APPLIED MECHANIC FOR CLASS L6  Determine the Cartesian coordinate of force;

REVISION  Calculate the moment of a force at a given point.

Pythagores theorem for right angle triangle
I.1. VECTORS
Let ABC a right angle triangle at point B. I.1. Definition
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , 𝐶𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ Vector is a quantity defines by: Application point; Direction;
With 𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝐶𝐴 𝛼
Orientation; module.
AB: opposite side to 𝛼 Example:
Application point: A
CB: adjacent side to 𝛼
Direction: line (AB)
AC: hypotenuse Orientation: A toward B
The value of , is given by the following formula: Module: ‖⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ‖ = distance AB

I.1.2. Sum and vectorial product of two vectors

Let ⃗ ( ) ( ) two vectors. Then: ⃗ ( )
Trigonometric angles
And ⃗ ⃗
Example:

I.2. FORCE
I.2.1. FORCE VECTOR
In mechanics, forces are used to model concentrated loads and
resultants of mechanical actions (weight, magnetic attraction).
The force vector is defined by: an application point, direction,
orientation and module.
Example:
Example:
SEQUENCE I: VECTORS, FORCES AND TORQUE

Competences:
At the end of this sequence, each student should be able to:

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 ⃗
NB: if the force turns the solid around A in the opposite direction of
clockwise, the moment is positive.
Example:
Determine the tightening torque
exerted by the flat key on a nut.
The action of contact exerted by the cable 2 on the support 1 is
schematized by vector ⃗⃗ . Varignon theorem
The moment of the force ⃗⃗⃗ at point A is equal to the sum of the
I.2.2. COMPONENTS OF FORCES
moments of its components Fx and Fy with respect to same point.
The Cartesian coordinates can be modeled Fx and Fy as particular
orthogonal components of forces in the directions x and y. ⃗ ⃗ ⃗

Example: determine 𝑴𝑨 ⃗𝑭 of
force 𝐹 as shown below.

I.4. MOMENT VECTOR

Let any point B, belonging to the direction of the force
Example: determine the components of the force
⃗⃗⃗ . The moment in A of F is defined by the vector:
I.3. MOMENT AND TORQUE ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
I.3.1. Scalar moment
A moment of a force ⃗⃗⃗
𝐹 at a given point A, Example: Determine the moment
denoted by 𝑀𝐴 𝐹 is equal to the product in A of the force ⃗𝑭 passing over
of the module of the force times a the recessed beam of the figure
perpendicular distance from the force to opposite.
the point A.
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 SEQUENCE II: MODELING MECHANICAL ACTIONS

Competences:
At the end of this sequence the student must be able to:
 Classify mechanical actions;
Surface actions
 Identify mechanical connections;
II.3. CONTACT ACTIONS IN MECHANICAL LINKAGE
 Model and represent the mechanical actions of linkage.
In static plane, the link between solids come down to four main
II.1. DEFINITION families: simple support, articulation or pivot, slide, embedded link.
The mechanical actions represent the forces exerted on and between
the real solids. There are two types of mechanical actions:

 Remote (distant) mechanical actions (electromagnetic weights and

attractions);
 Mechanical actions of contact (reaction, tension).

II.2. MECHANICAL ACTIONS OF CONTACT

Contact actions are divided into three groups:
 Concentrated action;
 Action distributed over a line or linear loads;
 Shares spread over a surface or surface loads.
Concentrated actions or loads: each time the contact force is
concentrated at a point or on a very small surface, the action is
modeled by a force vector.
Actions distributed on a line or linear loads: the contact force is
distributed on a straight line or not.

Concentrated actioon Linear action

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 SEQUENCE III: ANALYTIC STATIQUE FPS : ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴
Competences: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴 Opposite orientation
At the end of this sequence the student must be able to: ‖𝐴 ‖ ‖𝐴 ‖ same module
 Isolate a solid and make state the mechanical actions that are
applied to it;
 State and apply the principle of mutual and fundamental actions of
III.3. PARTICULAR CASES
the static.
II.3.1. Equilibrium under the action of two forces

III.1. INTRODUCTION
In mechanics, static aims to study the equilibrium of bodies. In plane
statics, the actions and forces studied all belong to the same plane
(coplanar forces). When solving problems of static equilibrium we will FPS : ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
use the fundamental principle of static. ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ Same direction and opposite orientation

III.2. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF STATICS ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ Same module

II.3.2. Equilibrium under action of three forces

III.2.1. Statement of principle: case of coplanar forces
An indeformable solid in equilibrium under the action of n external
forces (F1, F2, ..., Fn) remains in equilibrium if:

 The vector sum S of all external forces is zero:

⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗

 The algebraic sum of the moments of the external forces at any In equilibrium condition, we have:
point I is null:  The three forces are in the same plane (coplanar);
⃗ ⃗ ⃗  The supports of the three forces are concurrent or parallel;
 When the supports of two forces compete at the same point I, then
III.2.2.Principle of mutual actions the third support is between the point of application and this point
The action of a body (1) on a body (2) is equal and directly opposite to of competition;
the action of the body (2) on the body (1).

