Part 1 Questions 1-10

Write ONE WORD OR/ AND A NUMBER for each answer.

Preparation for Farewell Party
Remaining time: about (1)______________ to get it done. Things to do:
– the list has been forgotten in the (2)____________.
– beer will be kept in (3)____________ condition.
– better to have (4)___________ bottles of wine.
– wine glasses could be borrowed from the student bar in the (5) ___________.
– meats for barbecues are well prepared in a big (6)___________.
– (7)_________________ could be borrowed from the bar.
– Bread and paper (8)_________ can pick up from a/an , (9)____________ which will be put in a big
(10)__________.
Part 2 Questions 11 – 15
Write ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER in each gap
Introduction of Royal Hospital College
– The introductory talk is handled by the department (11)___________.
as the dean has the (12)________________.
– The school was first established in (13)______________
– The school was located near many houses and (14)_____________ at the end of the 19th century.
– The school was redesigned after receiving a big fund from a foreign (15)__________.
Questions 16 – 20
Choose the correct letters A,B or C
16. The school was changed into a school for boys only
A. in 1700s.
B. in 1780s.
C. in 1868s.
17. The school was co-educational
A. after 1991.
B. from 1868 to 1991
C. before 1868 and after 1991.
18. The school is very well known for its
A. singing group.
B. Pianists.
C. Organists.
19. The school’s sport facilities are open
A. all the time.
B. all the time for the fitness center.
C. from 6 am to 11 pm to the gym and swimming pool every day.
20. This year, the women’s sport team won
A. the soccer titles among all universities.
B. all the university-level basketball titles in England.
C. all the water polo titles in England
Part 3 Questions 21 – 25
Write the correct letter, A-H< next to Q21-25
Which of the following information is appropriate for its college facility below? Information
A. long waiting list, apply now
B. includes equipment room containing audio-visual materials
 C. inform them in advance about special requirements
D. password provided by technical support team
E. drop-in center for information
F. ask them directly to arrange special dietary meals
G. ask your tutor for more information
H. reduce annual fee for students
College Facility
Refectory: (21).........................
Carreers Advice: (22)........................
Fitness Centre: (23).........................
Library: (24)..........................
Computers: (25).........................
Questions 26 – 30
Wirte NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS in each gap
Business Centre
The Business Resources Centre contains materials such as books and manuals to be used for training. It is possible
to hire (26)___________ and (27)____________. There are materials for working on study skills e.g.
(28)_______________ and other subjects include finance and (29)_____________ . (30)__________ membership
costs 50 pounds per year.
Part 4 Questions 31 – 37
Write ONE WORD ONLY in each gap
Social history of the East and End of London
Period Situation
1st - 4th centuries Produce from the area was used to (31)_______________ the people of London
5th - 10th centuries New technology allowed the production of goods made of (32)_____________ and __________
11th century Lack of (33)_____________ in the East End encouraged the growth of businesses.
Construction of facilities for the building of (34)_________ stimulated international trade
16th century
Agricultural workers came from other parts of (35)___________ to look for work
17th century Marshes were drained to provide land that could be (36)__________ on
19th century Inhabitants lived in conditions of great (37)__________ with very poor sanitation
Questions 38 – 40
Which THREE of the following problems are mentioned in connection with 20th century housing in the East
End?
A. unsympathetic landlords
B. unclear water
C. heating problems
D. high rents
E. overcrowding
F. poor standards of building G. houses catching fire
38. ____________________
39. ____________________
40.____________________
Reading Passage 1
You should spend 20 minutes on Q1-13 which are based on Reading 1.
Why We Need to Protect Polar Bears
Polar bears are being increasingly threatened by the effects of climate change, but their disappearance could
have far-reaching consequences. They are uniquely adapted to the extreme conditions of the Arctic Circle, where
temperatures can reach -40°C. One reason for this is that they have up to 11 centimetres of fat underneath their
skin. Humans with comparative levels of adipose tissue would be considered obese and would be likely to suffer
from diabetes and heart disease. Yet the polar bear experiences no such consequences.
