USOO6417597B1

(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 6,417,597 B1

Baker, Jr. (45) Date of Patent: Jul. 9, 2002

(54) GRAVITATIONAL WAVE GENERATOR 5,446,018 A 8/1995 Takahata et al. ........... 310/90.5
5,495,515 A 2/1996 Imasaki ...................... 378/119
(75) Inventor: Robert M. L. Baker, Jr., 8123 Tuscany 5,513,530 A * 5/1996 Ney et al..... ... 73/382 R
Ave., Playa del Rey, CA (US) 90293 5,514.923 A * 5/1996 Gossler et al. ................ 310/74
5,646,728 A 7/1997 Coutsomitros .............. 356/352
(73) ASSignees: Robert M. L. Baker, Jr., Bonnie 5,721.461 A * 2/1998 Taylor - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 310/268

Baker, Playa Del Rey, CA (US); 3. A ly EY et al. .................. S.

Trustees of the Dr. Robert and Bonnie 2- 1 - 2 f Sll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f
Baker, Jr. Family Trust Dated Oct. 21, FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS
1992 in part interest GB 1333343 10/1973 ............ B01D/3/06
(*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this OTHER PUBLICATIONS
patent is extended or adjusted under 35
U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. Chakrabarty, “Gravitational Waves: An Introduction,” Aug.
21, 1999, Physics, pp. 1-21.*
J. Weber, “Gravitational Waves' in Gravitation and Rela
(21) Appl. No.: 09/616,683 tivity, Chapter 5, pp. 90–105 (W.A. Benjamin, Inc., New
(22) Filed: Jul. 14, 2000 York, 1964).
O O (List continued on next page.)
Related U.S. Application Data
Primary Examiner Burton S. Mullins
(63) Continuation-in-part of application No. 09/443,527, filed on (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Christie, Parker & Hale,
Nov. 19, 1999, now Pat. No. 6,160,336. LLP
(51) Int. Cl." ............................. G21H3/00, G21H 100 (7) ABSTRACT
(52) U.S. Cl. ....................... 310/300; 310/311; 700/286; A gravitational wave generation device comprising an
976/DIG. 403; 976/DIG. 405 ensemble of energizable elements involving magnetic, elec
(58) Field of Search ................................. 310/300, 311; trical and electromechanical functions that are under the
700/286; 976/DIG. 403, DIG. 405; 376/153 control of a computer and attendant computer Software
System. The magnetic and electrical force elements, when
(56) References Cited energized as directed by the computer, operate in concert to
produce a rapid third-time-derivative motion of a mass. This
U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS action causes the generation of high-frequency gravitational
2,719,944. A 10/1955 Brailsford ................... 3.18/254 waves that can be modulated and shaped in order to be
2.814,769 A 11/1957 Williams ...... ... 318/171 utilized for communication, propulsion, and various physics
3,612,630 A 10/1971 Rosensweig ................. 308/10 experiments. The energizable elements can be very Small
3,667,019 A 5/1972 Elliott et al. ... ... 318/254 coils or coil Sets encased in a computer chip, current
3,722.288 A * 3/1973 Weber ........................ 73/382 carrying conductors, or Small electromechanical devices.
3.903.463 A 9/1975 Kanamori - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 318/138 The mass acted upon by the coil elements can be a perma
REA 3.18: Sgt. et al. ............. 3. nent magnet or magnets, or electromagnets. In the
4.05234. A 10/1977 Grey. r r 416/119 electromechanical-element configuration the device can be
4,086,505 A 4/1978 McDonald ................... 310/74 used both for the generation of gravitational waves and their
4,546,264 A * 10/1985 Pinson ........................ 290/54 detection.
4,874,942 A * 10/1989 Clauser ...................... 250/251
5,398,571 A 3/1995 Lewis ......................... 74/572 50 Claims, 5 Drawing Sheets
 US 6,417,597 B1
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OTHER PUBLICATIONS F. Romero B., et al., Generation of Gravitational Radiation

J. Weber, "Detection and Generation of Gravitational in the Laboratory, Fakultät für Physik der Universität Kon
Waves”, Physical Review, (1960) vol. 117, No. 1, pp. stanz, Z. Naturforsch 36a, 948-955 (1981).
306-313.
J. Weber, “Gravitational Radiation from the Pulsars”, Physi Richard, Jean-Paul, Recent developments in the measure
cal Review Letters, (1968) vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 395–396. ment of Space time curvature, Acta Astronautica, Vol. 5, pp.
Robert L. Forward and Larry R. Miller “Generation and 63–76. Pergamon Press 1978.
Detection of Dynamic Gravitational-Gradient Fields',
Hughes Research Laboratories, Aug. 5, 1966, pp. 512-518. * cited by examiner
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U.S. Patent Jul. 9, 2002 Sheet 3 of 5 US 6,417,597 B1
U.S. Patent Jul. 9, 2002 Sheet 4 of 5 US 6,417,597 B1
U.S. Patent Jul. 9, 2002 Sheet 5 of 5
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1 2
GRAVITATIONAL WAVE GENERATOR in angular momentum with time, over a period of time Such
REFERENCE TO RELATED INVENTION as a picoSecond caused by the operation of the present
The present application is a continuation-in-part of appli invention, will produce a quadrupole moment and generate
a Sequence or train of useful high-frequency, for example
cation Ser. No. 09/443,527, filed Nov. 19, 1999, now U.S. Tera Hertz (THz), gravitational waves (GW). The device
Pat. No. 6,160,336 entitled Peak Power Energy Storage described will accomplish this GW generation in several
Device and Gravitational Wave Generator which is incor
porated herein by reference. alternative ways based upon the device's rotating and non
rotating, Symmetrical and non-Symmetrical masses acted
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION upon by means of relatively strong magnetic, electrical and
This invention relates to the generation of high-frequency electromechanical forces. Such forces are produced by an
gravitational waves that can be modulated and utilized for ensemble of very Small, Sub-millimeter, energizable ele
communication, propulsion and for the purpose of testing ments operating in concert under the control of the device's
new physical theories, concepts, and conjectures. More computer. AS noted, this process is Substantially different
particularly this invention relates to a combination of Small from the extra-terrestrial generation of low-frequency GW
energizable elements operatively connected to a computer 15 by Very large rotating and non-rotating celestial masses
working in concert to produce a third-time-derivative acted upon by relatively weak gravitational forces.
motion of a nearby mass or electromechanical elements that Gravitational waves are absorbed differently and propa
generates a high-frequency gravitational wave. The inven gate differently through matter and Space than do electro
tion also relates to the detection of gravitational waves. magnetic waves. Thus gravitational waves may offer advan
DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART tages over electromagnetic waves in that they can be
transmitted through material opaque to electromagnetic
Albert Einstein in his General Theory of Relativity pre waves and their intensity may fall off less rapidly with
dicted gravitational waves (GW). Such waves have never distance than electromagnetic waves. Up to now man-made
been detected, but an extra-terrestrial Source of low machines in use do not generate Significant or measurable
frequency GW, namely a neutron double Star pair, has been 25 GW.
