Mathematics-II
Unit-IV
Vector Calculus
Vector Calculus
Vector Calculus consists of two
parts
• Vector Differentiation
• Vector Integration
Vector Differentiation
Introduction:
In science, mathematics, and engineering, we
distinguish two important quantities: Scalars and
Vectors.
• A scalar is simply a real number or a quantity that
has magnitude only.
For example, length, temperature, and blood pressure
are represented by numbers such as 80m, 200C, and
the systolic/diastolic ratio 120/80.
• A vector, on the other hand, is usually described as
a quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
For example, force, velocity, acceleration,
displacement etc.
Basic Definitions
•
•
•
•
Practice Problems
•
• Vector Differential Operator Del (𝜵): In vector calculus 𝛻 =
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘 is called vector differential operator del.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
• If it applied on a scalar i.e. 𝛻ϕ is called Gradient of a scalar
point function. Here ϕ is a scalar point function.
𝜕ϕ 𝜕ϕ 𝜕ϕ
• There fore 𝛻ϕ or grad ϕ = 𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
Example:
If ϕ = 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 then
𝜕ϕ 𝜕ϕ 𝜕ϕ
𝛻ϕ= 𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧 𝜕𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2 𝑦𝑧
𝛻ϕ= 𝑖 +𝑗 +𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= 2𝑥𝑦𝑧𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑧𝑗 + 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑘
Note: If we apply del on a scalar point function the resultant is
a vector point function.
• If del is applied on a vector point function i.e. 𝛻. 𝑓 then
it is called divergence of a vector point function.
• If 𝑓 = 𝑓1 𝑖 + 𝑓2 𝑗 + 𝑓3 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Then 𝜵. 𝒇 or div 𝒇 = 𝑖 + 𝑗 + 𝑘 . ሺ𝑓1 𝑖 + 𝑓2 𝑗 +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑓3 𝑘 ሻ
𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓3
= + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
• Example: If 𝑓 = 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑖 + 𝑦𝑧𝑗 + 𝑧𝑥𝑘 then
𝜕𝑥𝑦 2 𝜕𝑦𝑧 𝜕𝑧𝑥
𝛻. 𝑓 = + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= 𝑦2 + 𝑧 + 𝑥
Note: If we apply del on a vector point function with dot
product the resultant is a scalar point function.
• If del is applied on a vector point function i.e. 𝜵 × 𝒇 then it is called Curl of
a vector point function.
• If 𝑓 = 𝑓1 𝑖 + 𝑓2 𝑗 + 𝑓3 𝑘
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Then 𝜵 × 𝒇 or Curl 𝒇 = 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓3
Example: If 𝑓 = 𝑥𝑦𝑖 + 𝑦𝑧𝑗 + 𝑧𝑥𝑘 then
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝛻 × 𝑓 or Curl 𝑓 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥𝑦 𝑦𝑧 𝑧𝑥
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
=𝑖 𝑧𝑥 − ሺ𝑦𝑧ሻ − 𝑗 𝑧𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑘 𝑦𝑧 − ሺ𝑥𝑦ሻ
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= 𝑖 −𝑦 − 𝑗 𝑧 + 𝑘 −𝑥
Note: If we apply del on a vector point function with cross product the
resultant is a vector point function.
• If 𝒓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘 is a position vector then
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
div 𝒓 = 𝛻. 𝒓 = + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
=1+1+1=3
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
Curl 𝒓 = 𝛻 × 𝒓 =
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
=𝑖 𝑧 − ሺ𝑦ሻ − 𝑗 𝑧 − 𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕
+𝑘 𝑦 − ሺ𝑥ሻ
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
= 𝑖 𝑜 − 𝑗 0 + 𝑘ሺ0ሻ
= 0ത ሺ𝑁𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑉𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟ሻ
• Solenoidal Vector: A vector point function 𝑓 is
said to be solenoidal vector if div 𝑓 = 0.
• Irrotational Vector: A vector point function 𝑓
is said to be irrotational vector if Curl 𝑓 = 0ത .
• Note: Curl (grad φ) = 0ത always.
There fore grad φ is always irrotational.
Practice Problems
1. Ifഥ𝒓 = 𝑥𝒊 + 𝑦𝒋 + 𝑧𝑘, |ത𝒓| = 𝑟 then show that 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑟 𝑛 =
𝑛𝑟 𝑛−2 𝑟.ҧ
2. Find the directional derivative of 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 4𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧 2
at the point 1,2,3 in the direction of 3𝑖 + 4𝑗 − 5𝑘.
3. Find the directional derivative of the given scalar function
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦𝑧 at the point 1,4,3 in the direction of the line
from 1,2,3 to 1, −1, −3 . also calculate the magnitude of
the maximum directional derivative.
4. Find the directional derivative of 𝑓 = 5𝑥 2 𝑦 − 5𝑦 2 𝑧 +
𝑥−1
2.5𝑧 2 𝑥 at the point 1,1,1 in the direction of the line =
2
𝑦−3
= 𝑧.
−2
5. Find the directional derivative of 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 2 + 𝑧𝑥 2
along the tangent to the curve 𝑥 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑧 = 𝑡 3 at the
point ሺ1,1,1, ሻ.
6. Find the directional derivative of 𝛻. 𝛻𝑓 at the point ሺ1, −2,1ሻ in
2 2
𝑓𝐼 ሺ𝑟ሻ
1. Show that 𝛻𝑓ሺ𝑟 ሻ = 𝑟ҧ where 𝑟ҧ = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 + 𝑧𝑘.
𝑟
2. Show that the vector 𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑧 𝑖 + 𝑦 2 − 𝑧𝑥 𝑗 +
𝑧 2 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑘 is irrotational and find its scalar potential.
3. Find div 𝑓 ҧ where 𝑓 ҧ = 𝑟 𝑛 𝑟ҧ find n if it is Solenoidal ?
4. Prove that div (grad 𝑟 𝑚 ) = 𝑚 ሺ𝑚 + 1ሻ 𝑟 𝑚−2 .
1
5. Evaluate 𝛻[r 𝛻ሺ 3ሻ ] = where r = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 .
𝑟
2 ′′ 2 ′
6. Show that 𝛻 𝑓 𝑟 = 𝑓 𝑟 + 𝑓 𝑟 where |ത𝒓| = 𝑟.
𝑟
7. Let 𝑓ሺ𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧ሻ be a solution of the Laplacian equation
𝛻 2 𝑓 = 0, then show that 𝛻𝑓 is a vector which is both
irrotational and Solenoidal.
8. If 𝑟ҧ is the position vector of any point in space, then
prove that 𝑟 𝑛 𝑟ҧ is irrotational.
