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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Online shopping for goods and services has become widespread among individuals

all around the world. Convenience is a major factor for some shoppers, but other reasons

include the attractive prices many e-commerce sites provide. The pandemic was the major

contributor to a surge in online shopping, serving as a catalyst for businesses and aspiring

entrepreneurs to enter the digital marketplace. According to The International Trade

Administration, global retail e-commerce sales rose from 13.6% to 18% in the first year of

the pandemic. By 2024, it is expected there will be 2.71 billion digital shoppers worldwide,

reflecting a 2.7% annual growth rate with a population increase of 70 million from the

previous year. If the trend continues, there will be 2.77 billion online consumers by 2025

(eMarketer, 2024).

Among the world's most frequent online buyers are Filipinos. In fact, the

Philippines is one of Southeast Asia's fastest-growing e-commerce markets. Shivani Gupta,

a senior banking payment analyst at Global Data, projects that the country's e-commerce

business will grow to P968.9 billion ($19.0 billion) by 2026. These findings undoubtedly

benefit greatly from the online buying habits of the Filipino population.

However, online shopping has package delivery issues that pose significant

challenges to both consumers and e-commerce platforms. One prevalent problem

experienced by online consumers is mishandled packages upon arrival, resulting in

dissatisfaction with the product and sometimes necessitating returns or exchanges.

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Moreover, instances of lost packages further exacerbate the reliability concerns associated

with online shopping, as consumers are left without their intended purchases and often

must navigate complex processes to seek resolution. These package delivery problems not

only impact individual consumer experiences but also have broader implications for the

reputation and trustworthiness of e-commerce businesses. Thus, investigating and

addressing these challenges are vital aspects of enhancing the overall efficiency and

reliability of online retail operations.

Traditional mail and package delivery services enable the global distribution of

products and letters using real mailboxes and delivery networks overseen by courier firms

or postal services. In this system, letters are placed in assigned mailboxes, while packages

are picked up and delivered to distribution centers where they are sorted and then delivered.

However, traditional systems frequently lack real-time tracking and notification features,

so users must monitor their mailboxes manually or wait for delivery providers to send

information intermittently. Notwithstanding these drawbacks, traditional mail and package

delivery services continue to be essential for promoting international trade in commodities

and information.

This study aims to develop an Automated Mail and Parcel Notification System

tailored for landlords and tenants in apartment complexes. The system enhances traditional

delivery methods by seamlessly merging physical deliveries with digital connectivity,

offering real-time notifications with accompanying images for a more interactive user

experience, and integrating object verification for potential security enhancements.

Through these advancements, the system aims to provide users with greater control over

their deliveries, reduce the risk of missed packages, simplify tracking processes, and
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enhance personal delivery management in an era marked by increased online shopping and

remote work.

Objectives of the Study

The general objective of the study is to develop an Automated Mail and Parcel

Notification System: Bridging Physical Delivery with Digital Connectivity.

Specifically, the study aims to:

1. Design a mailbox notification system with the following characteristics:

a. Develop a user-friendly mobile application for access and delivery

management;

b. Image capturing for item verification;

c. Implement locking system through mobile application and RFID;

d. Detecting dropped mail and parcel; and

e. Notification system for the received or dropped items;

2. Fabricate a prototype of the system based on design specifications;

3. Test and improve the functionality and reliability of the project prototype; and

4. Evaluate the acceptability of the project prototype using the TUP Evaluation

Instrument for Developed prototype.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The study focuses on developing an Automated Mail and Parcel Notification

System designed for landlords and apartment tenants. The primary objective is to create a

seamless integration between physical delivery services and digital connectivity to enhance

user experience and efficiency. To achieve this, we will develop a mobile application that
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provides users with real-time notifications regarding their new mail or parcels.

Additionally, it alerts users when the mailbox is full and there is no remaining space, it

provides a more informative and convenient experience for both users and property owners.

For enhanced security, the system will incorporate a lock system controlled via the

mobile app and RFID technology. This allows users to unlock their mailboxes using their

smartphones or RFID-enabled devices, providing an additional layer of convenience and

security. Ultimately, this project aspires to offer users and property owners a more secure,

convenient, and informative mail and package management solution.

This study faces several limitations. Firstly, the system's performance is highly

dependent on stable internet connectivity, and it may not function optimally in areas with

poor connectivity. Secondly, a consistent power supply is crucial for the operation of RFID

and locking mechanisms; power outages could temporarily disable the system. Lastly, the

physical design and size of the mailboxes could restrict the types and sizes of parcels they

can accommodate, potentially inconveniencing users expecting larger deliveries.

Significance of the Study

The Significance of an Automated Mail and Package Notification System holds

importance in the world of delivery management and customer convenience. This study

focuses on tackling the issues related to mail and package delivery, particularly the risks

associated with missed or mishandled parcels. By offering notifications, Security

Enclosure, and a mobile system application of delivered items the system ensures that

recipients are promptly informed about their deliveries thereby reducing the chances of
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theft or loss. The combination of connectivity with delivery processes signifies a notable

advancement in user experience.

The system’s ability to send notifications directly to user’s mobile devices

provides convenience allowing users to efficiently manage their deliveries without the need

for manual checks. This feature is especially beneficial for individuals with schedules or

frequent travelers as it offers updates and greater security over their packages. This research

specifically caters to residents including those living independently or in apartment

complexes targeting a demographic that often encounters difficulties with delivery

systems.