A 2014 study by Shi Ping Liu and colleagues sheds light on this mystery. They compared the genetic structure of
polar bears with that of their closest relatives from a warmer climate, the brown bears. This allowed them to
determine the genes that have allowed polar bears to survive in one of the toughest environments on Earth. Liu
and his colleagues found the polar bears had a gene known as APoB, which reduces levels of low-density
lipoproteins (LDLs) – a form of ‘bad’ cholesterol.
In humans, mutations of this gene are associated with increased risk of heart disease. Polar bears may therefore
be an important study model to understand heart disease in humans. The genome of the polar bear may also
provide the solution for another condition, one that particularly affects our older generation: osteoporosis. This is
a disease where bones show reduced density, usually caused by insufficient exercise, reduced calcium intake or
food starvation.
Bone tissue is constantly being remodelled, meaning that bone is added or removed, depending on nutrient
availability and the stress that the bone is under. Female polar bears, however, undergo extreme conditions
during every pregnancy. Once autumn comes around, these females will dig maternity dens in the snow and will
remain there throughout the winter, both before and after the birth of their cubs. This process results in about six
months of fasting, where the female bears have to keep themselves and their cubs alive, depleting their own
calcium and calorie reserves. Despite this, their bones remain strong and dense.
Physiologists Alanda Lennox and Allen Goodship found an explanation for this paradox in 2008. They discovered
that pregnant bears were able to increase the density of their bones before they started to build their dens. In
addition, six months later, when they finally emerged from the den with their cubs, there was no evidence of
significant loss of bone density. Hibernating brown bears do not have this capacity and must therefore resort to
major bone reformation in the following spring. If the mechanism of bone remodelling in polar bears can be
understood, many bedridden humans, and even astronauts, could potentially benefit.
The medical benefits of the polar bear for humanity certainly have their importance in our conservation efforts,
but these should not be the only factors taken into consideration. We tend to want to protect animals we think
are intelligent and possess emotions, such as elephants and primates. Bears, on the other hand, seem to be
perceived as stupid and in many cases violent. And yet anecdotal evidence from the field challenges those
assumptions, suggesting for example that polar bears have good problem-solving abilities. A male bear called
GoGo in Tennoji Zoo, Osaka, has even been observed making use of a tool to manipulate his environment. The
bear used a tree branch on multiple occasions to dislodge a piece of meat hung out of his reach. Problem-solving
ability has also been witnessed in wild polar bears, although not as obviously as with GoGo. A calculated move by
a male bear involved running and jumping onto barrels in an attempt to get to a photographer standing on a
platform four metres high.
In other studies, such as one by Alison Ames in 2008, polar bears showed deliberate and focussed manipulation.
For example, Ames observed bears putting objects in piles and then knocking them over in what appeared to be a
game. The study demonstrates that bears are capable of agile and thought-out behaviours. These examples
suggest bears have greater creativity and problem-solving abilities than previously thought.
As for emotions, while the evidence is once again anecdotal, many bears have been seen to hit out at ice and
snow – seemingly out of frustration – when they have just missed out on a kill. Moreover, polar bears can form
unusual relationships with other species, including playing with the dogs used to pull sleds in the Arctic.
Remarkably, one hand-raised polar bear called Agee has formed a close relationship with her owner Mark Dumas
to the point where they even swim together. This is even more astonishing since polar bears are known to
actively hunt humans in the wild. If climate change were to lead to their extinction, this would mean not only the
loss of potential breakthroughs in human medicine, but more importantly, the disappearance of an intelligent,
majestic animal.
In boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1. Polar bears suffer from various health problems due to the build-up of fat under their skin.
2. The study done by Liu and his colleagues compared different groups of polar bears.
3. Liu and colleagues were the first researchers to compare polar bears and brown bears genetically.
4. Polar bears are able to control their levels of ‘bad’ cholesterol by genetic means.
5. Female polar bears are able to survive for about six months without food.
6. It was found that the bones of female polar bears were very weak when they came out of their dens in spring.
7. The polar bear’s mechanism for increasing bone density could also be used by people one day.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Reasons why polar bears should be protected
People think of bears as unintelligent and (8)___________
However, this may not be correct.
For example:
• In Tennoji Zoo, a bear has been seen using a branch as a (9)___________. This allowed him to knock down
some (10)___________.
• A wild polar bear worked out a method of reaching a platform where a (11)___________ was located.