observed to coalesce at a rate exactly as predicted if it
radiated GW. The production of GW having a high fre BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
quency and generated by relatively strong magnetic, elec
trical and electromechanical forces acting on relatively Small The foregoing features and advantages of the present
masses rather than by the relatively weak gravitational invention will be more fully understood by reference to the
forces acting on large celestial masses is not known. following detailed description of the invention when con
The prior art indicates that gravitational-wave generators sidered in connection with the accompanying drawings in
are theorized although not reduced to practice. Joseph Weber which:
in "Detection and Generation of Gravitational Waves', FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B are schematic views of coil sets 56
Physical Review, Volume 117, Number 1, January, 1960, p. 35 embedded in or imprinted on a silicon chip 57 and connected
313 has proposed electromechanical-force-produced GW by to transistors or ultra-fast Switches 58 in order to generate
use of piezoelectric crystals: “Waves one meter long could current pulses 59 in the magnetic field of the permanent
be radiated by a crystal with dimensions about fifty centi magnets 60;
meters on a Side. If it is driven just below the breaking point, FIG. 2 is a Schematic view of a single-sector or linear
each crystal would radiate s10' watts), assuming P to 40 motor embodiment of a gravitational-wave-generator
be its static published value.” No one has, however, put such device. The sector refers to the sector of the annulus of the
a device in practice. plan view of the rim of the spindle device shown in the
According to Robert L. Forward a gravitational-wave parent patent, U.S. Pat. No. 6,160,336 and is, therefore, a
generator could be constructed by means of a tube in which Single, isolated Segment of the rim. A sheath 68 of coils,
very dense Newtonium (element 127) is caused to move 45 embedded in semiconductor chips 57 individually or col
up-and-down the tube at high-speed (not really a dipole lectively connected to computer controlled transistor or
since as Joseph Weber indicated “Gravitational Waves” in ultra-fast Switches, Surrounds a central magnetic-mass com
Gravitation and Relativity, Chapter 5,W. A. Benjamin, Inc., posed of magnetic Sites 57 incorporated with core, piston, or
New York, 1964, p. 91 the lowest order of gravitational barrel 63;
radiation from a System cannot be a dipole, but must be a 50 FIG. 3 is a schematic view of infinite-radius coils evolved
quadrupole). However no drawings or other descriptions of into parallel plate conductors 66, which may have ballast 67
Such a generator are known that are Sufficiently specific to attached in order to vary their masses, connected to fast
enable a perSon Skilled in the art to practice the generator. Switches 58 in order to generate current pulses 59 acting in
AS described in the parent patent, there is considerable 55
concert to generate a train of gravitational waves 29 (which
prior art in the detection of gravitational waves including propagate in both directions from the jerk Since there is a
U.S. Pat. No. 5,646,728, which involves a very low ampli Square associated with the kernel of the quadrupole equation
tude interferometer instrument Suitable for detecting gravi (3)-So there is no preferred direction along the axis of the
tational waves. This prior art involves only the detection of jerk); and
low-frequency (below a MHz) gravitational waves gener 60
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of the utilization of electro
ated by natural processes, Such as astrophysical or celestial mechanical elements 65 that act in concert to generate and
events. It is believed that there is no prior art in the detection detect gravitational waves 29.
of high-frequency gravitational waves that are artificially
generated for communication or other purposes. Analysis of Binary Pulsar PSR 1913+16
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 65 Since the observation of the binary pulsar PSR 1913+16
The present invention relies upon the fact that the rapid represents the only experimental confirmation of GW, the
movement or “jerk” of a mass or the rapid change or “jerk” features and advantages of the present invention will be
 US 6,417,597 B1
3 4
better understood by the analyses of Such a double-star tional error leading to the determination of the orbital
system. This pair of neutron stars will coalesce in 3.5x10 elements as well as the determination of the masses of the
years due to GW radiation and produce a rather continuous pair of neutron Stars, u=m+m=1.4+1.4=2.8 Solar masses.
GW until that time. According to J. H. Taylor, Jr. in “Binary For example, a 0.1 percent change in the measurement of
pulsars and relativistic gravity”, Reviews of Modern Physics, range rate at periastron results in a 0.28 percent change in
Volume 66, Number 3, July, 1994, pp. 711–719, the period GW power, P, and a 0.1 percent change in the mass of the
of their mutual rotation is 7.75 hours (or 2.79x10 sec), stars results in a 0.33 percent change in GW power.
periastron is 1.1 solar radii (one solar radius is 6.965x10 The observed accumulated shift in the times of periastron
m), and apastron is 4.8 Solar radii. Its radius of gyration passage, T, caused by the Secular shortening of the orbital
is essentially the semi-major axis=(1.1+4.8)/2=2.95 solar period of PSR 1913+16, compares closely, within observa
radii=(2.95) (6.965x10)=2.05x10 m). The neutron stars tional error, to that predicted by General Relativity and
exhibit a mass of about 1.4 Solar masses So that together their confirms the existence of GW radiation. Likewise is con
mass is (2) (1.4) (1.987x10)=5.56x10 kg). Thus the firmed the existence of a dr/dt component, which is related
moment of inertia of the binary-pulsar System is approxi to do)/dt (sdv/dt) and dI/dt, that are involved in the
mately (5.56x10) (2.05x10)=2.34x10' kg-m). The 15 GW-generator embodiments of the invention
current angular rate of the system=2L/2.79x10'=2.25x10' The average GW power, P, established by Landau and
radians/sec. Thus the angular momentum of the System is Lifshitz (ibid, p. 357) by analytically integrating and given
currently, Io)=(2.34x10') (2.25x10")=5.27x10 kg-m/ as a function of eccentricity, e, is for e=0.641, 9.28x10"
Sec. According to a perusal of binary-star catalogs by John watts so for the disk reference area the GW flux at the
Mosley of the Griffith Observatory, the binary pulsar PSR Sun's distance=9.28x10"/4.17x10’’=0.222 watts/m). If
1913+16 is at a distance from our Sun of 23,300 light years. the GW is totally diffracted and the propagation is spheri
If there was little or no GW diffraction, then the reference cally isotropic, then the GW flux at the Sun's distance=
area is a circular ribbon or Strip having a width of the 9.28x10"/(4t2.33x10'x9.5x10')=1.51x107 watts/
diameter of a neutron star, 3x10" m). Thus the reference m). By numerically integrating (see, for example, an
area equals (3x10") (27t) (2.33x10") (9.5x10" meters per 25 algorithm found in R. L. M. Baker, Jr., Astrodynamics,
light year)=4.17x10° m). Applications and Advanced Topics, Academic Press, New
In the case of a binary star pair such as PSR 1913+16 the York, 1967, pp. 263-272) over the mean anomaly (directly
GW power, P, is computed from the quadrupole moment, proportional to time) the average GW power, P, is 9.296x
which for two masses on orbit about one another is given, for 10' watts). The peak GW power, 1.73x10-watts) occurs
example, by an equation on p. 356 of L. D. Landau and E. at the time of periastron passage (every 7.75 hours) and at
M. Lifshitz, The Classical Theory of Fields, Forth Revised the Sun's distance would result in a GW flux of 1.73x10/
English Edition, Pergamon Press, 1975. They give the (4t2.33x10'x9.5x10')=2.81x10' watts/ml if the
time-variable factor in P as a function of the true anomaly, GW were totally diffracted and the propagation were spheri
V, and orbital eccentricity, e, as cally isotropic. If GW detectors were sensitive enough to
35 detect Such an intensity and they did not, then it would lend
credence to the disk-like propagation of GW waves or at
least to diffraction of GW less than 45 degrees from the orbit
In conventional astrodynamic/celestial-mechanics notation plane of PSR 1913+16 at the Sun's distance.
this factor is
Individual Independently Programmable Coil System
40 (IIPCS)
p/r--(drfdt) /12ur, (2) Of fundamental importance to the operation of the present
invention is the Individual Independently Programmable
where p is the orbital “parameter' or semilatus rectum AU), Coil System (IIPCS) described and illustrated in parent
r is the radial distance between the two masses AU), T is the patent U.S. Pat. No. 6,160,336. This system, is enabled by
characteristic time measured in kdays or in units of 5.0022x 45 a computer and associated computer Software, to control a
10's) for heliocentric-unit systems, and u is the sum of the system of either transistors or of ultra-fast Switches. The
two masses Solar masses. Note that one AU (astronomical Switches rapidly turn off or on a myriad of Sub-millimeter
unit)=1.496x10' m) and one solar mass=1.987x10 kg). coils, current-carrying conductors and/or electromechanical
The dr/dt term is related to dI/dt (=2 urdr/dt), dI/dt (=-2 elements and generate magnetic (or electromechanical)
udr/dt)/r), d’v/dt’ (=-Vupdr/dt)/r), and div/dt (=-2 u 50 force to produce a third time derivative or “jerk” or,
Vup1/r-1/a-4{dr/dt)/u/r"), where a=the semi-major axis alternatively, a harmonic oscillation of a mass or masses.
of the orbit AU and for a circular orbit dr/dt=0. These time For a very large number of ultra-Small, Sub-millimeter
derivatives are directly related to the embodiments of the coil elements involved in Some of the embodiments of this
invention. invention a miniaturized integrated circuit can be utilized.