The research seeks to enhance the dependability and ease of parcel delivery,

by customizing the system to cater to users' needs. Additionally, integrating a two-type

locking system adds security by ensuring only authorized individuals can access the

parcels. in areas by customizing the system to cater to the requirements of these users.
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Chapter 2

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter discusses literature and studies related to the study's framework. It

contributes to the foundations and processes that will be used in the research. It also

provides the necessary information for selecting programming software, electronic

components, and materials to create and fabricate the system. Lastly, this includes

presenting and discussing the study's conceptual model and the operational definition of

terms.

Mail

Mail is anything that's delivered to your mailbox or post office box — letters, bills,

packages, magazines, or anything else that's sent through the postal service. Email is the

internet's version of mail (Merriam Webster).

The Postal Service divides mail into different services, called "classes." Each class

of mail has different features, service levels, postage prices, and presort requirements. For

most of your mailings, the content of the material and postage will determine the class of

mail you select.

Digital Mail

Over the years, the Post-office has played an excellent role to raise the standard of

people's life by connecting people through the postal package delivery services along with

other socio-economic services. With the progress of the digital age, nowadays people want

faster and reliable postal services. To cope up with people's expectations, Bangladeshi post-

offices require user demand and verification-aware digital mobile applications for the
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postal services. At present, the existing work on Bangladeshi postal services do not present

any intelligent digital mail mobile application by considering user demand-aware postal

package delivery, login/signup system for users and officials, package tracking and receiver

verification by using QR code, different bill payment option, nearby post-office suggestion,

complaint regarding service delivery, help, and customer notification regarding the

package delivery at the same time. To overcome the existing issues, this paper presents a

user demand and verification-aware 'digital mail’ mobile application featuring flexible

parcel delivery for the Bangladeshi post offices. The proposed mobile application offers

several facilities for postal services like user verification, login, demand-aware package

submission, payment, package notification, and delivery, parcel tracking, user feedback,

and help features. The user feedback results with almost 85% users satisfaction indicate

the necessity of the proposed system (2021, Alam, Chowdhury, & Rasel).

Mail parcel identification method and system

The present invention provides a mail parcel identification method and system. The

method comprises: receiving a mailing request including recipient information and sender

information of a mail parcel; determining a geographical area where the recipient is located

according to the recipient information, and updating the total number of mailing requests

within the preset time period in the geographical area where the recipient is located;

according to the recipient information and sender information of the mail parcel, and the

updated total number of mailing requests, generating a mail parcel identification; and

according to the mail parcel identification, carrying out the mailing operation. According

to the method and system provided by the present invention, efficiency of mailing work

can be improved (Liu, 2017).

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Mail Delivery Applications

It aims to develop an automated mail delivery system to explore the application of

intelligent automation technology in different scenarios. The camera module and the

gripper module are integrated to apply automation intelligent technology to robotic arms.

By connecting sensors to the virtual and real world, the concept of a digital twin is also

introduced into the task of automated mail delivery. This paper first introduces the

reference technologies or architecture, followed by each module. It then elucidates the

design concepts and processes of both the hardware and software components, as well as

the implementation of digital twin technology. Finally, a fully automated mail delivery

system is presented with the validation results and discussions of the subsystems (Kao, et

al., 2023).

Substitution of letter mail and thriving e-commerce

The postal sector encompasses activities performed by historic and new operators

involving the collection, sorting, transport, and delivery of addressed mail, unaddressed

mail, parcels and ex-press services. It has been one of the first sectors to experience the

effects of digitalization on traditional business models. Strong competition from digital

alternatives to physical services, such as e-mail, certified e-mail and online banking

disciplines incumbents' pricing and has forced them to be innovative and efficient and to

diversify their activity. Indeed, postal operators around the world have invested heavily in

new operational technologies to reduce costs and increase operational efficiency. They

have also begun implementing purely digital platforms to generate new revenue, e.g. from

e-government and e-health services and thereby started their own digital transformation.

The convergence between the postal and the telecommunications services also questions
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the traditional regulatory framework for postal services, especially the rationale for

maintaining distinct requirements for Universal Service Obligations (USO) in different

communications markets (Jaag, 2021).

Mail Order Pharmacy

To estimate the effectiveness, acceptability, and feasibility of dispensing

mifepristone for medication abortion using a mail-order pharmacy. The findings of this

cohort study indicate that mail-order pharmacy dispensing of mifepristone for medication

abortion was effective, acceptable to patients, and feasible, with a low prevalence of serious

adverse events. This care model should be expanded to improve access to medication

abortion services.

The prospective cohort study was conducted from January 2020 to May 2022 and

included 11 clinics in 7 states (5 abortion clinics and 6 primary care sites, 4 of which were

new to abortion provision). Eligible participants were seeking medication abortion at 63 or

fewer days’ gestation, spoke English or Spanish, were age 15 years or older, and were

willing to take misoprostol buccally. After assessing eligibility for medication abortion

through an in-person screening, mifepristone and misoprostol were prescribed using a

mail-order pharmacy. Patients had standard follow-up care with the clinic. Clinical

information was collected from medical records. Consenting participants completed online

surveys about their experiences 3 and 14 days after enrolling. A total of 540 participants

were enrolled; 10 withdrew or did not take medication. Data were analyzed from August

2022 to December 2023.

