BUNAWAN FLOOD STUDY

NOVEMBER 2021
 Contents

Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii

1 Project Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Objective 1

1.2 Scope 1

1.3 Project Location 1

1.4 Methodology 6

2 Regional Setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1 Geology 9

2.2 Climate 10

2.3 Vegetation and Land Use 11

3 Hydraulic and Hydrologic Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

3.1 Data Gathering 12

3.2 Characterization and Delineation of Watershed and Discharge Points 16

3.3 Design Rainfall Intensity and Recurrence Period 20

3.4 Rainfall Runoff Model 21

3.5 Peak Discharge 23

3.6 Hydraulic Modelling of the River 23

3.7 Assessment of River Capacity 26

3.8 Flood Levels 26

4 Storm Surge Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

4.1 Storm surge modelling and mapping 30

4.2 Results and Discussion 32

4.2.1 Climatological Extremes (in terms of wind speed) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.2.2 Wind Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.2.3 Potentially Critical Typhoons (PCTs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4.2.4 Storm surge inundation and hazard maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.2.5 Topographic elevation profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

5 Related Geologic Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

6 Conclusion and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

A Appendix Flood Experience Interviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

B Appendix Flowmeter Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

 List of Figures

1.1 Location map of the project site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2 Location map showing the nearest mountains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Location map showing a closer view of the project site and the adjacent streams. . . 5
1.4 JDC Flowatch Flowmeter used in the study to measure stream and air velocity,
and their corresponding temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.1 Corona classification map of the Philippines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

3.1 Location of interview stations and observation points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3.2 Downstream view of the Bunawan river at STR-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3 Upstream view of the Bunawan river at STR-08 with gabions on the left-side. . . . 14
3.4 Upstream view of the Licanan River at STR-12 with gabions on the left side. . . . 15
3.5 Location of INT-03, with the double-headed arrow indicating the flood level. . . . . 15
3.6 Segment of the Bunawan River at station STR-02. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.7 Segment of the Licanan River at station STR-12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.8 Watershed map of the area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.9 Creek at the Blessed Homes subdivision, south of the project site. Looking W. . . . 19
3.10 Creek along the south Bunawan-Licanan road. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.11 Computed extreme values of precipitation (in mm) in Davao City (DOST-
PAGASA, 2010). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.12 Equivalent average intensity of computed extreme values (in mm/hr) in Davao
City (DOST-PAGASA, 2010). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.13 25-year flood hazard map of Davao City, indicating the project site location. . . . . 22
3.14 Stream observation points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.15 Graph showing the assessment of river capacity of the Davao River, which is
the main river in the region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.16 Location of interview points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.17 Flood risk zone, with the arrows indicating the flow direction. . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

4.1 Tracks of tropical cyclones over Davao del Sur and vicinity from 1954 to 2020. . . 34
4.2 Tracks of PCTs passing within 200 km from the project area (Google EarthTM ) . . 38
4.3 Track of Typhoon Tembin / Vinta (2017) (Google EarthTM ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.4 Track of Typhoon Jangmi / Seniang (2015) (Google EarthTM ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.5 Track of Typhoon Bopha / Pablo (2012) (Google EarthTM ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.6 Track of Typhoon Washi / Sendong (2011) (Google EarthTM ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.7 Track of Typhoon Mamie / Akang (1982) (Google EarthTM ) . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.8 Track of Typhoon Therese / Undang (1972) (Google EarthTM ) . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.9 Track of Typhoon Kate / Titang (1970) (Google EarthTM ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.10 Track of Tropical Storm 01W (1957) (Google EarthTM ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.11 Track of Typhoon Violet (1955) (Google EarthTM ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.12 Flood depth map of coastal inundation in the event of a 2-m storm surge. . . . . . . 47
4.13 Hazard map of coastal inundation in the event of a 2-m storm surge. . . . . . . . . 48
4.14 Flood depth map of coastal inundation in the event of a 3-m storm surge. . . . . . . 49
4.15 Hazard map of coastal inundation in the event of a 3-m storm surge. . . . . . . . . 50
4.16 Flood depth map of coastal inundation in the event of a 4-m storm surge. . . . . . . 51
4.17 Hazard map of coastal inundation in the event of a 4-m storm surge. . . . . . . . . 52
4.18 Flood depth map of coastal inundation in the event of a 5-m storm surge. . . . . . . 53
4.19 Hazard map of coastal inundation in the event of a 5-m storm surge. . . . . . . . . 54
4.20 Topographical cross section of the project site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

5.1 Liquefaction Susceptibility Map of Region XI (DOST-PHIVOLCS, 2021). . . . . . 57

5.2 Detailed landslide and flood susceptibility map of district of Bunawan, Davao
City (MGB, n.d). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

A.1 Interview person 1, showing the flood height in the area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

A.2 Interview person 2, showing the flood height. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
A.3 Interview number 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
A.4 Interview number 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
A.5 Interview number 5, showing different flood levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
A.6 Interview number 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
A.7 Interview number 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
A.8 Interview number 8, showing different flood levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
A.9 Gabions on the side of Licanan River. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
A.10 Interview number 9 showing different flood levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

B.1 Flow measurement along the Bunawan River, STR-01. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

B.2 Photo of the Bunawan River at STR-01, looking downstream. . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
B.3 Flow measurement along the Bunawan River, STR-02. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
B.4 Photo of the Bunawan River, looking downstream. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
B.5 Depth measurement at the Bunawan River, STR-03. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
B.6 Downstream view of the Bunawan River at STR-03. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
B.7 Flow measurement along the Bunawan River, at STR-04. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
B.8 Downstream view of the Bunawan River at STR-04. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
B.9 Flow measurement in Bunawan River, at STR-05. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
B.10 Downstream view of the Bunawan River at STR-05, with a partially collapsed
wall on the left side of the river. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
B.11 Flow measurement in Bunawan River, at STR-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
B.12 Downstream view of the Bunawan River at STR-06. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
B.13 Segment of the Bunawan River at STR-07, with the geologist preparing the
equipment for measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
B.14 Downstream view of the Bunawan River at STR-07. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
B.15 Flow measurement at a segment of the Bunawan River near San Isidrio (STR-08). . 84
B.16 Downstream view of the Bunawan River at STR-08. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
B.17 Creek along the Bunawan-Licanan road, west of the project site. . . . . . . . . . . 87
B.18 Creek along the Bunawan-Licanan road, west of the project site. . . . . . . . . . . 89
B.19 Creek along the Bunawan-Licanan road, south of the project site. . . . . . . . . . . 91
B.20 Flow measurement of the Licanan River beneath a bridge at Licanan. . . . . . . . . 92
B.21 Downstream view of the Licanan River at STR-12, with installations of gabions
on the left and right bank for flood control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
B.22 Upstream view of the the stream resulting from the confluence of the Bunawan
and Licanan rivers, as viewed from the bridge along the Davao-Agusan National
Highway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
 List of Tables

1.1 Technical specifications of the JDC Flowmeter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

2.1 Area by land use type and district (IM4Davao Team). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.1 Peak discharge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

4.1 Definition of water flood intensity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

4.2 Flood hazard definition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.3 Tropical Cyclones in Davao del Sur and vicinity since 1954 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.4 Locations of the weather station nearest to the project site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.5 December 1981 Wind Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.6 November 2012 Wind Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.7 Meteorological Data of Critical Typhoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.8 Ranking of typhoon based on maximum wind speed (Vmax) . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.9 Ranking of typhoon based on closest distance of the south tracking typhoon . . . . 43
4.10 Ranking of typhoon based on closest distance of the north tracking typhoon . . . . 44
 Executive Summary

Flood analysis of the area inside and outside the immediate vicinity of a 51-hectare lot
located in Bunawan, Davao City was conducted from December 13, 2021 to December 15,
[Link] objective of the survey is to provide insights to the hydrologic and storm surge events
that may adversely affect the area and the structures to be built, as well as to ascertain measures
to prevent or mitigate such effects.

Measurements of flow velocity and temperature were conducted within an approximately

1-km radius area of the project site. Literature from previous studies were also utilized in the
study. The flow velocity and temperature measurements were made with the use of a flowmeter.
These measurements and the interview form were tabulated and can be seen in the appendix
section. Locations of the measurements and interview points were plotted. From the measure-
ments and interviews, the susceptibility of the project site to flooding was determined. A flood
level of less than 0.5m, 0.5m to 1.0m and greater than 1.0m constitutes low, moderate and high
susceptibility to flooding, respectively. Storm surge simulation was also conducted utilizing
historical data from PAGASA and other sources.

