developed to evaluate possible outcomes based
on mitigation efforts. For example, what happens under a 1.5°C, 2°C, or 4°C warming
scenario.

3.8 Model Validation

 Cross-validation with Historical Data: Researchers compare model projections with past
data (e.g., temperature or precipitation records) to validate the model's accuracy.

 Paleoclimate Comparisons: Models are often validated against long-term climate patterns
observed in geological records (e.g., ice cores).
Example Case Studies

1. Arctic Sea Ice Melting: Using satellite remote sensing and climate models, researchers
have mapped the rapid decline in Arctic sea ice and linked it to rising global temperatures.

2. Coral Bleaching: Field data collection combined with remote sensing has shown coral
bleaching events correspond with ocean temperature increases, exacerbated by climate
change.

Chapter 4

4. THEORY OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE

ENVIRONMENT

4.1 Climate System and Greenhouse Effect

 Basic Principle: The Earth's climate system consists of the atmosphere, hydrosphere,
cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Energy from the sun is absorbed by the Earth’s
surface and re-radiated as infrared radiation (heat).

 Greenhouse Gases (GHGs): Certain gases, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane
(CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), trap heat in the atmosphere. This natural greenhouse
effect is crucial for maintaining life but is being intensified by human activities, leading
to global warming.

4.2 Drivers of Climate Change

 Anthropogenic Factors: The combustion of fossil fuels, deforestation, industrial

processes, and agricultural practices have significantly increased GHG concentrations in
the atmosphere.

 Natural Factors: Although less influential today, volcanic eruptions, solar radiation
variations, and natural climate cycles (like El Niño) can also affect climate patterns.

4.3 Impacts on Environmental Systems

The theory posits that climate change has direct and indirect effects on various environmental
systems, including:

a. Temperature Increases

 Global Warming: Average global temperatures have risen, with significant regional
variations.
  Ecological Shifts: Altered temperature regimes can lead to species migration, changes in
reproductive cycles, and shifts in habitat ranges.

b. Precipitation Variability

 Changes in Rainfall Patterns: Climate change affects precipitation distribution, leading

to wetter or drier conditions in different regions.

 Consequences: Increased risk of floods, droughts, and altered freshwater availability

affect ecosystems and human communities.

c. Ocean Changes

 Warming Oceans: Increased temperatures lead to thermal expansion of seawater and loss
of polar ice.

 Ocean Acidification: Increased CO2 absorption results in lower pH levels, harming

marine life, especially calcifying organisms like corals and shellfish.

d. Loss of Biodiversity

 Habitat Alteration: Changing climates can result in habitat fragmentation and loss, making
it difficult for many species to survive.

 Invasive Species: New conditions may favor invasive species, disrupting local ecosystems
and outcompeting native species.

e. Ecosystem Services

 Decline in Ecosystem Functionality: Ecosystems provide vital services, such as carbon

storage, water purification, and pollination. Climate change can impair these functions,
leading to economic and social consequences.

4.4 Feedback Mechanisms

 Positive Feedback Loops: Processes that amplify climate change effects, such as the
albedo effect (ice melting reduces sunlight reflection, leading to further warming) and
permafrost thawing releasing methane.

 Negative Feedback Loops: Processes that mitigate climate change, like increased plant
growth in higher CO2 conditions, although these are often overwhelmed by the rapid
changes occurring.
4.5 Societal and Economic Impacts

 Food Security: Changes in climate can disrupt agricultural productivity, affecting food
supply and prices.

 Health Risks: Increased heat-related illnesses, spread of vector-borne diseases, and

respiratory issues due to poor air quality.

 Displacement and Migration: Extreme weather events and sea-level rise can lead to the
displacement of populations, creating climate refugees.

4.6 Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies

 Mitigation: Efforts to reduce GHG emissions through renewable energy, energy efficiency,
reforestation, and sustainable agricultural practices.

 Adaptation: Adjusting practices, processes, and structures to minimize damage from

climate impacts, such as building resilient infrastructure and developing drought-resistant
crops.

4.7 Effects of climate change on weather

As global temperatures climb, widespread shifts in weather systems occur, making events like
droughts, hurricanes, and floods more intense and unpredictable. Extreme weather events that may
have hit just once in our grandparents’ lifetimes are becoming more common in ours. However, not
every place will experience the same effects: Climate change may cause severe drought in one
region while making floods more likely in another.

Already, the planet has warmed 1.1 degrees Celsius (1.9 degrees Fahrenheit) since the preindustrial
era began 250 years ago, according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). And
scientists warn it could reach a worst-case scenario of 4 degrees Celsius (7.2 degrees Fahrenheit) by
2100 if we fail to tackle the causes of climate change—namely, the burning of fossil fuels
(coal, oil, and gas).
 Fig 1.1
Tokyo during a record-breaking heat wave, August 13, 2020

4.7.1 Higher average temperatures

This change in global average temperature—seemingly small but consequential and climbing—
means that, each summer, we are likely to experience increasingly sweltering heat waves. Even
local news meteorologists are starting to connect strings of record-breaking days to new long-term
trends, which are especially problematic in regions where infrastructure and housing have not been
built with intensifying heat in mind. And heat waves aren’t just uncomfortable—they’re the leading
cause of weather-related fatalities in the United States.

