Electrical Services Design
(EEE 350)
Muhammad Asad Rahman
Lecturer, Dept. of EEE
CUET
http:/asad31.webs.com
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Illumination
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Learning Objectives
To familiar with different common terms
and definitions used in illumination works.
To demonstrate the process to design of
lighting scheme.
To know the application of different types
of electric lamp for different purposes.
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Definitions and Common Terms
Light: That radiant energy which produces a
sensation of vision upon the human eye.
Luminous Flux: The light energy radiated
per second from a luminous body. (unit
Lumen)
Luminous Intensity: The flux emitted by the
source per unit solid angle.
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Definitions and Common Terms
Lumen: Luminous flux per unit solid angle
from a source of 1 candle power. (1 C.P. =
4π lumens)
Illumination or degree of illumination: The
luminous flux received per unit area. (unit
lumens per sq. foot or foot-candles)
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Law of Illumination
The illumination of a surface is inversely
proportional to the square of the distance
of the surface from the source of light.
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Design of Lighting Scheme
Space-height ratio:
The horizontal distance between lamps
= Mounting height of lamps
When reflectors are used, the value of this ratio
should be between 1 and 2.
The height of the source should be between 2.2
m to 2.45 m from the ground level.
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Design of Lighting Scheme
Utilization factor:
Total lumens utilized on working planes
= Total lumens radiated by lamp
For direct light, This factor should be from 0.25
to 0.5.
For indirect light, This factor should be from 0.1
to 0.3.
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Design of Lighting Scheme
Depreciation factor:
Illuminati on under normal working conditions
= Illuminati on when everything is clean
Its average value is 0.8.
Illuminati on when everything is clean
or, = Illuminati on under normal working conditions
In this case, this factor is more than 1 and its
value is 1.3 to 1.4.
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Design of Lighting Scheme
Total lumens required:
Area (sq.ft.) Illumination (ft. candles)
= Co - efficient of utilizatio n Depreciati on (for value s less than 1)
also,
Depreciation (for values more than 1)
= Area (sq.ft.) Illum. (ft. candles)
Co - efficient of utilization
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Design of Lighting Scheme
Problem-1:
A workshop size 40Χ60 ft. height is to be
illuminated to 45 lumens per sq. ft. on the
working plane. If the coefficient of utilization is
0.5 and the source gives out 10 lumens per watt,
find the total wattage required and number of
lamps assuming depreciation factor as 0.8.
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Design of Lighting Scheme
Problem-2:
An illumination on the working plane of 3 ft.candle
is required on a room 270′Χ50′. The lamps are
required to be hung 15 ft. above the work
benches. Assuming space/height ratio of 1.25, a
utilization factor of 0.5 and a candle power
depreciation of 20%, estimate the number, rating
and disposition of suitable lamps. Efficiency of a
lamp may be taken as 0.5 watt per candle
power.
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Lighting Scheme
1. Direct lighting
2. Indirect lighting
3. Semi-direct lighting
4. Semi-indirect lighting
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Types of Electric Lamps
• Incandescent lamps
• Tungsten Halogen Lamps
• Fluorescent lamps
• High pressure sodium lamps
• Low pressure sodium lamps
HID lamps
• Mercury vapour
• Metal halide
• LED lamps
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Types of Electric Lamps
Incandescent lamps
• Emit radiation mainly in the
visible region
• Bulb contains vacuum or gas
filling
• Efficacy: 12 lumen / Watt
• Color rendering index: 1A
• Color temperature: 2500 –
2700 K
• Lamp life <2000 hrs
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Types of Electric Lamps
Incandescent lamps
• The different types of materials
used for incandescent lamp as
filament are
i. Carbon
ii. Tantalum
iii. Tungsten
• In gas-filled incandescent lamp,
normally nitrogen with small
quantity of argon is used.
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Types of Electric Lamps
Incandescent lamps
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Types of Electric Lamps
Halogen lamp
• Tungsten filament and a
halogen gas filled bulb.
• Tungsten atoms evaporate
from the hot filament and
move to cooler wall of bulb.
• Efficacy: 18 lumens/Watt
• Color rendering index: 1A
• Color temperature: warm
• Lamp life < 4000 hrs
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Types of Electric Lamps
Fluorescent Lamps
• 3 – 5 times as efficient as standard incandescent lamps
and last 10 – 20 times longer
• Electricity passes through a gas or metallic vapor and
causes radiation
• Fluorescent tubes are hot cathode lamps
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Types of Electric Lamps
Mercury Fluorescent Lamps
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Types of Electric Lamps
Fluorescent Lamps Features:
Halo-phosphate
• Different types (T12, T10, • Efficacy – 80 lumens/Watt (HF gear
increases this by 10%)
T8 and T5) differing in • Color Rendering Index –2-3
diameter and efficiency • Color Temperature – Any
• Lamp Life – 7-15,000 hours
Tri-phosphor
• Most efficient at ambient • Efficacy – 90 lumens/Watt
temperature of 20-30o C • Color Rendering Index –1A-1B
• Color Temperature – Any
• Compact fluorescent • Lamp Life – 7-15,000 hours
lamps (CFL) have much
smaller luminaries.