Based on the results of the simulation, measurements, interviews and analysis of the gathered,
the following can be concluded and recommended:
• The gradient leading to the Davao Gulf from the west is mostly irregular, however
elevations naturally decrease to its direction eastwards. Hence, the general direction of
floodwaters as well as the canals alongside the roads is along the east-southeast direction.
• The area experiences generally low-level flooding, mostly due to the overflowing of
 drainages that have blockages in the form of trash.
• Water level does not rise high enough to overflow on the area, although there is an
exception on the eastern side of the project area adjacent to the river. The lower elevations
downstream allow for bank overflows.
• The design and layout of structures to be built in the area must take into account the annual
flooding of up to 0.5m in the area, and with possible flooding of up to 2m during climate
events.
• Grading of the area must be improved such that floodwaters will certainly flow towards
the east-southeastern boundary of the area and will not accumulate on local depressions
scattered around the project site.
• Diversion canals that will serve as outlets for floodwaters must be constructed to lessen
the likelihood of water accumulating on the ground. Additionally, cleanliness of these
canals should be maintained such that nothing will impede the water flow and inhibit build
up and overflow during periods of extreme rainfall.
• Ripraps along the river is also advised to avoid the undercutting or scouring of the project
area due to the flowing water. Gabions are likewise advised on the downstream parts of
the Bunawan River adjacent to the project site to avoid flooding due to the overflowing of
the river, especially along the eastern side of the project site adjacent to the river.
• Storm surge simulations using historical data show that coastal flooding due to storm
surge will not reach the project site.
• If a forecast produces storm surge higher than the historical simulations, SSA maps can be
used as reference for the coastal inundation in the project site. The results of hypothetical
typhoon simulation show a possible storm surge up to 1.97 m, equivalent to SSA 1 or a
2-m maximum storm surge. Additionally, in case of extreme storm surge events of more
than 3 meters in height hit the coastal area of Bunawan then coasta flooding due to storm
surge may reach the project site.
 1. Project Overview

1.1 Objective
The objective of the study is to evaluate the existing basin and flowrates for the runoff within
the 51-hectare project site. Evaluation of the data gathered and field observations will determine
how hydrological processes in the area may adversely affect the 51-hectare project site.

1.2 Scope
The study is limited to the data gathered from the field (flood history interview and flowmeter
readings), as well as available data online and from different government agencies, such as:
National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA), Mines and Geosciences
Bureau (MGB), Department of Science and Technology – Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical
and Astronomical Services (DOST-PAGASA).

1.3 Project Location

The entirety of the project site is located in the administrative district of Bunawan in Davao
City. It is located about 13 kilometers north of the Francisco Bangoy International Airport
(Davao International Airport), with about 20-minute taxi travel time using the Davao-Agusan
National Highway and the Licanan-Bunawan Road. The Davao International Airport in turn is
approximately 1450 km from the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA), with the plane
travel ranging from 1.5 to 2 hours (Fig. 1.1).
CHAPTER 1. PROJECT OVERVIEW 2

The project site is mostly an agricultural land, covered in grass, shrubs and fruit-bearing
trees (mango, coconut), and is near Blessed Homes Subdivision. East of the project site is the
Davao-Agusan Philippine Highway, and the Bunawan-Licanan road on its southern, western and
northern side. 50 km southwest of the project site is the Apo-Talomo mountain range, and about
58 km northwest are Mount Tianlud and the Barayong Mountains (Fig. 1.2). Passing directly
from the northern to eastern side of the project site is the Bunawan River (Fig. 1.3).
 CHAPTER 1. PROJECT OVERVIEW

Figure 1.1: Location map of the project site.

3
 CHAPTER 1. PROJECT OVERVIEW

Figure 1.2: Location map showing the nearest mountains.

4
 CHAPTER 1. PROJECT OVERVIEW

Figure 1.3: Location map showing a closer view of the project site and the adjacent streams.
5
 CHAPTER 1. PROJECT OVERVIEW 6

1.4 Methodology
The entirety of the study involves taking flow rate measurements on rivers/streams adjacent
to the project site and documentation of flood heights thru interview with local residents within
a 1-km radius.

Primary and secondary information were utilized in conducting the hydrologic and hydraulic
analysis of the area. Primary data were collected and consolidated by the preparers through field
observations, field measurement and interviews. Photographs were also taken to have a better
perspective and appreciation of the project site. Secondary data were obtained through national
agencies and literatures available in the world wide web.

Phone GPS receiver, with 5m horizontal accuracy, was used in locating observation points.
Post-field processing of survey points was done to correct inaccurate/misplaced points as de-
tected when plotted on Google Earth™. Both programs use the WGS 1984 Datum.

The flow measurement was conducted along the segment of the Bunawan River running
past the northern and eastern border of the project site, as well as the other stream nearby
Licanan River. Both wind and water velocities were recorded along with their corresponding
temperatures. A flowmeter was used in determining these parameters (Fig. 1.4). The flowmeter
utilized in the study is JDC Flowatch and its technical description is shown on Table 1.1.

Figure 1.4: JDC Flowatch Flowmeter used in the study to measure stream and air velocity, and
their corresponding temperature.

Storm surge simulation and assessment will be conducted using different storm surge and
CHAPTER 1. PROJECT OVERVIEW 7

inundation models utilizing available data from PAGASA and other sources. Detailed methodol-
ogy of storm surge assessment will be discussed in the Storm Surge Analysis Section of this
study.
CHAPTER 1. PROJECT OVERVIEW 8

Table 1.1: Technical specifications of the JDC Flowmeter.

Speed measurement – Standard size propeller

Units of measurement Km/h, m/s, cm/s, mph, knots and Beaufort
Resolution 0.1 for all units (except cm/s: 3 cm/s)
Maximum Speed 150 km/h (except cm/s: 999 cm/s)
Diameter (gas) Ø 20mm
Through hole Ø 33mm
Range of measurement From 1 to 30 m/s
Minimum sensitivity <3 km/h - <1 m/s
Precision ±2% FS
‘Off-axis’ error ± 30° / ± 3% FS
Operating temperature -50°C to +100°C
Speed measurement – Water propeller
Units of measurement km/h, m/s, cm/s, mph, fps, knots and Beaufort
Resolution 0.1 for all units (except cm/s: 3 cm/s)
Maximum Speed 150 km/h (except cm/s: 999 cm/s)
Diameter (gas) Ø 60mm
Range of measurement From 0.1 to 10 m/s
Minimum sensitivity <3 km/h - <0.1 m/s
Precision ±2% FS
‘Off-axis’ error ± 20° / ± 3% FS
Temperature measurement
Units of measurement °C, °F, perceived °C and perceived °F
Thermometer accuracy ± 0.2°C
Resolution ± 0.1°C
Functions Measuring air, perceived, minimum, average and maximum temperature
 2. Regional Setting

2.1 Geology
Davao City is located in the West Central area of Region XI, lying in the grid squares of 7°
12’ 27.2628” N latitude and 125° 23’ 45.1464” E longitude (Comprehensive Land Use Plan
(2013-2022)), occupying the South-eastern portion of the island of Mindanao and the Southern
part of the Philippine Archipelago. It is bounded by the Province of Davao del Sur in the South;
the Province of Davao del Norte in the North; the Province of North Cotabato in the West
and in the East by the shores of the Davao Gulf. Davao City has an area of 244,000 hectares
(Socio- Economic Indicators SEI 2018). The topography of the area is majorly mountainous,
characterized by extensive mountain ranges with uneven distribution of plateaus and lowlands,
only the southeast quarter is plain and slightly hilly, with slopes generally below four to five
degrees.

According to Casasola (1956), the geologic structures evident in the municipality of

Bunawan, Davao indicate a presence of raised Quaternary coral reefs in Bunawan, Matina
and Samal Isalnd which are highly porous coralline limestone and coral breccia are probably
unconformable on the Pleistocene Mandog Sandstone. A measured thickness of 70 to 80m
was observed at Bunawan (Casasola, 1956). On the other hand, foraminifera in the limestone
from Bunawan indicate a probable Late Pleistocene age for the formation. Similar limestone
exposures were recognized along the Mawab (near Tagum) and Makgum (along Buan River,
Asuncion) anticlines (Quebral, 1994).
 CHAPTER 2. REGIONAL SETTING 10

2.2 Climate
The climate of the Philippines is categorized based on the distribution of rainfall which is
classified by the Modified Coronas’ Climate Classification. Based on the climate map of the
Philippines (Fig. 2.1), the city, and likewise Bunawan, belongs to Type IV climate that has mild
tropical rainforest climate where rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year
with no dry season. The weather during the field assessment was transitioning from fair weather
to light rain showers due to the incoming Typhoon Odette.