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This prospective cohort study included 506 participants and 510 medication

abortions (63 days’ gestation at enrollment) that were provided through mail-order

pharmacy dispensing after an in-person eligibility screening; 97.8% were complete

abortions and 91.2% of participants reported satisfaction with medication abortion. Serious

adverse events were rare (0.6%) and none were associated with mail-order dispensing

(Daniel G. et al., 2024).

Delivery Notification

Delivery notification systems utilize of a variety of technologies to give consumers

real-time updates regarding the arrival of their items. According to Smith et al. (2019),

these systems often employ a blend of GPS monitoring, mobile applications, and

automated messaging platforms to guarantee prompt and precise notifications.

Maintaining current parcel status information requires constant monitoring and

real-time data transmission, which is made possible by the integration of internet of things

devices with these systems (Gupta & Verma, 2020). Additionally, cloud-based solutions

facilitate data storage and processing, enabling real-time updates and analysis of delivery

information (Wang & Liu, 2018).

Improving the Delivery Process of Notifications

The behavior of the system in actual-life situations was examined using user diaries,

and results demonstrated that the implemented system significantly reduces user

interruptions. Furthermore, the system's user experience was assessed using the

standardized UEQ (User Experience) form. Most of the instrument's scales yielded good

findings, above average when compared to UEQ norms (Madrigal H.U. et al.,2021).
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Adaptive Selection

When a new content becomes available, the service sends an instant notification to

the user. When the content is produced in massive quantities, and it includes both large-

size media and a lot of meta-information, it gives rise to a major challenge of selecting

content to notify about and information to include such as notifications. The system with

large-scale simulations driven by the real-world de-identified traces obtained from Spotify.

With the help of several baseline approaches to show that the solution is adaptive and

resource efficient (Yusuf S. U., et al., 2016).

Effect on Client Satisfaction

Customer satisfaction is significantly impacted by real-time delivery alerts. Study

has indicated that clients like prompt transporting updates since they lessen doubt and build

confidence in the delivery procedure (Kim & Park, 2020). Customers who get regular

reminders are more likely demonstrate higher levels satisfaction and engagement to the

service provider, according to research by Lee et al. (2021). Customers' experience is

further improved by these alerts, which also provide them the ability to schedule and get

ready for the delivery of their packages.

Operational Efficiency

Delivery notification systems enhance the effectiveness of logistics operations from

an operational standpoint. These systems aid in lowering the number of missed deliveries

and reroutes by offering precise and current information, which improves resource

allocation and reduces expenses (Chen et al., 2019). In addition, real-time data analytics
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give logistics managers the ability to identify delivery process limitations and

inefficiencies, facilitating continuous efficiency improvements (Doe, 2022).

Laser sensor

A laser sensor is a type of sensor that utilizes laser technology for detection,

measurement, or sensing purposes. It uses a laser beam as the primary sensing element to

gather information about the surrounding environment or target object. Laser sensors are

known for their precision, accuracy, speed, and non-contact nature, making them suitable

for a wide range of applications.

In a world driven by technological advancements, laser sensors have emerged as a

remarkable innovation, captivating industries across the globe. These cutting-edge devices

have revolutionized the way we measure distances, detect objects, and achieve unparalleled

precision in various applications. From manufacturing floors to automation systems, and

construction sites to agricultural fields, laser sensors have found their place, propelling

efficiency, accuracy, and reliability to unprecedented heights. (Keyence, 2024)

Smart Environments with Wide-Area Sensors

We live in an era where computer applications are no longer constrained by the

proximity of big and expensive computers and can extend to larger common spaces due to

the ubiquity of sensors, electronics, and their ever-decreasing sizes and costs. This

computing evolution has fueled the emerging concept of smart environments with

applications such as context-aware computing, building and personal informatics, mental

and physical health monitoring, and accessibility for the elderly and handicapped.

However, smart environments are only as smart as what they can sense – the key to
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realizing this future is the development of accurate, reliable, and versatile activity sensing

technology.

In his well-known article “The Computer for the 21st Century”, Mark Weiser

depicted the future of computing: The most profound technologies are those that disappear.

They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable

from it. This pioneering vision inspired a wave of research that extends computer

applications into common physical spaces, no longer constrained within the proximity of

primary computing devices. Among these efforts, there is a significant body of research on

smart environment applications (e.g., personal informatics and digital health), as well as

context-aware computing for natural interactions where user attention is no longer required

for every single computer action. These smart environments rely on accurate and robust

sensing techniques for user activities and events in physical space. Nonetheless, several

key challenges remain in existing ubiquitous sensing techniques (e.g., high material and

maintenance cost), preventing them from being widely adopted across society. (Zhang,

2020).

Image Sensor device

Methods of forming a back side image sensor device, as well as back side image

sensor devices formed, are disclosed. In one such a method, an image sensor wafer having

a first dielectric layer with a first surface is obtained. A reconstituted wafer having a

processor die and a second dielectric layer with a second surface is obtained. The

reconstituted wafer and the image sensor wafer are bonded to one another including

coupling the first surface of the first dielectric layer and the second surface of the second

dielectric layer. In another method, such formation is for a processor die bonded to an
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image sensor wafer. In yet another method, such formation is for a processor die bonded to

an image sensor die (Rajesh, 2024).