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 When the supports of two of the three forces are parallel, then the  Choose a scale if it is not imposed;
support of the third will also be parallel to the supports of the first  Begin the construction of the polygon of forces by those of the
two forces. known forces;
 Transfer the two directions of the other forces on the polygon;
 Specify the direction of the forces, knowing that the polygon must
SEQUENCE IV: GRAPHICAL STATICS be closed and measure the length of the forces and deduce their
value according to the chosen scale.
Competences:
IV.2.2. Application (tutorial sheet)
At the end of this sequence the student must be able to:
 Construct polygons and dynamics of forces; IV.3. METHOD OF DYNAMICS AND FUNICULAR
 Construct the funiculars; This method, interesting as soon as the forces to handle are many. It
 Interpret polygons and force dynamics to determine unknowns makes it possible to determine outcomes and solve equilibrium
forces. problems, with parallel or concurrent forces.

IV. GENERALITIES IV.3.1.The funicular

Graphical static allows us to approach (tackle) static problems more It is a polygon or broken line that is plotted in the system plan and
easily. The graphical method is faster but gives results with a margin indicates the position of the resultant in the system.
of error of about 5℅. IV.3.2. The dynamics
It is a polygon or broken line which is drawn in the plane of the system
IV.2. TRIANGLE OF FORCES
of forces from an isolated point called pole and which indicates the
This method is used to solve the equilibrium problems of anybody
resultant forces
subjected to the action of three coplanar forces. Where a force is totally
known, the second is known by (point of application, direction) and IV.3.3. Drawing the dynamics and the funicular
the last is known only by its point of application. Dynamic plot method
 Write the equilibrium condition after analyzing the forces exerted
IV.2.1. Drawing order
on the system and start with the one with the most unknowns.
 Extend the lines of action of the known forces, they meet at a point
I;  ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
 Draw a line passing through the point I and the point of  Proceed to numbering: ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗
application of the third force is the line of action of this force;

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 Place at the scale of the forces and in the plane of the dynamics the
forces which are entirely known.
 Choose the pole P which must be neither close nor too far from the SEQUENCE V: STATIC EQUILIBUM WITH ADHESION
forces. AND FRICTION
 Trace the polar rays.
Competences:
Tracing method of the funicular At the end of this sequence the student must be able to:
 Construct the cords of the funicular that must be parallel to the  Calculation of the angle of adhesion, coefficient of friction;
corresponding polar rays while cutting the supports of the forces.  Solve static problems where surfaces in contact are not perfectly
 Trace the closing line of the funicular that joins the first and the last smooth.
cord of the funicular.
V.1. DEFINITION
 Report this line on the dynamics through the pole.
When two surfaces tend to slide but do not move relative to each
 Report the cords of the funicular from unknown forces on the
other, it is said that there is adhesion.
dynamics so that they cut the closing line and they go through
When two imperfectly polished surfaces move relative to each other, it
their respective origins.
is said that there is friction.
 Measuring and applying the scale of forces to read their values on
dynamics. V.2. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF ADHERENCE AND FRICTION
Let a box (1) of weight ⃗⃗ and center of gravity G, in equilibrium on a
IV.3.3. Applications (tutorial sheet)
horizontal plane (0).
IV.4. CULMAN METHOD
Resting
It applies to solids in equilibrium under the action of four forces of
which one is entirely known and the other three known only in
direction and point of application.

⃗ models the resultant of the actions of contact exerted by the ground

on the solid 1.
If we apply on the box (1) a lateral force passing through the center
of gravity G, two cases are possible: adherence or friction.

Case of adherence
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There is no motion, the box is in equilibrium and the application of the
fundamental principle highlights a force of adherence Ta equal to F
and opposite direction.