Figure 2.1: Corona classification map of the Philippines.

 CHAPTER 2. REGIONAL SETTING 11

2.3 Vegetation and Land Use

According to the 2020 Census of Population and Housing, Davao City has a total population
of 1,776,949 and has an average of four person per household. The population growth rate is
at 1.55% (2015–2020 intercensal year). As part of the second congressional district, Bunawan
has 9 barangays, 6,694 hectares by land area and its total percentage covers 2.74. Having a
vegetation cover of 241,440 hectares, perennial crops (35%) and wooded grasslands (31%)
cover the biggest areas, followed by closed forests (2%) and open forests (7%). The forest
areas, both natural and planted, occupy 11.0% (24,023 hectares) of the total land area (Table 2.1).

Table 2.1: Area by land use type and district (IM4Davao Team).
 3. Hydraulic and Hydrologic Survey

3.1 Data Gathering

Data gathering was conducted within and around the vicinity of the project site. Measure-
ments and observations were conducted along streams and creeks, when possible, and flood
history interview was conducted with a total of 9 people around the area (Fig. 3.1).

Measurements were done mainly on the Bunawan River, which runs adjacent to the project
site, as well as the Licanan River, which it confluences with southeastwards of the project site.
At the Bunawan River, the range of the flow velocity ranges from 0.1 m/s to 1.0 m/s. The width
of the river differs at each observation point, from as narrow as about 2 m to as wide as about
9 m (Fig. 3.2 and 3.3). The Licanan River has a flow velocity of 0.4 to 0.7 m/s, with widths
similar to the Bunawan River (Fig. 3.4).

Flood interviews with the people ascertained that the area experiences a generally low flood
level (less than 0.5 m) and mainly due to the overflowing of canals (Fig. 3.5). The worst flood
level could reach up to waist-high (0.51 to 1.0 m), though this occurs mainly on the eastern side
of the Licanan River then drains towards the Davao Gulf.
 CHAPTER 3. HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC SURVEY

Figure 3.1: Location of interview stations and observation points.

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CHAPTER 3. HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC SURVEY 14

Figure 3.2: Downstream view of the Bunawan river at STR-06.

Figure 3.3: Upstream view of the Bunawan river at STR-08 with gabions on the left-side.
CHAPTER 3. HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC SURVEY 15

Figure 3.4: Upstream view of the Licanan River at STR-12 with gabions on the left side.

Figure 3.5: Location of INT-03, with the double-headed arrow indicating the flood level.
 CHAPTER 3. HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC SURVEY 16

3.2 Characterization and Delineation of Watershed and Discharge

Points
The Bunawan and Licanan Rivers are the rivers near the project site (Fig. 3.6 and 3.7) with
the Bunawan passing by the northern and eastern boundaries of the project site. These two
rivers join at the coordinates 7°14’17.69"N 125°38’38.61"E and discharges southeastwards to
the Davao Gulf. The gradient and slope of the area is generally directed to the south-southeast,
heading towards the Davao Gulf. Bunawan River runs downstream from the northern part of the
project site, and it joins with the Licanan River about 500m to the southeast. Further upstream,
to the northwest, is its confluence with the Tagurot River, with the Bunawan River originating in
the southwest and the Tagurot from the northwest (Fig. 3.8).

Figure 3.6: Segment of the Bunawan River at station STR-02.

Flowmeter measurements were taken along the two aforementioned rivers, and observations
were also made along creeks. The average minimum flow velocity along the Bunawan River is
0.36 m/s, with an average maximum flow velocity of 0.51 m/s. The depth of the river ranges
from about 0.3 m to possibly 1 m, with the channel width ranging from 2.5 m to 11 m at the time
of the measurement. Man-made creeks are also present near the area that are mostly stagnant,
serving as water outlets (Fig. 3.9). A canal along the Bunawan-Licanan road on the south of the
project site is also present, flowing southeastwards (Fig. 3.10).
CHAPTER 3. HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC SURVEY 17

Figure 3.7: Segment of the Licanan River at station STR-12.

CHAPTER 3. HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC SURVEY 18

Figure 3.8: Watershed map of the area.

CHAPTER 3. HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC SURVEY 19

Figure 3.9: Creek at the Blessed Homes subdivision, south of the project site. Looking W.

Figure 3.10: Creek along the south Bunawan-Licanan road.

 CHAPTER 3. HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC SURVEY 20

3.3 Design Rainfall Intensity and Recurrence Period

A recurrence period is the length of time or interval of time when events would occur, in this
case rainfall. This is important to note as it would provide for an estimation on the amount or
intensity of rainfall that would occur after a certain period of time.

As observed from the data from DOST-PAGASA using a 51-year period, precipitation
increases as the duration of rainfall occurs. The amount of rain likewise increases for every
return period of rainfall. Shown on Fig. 3.11 is the graph of the computed extreme values of
precipitation in Davao as detected by the rain gauge of DOST-PAGASA.

Figure 3.11: Computed extreme values of precipitation (in mm) in Davao City
(DOST-PAGASA, 2010).

Conversely, the equivalent average intensity decreases as the duration of rainfall within
1440 minutes (24 hours). Likewise, the equivalent average intensity also increases over their
recurrence period (Fig. 3.12). This said, for the worst-case scenario (100-year return period),
a shorter duration of rainfall would result in a higher intensity that may be comparable to the
Typhoon Ondoy or Typhoon Pablo, which is the strongest typhoon to hit the Mindanao Region,
and more recently Typhoon Odette. These rainfall occurrences fall within the usual typhoon
season in the Philippines (i.e., from July to November).
 CHAPTER 3. HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC SURVEY 21

Figure 3.12: Equivalent average intensity of computed extreme values (in mm/hr) in Davao City
(DOST-PAGASA, 2010).

3.4 Rainfall Runoff Model

According to the National Economic and Development Authority Final Report Volume 1,
entitled “Davao City Infrastructure Development Plan and Capacity Building Project”, Davao
City is identified as a flood-prone area because of its river system which passes through several
barangays. The most damaging flood occurred in January 2011 when a flash flood forced more
than 15,000 residents to evacuate their homes.

One of the major river basins in the Philippines is the Davao River Basin, connecting the
Bunawan watershed, and is considered as one of the priorities of the government planning due
to its economic importance. Davao City is a delta and the largest in the country in terms of land
area and composes 67% of the area of Davao River Basin. With the flow direction going towards
the gulf, Bunawan district then is prone to flooding. More than 250,000 people live in high flood
hazard districts, part of this is Bunawan that share 7.7% of the population. This matches the
25-year flood map that was made by DOST-UP DREAM and Phil-LiDAR Program (Fig. 3.13)
and some of the field interview results that was conducted by our team.
 CHAPTER 3. HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC SURVEY

Figure 3.13: 25-year flood hazard map of Davao City, indicating the project site location.
22
 CHAPTER 3. HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC SURVEY 23

3.5 Peak Discharge

To estimate a peak discharge in the area, the maximum values of the computed extreme
precipitation from DOST-PAGASA for a 2-, 5-, 10-, 15-, 20-, 25-, 50- and 100-year return
period can be used as an example. The maximum width of the aforementioned stream nearest to
the proposed project site multiplied by computed extreme of precipitation and the maximum
average flowrate of the Bunawan River was the formula used to come up with the computed
maximum peak discharge. The following table (Table 3.1) is the computed maximum peak
discharge for a 2-, 5-, 10-, 15-, 20-, 25-, 50- and 100-year return period peak flows.

Table 3.1: Peak discharge

Return Period Peak Discharge

2 years 0.52 m3 /s
5 years 0.68 m3 /s
10 years 0.79 m3 /s
15 years 0.86 m3 /s
20 years 0.90 m3 /s
25 years 0.93 m3 /s
50 years 1.04 m3 /s
100 years 1.14 m3 /s

3.6 Hydraulic Modelling of the River

The stream passing by the northern and eastern side of the project site is a perennial stream,
the Bunawan River (Fig. 3.14). It meets the Licanan River southeastwards at least 500 m from
the project site. Measurements were done along the river, with differing values. Along the
portions of the river adjacent to the project site, with a minimum flowrate of 0.1 m/s and a
maximum flowrate of 1 m/s. The average flowrate in this river basing on the maximum flowrate
measurement is 0.51 m/s.

It had been raining about 2 hours prior to gathering the first 7 measurements along the
Bunawan River. The rainfall may have contributed to the relatively fast flow of the river during
that time. The measurement on the upper stream of the river, located beneath a bridge along
the west Bunawan-Licanan Road, has a minimum flow rate of 0.5 m/s and maximum of 0.6
m/s. Possibly, this is the normal flow velocity of the river when there is no immediate rainfall
CHAPTER 3. HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC SURVEY 24

preceding the measurement of the flow. Measurement at the Licanan River showed that the
minimum flow velocity at the part is 0.4 m/s with the maximum at 0.7 m/s.
CHAPTER 3. HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC SURVEY 25

Figure 3.14: Stream observation points.