3D Laser Profiler System

Continuous welded rail (CWR) is susceptible to the development of internal forces

in the rail due to thermal effects that can lead to track buckling. Railroads typically deal

with the internal stresses in the rail through the inspection of the rail neutral temperature

(RNT) which is the temperature at which the internal force is zero. The existing methods

in the industry to measure RNT are contacting, destructive, disruptive to railroad

operations, and ineffective. The proposed concept is a promising non-contacting, non-

disruptive and reference-free technique to measure RNT and the stress state in the rail. The

method is based on the deformation of the CWR, and has been developed, validated, and

verified in the laboratories of the University of South Carolina as well as in the field. This

work discusses the feasibility of 3D Laser Profilers in the proposed concept for RNT

measurements, as it can make the current testing procedure more efficient. The discussion

introduces the 3D laser profiler used in this work, its implementation in the method, the

validation in laboratory testing, field implementation, and discussion on the results. This

study finds that it is feasible to use 3D laser profilers from RNT measurements. In addition,

the implementation has been validated in laboratory testing, while field testing revealed

issues to be addressed in the next generation prototype. Lastly, the passage of trains during

field testing affects RNT measurements regardless of the data acquisition system. (Caio

Neto Penna, 2023)

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Robot based upon laser sensor

At present, systems or robots developed based on laser sensing technology have

received extensive attention from scholars. In his article, Daniel studied how to build a

robot sensor control board and put it into practical use. He believes that the interpretation

of sensor data can be achieved by using robot neural network algorithms, fuzzy logic

algorithms, and artificial intelligence algorithms. This process is called sensor fusion or

sensor interpretation in the field of artificial intelligence. Such algorithms can also be used

for advanced signal processing in image processing, pattern recognition, MRI, ultrasound,

and interpretation of sonar and radar signals. Villagrossi et al. have developed an intelligent

system that uses a single-point laser displacement sensor and combines the robot sensor

information to synchronize the handshake communication process. This system can use the

robot as a measuring instrument, allowing the rapid reconstruction of extremely robust 3D

images under difficult working conditions. They used a two-stage method to compare the

reconstructed 3D point cloud with the nominal 3D point cloud and found that the system

can automatically adjust the robot’s deburring trajectory. This experiment proves the

feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed solution. Yanbiao and Xiangzhi proposed a

hand-eye calibration method based on semidefinite programming (SDP) for arc welding

robots and laser vision sensors. They established the conversion relationship between the

pixel coordinate system and the laser plane coordinate system based on the mathematical

model of the laser vision sensor’s three-dimensional measurement (Huang, 2022).

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Microcontrollers

The use and application of microcontrollers in control involving life seen increasingly

widely used. The used of this microcontroller is to facilitate and assist humans in carrying

out activities that involve periodic activities.

Microcontroller Design

There are several types of microcontrollers in the realms of technology and

engineering, including Micro bit, Arduino, Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs),

Raspberry Pi, and others related to micro processing. Each of these microcontrollers has

its own distinct method of running programs. A microcontroller, or MCU (microcontroller

unit), is essentially a compact computer housed on a single metal-oxide-semiconductor

(MOS) integrated circuit (IC) chip. It includes one or more CPUs (processor cores),

memory, and programmable input/output peripherals. Additionally, program memory such

as ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash, or OTP ROM, along with a small amount of RAM, is

often integrated on the chip. The widespread use of microcontrollers is attributed to their

ability to streamline control activities in daily life. This paper explores the unique structure,

applications, and operations of various microcontrollers available on the market and

employed in industry, education, and other sectors. It aims to assist researchers, educators,

and enthusiasts in delving into microcontrollers and serve as a resource for enhancing and

applying knowledge about these devices (Ramle et al., 2023).

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Microcontroller-Based Thermoelectrically

The project involved creating a prototype laser diode system, including its driver

circuit and a stable microcontroller-based thermoelectric cooling system. The laser diode

driver circuit was designed and simulated using NI Multisim software. The circuit, which

controls the voltage and current for the laser diode, was constructed with two LM317 ICs.

By adjusting the current through the driver circuit, the laser diode's output power could be

varied. Over extended operation, the laser diode's temperature increases, impacting its

output power. To address this, a microcontroller-managed cooling system using

thermoelectric coolers was designed and built. The microcontroller regulates the cooling

system to maintain the laser diode's temperature by dissipating excess heat generated

during lasing. This system ensures the laser diode's output power remains stable over

prolonged use (Muddasir, M. et al., 2023).

Myocardial Infarction Detection Microcontroller

A single-microcontroller-based system has been developed for the automatic

detection of myocardial infarction (MI) using the Edge Computing paradigm. Two

solutions for MI detection were evaluated: one based on Machine Learning (ML) and the

other on Deep Learning (DL) techniques. These algorithms, derived from existing

approaches in the literature, were optimized for deployment on low-resource hardware.

The feasibility of implementing them on a single 32-bit microcontroller with an ARM

Cortex-M4 core was assessed, comparing accuracy, inference time, and memory usage.