The GW power radiated, P, which causes a perturbation in 55 They are embedded in or imprinted on a Silicon chip, organic
the Semi-major axis, a, (and an attendant Secular decrease in material, or in connection with polymer-based devices. They
the orbital period) is obtained by integrating the time consist of multiple layers, with appropriate Sequencing time
variable factor, Eq. (2), over the orbital period using the delays to ensure near Simultaneity of the magnetic field's
mean anomaly, M, which is directly proportional to the time interaction with individual elements, as in FIG. 1A, or as the
(that is, M=nt-T), where n is the mean motion =() in 60 direct-current train of approximately one-picoSecond pulses,
Landau and Lifshitz's ibid, p. 357 notation and T is the which traverse each coil set on the chip levels, as in FIG. 1B
time of periastron passage). The value of the average GW and possibly integrated in the chip with the ultra-fast
power, P, is computed from observations that define the Switches or transistors or other Semi-conductors. Although
eccentricity (based primarily upon Doppler-shift determina Switches or transistors having picoSecond capability are
tion of the range rate at periastron and apastron), Semi-major 65 utilized in the various numerical examples, much slower
axis, and orbital orientation angles of PSR 1913+16. The Switches or transistors could be utilized to Successfully
error in the computed value of P is related to the observa practice the invention. A preferred embodiment utilizes
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S 6
conventional computer chips, containing the IIPCS circuit Single interconnecting conductor wires in order to produce
elements about 18 micrometers or less apart, Synchronizing current pulses 59, acting in concert to generate a modulated
clock, input/output ports, and Sub-millimeter coils on 50 to gravitational wave 29. The current pulses will be timed to
100 micrometer centers. The chips are about 6 mm to 9 mm reach individual parallel-plate conductorS 66, which may
Square and are obtained from Silicon wafers. These chips are have different masses or may have ballast 67 attached and/or
Sewn into a circuit-board roll with an approximately carry different current and/or have different modulus of
25-micrometer-diameter gold thread. Several layers of this elasticity and/or are constructed differently in their mounting
roll (for example, 25) are connected in a fixed location or for the purpose of exhibiting high-frequency asymmetrical
band adjacent to the moving Spindle's rim and form the mass displacements.
IIPCS in the spindle rim's magnetic field. Such rolls are In FIG.4, ultra-fast Switches or transistors of the IIPCS 58
routinely fabricated by French-owned Oberthur Card Sys will launch a series of current pulses 59 of approximately
tems (plant in Rancho Dominguez, Calif.), French-based picoSecond duration moving at the electron's mobility
Gemplus, Schlumberger (Paris and New York), and Speed, c, along individual conductors or Single interconnect
California-based Frost & Sullivan. ing conductor wires that will be times to reach individual,
In the miniaturized integrated circuit Situation, as exhib 15 Sub-millimeter electrical or electromechanical-force ele
ited in FIG. 1A, there will be a very large number of small, ments 55 in sequence to reinforce the build up or modulation
Sub-millimeter coil sets or elements 56 embedded in or of a GW beam 29. The ensemble of electrical or electro
imprinted upon a silicon chip 57 in multiple layers. Ultra magnetic force elements will be embedded in or imprinted
fast Switches or transistors of the IIPCS 58 will launch a on a silicon chip 57 in multiple layers.
Series of current pulses 59 of approximately picoSecond Quadrupole Moment
duration moving at the electron's mobility Speed, c, that will Although the specific relationship for GW generation will
be timed to reach the individual coil Sets or elements almost be an outcome of the experimental use of the invention; as
Simultaneously along Several individual wire conductors, as an example of that relationship consider the standard GW
in FIG. 1A, or one Single wire conductor per line, as in FIG. quadrupole Eq. (110.16), p. 355 of L. D. Landau and E. M.
1B, and thereby interact with the magnetic field 60 in 25 Lifshitz (op.cit) or Eq. (1), p. 463 of J. P. Ostriker,
concert. This interaction will result in a third-time-derivative (“Astrophysical Sources of Gravitational Radiation” in
motion or jerk of the magnetic mass to generate a train of Sources of Gravitational Radiation, Edited by L. L. Smarr,
gravitational waves. The ultra-fast Switches are preferably Cambridge University Press, 1979) which gives the GW
Semiconductor-based, Such as a Semiconductor optical radiated power watts as
amplifier (SOA) or a semiconductor nonlinear interferom
eter Such as a nonlinear Sagnac interferometer on a phos P=-dE/dt=-(G/45c) (didp/dt)’ watts (3)
phide Semiconductor chip, etc. (See, for example, D. Cotter, where
et al., “Non-linear Optics for High-speed Digital Information E=energy joules,
Processing”, Science, Volume 286, Nov. 19, 1999, pp.
1523–1528). In FIG. 1B, the IIPCS and its array of ultra-fast 35 t=times,
Switches is programmed to launch a train of current pulses G=6.67423x10' m/kg-s (universal gravitational
or intervals of approximately a picoSecond duration 59 Such constant),
that each member of the pulse train will reach each of the c=3x10 m/s) (the speed of light, approximately the
coils or coil Sets at the same time. The pulse train can consist electron's mobility Speed in the conductor), and
of stretches of constant or Zero current. The duration of the 40
pulses will be Such to completely energize any given coil Set Dap kg-m) is the quadrupole moment-of-inertia tensor
as it passes through it in order to produce a magnetic field of the mass of the device, and the
interaction. The interaction will result in a third-time C. and B Subscripts Signify the tensor components and
derivative lateral motion or jerk of a cylindrical, central directions.
magnetic core 63 shown in FIG. 2 and, as will be discussed, 45 Note especially the third time derivative in the squared
generate a GW train 29, which propagates both in the term or kernel (that is, (dP)) of Eq.)3). Such a
direction of and opposite to the direction of the jerk as time-rate-of-change of the Second derivative
illustrated in FIGS. 8A and 8B of U.S. Pat. No. 6,160,336. (“acceleration”) is often referred to as a “jerk”. Because the
This core, piston, or barrel 63 is surrounded by and imme factor of this kernel is so small, 1.76x10, the kernel and
diately adjacent to a sheath 68 of IIPCS-controlled coil sets 50 hence the jerk must be very large. In the following examples
64. In the case of the current-pulse train on a single of GW generation by various devices, we shall often cite
conductor wire interconnecting a line of coils or coil Sets, astrophysical analyses of the same GW formulation. It
there will be a build up of impulses to full value as the should be recognized, however, that although kernels are
current-impulse train progresses down the line of coil Sets. analogous in the invention and in the celestial astrophysical
Use of a single conductor wire for each line of coils or coil 55 Systems (or events) their operation is quite different. In most
Sets reduces the resistive power loSS. In order to transmit cases the astrophysically generated GW rely on rather slow
information, all pulses in the train may not be present or they moving, low-frequency events (a fraction of a Hertz to
may be at different amplitude thereby modulating the GW. possibly a MHz) and weak gravitational forces. On the other
Portions or stretches of the pulse train could also be intervals hand, the various embodiments of the invention rely on vary
of constant current. In each line of coils Set in Series along 60 fast-moving, high-frequency events (in the THz range) and
one conductor wire 61 there will be time delays 62 between relatively Strong magnetic, electrical or electromechanical
coil Sets to ensure Simultaneity of the current pulses reaching forces.
any given coil Set. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE
In FIG.3, ultra-fast Switches or transistors of the IIPCS 58 PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
will launch a Series of current pulses acting in either direc 65
tion 59 of approximately picoSecond duration moving at the In order to understand the various embodiments of the
electron's mobility Speed, c, along individual conductors or invention it is useful to refer to the historical roots of GW
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7 8
generation. From Eq. (1), p. 90 of Joseph Weber (opcit, U.S. Pat. No. 6,160,336) set K=1 (Subject to experi
1964) one has for Einstein's original formulation of the mental determination later), r=1000 m), Af=1.8x10" N),
gravitational-wave (GW) radiated power of a rod spinning and At=10's). These numbers arise as follows: The rim
about an axis through its midpoint, having a time-constant is a thin (approximately one cm thick) band of Alnico 5
moment of inertia, Ikg-m), and an angular rate, coradians/ permanent magnets (or electromagnets) facing radially out
s: ward. In general, permanent magnets exhibit irregular mag
netic fields and asSociated forces. As a rule of thumb Such a
band of juxtaposed magnets will produce in excess of 30
pounds per 1.75 inches (or 206 pounds per foot) of tangen
Equation (4) is an approximation and is, strictly speaking, tial rim force. Each 1.75-inch magnet has a flux density, B,
only valid for lengths very much less than the GW wave of about 2,600 gauss or 0.26 Tesla developed every 4.4 cm.