 CHAPTER 3. HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC SURVEY 26

3.7 Assessment of River Capacity

Figure 3.15: Graph showing the assessment of river capacity of the Davao River, which is the
main river in the region.

3.8 Flood Levels

The key results of the hydrological survey are as follows:
• The study area experiences an annual flood height less than 1 m, brought about mainly by
overflowing canals during periods of intense and heavy rain from evening to early morning.
This flood water drains to the direction of the river. For reference on the locations, see Fig.
3.16 and 3.17.
• West of the project site, along the Bunawan-Licanan Road, there are instances of low
levels of flooding (<0.5 m). However, according to the residents this rarely happens
anymore when the canal on the side of the road was constructed, rerouting the floodwater
to Bunawan River and not directly affecting the project site.
• North of the project site (INT-08), instance of moderate levels of flooding (0.51 to 1.0 m)
were also noted. This was due to the overflowing of the Licanan River. According to the
residents, however, this flooding event was prior to the construction of the gabions on the
bank of the river.
CHAPTER 3. HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC SURVEY 27

• Along the Davao-Agusan National Highway located on the eastern side of the project
site, instance of moderate flooding was also noted (INT-09). At the place where the flood
interview was conducted, there was also a signage that the area is flood prone. According
to the local, flooding occurs from there to southwards of the road. It was also noted that
the flood waters come from the overflowing of the Licanan River west of the road. This
is not likely to affect the project site since the floodwaters drain to southeast towards the
Davao Gulf.
CHAPTER 3. HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC SURVEY 28

Figure 3.16: Location of interview points.

 CHAPTER 3. HYDRAULIC AND HYDROLOGIC SURVEY

Figure 3.17: Flood risk zone, with the arrows indicating the flow direction.
29
 4. Storm Surge Analysis

A storm surge is an abnormal influx of sea- or lake- water pushed ashore caused by the
strong winds of a storm. The wind circulation around the eye of the storm blows the ocean
surface and upon reaching beaches and shallow waters, such as coasts, the water pushed up by
the storm starts to travel inland. This factor is amplified depending on the tide. Storm surges
usually range from 0.3–0.6 meter which would normally affect the shore. On the other hand,
stronger storms could potentially create a storm surge so great that it is enough to carry large
amounts of water some may reach up to 2 meters which is enough to destroy homes, roads,
infrastructures, bridges and potentially displace and kill hundreds to thousands of people. Storm
surges can also swell bays, rivers, and any body of water connected to the open sea.

This chapter focuses on the different scenarios of the storm surge hazard in the project site.
Furthermore, it also discusses the tropical cyclone history and the topography of the study area.
It is important to understand the storm surge hazard in order to properly plan for the development
of the area. Moreover, these are important factors to be considered in building structures that can
withstand strong waves from storm surges, strong winds from tropical cyclones, and flooding
brought by heavy precipitation.

4.1 Storm surge modelling and mapping

In order to assess the coastal flooding that can happen due to highest possible storm tide,
FLO-2D software, a two-dimensional flood routing model, was used to simulate storm tide inun-
dation. The continuity equation and the dynamic wave momentum equation are the governing
CHAPTER 4. STORM SURGE ANALYSIS 31

equations of the model. The storm tide inundation model is a function of sea water level and
the topography of the coastal area. Sea water can penetrate inland from the coastline when it
exceeds the elevation of the coastal area. To represent the topography, a Digital Terrain Model
(DTM) with 5-meter horizontal resolution and 0.5 meter vertical accuracy were used for the
modelling. The detailed shoreline was traced using Google Earth imagery taken last December
2013. The shoreline was identified in the grid system where the time-stage storm tide data was
assigned. The inundation model will provide the inundation and hazard map of the project
site for each maximum storm tide group which are 2 meters, 3 meters, 4 meters, and 5 meters
maximum storm tide. Flood hazard levels are based on the intensity of floods defined by its flow
depth and velocity. The hazard map is based on three-color levels, namely high (red), medium
(orange), and low (yellow) which represent potential hazard.

Table 4.1: Definition of water flood intensity.

Product of maximum depth h times

Flood Intensity Maximum depth h (m)
maximum velocity v (m2 /s)
High h >1.5 m OR v h >1.5 m2 /s
Medium 0.5 m <h <1.5 m OR 0.5 m2 /s <v h <1.5 m2 /s
Low 0.1 m <h <0.5 m AND 0.1 m2 /s <v h <0.5 m2 /s

Table 4.2: Flood hazard definition.

Hazard Level Map Color Description

Persons are in danger both inside and outside their houses.
High Red
Structures are in danger of being destroyed.
Persons are in danger outside their houses. Buildings may
Medium Orange suffer damage and possible destruction depending on
construction characteristics.
Danger to people is low or non-existent. Buildings may
Low Yellow suffer little damage, but flooding or sedimentation may affect
structure interiors.

Aside from the meteorological factors affecting the strength of storm surges, it is also highly
dependent on local features such as barrier islands, inlets, bays, and rivers that affect the flow
of water (NOAA, 2017). They are also affected by the shape of the coastline —storm surges
 CHAPTER 4. STORM SURGE ANALYSIS 32

are higher when a storm makes landfall on a concave coastline (curved inward) as opposed to a
convex coastline (curved outward). Additionally, gently sloping ocean floors produce higher
storm surge, while narrow and steeply sloping shelves produce lower storm surge. The site’s
coastline is concave and the seafloor is gently sloping, which will have an effect on the site’s
susceptibility to storm surge.

4.2 Results and Discussion

4.2.1 Climatological Extremes (in terms of wind speed)
To identify the events that can be considered as meteorological ‘extreme’ in terms of wind
speed, track data of tropical cyclones that have hit Davao del Sur and vicinity were obtained
from the Japan Meteorological Agency. The typhoons gathered are shown in Table 4.3. It must
be noted that the peak wind speeds in this table represent the peak winds during the lifetime of
the tropical cyclone, and did not necessarily occur in Davao City.
CHAPTER 4. STORM SURGE ANALYSIS 33

Table 4.3: Tropical Cyclones in Davao del Sur and vicinity since 1954

Tropical Cyclone Peak 10-min Sustained Wind (kph) Date

Vicky (Krovanh) 65 Dec. 18-25, 2020
Vinta (Tembin) 130 Dec. 20-26, 2017
Seniang (Jangmi) 75 Dec. 28, 2014 - Jan. 1, 2015
Zoraida (Podul) 65 Nov. 11-15, 2013
Crising (Shanshan) 65 Feb. 18-23, 2013
Auring (Sonamu) 95 Jan. 1-10, 2013
Pablo (Bopha) 185 Nov. 25-Dec. 9, 2012
Sendong (Washi) 95 Dec. 13-19, 2011
Ambo (Neoguri) 150 Apr. 13-21, 2008
Diding (Kate) 100 Apr. 21-28, 1999
Bebeng (Vanessa) 85 Apr. 23-28, 1991
Akang (Mamie) 95 Mar. 15-24, 1982
Kadiang (Kit) 185 Dec. 9-22, 1981
Undang (Therese) 195 (1-min) Dec. 1-11, 1972
Titang (Kate) 240 (1-min) Oct. 14-25, 1970
Auring (Ruby) 75 (1-min) Jan. 28, 1967 - Feb. 6, 1968
Karen 140 (1-min) Apr. 21-27, 1960
Tropical Storm 01W 75 (1-min) Jan. 3-7, 1957
Patsy 250 (1-min) Nov. 25-Dec. 4, 1955
Violet 140 (1-min) Jan. 1-6, 1955
Elsie 185 (1-min) May 5-12, 1954

Figure 4.1 shows the track data of the tropical cyclones that have passed closest to the project
site. Track data were gathered from JMA’s website at [Link]
center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/[Link]). Figure 4.1 shows that Typhoon Kadiang in 1981 is the
closest typhoon to the project site that also had wind speed equivalent to PAGASA’s PSWS 4
(may cause heavy to very heavy damage). Typhoon Pablo in 2012 is also near the project site
with PSWS 4-equivalent wind speed.
 CHAPTER 4. STORM SURGE ANALYSIS

Figure 4.1: Tracks of tropical cyclones over Davao del Sur and vicinity from 1954 to 2020.
34
 CHAPTER 4. STORM SURGE ANALYSIS 35

4.2.2 Wind Data

The wind data of the climatologically extreme typhoons were then plotted and compared
with normal wind conditions based on records collected for the years 1981 and 2012. The
wind data (WDSP) were gathered from NOAA-GSOD (National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration-Global Surface Summary of the Day) data.

