REFERENCING

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What is a reference?

• An acknowledgement of all sources of

information and ideas you have used in your
assignment.

• Recognises the work of others – work that you

have used in order to prepare your assignment.

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Why do we require
Avoid
students to reference? plagiaris
m

Acknow- Help
ledge others
sources find
used sources
Why
reference?

Referencing provides
weight to your work and Demon-
can protect you from strate Increase
your credibilit
accusations of bad understan y of work
d-ing
academic practice.
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Importance of referencing
• Evidence of your research skills and that you have read around
the subject matter.
• Reveals your ability to engage with the relevant literature.
• Demonstrates your understanding of the concepts and issues
pertinent to the topic.
• Gives supporting evidence for your ideas, arguments and
opinions.
• Shows your ability to critically analyse and evaluate the issues.
• Allows others to identify the sources you have used.

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When do we reference?
• To provide supporting evidence for the points you are making.

• Whenever you use an idea from someone else’s work, regardless of

whether you have paraphrased, summarised or directly quoted their
work.

• When using someone else’s words verbatim, remember to use

quotation marks as well as acknowledging the source.

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Which referencing style should I use?

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Which referencing style should I use?

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APA STYLE
The American Psychological Association (APA)
citation style is the most commonly used format for
manuscripts in the social sciences.

APA regulates:
• Stylistics
• In-text citations
• References

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POINT OF VIEW

First-person pronouns rather than third-person

•✓: “We conducted an experiment…”

•: “The authors conducted an experiment….”

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VOICE

Active voice when stressing the actions of the research

•✓: “We asked participants questions.”

•: “The participants have been asked questions by the
researchers.”
Passive voice when stressing the recipient or object of the
action

•✓: “The tests were inconclusive.”

•: “We found the tests inconclusive.”
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LANGUAGE

Language in an APA paper should be:

• Clear: be specific in descriptions and explanations

• Concise: condense information when you can

• Plain: use simple, descriptive adjectives and minimize figurative

language

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TYPE OF APA PAPERS

Quantitative Articles:
• Report quantitative research, which uses empirical and
numerical information often analyzed through statistical
means.

• Includes:
• Title Page
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Method
• Results
• Discussion
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TYPE OF APA PAPERS

Qualitative Articles:
• Report qualitative research, which uses scientific practices to
learn more about human experiences that cannot be
numerically quantified.

• Includes:
• Title Page
• Abstract
• Introduction
• Method
• Findings/Results
• Discussion
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TYPE OF APA PAPERS

The Literature Review:

• Summarizes scientific literature on a particular research
topic

• While the APA Publication Manual does not require a

specific order for a literature review, a good literature review
typically contains the following components:
• Introduction
• Thesis statement
• Summary and synthesis of sources
• List of References

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GENERAL APA FORMAT

Your essay should:

• Be typed
• Double-spaced
• Have 1” margins
• Use 10-12pt. Standard font (ex. Times New Roman)
• Be printed on standard-sized paper (8.5”x 11”)

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GENERAL APA FORMAT

Every page of your essay should include:

• The page number in the upper right
• If it is a professional paper: A page header (shortened title,
all caps) in the upper left-hand corner.
• Student papers do not require running headers.

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GENERAL APA FORMAT
Your essay should
include four major References
sections:
Main Body

Abstract

Title page

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 Note re: Formatting

Note that APA 7 has slightly different formatting rules for

professional and student papers. Professional papers are
those intended for academic/commercial publication, while
student papers are those written for credit in a course.

Most of these differences extend to the title page and the

running header.

On the next few slides, we’ve noted these differences where

appropriate.

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 Title Page – Student Paper

Page header:
Student papers contain
no running head. Simply
insert a page number
flush right.

Title:
(in the upper half of the
page, centered)
name (no title or degree)
+ academic department,
course, instructor, and
date. CRICOS code 00025B
 Title Page – Professional Paper

Page header:
(use Insert Page Header)
Type short form of title
flush left in all capitals +
page number flush right.

Title:
(in the upper half of the
page, centered)
name (no title or degree)
+ affiliation (university,
etc.)
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 Title Page – Professional Paper

Author Note:
this may contain the
following items, each on a
separate line:
- Links to ORCID iDs
- Any affiliation changes
- Any special disclosures or
acknowledgments
- Contact info for the
corresponding author
Omit any items that are
irrelevant.

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 Page header continues
Abstract Page
on all pages for
professional papers
only. Student papers
contain only the page
number.

Abstract: centered and

bolded at the top of
the page.

Write a 150- to 250-

word summary of your
paper in an accurate, and Follow the abstract with a
concise manner. short list of keywords.
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 Main Body (Text)

• Number the first text page as page number 3

• Center and bold the (full) title of the paper at the top of the
page

• Type the text double-spaced with all sections following

each other without a break

• Identify the sources you use in the paper with either

narrative citations or parenthetical, in-text citations

• Format tables and figures

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 Reference Page

• Center the title (References) at

the top of the page. Bold this
title.