length and Speeds of the rod's rotation less than c. The kilometer-radius rim is a large hoop connected to a
This is the same equation as that given for two bodies on central Spindle/hub as described in the parent patent. The
a circular orbit (also exhibiting a time-constant moment of IIPCS coil sets at the rim's periphery, when Switched on
inertia) on p. 356 of Landau and Lifshitz, op.cit (I=ur in 15 generate a 0.26 Tesla flux density every 0.044 m) and
their notation) where (t)=n, the orbital mean motion, and produce in excess of a 200 pound per foot or 3000 N/m),
Similar to all of the equations associated with the various which is defined as Af/Al, or impulse of tangential force
embodiments of the invention. Although Eqs. (3) and (4) every meter on the rim (that is, a force built-up almost to full
result from relativistic mechanics, classical mechanics (Such value during Spin up in approximately a picoSecond and a
as the use of the conventional moment of inertia in Eq. (4)) Similar build up of retarding force during spin down). Since
will be utilized herein to provide useful results. the rim's circumference is 2T (1000) (3.28 feet per meter)=
Spindle-Device GW Generation Embodiment 20,600 feet, the tangential rim force produced when the coils
It is reasonable (by appealing to simplicity, that is, by are fully energized is 4.1x10 pounds or 1.8x107N). The
Ockham's Razor) to Suggest that for the spin up/down of a 10's) intervals, with the coils turned turn on and then off,
Spindle device, as referred to in the parent application, 25 will generate a train of direct-current, approximately one
(referred to herein as the “(Idfc)/dt') formulation or picoSecond pulses. In each line of coils there will be an
component'): ultra-fast Switch (Such Switches could be located near to the
coils and each one energizing a large number of coil Sets or
else co-located with a central IIPCS control computer).
where Inserting the numbers in Eq. (8) for the spindle's
K2=a dimensionless constant or function to be estab gravitational-wave (GW) power for the tangential jerk yields
lished by experiment and
P=-1.76x10 (2x10x1.8x107/10)?=-2.3x10"watts). (9)
do/dt'=second time derivative of the spindle's angular
Velocity, (), or third time derivative of its angle, 35 The reference area of the 1 cm thick rim is (0.01) 21:(1000)=
termed, a “jerk”. In fact, as noted by M. S. Turner and 63 mi), so that the GW energy flux is 3x10 watts/mi).
R. V. Wagoner “Gravitational Radiation from Slowly For a time-constant value of I there may be a Somewhat leSS
Rotating 'Supernova Preliminary Results,” in Sources simple, K(do)/dt)co), formulation or component of the
of Gravitational Radiation, Edited by L. L. Smarr, GW power for spin up/down, but as will be seen, for most
Cambridge University Press, 1979, p. 383 that “If the 40 applications it is expected to result in a Smaller power than
angular velocity () . . . is non-uniform, octupole (post the larger of the K(Ido)/dt) or (Ico) formulations or
Newtonian) radiation is generated (in addition to the components.
quadrupole (Newtonian) radiation . . . ' (emphasis Note that the coil sets must be very close together. In order
added) and on p. 385 they state “This radiation is for the coils fields to interact with the whole rim's magnetic
generated not by non-spherical distribution of matter. 45 field and impart the mechanical impulse or jerk, they must
. . , but by internal motions.” be spaced no more than 0.3 mm or 300 micrometers apart
This third derivative, d-co/dt, is computed by introducing (the distance light and, hence, the magnetic field and result
the equation of motion for a rotating body ing impulse on the permanent magnets, travels in a
Idoidt=rf (6) picoSecond). If all coil sets in a line of coil sets are connected
where
50 in Series by the Same conductor, then each member of the
pulse train traverses a 300-micrometer-length coil Set, Sepa
r=radius of the spindle's rim mand rated from the next coil Set by a time delay circuit. Such a
f=force tangential to the rim N. time-delay circuit could be simply a 300-micrometer-long
The derivative is approximated by jumper (see 62 in FIG. 1B) between coil sets. In this
Ido)/dt's A(Ida)/dt)/At=A(rf)/At=rAf/At; (7)
55 connection it is noted that if each coil Set is connected by its
own unique conductors as in FIG. 1A, instead of one Single
in which Alf is the nearly instantaneous increase in the force conductor wire along each line of coils, then the communi
tangential to the rim or jerk caused by the magnetic field cations lines or conductors to all of the coil Switches from
when it is turned on or turned off or pulsed by the transistors the logic circuits of the control computer must be equal to
or ultra-fast Switches of the Individual Independently Pro 60 better than 0.01 mm or 10 micrometers in order to ensure
grammable Coil System (IIPCS), that is, a tangential jerk. near Simultaneity or proper timing. That is, the electrons
Thus must reach all of the coils Sets at the appropriate time in leSS
than approximately a fraction of a picoSecond of time
P=-1.76x10°(KrAf/At) watts. (8) difference.
(1) Numerical Example 65 (2) Magnetic Field Build Up and Heat Loss
As a numerical example, (for a spindle GW-generation Although of little concern in most applications, the length
device slightly different from the exemplar spindle shown in of time to “build-up' the magnetic field of the coils is
 US 6,417,597 B1
9 10
important here. The electrons must complete Sufficient coil through the magnets at light Speed, impelled by their mag
turns (moving at the electron's mobility Speed or about light netic fields. On the other hand, impulsive stresses in the
Speed) in approximately a picoSecond to “launch” most of Spindle or dumbbell device are propagated inwardly at the
the magnetic field that produces the impulsive force, “ham Speed of Sound in the material of the device rather than at the
merblow' or jerk when it interacts with the Static magnetic Speed of light.) Thus, for example, at a one picoSecond cycle
field of the permanent or electromagnets carried around by or Switching rate an in-rim light speed of 3x10 m/s) some
the rim or other magnetic mass. Thus, they must be very (10)(3x10)=0.0003m) or 0.3 mm) or 300 micrometers
tightly wound with each coil “set' having a total length of of the rim on each side of the juxtaposed coil/magnet activity
less than 0.3 mm (0.0003m or 300 micrometers). If each of Sites will respond (spin up or down) during each picosecond
the ultra-Small, Sub-millimeter coil Sets consist of two coils after coil activation. This process, in the case of a dumbbell
or turns, as exhibited in FIGS. 7A, 7B, 7C, 7D, 7E, 7F, 7G, shaped rim, will generate an ever widening fan of gravita
and 7F, of the parent patent, then their diameters are on the tional waves, 51 as exhibited in FIG.8B of the parent patent.
order of d=0.3/21=0.05mm)=50 micrometers) or less. The Many more than the 4,290 coil sites of the exemplar device
coil wire could be made of gold having about a 0.015-mm of the parent patent could be distributed around the rim
or 15-micrometer diameter. The resistance for Such wire at 15 (perhaps over only a single Sector or Selected Sectors adja
room temperature is about 135 ohms/m-high cent to the rim; thereby greatly reducing the required num
temperature Superconducting material would be useful here. ber of coils and “focusing” the GW). A large number of
In the spin-up mode the IIPCS will need to build up 0.26 ultra-fast Switches, preferably Semiconductor based, would
Tesla flux density every 0.044 m (the requirements for be activated simultaneously by the IIPCS coil-control
the spin-down mode are essentially the same, but reversed). computer, with communication lines of nearly equal length
Thus to all Switches.