The ML approach involves substantial data processing for feature extraction combined

with a simpler Neural Network (NN), while the DL approach uses Spectrogram Analysis
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for feature extraction and a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with longer inference

times and higher memory usage. Both methods utilize the same low-power hardware,

achieving accuracies of 89.40% and 94.76%, respectively. The resulting prototype is an

energy-efficient system capable of real-time MI detection without relying on remote

servers or the cloud, as all processing occurs at the edge, allowing NN inference on the

microcontroller itself (Gargnaniello, M. et al., 2024).

Learning Inference on the Microcontroller

With the rise of Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML) inference applications,

deploying TinyML models on low-power Microcontroller Units (MCUs) has garnered

significant interest. However, this deployment is challenging due to the MCUs' resource

limitations, including limited flash memory, constrained SRAM memory, and slow CPU

performance. Unlike standard layer-wise inference, patch-based inference reduces the peak

usage of SRAM memory on MCUs by storing small patches instead of the entire tensor in

SRAM. Nevertheless, patch-based inference significantly increases the number of

multiply-accumulate operations (MACs) compared to layer-wise methods, leading to a

substantial computational burden that makes it less suitable for MCUs. This research

introduces StreamNet, which utilizes a stream buffer to eliminate redundant computations

in patch-based inference. StreamNet incorporates 1D and 2D streaming processing and

features a parameter selection algorithm that automatically enhances patch-based inference

performance with minimal SRAM memory requirements on the MCU. In tests on 10

TinyML models, StreamNet-2D achieves an average speedup of 7.3 times and reduces

MACs by 81% compared to the state-of-the-art patch-based inference (Hong-Zeng et al.,

2023).
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Transformers on Microcontrollers

Deploying deep learning models on IoT devices like microcontrollers significantly

advances ecological AI. While conventional methods successfully enable convolutional

neural network inference for high-resolution images on microcontrollers, the framework

for vision transformers, which achieve state-of-the-art performance in many vision

applications, is still underexplored. This paper introduces a hardware-algorithm co-

optimization method named MCU Former to deploy vision transformers on

microcontrollers with very limited memory. This approach involves jointly designing the

transformer architecture and creating an inference operator library to fit within memory

constraints. Specifically, we extend the one-shot network architecture search (NAS) to

identify the optimal architecture for the highest task performance within the memory

budget of microcontrollers. This is achieved by expanding the search space of vision

transformers to include low-rank decomposition dimensions and patch resolution for

memory reduction. For constructing the inference operator library, we optimize the

memory buffer usage during inference through operator integration, patch embedding

decomposition, and token overwriting, maximizing the memory buffer's adaptation to the

vision transformer's forward pass. Experimental results show that MCUFormer achieves a

73.62% top-1 accuracy on ImageNet for image classification using 320KB of memory on

an STM32F746 microcontroller (Yinan et al., 2023).

Identification With Laser Sensors

Research has highlighted the potential of ultrasonic sensors as a non-contact

technology for water level monitoring. While LiDAR sensors are less affected by adverse
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weather conditions common during floods, such as dust, fog, and rainfall, their

applicability in this area has not been extensively studied. Previous research has not

examined the influence of complicating factors on prediction quality or explored the

advantages of combining LiDAR with Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) and machine

learning for enhanced predictions. In this study, a dataset was collected under controlled

laboratory conditions using synchronized data from a LiDAR, an ultrasonic sensor, and an

IMU in an experimental setup. Variables such as incidence angle, distance, and water

turbidity were controlled to assess their impact on predictions. Traditional machine-

learning techniques were tested to integrate data from distance and inertial sensors,

resulting in lower error rates compared to predictions from individual sensors. The findings

showed a significant reduction in mean absolute error, root mean squared error, and

coefficient of determination across all levels of water turbidity and incidence angles,

particularly with tree-based ensemble methods. The ultrasonic sensor yielded better results

for low water turbidity and high incidence angles, though no statistically significant

differences were found in other scenarios (Caetano M. et al., 2024).

Based on DFB Laser Sensor

Fiber laser sensors have the potential to replace traditional piezoelectric sensors for

determining the position of acoustic emission (AE) sources. This study introduces an

enhanced method for AE source localization utilizing distributed feedback (DFB) fiber

laser sensors and particle swarm optimization (PSO). It examines factors such as the impact

of differences in interferometer arm lengths and the directivity of the DFB sensor. The

performance of the hyperbolic localization algorithm and the PSO algorithm in locating

AE sources on plexiglass panels are compared. The experimental results indicate that the
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PSO-based localization algorithm achieves higher accuracy than the traditional hyperbolic

algorithm, reducing the localization error by 39% to 0.41 cm. This improvement suggests

potential applications in building structural health monitoring (Yunxin H. et al., 2024).

Sensory System

On-skin sensors can accurately detect crucial electrophysiological signals such as

electroencephalogram (EEG), electrocardiogram (ECG), and electromyogram (EMG).