• Double-space reference entries

• Flush left the first line of the

entry and indent subsequent
lines

• Order entries alphabetically by

the surname of the first author
of each work
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 References: Basics

• Invert authors’ names (last name first followed by initials)

• EX:“Smith, J.Q.”

• Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and
subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and
proper nouns. Do not capitalize the first letter of the second
word in a hyphenated compound word.

• EX: The perfectly formatted paper: How the Purdue OWL

saved my essay.

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 References: Basics

• Capitalize all major words in journal titles

• Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals

• Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles

of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited
collections

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 Making the Reference List

APA is a complex system of citation. When compiling the reference list, the
strategy below might be useful:

1. Identify the type of source:

Is it a book? A journal article? A webpage?

2. Find a sample citation for this type of source

Check a textbook or the OWL APA Guide:
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa7_style/apa_f
ormatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html

3. “Mirror” the sample

4. Make sure that the entries are listed in alphabetical order and that the
subsequent lines are indented (Recall References: Basics)

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 In-text Citation: Basics

In-text citations help readers locate the cited source in the References section
of the paper. In-text citations follow either a parenthetical format or a
narrative format.

A parenthetical citation includes both the author’s last name and year of
publication, separated by a comma, in parentheses at the end of the
sentence.

EX: Research suggests that the Purdue OWL is a good resource for students
(Atkins, 2018).

A narrative citation includes the author’s name directly in the sentence, with
the year of publication directly following the author’s last name.

EX: Atkins (2018) suggests that the Purdue OWL is a good resource for
students.
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 In-text Citation:
Page Numbers

If the source you’re citing includes page numbers, add that information to
your citation.

For a parenthetical citation, the page number follows the year of publication,
separated by a comma, and with a lowercase p and a period before the
number (p.)

EX: Research suggests that the Purdue OWL is a good resource for students
(Atkins, 2018, p. 12).

For a narrative citation, the page number comes at the end of the sentence,
once again preceded by a lowercase p and a period (p.)

EX: Atkins (2018) suggests that the Purdue OWL is a good resource for
students (p. 12).

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 In-Text Citation:
Quotations

When quoting:
Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase

If using the parenthetical citation, include the author, date of publication,

and page number at the end of the quotation.

EX: As scientific knowledge advances, “the application of CRISPR technology

to improve human health is being explored across public and private
sectors”(Hong, 2018, p. 503).

If using the narrative-style citation, include the author’s last name in the
signal phrase, with the page number at the end of the quote.

EX: Hong (2018) stated that “the application of CRISPR technology to

improve human health is being explored across public and private sectors”
(p. 503).
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 In-Text Citation:
Summary or Paraphrase

Follow the same guidelines for parenthetical and narrative citations when
summarizing or paraphrasing a longer chunk of text.

Parenthetical citation:

EX: In one study that consisted of 467 young adults, it was found that
social media use may not directly affect mental health; rather, it depends on how
young adults use social media (Berryman et al., 2018).

Narrative citation:

EX: Berryman et al. (2018) sampled 467 young adults about their social
media use and mental health and found that social media use may not
directly affect mental health; rather, it depends on how young adults use social
media.
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 In-Text Citation:
Signal Words

Introduce quotations with signal phrases, e.g.:

According to Reynolds (2019), “….” (p. 3).

Reynolds (2019) argued that“……” (p. 3).

Use signal verbs such as:

acknowledged, contended, maintained,

responded, reported, argued, concluded, etc.

Use the past tense or the present perfect tense of verbs in signal phrases when
they discuss past events.

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 In-Text Citation:
Two or More Works

When the parenthetical citation includes two or more works:

•Order them in the same way they appear in the reference list—the author’s
name, the year of publication—separated by a semi-colon.

EX: Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet (Adams, 2018; Collins, 2017).

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 In-Text Citation:
Works with Two Authors

When citing a work with two authors:

•In the narrative citation, use “and” in between the authors’ names

EX: According to scientists Depietri and McPhearson (2018),

“Understanding the occurrence and impacts of historical climatic hazards is
critical to better interpret current hazard trends” (p. 96).

•In the parenthetical citation, use “&” between names

EX: When examining potential climate threats, “Understanding the

occurrence and impacts of historical climatic hazards is critical to better interpret
current hazard trends” (Depietri & McPhearson, 2018, p. 96).

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 In-Text Citation:
Works with 3+ Authors

When citing a work with three or more authors:

•list the name of the first author plus “et al.” in every citation.

EX: Lin et al. (2019) examined how weather conditions affect the
popularity of the bikesharing program in Beijing.

EX: One study looked at how weather conditions affected the popularity
of bikesharing programs, specifically the Beijing Public Bikesharing Program (Lin
et al., 2019).

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 In-Text Citation:
Unknown Author

When citing a work with an unknown author:

•Use the source’s full title in the narrative citation.
•Cite the first word of the title followed by the year of publication in the
parenthetical citation.