To concentrate the analysis on Davao del Sur, data was gathered from the Davao Airport
station which is closest to the area. The coordinates of the closest GSOD data station for the
study site are shown in Table 4.4.

Table 4.4: Locations of the weather station nearest to the project site

USAF ID Station Name Latitude Longitude Above sea level elevation

987530 Davao Airport 7.1 N 125.6 E

The highest maximum sustained wind speed (yellow cells) shown in Table 4.5 recorded
at Davao Airport Station was during Typhoon Kadiang on December 15, 1981 at 9.9 knots.
Similarly, Typhoon Pablo recorded 9.9 knots on November 30, 2012 (Table 4.6). It is important
to determine the highest wind speed peak at the study area because it can help assess the storm
surge, as strong winds are among the major mechanisms that drive storm surges.

Table 4.5: December 1981 Wind Data

Temperature Sea Level Mean Wind Max Sustained

Date Visibility (mi)
(F) Pressure (mb) Speed (kt) Wind (kt)
12/1/1981 77.6 1008.7 8.6 3.1 4.9
12/2/1981 75.2 1008.9 8.9 2.4 3.9
12/3/1981 76.8 1008 9.8 1.8 4.9
12/5/1981 79.2 1008.4 11.2 0 999.9
12/6/1981 82.7 1008.6 11.2 1.7 2.9
12/7/1981 82.4 1009.3 10.6 2.6 4.9
12/8/1981 80.6 1010.3 10.8 5.9 8
12/9/1981 76.7 1012 9.7 3.9 4.9
12/10/1981 79.8 1011.7 12.3 5.1 9.9
CHAPTER 4. STORM SURGE ANALYSIS 36

Table 4.5 continued from previous page

Temperature Sea Level Mean Wind Max Sustained
Date Visibility (mi)
(F) Pressure (mb) Speed (kt) Wind (kt)
12/11/1981 78.5 1011.1 11.2 2.6 5.8
12/12/1981 75.9 1011.7 10.7 6 8
12/13/1981 81.2 1010.1 11.2 3.9 5.8
12/14/1981 79 1009.9 11.2 4.4 5.8
12/15/1981 78 1011 11.2 6.8 9.9
12/16/1981 78.8 1011.5 11.2 5.9 9.9
12/17/1981 78.4 1011.3 10.7 5 5.8
12/18/1981 79.3 1010.6 11 4.4 5.8
12/19/1981 81.2 1010.8 10.6 4 5.8
12/20/1981 79.6 1011.5 12.3 3.7 4.9
12/21/1981 80.1 1011.3 11.2 3.6 4.9
12/22/1981 79.7 1009.6 11.2 2.6 4.9
12/23/1981 81.2 1008.5 11.2 1.6 4.9
12/24/1981 83.3 1008.8 10.7 999.9 999.9
12/25/1981 81.8 1008 11.2 2.6 7
12/26/1981 82.9 1009.8 11.2 2.8 5.8
12/27/1981 82.2 1009.5 11.2 2.4 4.9
12/28/1981 81.1 1009.9 12.3 2.9 4.9
12/29/1981 84.5 1009.6 11.2 3.4 5.8
12/30/1981 81.2 1011 10.9 0.6 1.9
12/31/1981 79.6 1010.7 10.1 2.3 4.9

Table 4.6: November 2012 Wind Data

Temperature Sea Level Mean Wind Max Sustained

Date Visibility (mi)
(F) Pressure (mb) Speed (kt) Wind (kt)
11/1/2012 85.9 1009.2 8.5 3.9 6
11/2/2012 85.6 1008.8 8.9 3.9 8
11/3/2012 78.7 1008.9 8 3.7 8
11/4/2012 82.3 1008.6 7.6 3.8 7.8
11/5/2012 82 1009 7.8 5.1 8
 CHAPTER 4. STORM SURGE ANALYSIS 37

Table 4.6 continued from previous page

Temperature Sea Level Mean Wind Max Sustained
Date Visibility (mi)
(F) Pressure (mb) Speed (kt) Wind (kt)
11/6/2012 83.4 1008.9 8 3.9 8
11/7/2012 82.6 1008 7.8 3.1 8
11/8/2012 81.9 1008.1 8.1 3.6 9.7
11/9/2012 84.7 1008.4 8.4 4 8
11/10/2012 85.9 1007.6 8.5 5.9 9.7
11/11/2012 79.8 1007.7 7.5 3.4 6
11/12/2012 84.6 1008.2 8.9 3.8 8
11/13/2012 84.5 1008.8 8.1 2.6 9.7
11/14/2012 80.6 1009.3 8.3 3.7 6
11/15/2012 79.1 1010.2 8 4.5 8
11/16/2012 79.9 1010.7 7.5 4 7.8
11/17/2012 81.1 1010.2 8.5 4.9 8
11/18/2012 83.5 1009.4 8.5 3.7 9.9
11/19/2012 84.3 1009 8.4 3.6 8
11/20/2012 76.7 1010.7 5.9 3.3 6
11/21/2012 82.2 1010.3 7.9 3.8 9.9
11/22/2012 83.3 1010.2 8.4 3.9 6
11/23/2012 84.8 1010.1 8.8 4.2 6
11/24/2012 84.3 1010.7 8.5 4.7 6
11/25/2012 84.8 1010.3 8.2 3.7 8
11/26/2012 82.9 1010.4 8.4 4.2 6
11/27/2012 82.8 1010 8 4.3 7.8
11/28/2012 84 1009.9 8.8 5.1 8
11/29/2012 81.8 1010.4 8.1 4.9 8
11/30/2012 83.1 1009.4 8.7 6.1 9.9

4.2.3 Potentially Critical Typhoons (PCTs)

Table 4.7 presents the summary of the meteorological data of the top 9 typhoons that most
likely generated the highest storm tides, the highest storm wave heights, or both, along the
project coast. For a weather disturbance to be classified as a tropical depression, the disturbance
should have sustained wind of greater than 18 m/s. Disturbances that are yet to reach the 18 m/s
CHAPTER 4. STORM SURGE ANALYSIS 38

threshold within the 200 km search radius were remarked as "forming". A "dissipating" remark,
on the other hand, is noted for typhoons that are near the end of their lifespan. Figure 4.2 shows
the tracks of these typhoons.

Table 4.7: Meteorological Data of Critical Typhoons

International/ Lifetime Vmax Pc Track relative Closest distance

Start End
Local Name (days) (kph) (hPa) to site to site (km)
Tembin / Vinta 12/20/2017 12/26/2017 6 130 (10-min) 970 N 52.70
Jangmi / Seniang 12/28/2014 1/1/2015 4 75 (10-min) 996 N 183.01
Bopha / Pablo 11/25/2012 12/9/2012 14 185 (10-min) 930 N 77.36
Washi / Sendong 12/13/2011 12/19/2011 6 95 (10-min) 992 N 96.37
Mamie / Akang 3/15/1982 3/24/1982 9 95 (10-min) 990 N 118.10
Therese / Undang 12/1/1972 12/11/1972 10 195 (1-min) 945 N 95.61
Kate / Titang 10/14/1970 10/25/1970 11 240 (1-min) 940 S 54.80
Tropical Storm 01W 1/3/1957 1/7/1957 4 75 (1-min) 995 N 188.12
Violet 1/1/1955 1/6/1955 5 140 (1-min) 995 S 48.70

Figure 4.2: Tracks of PCTs passing within 200 km from the project area (Google EarthTM )

Figures 4.3 to 4.11 present additional information on the meteorological data of the highest 9
critical typhoons (note that for some typhoons such as Undang in 1972, Titang in 1970, Tropical
Storm 01W in 1957, and Violet in 1955, color codes of the wind speeds are incorrect because
CHAPTER 4. STORM SURGE ANALYSIS 39

there are no recorded data).