• Polar bears have displayed behaviour such as conscious manipulation of objects and activity similar to a
(12)___________
Bears may also display emotions. For example:
• They may make movements suggesting (13)___________ if disappointed when hunting.
Reading Passage 2
You should spend 20 minutes on Q14-26 which are based on Reading 2
The Step Pyramid of Djoser
A. The pyramids are the most famous monuments of ancient Egypt and still hold enormous interest for people in
the present day. These grand, impressive tributes to the memory of the Egyptian kings have become linked with
the country even though other cultures, such as the Chinese and Mayan, also built pyramids. The evolution of the
pyramid form has been written and argued about for centuries. However, there is no question that, as far as
Egypt is concerned, it began with one monument to one king designed by one brilliant architect: the Step
Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara.
B. Djoser was the first king of the Third Dynasty of Egypt and the first to build in stone. Prior to Djoser’s reign,
tombs were rectangular monuments made of dried clay brick, which covered underground passages where the
deceased person was buried. For reasons which remain unclear, Djoser’s main official, whose name was Imhotep,
conceived of building a taller, more impressive tomb for his king by stacking stone slabs on top of one another,
progressively making them smaller, to form the shape now known as the Step Pyramid. Djoser is thought to have
reigned for 19 years, but some historians and scholars attribute a much longer time for his rule, owing to the
number and size of the monuments he built.
C. The Step Pyramid has been thoroughly examined and investigated over the last century, and it is now known
that the building process went through many different stages. Historian Marc Van de Mieroop comments on this,
writing ‘Much experimentation was involved, which is especially clear in the construction of the pyramid in the
center of the complex. It had several plans … before it became the first Step Pyramid in history, piling six levels on
top of one another … The weight of the enormous mass was a challenge for the builders, who placed the stones
at an inward incline in order to prevent the monument breaking up.’
D. When finally completed, the Step Pyramid rose 62 meters high and was the tallest structure of its time. The
complex in which it was built was the size of a city in ancient Egypt and included a temple, courtyards, shrines,
and living quarters for the priests. It covered a region of 16 hectares and was surrounded by a wall 10.5 meters
high. The wall had 13 false doors cut into it with only one true entrance cut into the south-east corner; the entire
wall was then ringed by a trench 750 meters long and 40 meters wide. The false doors and the trench were
incorporated into the complex to discourage unwanted visitors. If someone wished to enter, he or she would have
needed to know in advance how to find the location of the true opening in the wall. Djoser was so proud of his
accomplishment that he broke the tradition of having only his own name on the monument and had Imhotep’s
name carved on it as well.
E. The burial chamber of the tomb, where the king’s body was laid to rest, was dug beneath the base of the
pyramid, surrounded by a vast maze of long tunnels that had rooms off them to discourage robbers. One of the
most mysterious discoveries found inside the pyramid was a large number of stone vessels. Over 40,000 of these
vessels, of various forms and shapes, were discovered in storerooms off the pyramid’s underground passages.
They are inscribed with the names of rulers from the First and Second Dynasties of Egypt and made from
different kinds of stone. There is no agreement among scholars and archaeologists on why the vessels were
placed in the tomb of Djoser or what they were supposed to represent. The archaeologist Jean Philippe Lauer,
who excavated most of the pyramid and complex, believes they were originally stored and then given a ‘proper
burial’ by Djoser in his pyramid to honour his predecessors. There are other historians, however, who claim the
vessels were dumped into the shafts as yet another attempt to prevent grave robbers from getting to the king’s
burial chamber.
F. Unfortunately, all of the precautions and intricate design of the underground network did not prevent ancient
robbers from finding a way in. Djoser’s grave goods, and even his body, were stolen at some point in the past and
all archaeologists found were a small number of his valuables overlooked by the thieves. There was enough left
throughout the pyramid and its complex, however, to astonish and amaze the archaeologists who excavated it.
