EENG110_LECTURE1
“ PNEUMATICS TRAINING”
TOPICS: Festo is
a German multinational
industrial control and
automation company
Festo was founded in 1925 by
Albert Fezer and Gottlieb Stoll
• Pneumatic Controls &
• Design
• Pneumatic Maintenance
&
• Troubleshooting
• Electro-Pneumatic
Controls
• Basic PLC
OUTLINE
A. Advantage and Disadvantage of pneumatic system
B. Energy Supply Elements
Air Generation
COURSE OBJECTIVES Compressor
Reservoir
Air Preparation
❑ to learn the operation and function of
Filter
each pneumatic components Regulator
Lubricator
❑to learn how to read and interpret C. Control Elements
pneumatic symbols Directional valves
Non Return Valves
❑ to learn how to create and a circuit Flow Control Valves
diagram Shuttle Valves
Dual Pressure Valves
Time Delay and pressure sequence valve.
❑To be able to perform an actual/ hands on D. Drive Elements/Components
using the available pneumatic components Linear Actuators
Single acting Cylinder
Double acting Cylinder
Rotary actuators
Rotary vane
Pneumatic Motors
Symbiosis of Industry and Education
COURSE CONTENT
❑Properties and Characteristics of Compressed Air
❑ Generation, Distribution and Treatment of Compressed Air
❑ Design and Function of Pneumatic Working Elements and
Valve
❑ Pneumatics Symbols and standards as per ISO 1219
❑ Components of Programmable Logic Controllers System
❑ Advantages of PLC as compared to conventional electrical
relay based Control
❑ Circuit Development and Wiring Diagrams
❑ Programming using Ladder Diagram
❑ Time Dependent controls using Timer
❑ Logical and Sequence Controls
❑ Sensors: usage of Inductive, Capasitive and Optical Sensors
❑ Modification of programs by inserting or deleting control
commands
❑ Practical Exercises
PNEUMATICS
PNEUMATICS It was derived from the Greek word ‘pneuma’ which
means ‘to breath’.
A Branch of fluid power which uses compressed air or
other gases to transmit power and to control a systems
In electricity, the medium used to transmit power is
through electric current (that is electron charges); in
hydraulics the medium used is liquid (which is usually oil);
in mechanics the medium used is the mechanical motion
and force itself.
PNEUMATICS TECHNOLOGY
AND APPLICATIONS
Advantages of Compressed Air
Availabilty • Air is available practically everywhere in unlimited
quantities.
Transport • Air can be easily transported in pipelines, even over
large distances
Storage • A compressor need not be in continuous operation.
• Compressed air can be stored in a reservoir and
removed as required.
• The reservoir can be transportable.
Temperature • Compressed air is relatively insensitive to temperature
fluctuations.
• This ensures reliable operation, even under extreme
conditions.
Advantages of compressed air
Overload • Pneumatic tools and operating components can be
safe loaded to the point of stopping and therefore overload
safe
Cleanliness • Unlubricated exhaust air is clean.
• Any unlubricated air which escapes through leaking
pipes or components does not cause contamination.
• Useful in food, wood and textile industries.
Components • Operating components are of simple construction and
therefore relatively inexpensive.
Temperature • Compressed air is relatively insensitive to temperature
fluctuations.
• This ensures reliable operation, even under extreme
conditions.
Speed • Compressed air is a very fast working medium.
• High working speeds can be obtained.
Disadvantages of compressed air
Preparation • Compressed air requires good preparation.
• Dirt and condensate should not be present.
Compressible • It is not always possible to achieve uniform and
constant piston speeds with compressed air.
Force • Compressed air is economical only up to a certain force
requirement requirement.
• Used only for relatively small load (<50kN)
Noise level • The exhaust air is loud.
• The problem is largely solved with new silencers.
Advantages and Disadvantages
of Pneumatic Systems
✓Availability. Air is available practically everywhere
✓Preparation. Needs thorough preparation to
✓Transport. Only needs pipelines even for long distances
filter dust, dirt and ensure constant pressure
✓Storage. Compressed Air can be stored in air reservoir/tank ✓Non-Uniform Force and Torque. It is
sometimes not possible to achieve uniform
✓Explosion-Proof. Compressed Air is non-combustible force/torque
✓Cleanliness. Air is clean ✓Force Requirement. Used only for relatively
small load (<50kN)
✓Speed. Air moves or diffuses fast
✓Noise Level. Compressed Air is very noisy
✓Overload-Safe. Components can be loaded even to the point of
stopping
Applications with
pneumatics ..Chemical industry
..Petrochemical industry
..Food industry
..Packaging industry
..Printing and Paper industry
..Drinking water and waste water
Applications with
pneumatics
Applications with
pneumatics
PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
Structure and Signal Flow of PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
ENERGY SUPPLY
Stages of Air Preparation
Atmospheric Air
Vane
Energy supply Compressor Screw
Piston
Electric Motor
Diesel or Petrol Engine
Storage Receiver
Absorption
Drying Refrigeration
Adsorption
Distribution Air distribution system
Filter
Service unit Regulator
Lubricator
Plant
Compressor
Compressor is a mechanical flowing device designed to
increase the pressure of a gas by reducing its
volume. The compressor is the main
component of basic refrigeration systems and
is often considered as the “heart of the
cooling system”. It works as a pump to control
the circulation of the refrigerant.
Circuit Compressor
Symbol
Fluid a substance that has no fixed shape and yields
easily to external pressure; a gas or
(especially) a liquid.