(Find the relations between the forces by applying the fundamental

principle of the statics)

In the same way, we define the coefficient of static friction or

coefficient of adhesion such that: Applications: (tutorial sheet)

TUTORIALS
Case of friction
Exercise 1: pulling jib (STATIC ANALYTICAL)
If F becomes large enough (F> Flimite,), the object starts to slide in the
A bracket 2 is supported by a wall 1 and a tie 3. On this bracket, B, is a
same direction as F and it goes into the friction phase.
hoist whose weight is ‖ ⃗ ‖=2000 daN. Points A, C and D are
The limit value makes it possible to define the static friction ratio μs (or articulations, modeled by pivot links. The whole is supposed to be in
fs, also called coefficient of friction of adhesion) such that: equilibrium. We neglect the weight of the stem 2 and the tie rod 3.It
can be considered as a problem plan. The diagram below is not to
scale. Distances are given in millimeters.
D

1
3

) y
2 30°
C

x 20
B
V.3. FRICTION CONE A
2500 900
£
P

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 1. Isolate pull rod 3 and state the applied actions. 3. Determine the actions of contacts in A, C and D
2. Isolate the tie rod 2 and state applied actions.
3. Determine the actions of contacts in A, C and D. …………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
Answers sheet …………………………………………………………………………
1. Isolate pull rod 3 and state the applied actions.
…………………………………………………………………………
D …………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
1
3 …………………………………………………………………………
y …………………………………………………………………………
30°
2
C …………………………………………………………………………
x
B
20 …………………………………………………………………………
A
…………………………………………………………………………
D …………………………………………………………………………
2500 900
…………………………………………………………………………
£
P …………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
1 …………………………………………………………………………
3
…………………………………………………………………………
2. Isolate the tie rod 2 and state the applied actions.
y …………………………………………………………………………
2 30°
C …………………………………………………………………………
x 20 …………………………………………………………………………
B
A …………………………………………………………………………
2500 900 …………………………………………………………………………
£
P …………………………………………………………………………
𝑃⃗
Forces P.A Directions sens Intensité ………………..…………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
⃗
………………………………..…………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………..…………………………

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Exercise 2: A Firefighter's Ladder (ANALYTICAL STATIC)
A firefighter ladder (3), partially shown, is articulated at A (axis pivot
A, z) on a turret (2). The turret can rotate (rotation axis D, y) relative to
the chassis of the truck (1). The lifting is carried out by a hydraulic
cylinder 4 + 5 (4 = rod, 5 = body) articulated in B on the scale and in C
on the turret, the links in B and C are ball joints of centers B and C ( or
joints of center B and C). The study is performed in the plane of
symmetry of the device, the assembly is in equilibrium, the turret is
stopped and the cylinder is locked in position. P (5000 daN) models
the weight of the scale; the weight of the cylinder is neglected.
1. Isolate the hydraulic cylinder (4 + 5) and state the applied forces.
2. Isolate ladder 3, state the applied forces. Forces P.A Directions sens Intensité
3. Apply the fundamental principle of statics to determine the actions ⃗
at A and B.
4. Deduce the effort in C. ⃗
Answers sheet

1. Isolate the hydraulic cylinder (4 + 5) and state the applied forces.

………………………………………………………
3. Apply the fundamental principle of statics to determine the actions
……………………………………………………… at A and B.
……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………..……. …………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
2. Isolate ladder 3, state the applied forces.
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………… Exercise 3: Machining setup (STATIC GRAPHIC)
The proposed device is part of a machining assembly. The workpiece
…………………………………………………………………………
(4) is flanged at B by a hinged return (3) (pivot connection) C on the
………………………………………………………………………… frame (1) of the assembly. The workpiece is clamped by a pressure (2)
………………………………………………………………………… acting at A (point contact). The weights of the parts are neglected, A
(300 daN) models the action of the screw on the return, the action of
………………………………………………………………………… the spring is neglected.
…………………………………………………………………………
1. Isolate part 3, state the applied forces.
………………………………………………………………………… 2. Determine the actions in A, B and C.
…………………..………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………..………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
………….
1. Isolate part 3, state the applied forces.
4. Deduce the effort in C.
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………

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 Forces P.A Directions sens Intensité 1. Isolate beam 2, state the applied forces.
2. Determine the actions A and B exerted by the supports in A and B.
Answers sheet
1. Isolate beam 2, state the applied forces.
⃗

2. Determine the actions in A, B and C.

………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
Forces P.A Directions sens Intensité
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
⃗
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
2. Determine the actions A and B exerted by the supports in A and B.
Exercise 4: The beam (STATIC GRAPHIC)
A beam, articulated in A and simple support in B, supports an inclined
load of 2600 daN in C.
1

Scale= 1cm for 650 daN

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………………………………………………………………………… 1. Isolate beam 2, state the applied forces.
…………………………………………………………………………
Forces P.A Directions sens Intensité
…………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………….

Exercise 5: TIGHTENING (GRAPHIC STATIC) ⃗

The study focuses on the tightening phase. When the oil comes under
pressure X, the two rods 6 of the cylinder deviate. Through the rods 4,
2. Determine graphically the actions in J, H, G.
the rods 3 descend, causing the flanges 2 which clamp the parts 1 in E
and E '. Data: . The directions of forces in H and G are
exerted on the piece 3 are shown in the drawing below.
1. Isolate beam 2, state the applied forces.
2. Determine graphically the actions in J, H, G.

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