G. Egyptologist Miroslav Verner writes, ‘Few monuments hold a place in human history as significant as that of
the Step Pyramid in Saqqara. It can be said without exaggeration that this pyramid complex constitutes a
milestone in the evolution of monumental stone architecture in Egypt and in the world as a whole.’ The Step
Pyramid was a revolutionary advance in architecture and became the archetype which all the other great pyramid
builders of Egypt would follow.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
List of Headings
i. The areas and artefacts within the pyramid itself
ii. A difficult task for those involved
iii. A king who saved his people
iv. A single certainty among other less definite facts
v. An overview of the external buildings and areas
vi. A pyramid design that others copied
vii. An idea for changing the design of burial structures
viii. An incredible experience despite the few remains
ix. The answers to some unexpected questions
14. Paragraph A
15. Paragraph B
16. Paragraph C
17. Paragraph D
18. Paragraph E
19. Paragraph F
20. Paragraph G
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
The Step Pyramid of Djoser
The complex that includes the Step Pyramid and its surroundings is considered to be as big as an Egyptian
(21)___________ of the past. The area outside the pyramid included accommodation that was occupied by
(22)___________, along with many other buildings and features. A wall ran around the outside of the complex
and a number of false entrances were built into this. In addition, a long (23)___________ encircled the wall. As a
result, any visitors who had not been invited were cleverly prevented from entering the pyramid grounds unless
they knew the (24)___________ of the real entrance.
Choose TWO letters, A-E, write the correct letters in boxes 25-26 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO of the following points does the writer make about King Djoser?
A. Initially he had to be persuaded to build in stone rather than clay.
B. There is disagreement concerning the length of his reign.
C. He failed to appreciate Imhotep’s part in the design of the Step Pyramid.
D. A few of his possessions were still in his tomb when archaeologists found it.
E. He criticised the design and construction of other pyramids in Egypt.
Reading Passage 3
You should spend 20 minutes on Q27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3
The Future Of Work
According to a leading business consultancy, 3-14% of the global workforce will need to switch to a different
occupation within the next 10-15 years, and all workers will need to adapt as their occupations evolve alongside
increasingly capable machines. Automation – or ‘embodied artificial intelligence’ (AI) – is one aspect of the
disruptive effects of technology on the labour market. ‘Disembodied AI’, like the algorithms running in our
smartphones, is another.
Dr Stella Pachidi from Cambridge Judge Business School believes that some of the most fundamental changes are
happening as a result of the ‘algorithmization’ of jobs that are dependent on data rather than on production –
the so-called knowledge economy. Algorithms are capable of learning from data to undertake tasks that
previously needed human judgement, such as reading legal contracts, analysing medical scans and gathering
market intelligence.
‘In many cases, they can outperform humans,’ says Pachidi. ‘Organisations are attracted to using algorithms
because they want to make choices based on what they consider is “perfect information”, as well as to reduce
costs and enhance productivity. ’‘But these enhancements are not without consequences,’ says Pachidi. ‘If
routine cognitive tasks are taken over by AI, how do professions develop their future experts?’ she asks. ‘One way
of learning about a job is “legitimate peripheral participation” – a novice stands next to experts and learns by
observation. If this isn’t happening, then you need to find new ways to learn. ’ Another issue is the extent to
which technology influences or even controls the workforce. For over two years, Pachidi monitored a
telecommunications company.
‘The way telecoms salespeople work is through personal and frequent contact with clients, using the benefit of
experience to assess a situation and reach a decision. However, the company had started using an algorithm that
defined when account managers should contact certain customers about which kinds of campaigns and what to
offer them.’ The algorithm usually built by external designers – often becomes the keeper of knowledge, she
explains. In cases like this, Pachidi believes, a short-sighted view begins to creep into working practices whereby
workers learn through the ‘algorithm’s eyes’ and become dependent on its instructions. Alternative explorations
– where experimentation and human instinct lead to progress and new ideas – are effectively discouraged.
Pachidi and colleagues even observed people developing strategies to make the algorithm work to their own
advantage. ‘We are seeing cases where workers feed the algorithm with false data to reach their targets, ’ she
reports. It’s scenarios like these that many researchers are working to avoid. Their objective is to make AI
technologies more trustworthy and transparent, so that organisations and individuals understand how AI
decisions are made. In the meantime, says Pachidi, ‘We need to make sure we fully understand the dilemmas that
this new world raises regarding expertise, occupational boundaries and control.’