Figure 4.3: Track of Typhoon Tembin / Vinta (2017) (Google EarthTM )

Figure 4.4: Track of Typhoon Jangmi / Seniang (2015) (Google EarthTM )

CHAPTER 4. STORM SURGE ANALYSIS 40

Figure 4.5: Track of Typhoon Bopha / Pablo (2012) (Google EarthTM )

Figure 4.6: Track of Typhoon Washi / Sendong (2011) (Google EarthTM )

CHAPTER 4. STORM SURGE ANALYSIS 41

Figure 4.7: Track of Typhoon Mamie / Akang (1982) (Google EarthTM )

Figure 4.8: Track of Typhoon Therese / Undang (1972) (Google EarthTM )

CHAPTER 4. STORM SURGE ANALYSIS 42

Figure 4.9: Track of Typhoon Kate / Titang (1970) (Google EarthTM )

Figure 4.10: Track of Tropical Storm 01W (1957) (Google EarthTM )

CHAPTER 4. STORM SURGE ANALYSIS 43

Figure 4.11: Track of Typhoon Violet (1955) (Google EarthTM )

Using the meteorological data of these typhoons together with the consolidated bathymetric
data, hydrodynamic modeling was undertaken for these typhoons to determine appropriate
design conditions of storm tides for the proposed structure. Table 4.8 to Table 4.10 rank and sum-
marize typhoon based on distance to the site, maximum wind speed, and north and south tracking.

Table 4.8: Ranking of typhoon based on maximum wind speed (Vmax)

International/ Lifetime Vmax Pc Track relative Closest distance

Rank Start End
Local Name (days) (kph) (hPa) to site to site (km)
1 Kate / Titang 10/14/1970 10/25/1970 11 240 (1-min) 940 S 54.80
2 Therese / Undang 12/1/1972 12/11/1972 10 195 (1-min) 945 N 95.61
3 Bopha / Pablo 11/25/2012 12/9/2012 14 185 (10-min) 930 N 77.36
4 Violet 1/1/1955 1/6/1955 5 140 (1-min) 995 S 48.70
5 Tembin / Vinta 12/20/2017 12/26/2017 6 130 (10-min) 970 N 52.70

Table 4.9: Ranking of typhoon based on closest distance of the south tracking typhoon

International/ Lifetime Vmax Pc Track relative Closest distance

Rank Start End
Local Name (days) (kph) (hPa) to site to site (km)
1 Violet 1/1/1955 1/6/1955 5 140 (1-min) 995 S 48.70
2 Kate / Titang 10/14/1970 10/25/1970 11 240 (1-min) 940 S 54.80
 CHAPTER 4. STORM SURGE ANALYSIS 44

Table 4.10: Ranking of typhoon based on closest distance of the north tracking typhoon

International/ Lifetime Vmax Pc Track relative Closest distance

Rank Start End
Local Name (days) (kph) (hPa) to site to site (km)
1 Tembin / Vinta 12/20/2017 12/26/2017 6 130 (10-min) 970 N 52.70
2 Bopha / Pablo 11/25/2012 12/9/2012 14 185 (10-min) 930 N 77.36
3 Therese / Undang 12/1/1972 12/11/1972 10 195 (1-min) 945 N 95.61
4 Washi / Sendong 12/13/2011 12/19/2011 6 95 (10-min) 992 N 96.37
5 Mamie / Akang 3/15/1982 3/24/1982 9 95 (10-min) 990 N 118.10

4.2.4 Storm surge inundation and hazard maps

Based on inundation model simulations using different scenarios, the project site’s vulnera-
bility to storm surges was assessed. Simulations show that the property is susceptible to storm
surge flooding.

The project site is not susceptible to coastal flooding with 2 m storm tide as shown in Fig.
4.12 to 4.13. With a 3 m-high storm tide, a small portion of the property in the southeast will be
inundated with up to a meter of floodwater, which is considered a low to medium hazard (Fig.
4.14 to 4.15). With a 4 m-high storm tide, the water spread further inland, ranging from 0.01
m to 2 m, which is equivalent to low to medium hazard levels (Fig. 4.16 to 4.17). A 5 m-high
storm tide may inundate most of the property with depths from 0.01 m to 5 m and also pose a
high flood hazard which may damage structures (Fig. 4.18 to 4.19).

The storm surge advisory levels depicted in the maps may be correlated to historical storm
surge heights. Using the Japan Meteorological Agency’s (JMA) Storm Surge Model, 5 signif-
icant typhoons that have passed over Davao del Sur and vicinity were simulated. The Storm
Surge Model developed by JMA is a numerical model that simulates and predicts storm surges
mainly caused by tropical cyclones (Higaki et al., 2009). The numerical scheme of the model
is based on two-dimensional shallow water equations. Other governing equations include the
equation of motion and the equation of continuity with air pressure and wind fields used as
external forcings. The storm surge model uses storm track, bathymetric data, central atmospheric
pressure, and maximum sustained wind speed as input parameters for the model. For this area,
the best track data of tropical cyclones Akang (1982), Sendong (2011), Pablo (2012), Seniang
(2014), and Vinta (2017) from JMA were used as input files for the model. The simulations
show that among historical typhoons, Typhoon Pablo in 2012 produces the highest storm surge
at 0.33 m. This storm surge height does not reach the heights used in the SSA maps. If the
 CHAPTER 4. STORM SURGE ANALYSIS 45

storm surge forecast is higher than the historical simulations, SSA maps can be employed. The
track of Typhoon Violet (1955), the typhoon near the project site, was also simulated using
Typhoon Yolanda’s (2013) intensity data. The results show a possible storm surge up to 1.91 m,
equivalent to SSA 1 or a 2-m maximum storm tide.

4.2.5 Topographic elevation profile

In order to further understand the reasons for flooding in the study area, it is important to
study the topographic factors that contribute to the depth and extent of the flooding, since the
flow of water is mainly controlled by the topography of the land over which the water flows.
Figure 4.20 presents the topographic elevation profiles of the marked transect lines.

All the transect lines show that the project site has a gently sloping coast, with at least 3 m
elevation. With this elevation, flooding is normally confined to lower-lying areas, but high storm
surges will likely extend further into the property.

There were 21 tropical cyclones that hit the vicinity of Davao del Sur from 1954–2020. The
climatologically extreme typhoons (in terms of wind speed) were identified for the study site by
compiling the typhoons that generated at least PSWS (Public Storm Warning Signal) number 3.
The tropical cyclones closest to the project site that were identified as extreme in terms of wind
speed were Kadiang (1981) and Pablo (2012).

Storm surge hazard and inundation map were created by simulating storm surge levels based
on the four SSA levels of UP NOAH. Maps include storm surge scenarios for different storm
surge advisory levels and simulations of Typhoon Pablo (2012) and a hypothetical tropical
cyclone using the track of Typhoon Violet (1955) combined with Typhoon Yolanda’s pressure
and wind speed to produce a worst case scenario. Simulation for Typhoon Pablo shows that storm
surge at 0.33 m is possible close to the project site. If a forecast produces storm surge higher
than the historical simulations, SSA maps can be used as reference for the coastal inundation in
the project site. The results of hypothetical typhoon simulation show a possible storm surge up
to 1.97 m, equivalent to SSA 1 or a 2-m maximum storm surge. Additionally, in case of extreme
storm surge events of more than 3 meters in height hit the coastal area of Bunawan then coasta
CHAPTER 4. STORM SURGE ANALYSIS 46

flooding due to storm surge may reach the project site.

 CHAPTER 4. STORM SURGE ANALYSIS

Figure 4.12: Flood depth map of coastal inundation in the event of a 2-m storm surge.
47
 CHAPTER 4. STORM SURGE ANALYSIS

Figure 4.13: Hazard map of coastal inundation in the event of a 2-m storm surge.
48
 CHAPTER 4. STORM SURGE ANALYSIS

Figure 4.14: Flood depth map of coastal inundation in the event of a 3-m storm surge.
49
 CHAPTER 4. STORM SURGE ANALYSIS

Figure 4.15: Hazard map of coastal inundation in the event of a 3-m storm surge.
50
 CHAPTER 4. STORM SURGE ANALYSIS

Figure 4.16: Flood depth map of coastal inundation in the event of a 4-m storm surge.
51
 CHAPTER 4. STORM SURGE ANALYSIS

Figure 4.17: Hazard map of coastal inundation in the event of a 4-m storm surge.
52
 CHAPTER 4. STORM SURGE ANALYSIS

Figure 4.18: Flood depth map of coastal inundation in the event of a 5-m storm surge.
53
 CHAPTER 4. STORM SURGE ANALYSIS

Figure 4.19: Hazard map of coastal inundation in the event of a 5-m storm surge.
54
 CHAPTER 4. STORM SURGE ANALYSIS
55

Figure 4.20: Topographical cross section of the project site

 5. Related Geologic Hazards

Possible geohazards in the area associated with flooding may be liquefaction and rain-
induced landslides. The area falls in the areas susceptible to liquefaction as determined by
DOST-PHIVOLCS (Fig. 5.1). However, this is not an accurate representation as a detailed
study on liquefaction susceptibility would involve geotechnical surveys. Additionally, the area
is has a low landslide susceptibility as determined by the MGB, as well as a moderate flood
susceptibility along the Bunawan River (Fig. 5.2).
CHAPTER 5. RELATED GEOLOGIC HAZARDS 57

Figure 5.1: Liquefaction Susceptibility Map of Region XI (DOST-PHIVOLCS, 2021).