(3) Rim Material Accelerations
B=uni/ITesla (10) A random Series of positive and negative jerkS tend to
where u=4Tx107 (permeability of free space), n is the build up a positive acceleration over time by random walk.
number of coil turns, i is the current through the coils
25 Consider an extreme case, however, in which the maximum
amps, and l is the length of the coil conductors m). The jerk builds up rim acceleration (Spin up, or deceleration, Spin
double coil sets will be placed on 50 to 100 micrometer down) continuously over a length of time, ot=107s) or 100
centers, so that there will be about 2x100x100-2x10 coil nanoSeconds. The mass per unit length of the magnetic mass
turns on each Square-centimeter level of the Stack of 25 coil of the rim for the exemplar device of the parent application
levels or layers. With l=0.044 m) and B=0.26 Tesla), is Amass/Al=3.83 kg/m). The jerk is
ni=9.1x10 amp turns). For n=25x2x10'=5x10, i=9.1x
10/5x10=0.018 amps or 18 milliamperes. The total (3000 N/m/3.8kg/m/10'’=7.89x10'm/s), (12)
length of 15-micrometer-diameter gold wire across any
given layer or level is 100(rows)x100(coil & jumper/time where S is the displacement. Therefore, in Öt=100 nanosec
delays)x(600 micrometers)=6 m). For the 25 layers or 35
onds (107s) of continuous and constant jerk, da/dt, the
levels there will 150 m) of wire with a resistance of acceleration, a, would build up to
150m)x135 ohms/ml=2.025x10 ohms). Since on average
every other pulse or current interval acroSS a conductor wire
will carry no current, since in order to modulate the GW 40 (of course, control of the jerks by the IIPCS would never
Some pulses or current intervals in the train will be missing, allow Such a high build up of acceleration) the Speed would
the heat loSS per centimeter of chip Stack or Semi-conductor build up to
layerS is
10'x(107)’=3.9 m/s), (14)
45
(1/2)iR=3.28watts). (11) and the displacement would build up to
This heat loss can be reduced by 32% by using S=f'(ds/dt)dt=(da/dt)öt/6=(7.86/6)x10'x
25-micrometer-diameter wires for the time-delay jumpers, (107)=1.315x107m. (15)
but high-temperature Superconductors for this purpose are
contemplated. In addition there may be Some energy loSS or 50 The angular rate build up over 100 nanoseconds is 3.9m/
resistance occasioned by electromagnetic radiation (EM) s/1000m=3.9x10 radians/s) versus, for example, the
generated during the GW generation process. Such a loSS mean motion of double star PSR 1913+16 of 2.25x10'
can be reduced by the design of the energizing, for example radians/s). Thus there is considerable “motion” in the
coil, elements and controlling the direction of current pulses magnetic mass, but essentially the mass goes only a very
by the IIPCS. By the way, EM radiation can be easily 55 short distance. In this regard, as already noted, the IIPCS can
Screened out by means of interposing a conductor in the GW be programmed to ensure that there is not a Secular increase
path, which is opaque to EM radiation but transparent to or accumulation of magnetic-mass displacement beyond a
GW. certain prescribed limiting value. For example, if the jerk
The Spin-up/down of the entire rim is not instantaneous were reversed every two seconds (reciprocating) then the
and is anticipated to progreSS at the Speed of light in the rim 60 acceleration would build up to less than 200gs). The stress
from the juxtaposed permanent-magnet Sites on the rim moves away from the magnetic mass at Sound Speed (for
acted upon by the coil-magnetic fields. (Spin up/down does example, 5000 m/s) or about 500 micrometers in 100
not progreSS at the local Speed of Sound, but rather it is nanoSeconds. They represent microScopic shock waves that
expected to progreSS at the Speed of light like a signal being will dissipate.
transmitted by pushing a frictionless rod. That is, all of the 65 Radial-Jerk GW Generation Embodiment
ferromagnetic molecules comprising the magnets on the In the case of the radially directed pulses or displacements
periphery of the rim move in concert, as the GW crest moves of the rim or rim Sector or Sectors, they result in a time
 US 6,417,597 B1
11 12
variable value of the moment of inertia, I. These displace Single-Sector or Linear-Motor, Tangential-Jerk GW Gen
ments are built up in the radial direction by the Sequential eration Embodiment
activation of radial arcs of coils in a given, Single wedge The Single-sector or linear-motor embodiment of the
shaped Sector or juxtaposed Sectors of the rim or dumbbell. invention (Sometimes referred to as a linear induction motor
Under the control of the IIPCS, radially oriented strips of the or LIM) is the most preferred embodiment of the invention.
aforementioned circuit-board or computer-chip rolls are It can be visualized to involve a single sector of the rim with
sequentially activated to build up or generate a (d/dt) the impulsive forces being tangential rather than radial.
formulation or GW component as the GW moves outward at Alternatively, it can be conceptualized as the rim magnets
light Speed. The radial displacements should be asymmetri and adjacent coils being peeled off from the rim and laid out
cal (as controlled by the IIPCS) in order to produce a flat. In this case an exemplar device would be 2000 m in
quadrupole moment or so that the GW will not cancel out. length and 3 m in diameter. The approximately one
The astrophysical analogy here is a vibrating white dwarf centimeter-wide chip rolls would be placed longitudinally
star emitting GW (see, for example, D. H. Douglas, p.491, along the sides of central, cylindrical, permanent- (or
of L. L. Smarr, opcit). electro-) magnetic core, piston, or barrel as shown in FIG. 2.
As is well known and noted in specifics by Geoff Burdge, 15 Each meter-long Segment of the roll would produce about
Deputy Director for Technology and Systems of the National 3000N of longitudinal force, f, and all together they form
Security Agency (written communication dated Jan. 19, a sheath of Sub-millimeter coils Surrounding the central
2000) “Because of symmetry, the quadrupole moment can magnetic core, piston, or barrel consisting of magnetic Sites.
be related to a principal moment of inertia, I, of a three Note that in this case the motion of the magnetic mass is
dimensional tensor of the System and . . . can be approxi asymmetrical (either “in” or “out”) so that there is a qua
mated by drupole and the GW do not cancel and become null. The
IIPCS controlled current can proceed in either direction and
in the Single-interconnecting-line-of-coils embodiment of
In which k in Burdge's notation is G and the units are in the the invention alternative coil lines can be energized by pulse
MKS system watts not the cgs. In this case 25 trains moving in opposite directions to vibrate the magnetic
mass. The magnetic mass itself can be composed of
electromagnets, with or without cores, that can be controlled
by the IIPCS to augment the GW generation.
Öm=mass of an individual rim Sector or a number of
(1) Numerical Example
AS a numerical example, there would be about one roll or
Sectors (or dumbbell) kg), and 25-layer Strip of chips Spaced around and adjacent to the
r=half of the distance between opposing om m). Thus barrel in a longitudinal direction (parallel to the barrel axis)
dI/dt =öm dirfdt=2röm dirfdt-- . . . (18)
every 2 centimeters forming the sheath. Thus there would be
TLX3m)x100cm/m/2cm=471 strips, 2000 m long or
and dr/dt is computed by noting that 35
Af=(471) (2000m) (3000 N/ml)=2.83x1OIN (23)
2röm d’r/dt’=2rfIN-m (19) and with K=32 (to be established experimentally),
where f=radial force on a Single rim Sector, rim Sectors, or P=-1.76x10 (2x2000x2.83x10/10')’=-2.26x10 watts. (24)
dumbbell. (This single-sector embodiment of the invention 40
can also be visualized as a linear motor.) Thus, with the reference area of the two 3m diameter ends,
The derivative is approximated by 2 (1.5)=14 m), (GW propagating in both directions) the
dI/dt =2rAffAt, (20) generated GW flux is about 1.6x10 watts/m).