Despite significant progress in developing soft materials for electrode sensors, the data

acquisition (DAQ) unit—another essential component of on-skin electronic sensor

systems—often remains bulky or limited to unimodal sensing. This hampers the portability

of the sensory system and the comprehensiveness of the data collected. In this study, a

portable and multimodal DAQ unit is designed to address these issues. The DAQ unit is

combined with low-impedance (<100 Ω) laser-induced graphene on-skin electrode sensors,

a wireless communication module, a power supply module, and a 3D-printed protective

shell, resulting in a complete sensory system capable of monitoring EEG, ECG, and EMG

simultaneously. The system is lightweight at 22 g and cost-effective at $25. Additionally, a

mobile app has been developed to display the detected electrophysiological signals in real

time. The designed sensory system demonstrates its potential for human-machine

interfaces and embedded machine learning, suggesting applications in artificial

intelligence. This cost-effective, portable, three-in-one electronic sensory system

highlights the design, fabrication, and commercialization possibilities of multifunctional

wearable electronics for a variety of applications, including fitness tracking, medical

diagnostics, and human-machine interfaces (Quan Z. et al., 2022).

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Fiber Laser-Sensor

The core-offset Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) was created by fusion splicing

three segments of single-mode fiber, serving as a wavelength selective filter and sensing

head. Experimental results indicate that within a strain range of 0 to 333.333 με, the laser

emission wavelength shifts linearly from 1554 to 1557 nm, yielding a strain sensitivity of

5.2332 pm/µε and an R² value of 0.9988. The laser emission features a linewidth of 20 pm

and a single-mode suppression ratio of 45 dB. Additionally, the fiber laser demonstrates

stable output power at room temperature, along with compactness and robustness (Yuchen

W. et al., 2023).

Calibration Method of Line Laser Sensor

From the perspective of 3D reconstruction, this paper initially examines how errors

in hand-eye calibration of line laser sensors impact the accuracy of 3D reconstructed point

clouds. Building on this analysis, and considering the effects of measurement errors from

line laser sensors as well as the need for efficiency and ease in robotic manufacturing

systems, the paper introduces a 3D reconstruction-based hand-eye calibration method for

robot line laser sensors. This method, which incorporates point cloud registration

techniques, uses a newly defined error index that more intuitively reflects calibration

results compared to traditional methods. To enhance the calibration algorithm's

performance, a Particle Swarm Optimization - Gaussian Process (PSO-GP) method is

employed, improving calibration efficiency. Experimental results demonstrate that the

proposed method achieves a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 0.1256 mm for the
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reconstructed point cloud, with a reprojection error that outperforms traditional hand-eye

calibration methods (Mingyang Y. et al., 2021).

Arduino in Primary Education

In the realm of education, these advancements have facilitated the adoption of

initiatives like computational thinking, particularly through interdisciplinary approaches

such as STEM education and tools like Arduino. This article primarily aims to scrutinize

Arduino's utilization and accomplishments in primary education. To achieve this, a

thorough review was conducted using SCOPUS and Web of Science databases, employing

the PRISMA statement and the SALSA framework. Nine scholarly articles from the past

seven years were selected based on predefined criteria. The qualitative software ATLAS.ti

was utilized to analyze the findings. These studies reveal that problem-based learning

(PBL) within the STEM framework is the predominant methodology for integrating

Arduino into teaching practices. Additionally, programming platforms like Scratch and

various electronic components have been leveraged, facilitating the development of

computational thinking and the acquisition of technological proficiency, among other

outcomes (Pedro G. et al., 2023).

Programming With Arduino

In many educational systems worldwide, there's a recent emphasis on fostering

programming skills and computational thinking within formal education. While initial

efforts start from early schooling, this study zeroes in on secondary education. It aims to

scrutinize how Arduino, along with its advantages and opportunities, is integrated into

secondary school curricula. Employing a systematic review based on the PRISMA 2020
 24

framework and the PiCoS strategy, documentary research was conducted, with data

analysis carried out using Atlas.ti 9. Among 316 papers, 37 were selected for analysis.

Arduino finds primary application in technology and physics classes, extending to

interdisciplinary STEAM projects. Its utility ranges from teaching programming languages

to facilitating science experiments. Common resources utilized alongside Arduino include

LED lights, servomotors, and breadboards, with Scratch emerging as the most prevalent

software. Implementation of Arduino initiatives has shown both positive outcomes, such

as heightened student motivation and soft skill development like problem-solving,

alongside challenges like project complexity (Jose A. et al., 2024).

Processes Using an Arduino

A cost-effective and user-friendly Arduino-based automated system was utilized to

continuously monitor the consumption of hydrogen peroxide during the photo-Fenton

degradation of caffeine, chosen as the target compound for this study. This automated setup

enabled the measurement of H2O2 concentration in the reaction vessel through a

colorimetric reaction and facilitated sampling for HPLC analysis, thereby minimizing

manual intervention by operators and their exposure to UV radiation. Comparative analysis

between results obtained from the automated system and those from manual measurements

using UV-Vis spectrophotometry showed superior analytical performance by the

automated system. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were found to

be 0.032 mM and 0.106 mM, respectively, for the automated system, while for UV-Vis

spectrophotometry, they were 0.064 mM and 0.213 mM. Additionally, optimization of the

photo-Fenton treatment was conducted through Design of Experiments (DoE), exploring

the impact of varying H2O2 concentration, iron concentration, and initial caffeine
 25

concentration on system performance. Employing the automated device for monitoring

provided several advantages, including automation leading to reduced workload, enhanced

measurement precision, decreased consumption of reagents, and minimized waste

production, aligning with the principles of Green Analytical Chemistry (Kevin A. et al.,

2024).