Compressor
Piston compressor
To provide pneumatic systems with high
pressure of air, compressed air must be
generated, that is air must be COMPRESSED
Compressors provide pneumatic systems with
the operating pressure from the atmospheric
pressure via air compression. They act as
energy source for pneumatic systems.
There are various type of compressors Screw compressor
depending upon its design
The most common are reciprocating
compressors and screw compressors
ATMOSPHERE PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS
p = 0 bar COMPRESSORS p = 5 - 7 bar
Compressor
Multi-stage Used to attain higher operating
Reciprocating pressure and to provide cooling of
Compressors the compressed air
AIR GENERATION AND
DISTRIBUTION
Air receiver Used to attain higher operating pressure
and to provide cooling of the
compressed air
Air service The air service unit consists of:
unit • Air filter
• Pressure regulator
• Air lubricator
• Pressure gauge
Temperature
Gauge
Compressor Pressure Gauge
Shut Off Valve
Pressure
Relief Valve
Air Receiver
Water
Drain
FILTER
Filter cleans the compressed air by
removing impurities:
1. dust
2. small particles
3. pipe scales
4. rust
5. water condensate
6. oil
Circuit
Symbol:
w/o water drain w/ water drain
Types and sizes of contamination
FILTER
Centrifugal Filter for water droplets and large particles of
Air Stream
Separator dust and contamination (larger than 50
microns).
The resulting centrifugal forces sling the
heavier particles – namely water and coarse
Vortex
contamination – radially onto the outside wall
from which they run down into a collecting
tank. The particles crash against the wall and
flow into a collecting bowl.
PRESSURE REGULATOR
Used to obtain uniform operating pressure for
the pneumatic system in order to:
1. obtain uniform speed
2. obtain uniform force and torque
Circuit
Symbol:
LUBRICATOR
Enriches the compressed air with a fine oil mist
(that is a lubricant) to make movements
smoother especially on drive components
It should however be used sparingly to avoid
clogging of narrow passages (example in
valves). Some industries also like
semiconductor and food industries require oil-
free air to avoid contamination.
Circuit
Symbol:
Air service unit
The air service unit consists of:
• Air filter
• Pressure regulator
• Air lubricator
• Pressure gauge
Circuit
Symbol:
Air service unit
Actuators
Actuators An actuator is an output device for the conversion of
and output supply energy into useful work. They can be described
devices into two groups.
•Linear motion
•Single-acting cylinders
•Double-acting cylinders
•Rotary motion
•Air motor
•Rotary actuator
•End Effectors
Actuators
Linear • Actuators produces motion in a straight
actuators line.
• Pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders are the
most widely used devices to produce linear
force, work or power.
Actuators
SINGLE- Can perform linear work in one direction only,
ACTING the other direction is performed via spring
CYLINDERS
Circuit
Symbol:
Forward Effective Force:
F– piston force
F = (p*A) – FFR – FS P– working pressure
A– Piston Area
Return Effective Force: FFR - Friction force
FS – Spring force
F = FS - FFR
Actuators
DOUBLE- Can perform linear work in both directions
ACTING (forward stroke and return stroke)
CYLINDERS
Circuit
Symbol:
Forward Effective Force:
AP – piston area
F = (p*AP) – FFR AR – piston rod area
Return Effective Force:
F = (p*(AP - AR)) - FFR
Actuators
Double rod
double-acting
cylinder
Tandem
double-acting
cylinder
Multi-position
cylinder
Actuators
ROTARY Produces rotational motion either in a limited angle (swivel) or
ACTUATORS continuous motion
Types of Rotary Actuators
ROTARY CYLINDERS
ROTARY VANE CYLINDERS
ROTARY VANE MOTORS
• Swivel motion is generated by rotary cylinders and rotary vane
cylinders
• Continuous motion is generated by pneumatic vane motors
• There are many applications, where a rotary motion of 0 up to
360 is required.
• Previously, this was achieved by using a linear actuator with a
mechanical connection to achieve a rotary motion.
• Today, there is a large range of actuators designed to produce a
defined angular rotation.
Actuators
ROTARY Basically is just a double acting cylinder
CYLINDERS with internal teeth profile that drives a
gear wheel to convert linear motion to
rotary motion inside the cylinder
Force is first transmitted into linear motion
which drives a gear wheel and in turn
drives the attached shaft to produce rotary
motion
Circuit
Symbol:
Actuators
ROTARY Compressed air energy is directly
VANE converted to rotary motion via its
CYLINDERS construction which no longer uses internal
teeth profile and gear wheel
Force is directly transmitted to the drive
shaft
Circuit
Symbol:
Actuators
ROTARY Compressed air energy is directly
VANE converted to rotary motion via its
CYLINDERS construction which no longer uses internal
teeth profile and gear wheel
Force is directly transmitted to the drive
shaft
Circuit
Symbol:
Vane type rotary actuator
Linear and rotary actuator combination
Linear and rotary actuator combination
Pneumatic motors
• When we talk in general terms of a
motor we normally mean a combustion
engine motor or an electric motor.
• However, in pneumatics there are
devices which transform pneumatic
energy into continuous rotary motion.
• These are known as pneumatic motors.
• The most commonly used pneumatic
motor or compressed-air motor to
produce continuous rotary motion
Circuit
Symbol:
Bi-directional Rotation Uni-directional Rotation
Pneumatic motors
THANK YOU!!