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Types of Electric Lamps
Sodium Discharge Lamps
• Used in outdoor and industrial applications
• Consist of: ballast, high- voltage electronic
starter, ceramic arc tube, xenon gas filling,
sodium, mercury
• No starting electrodes
• High efficacy: 60 – 80 lumen/Watt
• Color rendering index: 1 - 2
• Color temperature: warm
• Lamp life < 24,000 hrs
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Types of Electric Lamps
Sodium Discharge Lamps
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Types of Electric Lamps
Low Pressure Mercury Discharge Lamps
• Oldest HID lamp
• Consists of: arc tube with mercury and argon
gas and quartz envelope, third electrode,
outer phosphor coated bulb, outer glass
envelope
• Long life and low initial costs
• Very poor efficacy: 30 – 65 lumens/Watt
• Color rendering index: 3
• Color temperature: intermediate
• Lamp life: 16000 – 24000 hours
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Types of Electric Lamps
Metal Halide Lamps
• Works similar to tungsten halogen lamps
• Largest choice of color, size and rating
• Better efficacy than other HID lamps: 80 lumen/Watt
• Require high voltage ignition pulse but
some have third electrode for starting
• Color rendering index: 1A – 2
• Color temperature: 3000 – 6000 K
• Lamp life: 6000 – 20,000 hours
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Types of Electric Lamps
LED Lamps
• Newest type of energy efficient lamp
• Two types:
• red-blue-green array
• phosphor-coated blue lamp
• Emit visible light in a very narrow
spectrum and can produce “white light”
• Used in exit signs, traffic signals, and the technology is
rapidly progressing
• Significant energy savings: 82 – 93%
• Longest lamp life: 40,000 – 100,000 hours
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Types of Electric Lamps
Neon Lamp
• Cold cathode lamp
• Filled with neon gas with a small
percentage of helium.
• Color production
• Orange-Red → Neon gas
• Blue → Mercury neon and argon gas
• Green → Yellow glass and mixture of neon and mercury
• Yellow → Yellow glass and helium gas
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Comparing lamps
Lum / Watt Color
Life
Type of Lamp Rendering Typical Application
Avg. (Hours)
Range Index
Incandescent 8-18 14 Excellent Homes, restaurants, general 1000
lighting, emergency lighting
Fluorescent Lamps 46-60 50 Good w.r.t. coating Offices, shops, hospitals, homes 5000
Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) 40-70 60 Very good Hotels, shops, homes, offices 8000-10000
High pressure mercury (HPMV) 44-57 50 Fair General lighting in factories, 5000
garages, car parking, flood lighting
Halogen lamps 18-24 20 Excellent Display, flood lighting, stadium 2000-4000
exhibition grounds, construction
areas
High pressure sodium (HPSV) SON 67-121 90 Fair General lighting in factories, ware 6000-12000
houses, street lighting
Low pressure sodium (LPSV) SOX 101-175 150 Poor Roadways, tunnels, canals, street 6000-12000
lighting
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Designing with Light
Recommended light levels for different tasks
Illuminance Examples of Area of Activity
level (lux)
General Lighting for rooms and 20 Minimum service illuminance in exterior circulating areas, outdoor stores ,
areas used either infrequently stockyards
and/or casual or simple visual
tasks 50 Exterior walkways & platforms.
70 Boiler house.
100 Transformer yards, furnace rooms etc.
150 Circulation areas in industry, stores and stock rooms.
200 Minimum service illuminance on the task
300 Medium bench & machine work, general process in chemical and food
industries, casual reading and filing activities.
General lighting for 450 Hangers, inspection, drawing offices, fine bench and machine assembly,
interiors color work, critical drawing tasks.
1500 Very fine bench and machine work, instrument & small precision
mechanism assembly; electronic components, gauging & inspection of
small intricate parts (may be partly provided by local task lighting)
Additional localized lighting for 3000 Minutely detailed and precise work, e.g. Very small parts of instruments,
visually exacting tasks watch making, engraving.
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Presentation Summary
Definitions and terms related with lighting
Different lighting scheme
Procedure of lighting scheme design
Different types of electric lamp
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The End
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