Robot Using Arduino

Robotic aides alleviate the manual workload for individuals in their everyday

activities. This study presents the creation of a personal assistant robot that responds to

voice commands. Equipped with its own microphone, the robot interprets and acts upon

spoken instructions, providing audible feedback. Capable of various tasks such as

movement, turning, object relocation, and engaging in conversation, the robot processes

commands in real-time through an offline server, with speech signals transmitted via USB

cable. Developed on a microcontroller-based platform, the robot's performance shows

promising results in initial tests. Potential enhancements for home, hospital, automotive,

and industrial applications are also explored (Vineeth T. et al., 2024).

Development of Arduino-Based

A cost-effective Arduino-based four-channel data acquisition system was designed

and developed to optimize sensor parameters in the quest for suitable chemiresistive gas

sensing materials for specific gases. This system not only captures data simultaneously but

also maintains the desired operating temperature (up to 300 °C) for four sensing elements.

It utilizes sixteen analog and digital channels of the Arduino nano microcontroller. The

sensing circuit can detect resistance changes ranging from 20 kΩ to 5 MΩ at a speed of 15

 26

kHz. Through rigorous testing, validation, and demonstration, this system proves effective

in studying the gas sensing properties of chemiresistive NO2 sensors made with ZnO

nanowires. This affordable and straightforward solution holds promise for developing

targeted chemiresistive sensors, especially for exploring the gas sensing capabilities of

metal oxide semiconductors (Deepak G. et al., 2024).

Wifi Module

The Internet of Things is the technology that allows the exchange of data between

objects through various communication channels. With the development of wireless

communication technology, data can be controlled remotely from the devices. Thanks to

the dynamic structure of the Internet, the Internet of Things makes an important

contribution to the growth of the IT sector and the development of the technology world.

In this study, a wireless sensor network based method is recommended for internet of

objects. Wireless access devices in the campus networks and ESP8266 devices are

connected to each other and a large network of wireless sensors have been developed. Data

from the temperature and humidity sensor connected to ESP8266 devices can be monitored

via the wireless network in the campus area. The data from the ESP8266 modules used in

the study are collected on a server and monitored and reported in real time. It is a significant

advantage that the proposed method is a dynamic wireless sensor network and low cost.

Considering the advantages that the developed system can be easily used and low cost in

existing Wi-Fi networks, it is seen that there is an important study in the literature. (Ertam

et al., 2020).
 27

Wireless communication design

The implementation of the internet of things (IoT) has been many researched. Some

applications have their own designs and special uses. Low-cost designs and multi-usage

are always targeted on the implementation either using a microcontroller or field

programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The reconfigurable device of FPGA in some cases has

advantages in its uses. This paper has designed the communication of the radio frequency

(RF) for the IoT using wireless communication based on the FPGA and wireless fidelity

(WiFi) of the ESP8266 WiFi module. The research methodology used in this paper was a

simulation using Xilinx ISE software for the device of the Xilinx Spartan-3E FPGA that

has been configured using Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description

Language (VHDL). The result of the ESP8266 driver based on the FPGAs is sent to the

JSON based website. (Maroo, 2023).

Low-Cost IOT Device Security

Communities across America have witnessed increased crimes such as shoplifting,

car break-ins, burglaries, home invasion, and even mailbox theft. Mailboxes are easily

accessible from curbs, and most have no locks making them accessible and attractive

targets for thieves. Additionally, these thieves can empty the mailboxes of entire

neighborhoods at a time. Due to stolen mail, many homeowners have been victims of

identity theft and other financial crimes. While homeowners have access to various home

security devices and systems, their mailboxes remain largely unprotected. This study

analyzes the effectiveness of a low-cost device that utilizes home Wi-Fi, the Internet of

Things (IoT), and cloud computing to secure standard mailboxes. Once installed in a

standard mailbox, the device sends alerts to the homeowner shortly after the mailbox is
 28

opened. The possibility of leveraging communication from multiple “secure mailboxes” in

a neighborhood to detect in-progress thefts and alert homeowners of possible upcoming

thefts is also discussed. Tests indicated that a cloud-connected mailbox sensor was effective

when connected to a home Wi-Fi network. A cloud-connected secure mailbox is a reliable,

cost-effective solution to address mailbox security.

System using WiFi Technology

Design and Implementation of an Advanced Home Automation System using Wi-

Fi Technology. A system of remote monitoring and self auto controlling are very much

necessary. Smart home appliances are one the beneficiary of system equipped with home

appliances which we wish to control smartly from anywhere. Machine-to-Machine and

Man-to-Machine are the basic communication platforms that enable home appliances to

communicate with each other to be more efficiently operated. According to the

experimental results, the impact of wireless interference on the proposed smart home

control network is substantially mitigated. Additionally, a smart control algorithm for

lighting systems and an analysis of the illumination of lighting is present. The energy

saving of lighting systems relative to those without smart control is evaluating. Numerical

results indicate that the electricity consumption on a sunny or cloudy day can be reduced

by at least 40% under the smart control. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the

smart home automation network communication protocols that are used to enable

bidirectional communication between the home owners, utilities and smart home

appliances. Moreover, a prototype for the proposed smart home control network with the

smart control algorithm is implemented. (Gavsane and Kolhe, 2024).