CHAPTER 5. RELATED GEOLOGIC HAZARDS 58

Figure 5.2: Detailed landslide and flood susceptibility map of district of Bunawan, Davao City
(MGB, n.d).
 6. Conclusion and Recommendation

Based on the field observations and data gathered, the following can be concluded and
recommended:
• The gradient leading to the Davao Gulf from the west is mostly irregular, however
elevations naturally decrease to its direction eastwards. Hence, the general direction of
floodwaters as well as the canals alongside the roads are along the east-southeast.
• The area experiences generally low-level flooding, mostly due to the overflowing of
drainages that have blockages in the form of trash.
• Water level does not rise high enough to overflow on the area, although there is an
exception on the eastern side of the project area adjacent to the river. The lower elevations
downstream allows for bank overflows.
• The design and layout of structures to be built in the area must take into account the annual
flooding of up to 0.5 m in the area, and with possible flooding of up to 2 m during extreme
rainfall events.
• Grading of the area must be improved such that floodwaters will certainly flow towards
the east-southeastern boundary of the area and will not accumulate on local depressions
scattered around the project site.
• Diversion canals that will serve as outlets for floodwaters must be constructed to lessen
the likelihood of water accumulating on the ground. Additionally, cleanliness of these
canals should be maintained such that nothing will impede the water flow and inhibit build
up and overflow during periods of extreme rainfall.
• Ripraps along the river is also advised to avoid the undercutting or scouring of the land
due to the flowing water. Gabions are likewise advised on the downstream parts of the
CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 60

Bunawan River adjacent to the project site to avoid flooding due to the overflowing of the
river, especially along the eastern side.
• Storm surge simulations using historical data show that coastal flooding due to storm
surge will not reach the project site.
• If a forecast produces storm surge higher than the historical simulations, SSA maps can be
used as reference for the coastal inundation in the project site. The results of hypothetical
typhoon simulation show a possible storm surge up to 1.97 m, equivalent to SSA 1 or a
2-m maximum storm surge. Additionally, in case of extreme storm surge events of more
than 3 meters in height hit the coastal area of Bunawan then coasta flooding due to storm
surge may reach the project site.
 Disclaimer

This report was prepared by the consultant for its client’s purposes only. The contents of
this report are provided expressly for the named client for its own use. No responsibility is
accepted for the use and reliance upon this report in whole or in part by any third party. This
report was prepared with information supplied by the client and local residents regarding the
flooding experience. While care is taken to ensure the veracity of the sources of information,
no responsibility will be accepted for information that were withheld, incorrect and inaccurate.
This report was compiled at the level of detail specified in the report, and no responsibility will
be accepted for interpretations made at a more detailed level than so indicated.
 Bibliography

APEC Energy Working Group, 2020. APEC Low Carbon Model Town (LCMT) Project
Dissemination Phase 2. Davao City.

Casasola, A., 1956. Geological reconnaissance of southern Palawan. The Philippine Geologist,
10, 3, 76–88.

City Government of Davao, 2018. Davao City Infrastructure Development Plan and Capacity
Building Project. Davao City.

City of Davao, 2018. Socio-Economic Indicators 2018. Davao City.

Department of Science and Technology - Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology,

2021a. Distribution of Active Faults and Trenches in Region XI. Quezon City, Philippines:
DOST-PHIVOLCS.

Department of Science and Technology - Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology,

2021b. Liquefaction Susceptibility Map of Region XI. Quezon City, Philippines: DOST-
PHIVOLCS.

Google LLC, n.d. Retrieved from Google Earth: [Link].

Higaki, M., Hayashibara, H., and Nozaki, F., 2009. Outline of the Storm Surge Prediction Model
at the Japan Meteorological Agency. Technical report, Office of Marine Prediction, Japan
Meteorological Agency.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 63

Japan International Cooperation Agency and Department of Public Works and Highways, 2014.
Preparatory Survey for Southern Mindanao Economic Corridor Improvement (Davao City
Bypass Construction Project).

Mines and Geosciences Bureau, 2010. Geology of the Philippines. Quezon City.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2012. NASA - Typhoon Bopha (Western North
Pacific Ocean). Retrieved from TRMM: [Link]
dir/bopha_november-december_2012.html.

NOAA, 2017. Storm Surge Resources. Retrieved from NOAA: [Link]

surge/[Link].

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration, 2010. Modi-

fied Coronas Classification of the Philippines.

Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, 2019. Ground Shaking Hazard Map of
Davao City. Quezon City: DOST-PHIVOLCS.

Quebral, R., 1994. Tectonics of the southern segment of the Philippine Fault, eastern Mindanao,
Philippines: transition from a collision zone to a strike-slip fault. These de Doctorat de
l’Universite de Paris 6, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie.

Reyes, D., 2021. Year’s strongest typhoon dumped more rain than ‘Yolanda’.
Retrieved from [Link]: [Link]
years-strongest-typhoon-dumped-more-rain-than-yolanda.
 A. Flood Experience Interviews

1. INT-01 (7°14’47.16"N 125°38’16.67"E) – “Bigot”

Flood height of less than a meter that dissipates after a few hours.

Figure A.1: Interview person 1, showing the flood height in the area.
APPENDIX A. FLOOD EXPERIENCE INTERVIEWS 65

2. INT-02 (7°14’40.61"N 125°38’15.19"E) – Alma Cañas

Resident for 7 years. Last flooding was on April 2021, after heavy rain from night to
morning, which dissipates within an hour. Canal overflowed.

Figure A.2: Interview person 2, showing the flood height.

3. INT-03 (7°14’29.22"N 125°38’13.73"E) – Acer Acedo

Resident only since May 2021. Flooding is usually only until the first pavement, flowing
from higher areas during heavy rain.
APPENDIX A. FLOOD EXPERIENCE INTERVIEWS 66

Figure A.3: Interview number 3.

4. INT-04 (7°14’29.79"N 125°38’11.26"E) – Cristalyn Hortilano

Similar to INT-03, flood is only road level and due to canal overflow during heavy rains.

Figure A.4: Interview number 4.

APPENDIX A. FLOOD EXPERIENCE INTERVIEWS 67

5. INT-05 (7°15’8.00"N 125°38’7.35"E) – Cristal Niel

Last instance of flooding was back in 2019 after raining from evening to morning, reach-
ing up to knee height that dissipates within 2 to 3 hours. Flooding became rare after
construction of drainage along the road. Floodwater drains to the river.

Figure A.5: Interview number 5, showing different flood levels.

6. INT-06 (7°15’3.69"N 125°38’6.54"E) – Wilson Bersero

Resident for 8 years, have not experienced flooding.

Figure A.6: Interview number 6.

APPENDIX A. FLOOD EXPERIENCE INTERVIEWS 68

7. INT-07 (7°14’57.94"N 125°38’4.96"E) – Euphemia Lavareje

Resident for 30+ years. No flooding due to the water draining towards to river.

Figure A.7: Interview number 7.

8. INT-08 (7°15’19.85"N 125°38’55.06"E) – Ramla Aiko

Flooding due to the overflowing of Licanan River during heavy rains prior to the install-
ments of gabions.

Figure A.8: Interview number 8, showing different flood levels.

APPENDIX A. FLOOD EXPERIENCE INTERVIEWS 69

Figure A.9: Gabions on the side of Licanan River.

9. INT-09 (7°14’34.90"N 125°38’51.41"E) – Analyn Ocubillo

Flooding due to overflow of Licanan River during periods of heavy rains from evening
to morning. Floodwater drains towards the direction of the Davao Gulf. Typically, flood
height is about knee height at the Davao-Agusan National Highway, but can reach up to
waist-high in the immediate vicinity of the Licanan River.

Figure A.10: Interview number 9 showing different flood levels.

B. Flowmeter Forms

Observation no. STR-01

Date: December 14, 2021
Weather Rainy
Location Bunawan
Coordinates (Lat/Long) 7° 15’ 3.03" N, 125° 38’ 24.57" E
Vegetation Moderate
Kind of sediments Silt to pebbles
Rock type Alluvial deposits
Possible Flood level 2 -2.5
Depth of water 0.25
Width of water 7 Max width 9
Min 0.4
Stream Max 0.5
Temp 26.2
Flow rate
Min 0
Air Max 0
Temp 29.1
APPENDIX B. FLOWMETER FORMS 71

Figure B.1: Flow measurement along the Bunawan River, STR-01.