(2) Sector-Material Accelerations
in which Af, is the nearly instantaneous increase in the radial 45 In this case the jerk is obtained from
force on the rim caused by the magnetic field when it is
turned on and off or pulsed by the transistors or ultra-fast (dafdt)per unii area=(Af/At)/(Amass/AA) (25)
Switches of the IIPCS, that is, a radial jerk. In this regard the where Af=Af. NI/(2000mx3 mt)=2.83x10/1.885x10'=
coils are sequenced radially outward by the IIPCS (at the 1.5x10 N/m), so that
Speed of light) in order to generate or build up the high 50
frequency gravitational waves. Thus Af/At=1.5x10/10"?=1.5x10' N/m-sand (26)
P=-5.5x1O'Ks (2rAf/At) watts. (21) AmaSS/AA=mass per area (3.8 kg/m of Strip) (471 Strips
Again, K. Will be a function determined experimen per meter)=1.79x10 kg/ml), so that da/dt=1.5x10'7/1.79x
tally to account for the fact that r may not be less than the 55 10=8.38x10" m/s). Therefore, in 100 nanoseconds of
GW wavelength for most high-frequency GW of interest. continuous jerk the acceleration would build up to
AS a numerical example, for a spindle Similar to the one
mentioned in the prior numerical example, but with a
one-meter wide apron of peripheral magnets and IPCS coil As already noted, the IIPCS would be programmed so that
sets both top and bottom (thus 2x100 cm/m=200 times more 60 accelerations would never approach this value AS an
force per meter along the rim's periphery), K-32, example, for a one THZ alternating jerk the acceleration
Af=3.6x10° N), r=1000 m) and At=10's), so that would only build up to (8.38x10") (10')=83.8m/s=8.6
(pending experimental verification) g’s (alternating or reciprocating “hammer blows' acting on
P=-1.76x10 (2x1000x3.6x10/10")’=-9.12x10 watts (22) a single mass or masses (Such as magnetic Sites); not
65 harmonic oscillation of two masses). In the extreme case of
Again the reference area is 63 mi), so that the GW energy 100 nanoSeconds of continuous jerk in the same direction,
flux near the device is about 1.45x10" watts/m). the speed would build up to
 US 6,417,597 B1
13 14
be expected to generate a GW pulse as its tungsten wires
and the displacement of the magnetic mass (magnetic Sur collapse on each other, if they do So in an asymmetrical
C.
face of Single Sector, piston, or barrel) is Electromechanical-force GW Generation Embodiment
At one THz the GW wavelength is 3x10" m) or 300
micrometers So that the half wavelength and the optimum
Again there is considerable “motion of the magnetic mass, crystal dimension according to Joseph Weber, p. 313, 1960
but it goes a very small distance before the IIPCS reverses opcit, is 150 micrometers and, of course, even Smaller for
the built-up acceleration, Speed, and displacement. the approximate quadrupole equation to hold. If the
Infinite-radius Coil GW Generation Embodiment ensemble of electromechanical elements, for example,
For comparison with the foregoing embodiments of the piezoelectric crystals, were controlled by the IIPCS and
invention, consider the evolution of coil pairs or coil Sets replaced the coils, and were on 160 micrometer centers in
into flattened-out pairs of parallel wires (that is, infinite the chips, then there would be about 60x60=3.6x10 per
radius coils) situated very close to each other and carrying Square centimeter. If there were 25 chip levels or layers, then
a large current in the same direction (and, therefore, attract 15 there would be about 25x3.6x10=9x10" crystals per square
ing each other). This current, which can go either way, is to centimeter or 9x10° perm as shown schematically in FIG.
be pulsed by a large number of ultra-fast Switches or 4. The energy would be 10' watts) per crystal (if each
transistors 58 (FIG. 3) about every picosecond by the IIPCS driven just below its breaking point as enhanced by low
to produce pulses of electrical current through the wires. For temperature and high-frequency operation) multiplied by
Simplicity, as an example consider the wires to be flat, 9x10” (crystals)s10' watts (subject to experimental
one-meter Square plates (therefore a one-square-meter GW verification). With the crystals properly oriented and pro
reference area or Smaller (e.g., in order to achieve r<< ow) grammed by the IIPCS to propagate GW radiation out of the
down to a current-pulse wavelength acroSS or made larger by Side of the centimeter-thick, one-meter-Square crystal array
constructing a mosaic of individual plate pairs) as exhibited (whose area is about one centimeter by one meter, that is a
Schematically in FIG. 3. AS a numerical example, let each 25 reference area of 2x10° mi) the GW flux would be
plate carry a one-thousand ampere current and the plates in 1/2x10'/10°=5x10' watts/m). As noted by Joseph
the pairs are situated one-micrometer (10 m) apart and Weber (ibid), such a system could be employed “ . . . to
the pairs are separated at a greater distance, say, 0.1 mm. generate and detect gravitational radiation.” (Emphasis
In order to achieve asymmetrical mass displacement (to added.) With regard to detection, the crystals would repre
produce a quadrupole moment) one plate of each pair or of Sent very Small resonators whose natural frequencies were in
each “coil set could be considerably more massive than the the terahertz range. Alternatives to the preferred embodi
other, that is, exhibit a considerably larger croSS Section or ment of the invention using piezoelectric crystals (or piezo
be joined to a ballast 67 in FIG. 3 or carry a much larger electric polycrystalline ceramics), include, but are not lim
current than the other or have different modulus of elasticity ited to either P or N processed Strain-gage Silicon
or be constrained differently in their mountings. If the IIPCS 35 Semiconductors, thin-film piezoelectric resonators, electro
pulsed these conducting plates with picoSecond-duration mechanical nanomachines, capacitors, dielectric resonators,
pulses, then during each cycle the attractive, impulsive force Solenoids and piezoelectric polymers. Electromechanical
(lateral jerk) for each coil pair or set of coil pairs would be nanomachines are Such devices as piston actuators, motors,
Af=(u?2at) (1000amps)x1000amps)/10m-2x1ON. (30)
Vibrators and pumps. For Specific design details either G. L.
40 Wojcik, et al., “Electromechanical Modeling Using Explicit
The IIPCS-controlled switches 58 in FIG. 3, will sequence Time-Domain Finite Elements”, IEEE 1993 UltraSOnics
the current pulses 59 moving approximately at light Speed, Symposium Proceedings, Volume 2, pp. 1107-1112 or Jan
c, to build up a gravitational wave 29. Kocback’s “Finite-Element-Modeling Analysis of Piezo
Let GW-radiated power be given by electric Disks, Method and Testing', Master of Science
45 Thesis, Department of Physics, University of Bergen,
Bergen, Norway, can be utilized.
(31) As discussed in detail in the 1960 and 1964 Joseph Weber
articles referred to above, the passage of a gravitational
where Af/At=2x10/10°=2x10'7 N/s). Thus, pending wave deforms an object or Set of objects as it passes through
experimental verification: 50 them. For example, a piezoelectric polymer, a Silicon
P 1.76x102(2x107)?–7.04x10-watts (32) Semiconductor, a thin-film piezoelectric resonator, a
piezoelectric-crystal functioning as a collector element is
and Since the reference area is two Square meters (GW deformed by a GW and produces a small electrical current.