Economist Professor Hamish Low believes that the future of work will involve major transitions across the whole
life course for everyone: ‘The traditional trajectory of full-time education followed by full-time work followed by a
pensioned retirement is a thing of the past,’ says Low. Instead, he envisages a multistage employment life: one
where retraining happens across the life course, and where multiple jobs and no job happen by choice at
different stages. On the subject of job losses, Low believes the predictions are founded on a fallacy: ‘It assumes
that the number of jobs is fixed. If in 30 years, half of 100 jobs are being carried out by robots, that doesn’t mean
we are left with just 50 jobs for humans. The number of jobs will increase: we would expect there to be 150 jobs.
Dr Ewan McGaughey, at Cambridge’s Centre for Business Research and King’s College London, agrees that
‘apocalyptic’ views about the future of work are misguided. ‘It’s the laws that restrict the supply of capital to the
job market, not the advent of new technologies that causes unemployment.’ His recently published research
answers the question of whether automation, AI and robotics will mean a ‘jobless future’ by looking at the causes
of unemployment. ‘History is clear that change can mean redundancies. But social policies can tackle this through
retraining and redeployment.’ He adds: ‘If there is going to be change to jobs as a result of AI and robotics then I’d
like to see governments seizing the opportunity to improve policy to enforce good job security.
We can “reprogramme” the law to prepare for a fairer future of work and leisure.’ McGaughey’s findings are a call
to arms to leaders of organisations, governments and banks to pre-empt the coming changes with bold new
policies that guarantee full employment, fair incomes and a thriving economic democracy. ‘The promises of these
new technologies are astounding. They deliver humankind the capacity to live in a way that nobody could have
once imagined,’ he adds. ‘Just as the industrial revolution brought people past subsistence agriculture, and the
corporate revolution enabled mass production, a third revolution has been pronounced. But it will not only be
one of technology. The next revolution will be social.
Choose the correct letter A,B,C or D
27. The first paragraph tells us about
A. the kinds of jobs that will be most affected by the growth of Al.
B. the extent to which Al will alter the nature of the work that people do.
C. the proportion of the world’s labour force who will have jobs in Al in the future.
D. the difference between ways that embodied and disembodied Al will impact workers.
28. According to the second paragraph, what is Stella Pachidi’s view of the ‘knowledge economy’?
A. It is having an influence on the number of jobs available.
B. It is changing people’s attitudes towards their occupations.
C. It is the main reason why the production sector is declining.
D. It is a key factor driving current developments in the workplace.
29. What did Pachidi observe at the telecommunications company?
A. staff disagreeing with the recommendations of Al
B. staff feeling resentful about the intrusion of Al in their work
C. staff making sure that Al produces the results that they want
D. staff allowing Al to carry out tasks they ought to do themselves
30. In his recently published research, Ewan McGaughey
A. challenges the idea that redundancy is a negative thing.
B. shows the profound effect of mass unemployment on society.
C. highlights some differences between past and future job losses.
D. illustrates how changes in the job market can be successfully handled.
Write the correct letter, A-G in boxes 31-34 on your answer sheet.
The ‘Algorithmization’ of jobs
Stella Pachidi of Cambridge Judge Business School has been focusing on the ‘algorithmization’ of jobs which rely
not on production but on (31)___________ . While monitoring a telecommunications company, Pachidi observed
a growing (32)___________ on the recommendations made by Al, as workers began to learn through the
‘algorithm’s eyes’. Meanwhile, staff are deterred from experimenting and using their own(33)___________ and
are therefore prevented from achieving innovation. To avoid the kind of situations which Pachidi observed,
researchers are trying to make Al’s decision-making process easier to comprehend, and to increase users’
(34)___________ with regard to technology.
A. pressure
B. satisfaction
C. intuition
D. promotion
E. reliance
F. confidence
G. information
Write the correct letter A-C in boxes 35-40 on your answer sheet. You may use any letter more than once.
35. Greater levels of automation will not result in lower employment.
36. There are several reasons why Al is appealing to businesses.
37. Al’s potential to transform people’s lives has parallels with major cultural shifts which occurred in previous
eras.
38. It is important to be aware of the range of problems that Al causes.
39. People are going to follow a less conventional career path than in the past.
40. Authorities should take measures to ensure that there will be adequately paid work for everyone.
A. Stella Pachidi
B. Hamish Low
C. Ewan McGaughe