Figure B.2: Photo of the Bunawan River at STR-01, looking downstream.

APPENDIX B. FLOWMETER FORMS 72

Observation no. STR-02

Date: December 14, 2021
Weather Rainy
Location Bunawan
Coordinates (Lat/Long) 7° 15’ 0.22" N, 125° 38’ 26.38" E
Vegetation Moderate
Kind of sediments Silty to pebbly
Rock type alluvial deposits
Possible Flood level 2.5 to 3
Depth of water 0.25
Width of water 8 Max width 11
Min 0.5
Stream Max 1
Temp 26.2
Flow rate
Min
Air Max
Temp 27.6

Figure B.3: Flow measurement along the Bunawan River, STR-02.

APPENDIX B. FLOWMETER FORMS 73

Figure B.4: Photo of the Bunawan River, looking downstream.

APPENDIX B. FLOWMETER FORMS 74

Observation no. STR-03

Date: December 14, 2021
Weather Rainy
Location Bunawan
Coordinates (Lat/Long) 7° 14’ 58.61" N, 125° 38’ 33.22" E
Vegetation Moderate to high
Kind of sediments Silt to cobble
Rock type
Possible Flood level 2 to 2.5
Depth of water .38 to.5
Width of water 3 Max width 6
Min 0.1
Stream Max 0.2
Temp 26.3
Flow rate
Min
Air Max
Temp 28.2

Figure B.5: Depth measurement at the Bunawan River, STR-03.

APPENDIX B. FLOWMETER FORMS 75

Figure B.6: Downstream view of the Bunawan River at STR-03.

APPENDIX B. FLOWMETER FORMS 76

Observation no. STR-04

Date: December 14, 2021
Weather Rainy
Location Bunawan
Coordinates (Lat/Long) 7° 14’ 52.46" N, 125° 38’ 37.75" E
Vegetation Moderate
Kind of sediments Silt and sad
Rock type Clastics
Possible Flood level 2 to 2.5
Depth of water 0.5
Width of water 4 Max width 6
Min 0.3
Stream Max 0.4
Temp 26.3
Flow rate
Min
Air Max
Temp 27.7

Figure B.7: Flow measurement along the Bunawan River, at STR-04.

APPENDIX B. FLOWMETER FORMS 77

Figure B.8: Downstream view of the Bunawan River at STR-04.

APPENDIX B. FLOWMETER FORMS 78

Observation no. STR-05

Date: December 14, 2021
Weather Rainy
Location Bunawan
Coordinates (Lat/Long) 7° 14’ 43.56" N, 125° 38’ 36.88" E
Vegetation Moderate to high
Kind of sediments Silt to sand
Rock type Clastics
Possible Flood level
Depth of water 0.5
Width of water 3.5 Max width 6
Min 0.3
Stream Max 0.4
Temp 26.4
Flow rate
Min
Air Max
Temp 27.2

Figure B.9: Flow measurement in Bunawan River, at STR-05.

APPENDIX B. FLOWMETER FORMS 79

Figure B.10: Downstream view of the Bunawan River at STR-05, with a partially collapsed wall
on the left side of the river.
APPENDIX B. FLOWMETER FORMS 80

Observation no. STR-06

Date: December 14, 2021
Weather Rainy
Location Bunawan
Coordinates (Lat/Long) 7° 14’ 41.60" N, 125° 38’ 36.99" E
Vegetation Moderate to high
Kind of sediments Silt to pebbles
Rock type Clastics; possibly ss-slt
Possible Flood level 1.5 to 2
Depth of water 0.5
Width of water 2.5 Max width 5
Min 0.3
Stream Max 0.4
Temp 26.4
Flow rate
Min
Air Max
Temp 28.4

Figure B.11: Flow measurement in Bunawan River, at STR-06.

APPENDIX B. FLOWMETER FORMS 81

Figure B.12: Downstream view of the Bunawan River at STR-06.

APPENDIX B. FLOWMETER FORMS 82

Observation no. STR-07

Date: December 14, 2021
Weather Cloudy
Location Bunawan
Coordinates (Lat/Long) 7° 14’ 34.87" N, 125° 38’ 35.75" E
Vegetation Moderate to high
Kind of sediments Silt to high
Rock type Clastics
Possible Flood level 2.5 - 3
Depth of water 0.34
Width of water 3 Max width 8
Min 0.5
Stream Max 0.6
Temp 26.4
Flow rate
Min
Air Max
Temp 29

Figure B.13: Segment of the Bunawan River at STR-07, with the geologist preparing the
equipment for measurement.
APPENDIX B. FLOWMETER FORMS 83

Figure B.14: Downstream view of the Bunawan River at STR-07.

APPENDIX B. FLOWMETER FORMS 84

Observation no. STR-08

Date: December 15, 2021
Weather Sunny
Location San Isidro
Coordinates (Lat/Long) 7° 15’ 13.59" N, 125° 38’ 8.91" E
Vegetation Moderate to high
Kind of sediments Sand to boulder
Rock type Clastics
Possible Flood level 2
Depth of water 0.3
Width of water 6 Max width 9
Min 0.5
Stream Max 0.6
Temp 26.4
Flow rate
Min 1
Air Max 1.4
Temp 28.4

Figure B.15: Flow measurement at a segment of the Bunawan River near San Isidrio (STR-08).
APPENDIX B. FLOWMETER FORMS 85

Figure B.16: Downstream view of the Bunawan River at STR-08.

APPENDIX B. FLOWMETER FORMS 86

Observation no. STR-09

Date: December 15, 2021
Weather Sunny
Location Bunawan
Coordinates (Lat/Long) 7° 14’ 51.25" N, 125° 38’ 3.35" E
Vegetation
Kind of sediments
Rock type
Possible Flood level 1.5
Depth of water <1m
Width of water 1 Max width 1.5
Min
Stream Max
Temp
Flow rate
Min
Air Max
Temp
APPENDIX B. FLOWMETER FORMS 87

Figure B.17: Creek along the Bunawan-Licanan road, west of the project site.
APPENDIX B. FLOWMETER FORMS 88

Observation no. STR-10

Date: December 15, 2021
Weather Sunny
Location Bunawan
Coordinates (Lat/Long) 7° 14’ 38.80" N, 125° 38’ 2.98" E
Vegetation
Kind of sediments
Rock type
Possible Flood level 1
Depth of water <1
Width of water 0.7 Max width 1
Min
Stream Max
Temp
Flow rate
Min
Air Max
Temp
APPENDIX B. FLOWMETER FORMS 89

Figure B.18: Creek along the Bunawan-Licanan road, west of the project site.
APPENDIX B. FLOWMETER FORMS 90

Observation no. STR-11

Date: December 15, 2021
Weather Sunny
Location Bunawan
Coordinates (Lat/Long) 7° 14’ 29.68" N, 125° 38’ 8.91" E
Vegetation
Kind of sediments
Rock type
Possible Flood level 1
Depth of water <.5
Width of water 0.5 Max width 1
Min
Stream Max
Temp
Flow rate
Min
Air Max
Temp
APPENDIX B. FLOWMETER FORMS 91

Figure B.19: Creek along the Bunawan-Licanan road, south of the project site.
APPENDIX B. FLOWMETER FORMS 92

Observation no. STR-12

Date: December 15, 2021
Weather Sunny
Location Licanan
Coordinates (Lat/Long) 7° 14’ 51.25" N, 125° 38’ 3.35" E
Vegetation Sparse
Kind of sediments Silty to boulders
Rock type Alluvial deposits
Possible Flood level 2
Depth of water 1
Width of water 3 Max width 9
Min 0.4
Stream Max 0.7
Temp 28.6
Flow rate
Min 0.4
Air Max 0.6
Temp

Figure B.20: Flow measurement of the Licanan River beneath a bridge at Licanan.
APPENDIX B. FLOWMETER FORMS 93

Figure B.21: Downstream view of the Licanan River at STR-12, with installations of gabions on
the left and right bank for flood control.
APPENDIX B. FLOWMETER FORMS 94

Observation no. STR-13

Date: December 15, 2021
Weather Cloudy
Location Bunawan (along Davao-Agusan National Highway)
Coordinates (Lat/Long) 7° 14’ 14.85" N, 125° 38’ 38.67" E
Vegetation Moderate to high
Kind of sediments
Rock type
Possible Flood level 2
Depth of water
Width of water 10 Max width 11
Min
Stream Max
Temp
Flow rate
Min
Air Max
Temp
APPENDIX B. FLOWMETER FORMS 95

Figure B.22: Upstream view of the the stream resulting from the confluence of the Bunawan
and Licanan rivers, as viewed from the bridge along the Davao-Agusan National Highway.