4.7.2 Longer-lasting droughts

Hotter temperatures increase the rate at which water evaporates from the air, leading to more severe
and pervasive droughts. Already, climate change has pushed the American West into a severe
“megadrought”—the driest 22-year stretch recorded in at least 1,200 years—shrinking drinking
water supplies, withering crops, and making forests more susceptible to insect infestations. Drought
can also create a positive feedback loop in which drier soil and less plant cover cause even
faster evaporation.

4.7.3 More intense wildfires

This drier, hotter climate also creates conditions that fuel more vicious wildfire seasons—with fires
that spread faster and burn longer—putting millions of additional lives and homes at risk. The
number of large wildfires doubled between 1984 and 2015 in the western United States. And in
California alone, the annual area burned by wildfires increased 500 percent
between 1972 and 2018.

Fig 1.2

Evacuation after Hurricane Harvey in Houston, August 28, 2017

4.7.4 Stronger storms

Warmer air also holds more moisture, making tropical cyclones wetter, stronger, and more capable
of rapidly intensifying. In the latest report from the IPCC, scientists found that daily rainfall during
extreme precipitation events would increase by about 7 percent for each degree Celsius of global
warming, increasing the dangers of flooding. The frequency of severe Category 4 and 5 hurricanes
is also expected to increase. In 2017, Hurricane Harvey, a devastating Category 4 storm, dumped a
record 275 trillion pounds of rain and resulted in dozens of deaths in the Houston area.

4.8 Effects of climate change on the environment

From the poles to the tropics, climate change is disrupting ecosystems. Even a seemingly slight
shift in temperature can cause dramatic changes that ripple through food webs and the environment.
 Fig 1.3

4.8.1 Melting sea ice

The effects of climate change are most apparent in the world’s coldest regions—the poles. The
Arctic is heating up twice as fast as anywhere else on earth, leading to the rapid melting of glaciers
and polar ice sheets, where a massive amount of water is stored. As sea ice melts, darker ocean
waters that absorb more sunlight become exposed, creating a positive feedback loop that speeds up
the melting process. In just 15 years, the Arctic could be entirely ice-free in the summer.

4.8.2 Sea level rise

Scientists predict that melting sea ice and glaciers, as well as the fact that warmer water expands in
volume, could cause sea levels to rise as much as 6.6 feet by the end of the century, should we fail
to curb emissions. The extent (and pace) of this change would devastate low-lying regions,
including island nations and densely populated coastal cities like New York City and Mumbai.

4.8.3 Flooding

In addition to coastal flooding caused by sea level rise, climate change influences the factors that
result in inland and urban flooding: snowmelt and heavy rain. As global warming continues to both
exacerbate sea level rise and extreme weather, our nation’s floodplains are expected to grow by
approximately 45 percent by 2100. In 2022, deadly flooding in Pakistan—which inundated as much
as a third of the country—resulted from torrential rains mixed with melting glaciers and snow.
 Fig 1.4

Chapter 5
5. CONCLUSION

The effects of climate change on the environment are profound and multifaceted. Rising
temperatures lead to altered weather patterns, resulting in more frequent and severe storms,
droughts, and flooding. Ecosystems are disrupted, with many species facing extinction as habitats
change or disappear. Ocean acidification and rising sea levels threaten marine life and coastal
communities. Additionally, climate change exacerbates existing environmental issues, such as
pollution and resource depletion.
In conclusion, urgent action is needed to mitigate these impacts through sustainable practices,
conservation efforts, and global cooperation. Addressing climate change is essential not only for
protecting the environment but also for ensuring a stable future for all living organisms on the
planet.

Chapter 7
6. REFERENCES

 Tol, R.S.J., 2009. The economic effects of climate change. Journal of economic
perspectives, 23(2), pp.29-51.

 McCowan, T., 2020. The impact of universities on climate change: a theoretical framework
 .
 Klingelhöfer, D., Müller, R., Braun, M., Brüggmann, D. and Groneberg, D.A., 2020.
Climate change: Does international research fulfill global demands and
necessities?. Environmental Sciences Europe, 32, pp.1-21.

 Seymour, R., 2008. Understanding the Global Warming Discussion: Climate Change as a
Context for Developing Standards-Based Research Skills in Secondary School
Students. Online Submission.

 MacCracken, M.C., 2001. Global warming: A science overview. In Global Warming and
Energy Policy (pp. 151-159). Boston, MA: Springer US.

 Haines, A., Kovats, R.S., Campbell-Lendrum, D. and Corvalán, C., 2006. Climate change
and human health: impacts, vulnerability and public health. Public health, 120(7), pp.585-
596.

 Ozturk, E., 2023. Scientific studies on climate change, children and education: Current
situation and suggestions. Journal of Education in Science Environment and Health, 9(1),
pp.16-28.

 The Royal Society, 2014. Climate change: evidence and causes. National Academies Press.

 Hardy, J.T., 2003. Climate change: causes, effects, and solutions. John Wiley & Sons.
 Banuri, T. and Opschoor, H., 2007. Climate change and sustainable development.