propagates into and out of the plates) the GW flux=3.5x Likewise, the plates of a capacitor functioning as a collector
10' watts/m). The product of the amperage of, say, two 55 element are slightly moved relative to each other and
plates would need to go up by a factor of about 10 (to about thereby produces a Signal. In fact, these elements are both
one-million amperes) or the distance between the plates energizable and generate GW and also are collectors and
reduced by the same factor (to ten picometers or 10'm), detect GW through the same conductors. The nanomachine
or the number of plate pairs increased by a factor of a collectorS operate in a similar fashion. A nanomachine is a
thousand, or a mosaic of many plate pairs per level (and 60 microscopic or molecular sized machine, for example, a
multiple levels), or Some combination thereof in order to microscopic version of the dumbbell motor/generator of the
approach the GW-flux values for the other embodiments of parent patent. As a GW passes through the collector, the
the invention. Such a current is, however, exceeded by the dumbbell moves slightly and Submicroscopic coils respond
eighteen-million-ampere current passed through the Sandia to this motion and generate a Small current. Likewise,
Laboratory Z-pinch machine (A. Wilson, “Z Mimics X-rays 65 energizing the microscopic coils in the motor mode will
from Neutron Stars”, Science, Volume 286, Dec. 10, 1999, generate GW due to dumbbell motion. Electrical transducer
p. 2059). The current-produced jerk of this machine would or micro Strain gauge nanomachines respond to the defor
 US 6,417,597 B1
15 16
mation occasioned by the passage of a GW in exactly the power near the Spindle device given by Eq. (9) and the
Same fashion as it does to a mechanically induced Strain and average power flux of 2x10 watts/mi) there
thereby function as a GW collector. The nanomachine
preSSure transducer collector element responds to a slight S=(2x10) (0.1)/7000=2.8x10'watts/m (34)
change in pressure of a set of particles comprising a fluid as at the receiver or detector (assuming that the GW propagates
the GW passes through it. The location of the collector in a single plane with little or no diffraction). For the
elements and their connection with ultra-fast Switches or
transistorS is identical to the location of the energizer radial-jerk Spindle situation using the power near the device
elements, shown in FIG. 4 and, as already noted may be one given by Eq. (22) and the average power flux of 1x10"
and the same element acting as either an energizer or a watts/mi) there
collector. S=(1x10') (0.1)/7000=1.4x10 watts/m). (35)
Communication Utilizing GW
AS an approximate numerical example related to a poS For the longitudinal-jerk, linear-motor Situation with aver
Sible gravitational-wave detector for a train of high age power from Eq. (24) (if there were a fall off with range
frequency, THZ, gravitational waves, consider the absorp 15 in “rim” radii), with a 2000m length or radius of gyration
tion cross Section, a m), for Such antennas as given by and a resulting average power of 1x10 watts/mi) we
Joseph Weber (op.cit., 1964, p.99) have,
S=(1x10) (0.1)/7000=1.4x10 watts/m). (36)
where G=6.67423x10' m/kg-s (universal gravitational Let us estimate the “noise” N=10' watts/mi) in the THz
constant), band(probably not many GW sources there, but Brownian
I=moment of inertia or quadrupole moment of the detec motion, thermal and quantum fluctuations, etc. may result in
tor element(s) kg-m), much more noise than this) and that the GW detector
Q=TL times the number of oscillations a free oscillator 25 exhibits a sensitivity on this same order. It should be
undergoes before its amplitude decays by a factor of e, recognized, however, that the bandwidth of the long-base
line, interferometric GW detectors now under construction
f=2L/2, 1/m (propagation constant), are at most about a few kHz and they are not designed for
2=c/v m (gravitational-wave wavelength), THZ detection. Furthermore, a six to ten order-of-magnitude
N=the number of quadrupoles coupled together in the improvement of the Sensitivity of the Single-crystal detectors
antenna (see Eq. (2.9A), p.62, of Gravitational Radia considered by Joseph Weber 42 years ago might need to be
tion and Relativity, Edited by J. Weber and T. M. accomplished (sensitivity of about 10' watts) as given on
Karade, World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore, p. 313 of Weber opcit, 1960). More recently, however,
1986), Weber has speculated optimistically (op.cit., 1986, p. 30) that
c=3x10 m/s) (the speed of light), 35 there is " . no limit to the theoretical sensitivity of a
v=frequency of gravitational radiation 1/S or HZ), and (elastic Solid) gravitational radiation antenna, and perhaps
no limit to the number of novel methods for improving the
co=angular frequency (or mean motion) (1/s). Sensitivity of existing antennas.”
For Q=10 (as noted by Joseph Weber opcit, 1960, p. 308, Using Shannon's classical equation (C. B. Shannon, Bell
“A practical antenna might be expected to have Q-10'." A Systems Technical Journal, Volume 27, Number 379, p. 623,
large Q implies that a long time is required for the quadru 40
1948), the maximum rate of information transfer, C, for the
pole element to reach thermal equilibrium. Also, the detec spindle's tangential-jerk GW embodiment is given by
tion devices that Weber had in mind were large isolated
aluminum cylinders, Suspended and well isolated from the C=Blog(1+2.8x10'/102)=(10') (20)=2x10 bps, (37)
environment. The collector elements for the present device
will probably be contained on a chip with damping con 45 for the radial-jerk GW embodiment
Straints and a much Smaller Q is likely). C=Blog(1+1.4x10/10')=(10') (30)=3x10"bps (38)
v=10'Hz or one THz), and
f=2 LV/c=2.09x10'1/m), and and for the longitudinal-jerk (linear-motor) GW preferred
(p=v/2=5x10' (1/s); see Weber, 1964, op.cit p. 90, we embodiment
50
have C=Blog(1+1.4x10/10')=(10') (40)=4x10"bps). (39)
O=1.15x10 INm).
This value, depending upon I and the number of quadrupoles In each embodiment the bandwidth, B, is taken to be the
(with masses and characteristics nearly identical) coupled IIPCS switch on-off or “chop” rate of about 10' recipro
together in the antenna, N, compares favorably with O=10' 55 cating “hammer blows” or jerks per second (one THz and
m of the Weber Bar given on p. 102 of Weber, ibid. multiple GW generators or “transmitters' could increase the
An approximate estimate of what bandwidth a bandwidth further).
gravitational-wave (GW) communication System might There exists a useful figure-of-merit or trade-off function
achieve is obtained as follows: Suppose that the distance for the longitudinal-jerk (single-sector or linear-motor) pre
between the GW generating or transmitting device and the 60 ferred embodiment of the invention that relates to the
receiver or detector is about one Earth's radius, 7,000 km received signal:
or 7000 rim radii. Also, Suppose that we are transmitting
through the Earth's mantle and that 10 percent of the GW S (2Jrl{IAf/AA/At/Jr’DC. (40)
energy gets through. Thus, for the tangential-jerk situation (IAf/AA/At)°C. (41)
the "signal” obtained by modulating the current pulses by 65
the IIPCS (Some pulses missing and Some forming a longer (note that the radius of the single-sector cylindrical magnetic
duration pulse or pulses of different amplitudes) is using the core, piston, or barrel, cancels out) where
 US 6,417,597 B1
17 18
S=signal at the detector (receiver) watts/m), “preferred” line in space, without diffraction, will also be
r=radius of the Single-sector magnetic core, piston, or tested. These concepts have potential application to Space
barrel m), craft propulsion either by remote “gravitational force field”
l=radius of the Single-sector or length at magnetic core, generation or by placing anisotropic GW generators on
piston, or barrel m), board a spacecraft-a “Relativistic Rocket'.
What is claimed is:
Aft/AA=longitudinal force per unit area acting on the 1. A gravitational wave generator utilizing a computer
single-sector magnetic core, piston, or barrel N/m), controlled logic System to produce gravitational waves by
At=impulse times, imparting a third time derivative to the motion of a mass or
C=attenuation due to intervening material between the a System of masses.
GW generator (transmitter) and detector (receiver) 2. A gravitational wave generation device comprising:
dimensionless),and assume that for the Single-sector or a plurality of energizable elements,
linear-motor preferred embodiment of the invention, if a plurality of electronic Switches connected to the ele
there is little or no GW diffraction, then there is no ments,
range, p dependence (to be tested experimentally). 15 a computer-controlled logic System operatively connected
AS a numerical example, consider the Solution for the to a power Source for Selectively energizing the ele
length, 1, ments, and
a transmitter operatively connected to the elements for
Selectively connecting the elements to an information
processing device in a predetermined time Sequence to
where generate gravitational waves.
S=4.5x10" multiplied by the nominal=(4.5x10") (1.4x 3. A device according to claim 2 wherein the electronic
10)=6.26x10' watts/mi (assume a {1/4.5x10" Switches are Semiconductor based.
more Sensitive detector or receiver), 4. A device according to claim 2 wherein the plurality of
C = 10 multiplied by the nominal=(10) (0.1)=1 elements are piezoelectric crystals.
dimensionless (assume no attenuation),
25 5. A device according to claim 2 wherein the plurality of
elements are Silicon Semiconductors.
At=10 multiplied by the nominal=10's (occasioned 6. A device according to claim 2 wherein the plurality of
by the possible design of a 100 femtosecond ultra-fast elements are thin-film piezoelectric resonators.
Switch and pulse duration), and 7. A device according to claim 2 wherein the plurality of
Af/AA=100 multiplied by the nominal=(100) (5.64x10/ energizable elements are piezoelectric polymers.