EX: According to “Here’s How Gardening Benefits Your Health” (2018)

EX: (“Here’s,” 2018)

Titles:
Articles and Chapters = “ ”
Books and Reports = italicize

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 In-Text Citation:
Group Authors

When citing a group author:

•Mention the organization the first time you cite the source in either the
narrative citation or the parenthetical citation.
•If you first mention the group in a narrative citation, list the abbreviation before
the year of publication in parentheses, separated by a comma.

EX: “The data collected by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA, 2019)
confirmed…”

•If you first mention the group in a parenthetical citation, list the abbreviation in
square brackets, followed by a comma and the year of publication.

EX: (Food and Drug Administration [FDA], 2019).

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 In-Text Citation:
Same Last Name/Author

When citing authors with the same last names:

•Use first initials with the last names.

EX: (B. Davis, 2018; Y. Davis, 2020)

When citing two or more works by the same author and published in
the same year:
•Use lower-case letters (a, b, c) after the year of publication to order the
references.

EX: Chen’s (2018a) study of bird migration…

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 In-Text Citation:
Personal Communication

When citing personal communication (interviews, letters, e-mails, etc.):

•Include the communicator’s name, the fact that it was personal communication,
and the date of the communication.
•Narrative citation:

EX: B. E. Anderson (personal communication, January 8, 2020) also

claimed that many of her students had difficulties with APA style.

•Parenthetical citation:

EX: One teacher mentioned that many of her students had difficulties
with APA style (Anderson, personal communication, January 8, 2020).

•Do not include personal communication in the reference list.

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 In-Text Citation:
No Page Numbers

When citing a text with no page numbers: parenthetical citation

•Use any of the following four methods
•List the heading or section name
EX: One scientist noted that “A cup full of kale can help your body out
in a number of ways” (London, 2019, Health benefits of kale section).
•List an abbreviated heading or section name in quotation marks (if the heading
is too long)
EX: One scientist noted that “A cup full of kale can help your body out in a
number of ways” (London, 2019, “Health benefits” section).
•List the paragraph number
EX: One scientist noted that “A cup full of kale can help your body out in a
number of ways” (London, 2019, para. 2).
•List the heading or section name and the paragraph number
EX: One scientist noted that “A cup full of kale can help your body out in a
number of ways” (London, 2019, Health benefits of kale section, para. 2).
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 In-Text Citation:
No Page Numbers

When citing a text with no page numbers: narrative citation

•Use any of the following four methods
•List the heading or section name
EX: Scientist Jaclyn London (2019, Health benefits of kale section) noted
that “A cup full of kale can help your body out in a number of ways.”
•List an abbreviated heading or section name in quotation marks (if the heading
is too long)
EX: Scientist Jaclyn London (2019, “Health benefits” section) noted that “A
cup full of kale can help your body out in a number of ways.”
•List the paragraph number
EX: Scientist Jaclyn London (2019, para. 2) noted that “A cup full of kale can
help your body out in a number of ways.”
•List the heading or section name and the paragraph number
EX: Scientist Jaclyn London (2019, Health benefits of kale section, para. 2)
noted that “A cup full of kale can help your body out in a number of ways.”
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 Headings

APA uses a system of five heading levels (taken directly from the APA
Publication Manual, 7th edition):

APA Headings
Level Format
1 Centered, Bold, Title Case Headings
Text begins a new paragraph
2 Flush Left, Bold, Title Case Heading
Text begins as a new paragraph
3 Flush Left, Bold Italic, Title Case Heading
Text begins as a new paragraph
4 Indented, Bold, Title Case Heading, Ending with a Period. Text
begins on the same line and continues as a regular paragraph.
5 Indented, Bold Italic, Title Case Heading, Ending with a Period. Text
begins on the same line and continues as a regular paragraph.

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 Headings

Here is an example of the five-level heading system:

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 Tables

Label tables with an Arabic numeral and provide a brief but clear title. The label
and title appear on separate lines above the table, flush-left and single-spaced.

Cite a source in a note below the table.

Table 1
Top 3 NBA Season Leaders 2019

Team Points Per Game

Milwaukee Bucks 119.8
Houston Rockets 119.1
Dallas Mavericks 116.8

Note: This data was collected on December 31st, 2019. Retrieved from
https://stats.nba.com/teams/
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 Figures

Label figures with an Arabic numeral and provide a brief but clear title. The label and title
appear on separate lines above the figure, flush-left and single-spaced.
You might provide an additional title centered above the figure.

Cite the source in a note below the figure.

Figure 1.
US Primary Energy Consumption by Energy Source, 2018

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 REFERENCING SOFTWARE

•Mendeley.
•EndNote.
•ReadCube Papers.
•EasyBib.com.
•Zotero.
•Article Galaxy Enterprise.
•Sciwheel.
•Paperpile.
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