2000x37t)=(100)(3.0x10)=3.0x10 N/m (assume 8. A device according to claim 2 wherein the plurality of
increased magnet efficiencies due to, for example, use elements are of a Submillimeter size and incorporated into a
of high-temperature Super conductors and Semiconductor chip.
electromagnets). 9. A device according to claim 2 wherein the plurality of
Thus, in this case the length of the GW generator would 35 energizable elements are of a Submillimeter Size and inte
be (with the factor of 7000 rim radii removed; thus the factor grated with polymer-based devices.
of 103/7) 10. A device according to claim 2 wherein a subset of the
energizable elements are arranged in a line of Such elements
l=v(6.26x10/10.10/7/100/0.1) (2000)=6.15x10m= Such that when energized by a train of current pulses, the
6.15mm. (43) 40 duration of which allows the pulses to traverse a Subsequent
Equation (41) can be utilized by a person with average energizable element completely, and reaches the next ener
skill in the art to practice the inventions utilizing fast or gizable element in the line with time delays between the
ultra-fast Switches or transistors having different elements to ensure that the pulses can reach each of the
capabilities, that is different At, different detection elements in the line at an appropriate time to generate
capabilities, S, different forces, Af, and different lengths, 1 45 gravitational waves as the train of pulses progresses down
including lengths Significantly Smaller than GW wavelength. the line.
Propulsion 11. A device according to claim 2 wherein the plurality of
No doubt high-frequency GW experiments will reveal elements are of a Submillimeter Size and integrated with
many applications of GW to propel Spacecraft by means of polymer-based devices.
remote GW generators. In this regard, on p. 349 of Landau 50 12. A device according to claim 2 wherein the plurality of
and Lifshitz (opcit), they comment: “Since it has a definite elements are nanomachines.
energy, the GW is itself the source of some additional 13. A device according to claim 12 wherein the nanoma
gravitational field. Like the energy producing it, this field is chines are piston actuators.
a Second-order effect in the h (tensor describing a weak 14. A device according to claim 12 wherein the nanoma
perturbation of the galilean metric). But in the case of 55 chines are motors.
high-frequency gravitational waves the effect is significantly 15. A device according to claim 12 wherein the nanoma
Strengthened . . . . (Emphasis added.) chines are vibrators.
The axis of rotation of a spindle GW-generation device 16. A device according to claim 12 wherein the nanoma
defines a preferred, Single, unique direction in Space and also chines are pumpS.
a preferred, Single, unique plane. The axis of the Single 60 17. A device according to claim 2 wherein a mass or
Sector, linear-motor GW generator device defines a masses are is Set in motion by the elements and exhibits a
preferred, unique direction in Space as well. Thus there is an third-time-derivative motion of the mass or masses to pro
asphericity or pattern to the gravitational radiation, an duce a gravitational wave.
anisotropy or focusing, that is analogous to a radio-antenna 18. A device according to claim 17 wherein the mass or
pattern of field Strength. The concept that, as a part of this 65 masses are a plurality of electromagnets.
pattern, the gravitational waves are constrained to the "pre 19. A device according to claim 18 wherein a cylindrically
ferred” plane of the rim, or axis of the linear-motor's shaped magnetic core mass is provided, Surrounded by a
 US 6,417,597 B1
19 20
sheath composed of a plurality of very Small coils or coil into one or more parallel conductor pairs situated close to
Sets, each individually controlled by computer means. one another and are pulsed with a current by computer
20. A device according to claim 17 wherein the mass or controlled Switches to produce a gravitational wave.
masses are a plurality of permanent magnets located around 36. A device according to claim 35 wherein the plurality
the rim of a Spindle. of parallel conductor pairs are arranged in a mosaic pattern
21. A device according to claim 20 wherein to a plurality or in multiple layers of a mosaic pattern.
of conductive wire coils or coil Sets adjacent to the Spindle 37. A device according to claim 35 wherein the plurality
rim are Segmented into one or more Separate, juxtaposed of parallel conductor pairs are of microscopic size and
SectOrS.
22. A device according to claim 20 wherein the plurality encased in or imprinted on a Semiconductor chip or inte
of magnets located around the periphery of the Spindle rim grated with a polymer-based device.
are Separated into one or more Separate, juxtaposed magnets. 38. A device according to claim 35 wherein the plurality
23. A device according to claim 2 wherein the plurality of of parallel conductor pairs along a predetermined line of
elements are electrically energizable elements. Such parallel conductor pairs are energized by a train of
24. A device according to claim 23 wherein the plurality 15 current pulses the duration of which is controlled by com
of electrically energizable elements are capacitors. puter means to cause the pulse to traverse a Subsequent pair
25. A device according to claim 23 wherein the plurality of parallel conductors completely and reaches the parallel
of electrically energizable elements are dielectric resonators. conductors in the line via the same Single conductor wire
26. A device according to claim 2 wherein the plurality of with predetermined time delays between the pairs of parallel
elements are Small conductive wire coils or coil Sets. conductors to ensure that the pulses reach each of the pairs
27. A device according to claim 23 wherein the plurality of parallel conductors in the line at an appropriate time to
of conductive wire coils or coil Sets are microscopic in size generate gravitational waves as the train of pulses progresses
and integrated with polymer-based devices. down the line.
28. A device according to claim 26 wherein the plurality 39. A gravitational wave detection device comprising:
of Small conductive coils or coil Sets are individually 25
a plurality of collector elements,
Sequenced radially outward by current pulses to generate
gravitational waves resulting from a third-time-derivative a plurality of electronic Switches connected to the ele
motion or jerk of a time-variable moment of inertia or mass ments,
distribution of a magnetic mass. a computer-controlled logic System operatively connected
29. A device according to claim 26 wherein the plurality to an information processing device for Selectively
of coils or coil sets along a predetermined line of Such coils connecting the elements in a predetermined time
or coil Sets are energized by a train of current pulses, the Sequence; and
duration of which is controlled by computer means to cause a receiver operatively connected to the information pro
the pulse to traverse a Subsequent coil or coil Set completely cessing device to indicate the detection of gravitational
and reaches the coil Set in the line via the same Single 35 WVCS.
conductor wire with predetermined time delays between the 40. A device according to claim 39 wherein the plurality
coils or coil Sets to ensure that the pulses reach each of the of elements are piezoelectric crystals.
coils or coil Sets in the line at an appropriate time to generate 41. A device according to claim 39 wherein the plurality
gravitational waves as the train of pulses progresses down of elements are Silicon Semiconductors.
the line. 40 42. A device according to claim 39 wherein the plurality
30. A device according to claim 23 wherein the plurality of elements are thin-film piezoelectric resonators.
of conductive wire coils or coil Sets are of a very Small size 43. A device according to claim 39 wherein the plurality
and encased in or imprinted on a Semiconductor chip. of elements are piezoelectric polymers.
31. A device according to claim 30 wherein the semicon 44. A device according to claim 39 wherein the plurality
ductor chip, containing the plurality of very Small coils or 45 of elements are capacitors.
coil Sets, is layered with circuit elements Sequenced to 45. A device according to claim 39 wherein the plurality
launch a magnetic-field pulse of Very brief duration which of elements are of a Submillimeter size and incorporated into
interacts almost Simultaneously with the electromagnetic a Semiconductor chip.
field of a magnetic mass to cause a Sufficient third-time 46. A device according to claim 39 wherein the plurality
derivative motion or jerk of the magnetic mass to generate 50 of elements are nanomachines.
gravitational waves. 47. A device according to claim 46 wherein the nanoma
32. A device according to claim 31 wherein the magnetic chines are piston actuators.
mass is a single magnet acted upon by the plurality of coils 48. A device according to claim 46 wherein the nanoma
or coil Sets adjacent to it. chines are generators.
33. A device according to claim 2 wherein the plurality of 55 49. A device according to claim 46 wherein the nanoma
elements are electromagnetic-force elements. chines are electrical transducers.
34. A device according to claim 33 wherein the plurality 50. A device according to claim 46 wherein the nanoma
of electromagnetic-force elements are Solenoids. chines are pressure transducers.
35. A device according to claim 33 herein the electro
magnetic force elements are coil Sets that are flattened out k k k k k