 29

Monitoring and Controlling System

Logistics play a major role in the fast-changing world with billions of parcels

delivered globally. This paper uses the NodeMCU system platform to automate parcel

delivery monitoring and control via the Internet of Things (IoT). This initiative was born

out of a current parcel drop box practice study, which revealed that parcels delivered to and

placed in drop boxes are frequently lost and abandoned by users. The main purpose of this

research is to provide convenience to the consumer by notifying them when their parcel is

delivered and safely protecting the parcel in the drop box, therefore at once can improve

the parcel delivery systems smartly. Furthermore, this research will help promote the

Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0), which will make all systems smarter and more

automated by alerting consumers to parcels and receiving notifications via their

smartphones. The Infrared (IR) obstacle sensor is used to detect the existence of the parcel.

When a parcel is dropped in the drop box, the sensor activates and interfaces with the Wi-

Fi Module, which sends a notification to the user’s phone via the Blynk app. The smart

drop parcel application may be installed on Android and iPhone devices. The Arduino IDE

and the Blynk platform were utilized. The Arduino IDE is used for compiling and

uploading the software to the NodeMCU, and the Blynk platform is used for displaying

parcel notifications and controlling the lock mechanism. It is accessible from any location

as long as it is linked to the internet. As a result, the I-Dropbox has fully functioned and

accomplished its objectives. According to the study’s findings, the I-Drop Box helps users

resolve the issues stated. (Rihas, 2023).

Mobile Application
 30

A mobile application is a software program that runs on mobile devices. In 2017,

178.1 billion mobile apps were downloaded, and the number is expected to grow to 258.2

billion app downloads in 2022. The number of apps poses a challenge for mobile

application testers to find the right approach to test apps. This paper presents a black-box,

model-based testing approach to test mobile apps (FSMApp). It is an extension of an

existing approach to test web applications. We present the FSMApp approach and compare

the approach with another black-box MBT approach. A number of case studies explore

applicability, scalability, effectiveness, and efficiency of FSMApp with this approach.

(number of words is 16,349). (Alhaddad et al., 2023)

Why people choose Mobile Apps

Applications on mobile phones have developed into a fiercely competitive

marketplace on both Android and iOS models (Auxier and Anderson, 2021). While positive

reviews, recommendations and word of mouth may drive market success for many Apps,

there is little understanding about the relative influences of utility, usability, and other

factors on why people download and use particular Apps or reject them, outright or after a

period of use. Several researchers have investigated the importance of mobile applications

and studied factors influencing user choice, including personalisation (Tunney, 2018),

practicability (Gefen et al., 2003), influence of society (Venkatesh et al., 2003) and

performance (Malik et al., 2017). In this paper we investigate whether or not user

experience is an important influence on users’ choice and decisions to keep using or

abandoning Apps. (Al-Shamaileh and Sutcliffe, 2023)

Impact of Mobile Application

 31

Mobile touchscreen applications present new opportunities for children’s language

learning. This systematic review synthesizes the evidence on the impact of features of

mobile applications on children’s language learning. Experimental studies published from

2010 onwards with children aged 3 to 11 years old were included. Of the 1,081 studies

screened, 11 studies were identified, which examined four features of mobile touchscreen

applications: inbuilt narration, real-time conversation prompts, augmented reality (AR),

and hotspots. Inbuilt narration had a positive impact on story comprehension and word

learning compared to reading alone but not shared reading with an adult. Real-time

conversation prompts improved the quality and quantity of adult-child talk, and AR

supported language learning ostensibly via increased motivation. No evidence was found

for an impact of text-relevant hotspots. Limitations of the existing literature are discussed,

and a strong case is made for further research in the area, particularly that which builds on

learning theory and existing qualitative research. (Hodgkiss and Murphy, 2021)

Ethical issues

Nowadays, artificial intelligence (AI) affects our lives every single day and brings

with it both benefits and risks for all spheres of human activities, including education. Out

of these risks, the most striking seems to be ethical issues of the use of AI, such as misuse

of private data or surveillance of people's lives. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review

is to describe the key ethical issues related to the use of AI-driven mobile apps in education,

as well as to list some of the implications based on the identified studies associated with

this research topic. The methodology of this review study was based on the PRISMA

guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The results indicate four key ethical

principles that should be followed, out of which the principle of algorithm vigilance should
 32

be considered in order to monitor, understand and prevent the adverse effects of algorithms

in the use of AI in education. Furthermore, all stakeholders should be identified, as well as

their joint engagement and collaboration to guarantee the ethical use of AI in education.

Thus, the contribution of this study consists in emphasizing the need for joint cooperation

and research of all stakeholders when using AI-driven mobile technologies in education

with special attention to the ethical issues since the present research based on the review

studies is scarce and neglected in this respect. (Klimovs et al., 2022)

Web Based Smart Mailbox System.

This paper is concerned with the issue of smart mail boxes that are used for

shipment of courier items with or without the existence of person in the house. The main

aim of this paper to build a web based Smart Mailbox System. This proposed system

reduces the work of human in their absence. The vital part of the system is to receive the

arrived courier in a safe and secured way such that no other person can open the mailbox

without the required technology. The web based smart mailbox is implemented using the

hardware developed. The software coding give commands to operate the developed

hardware. A low cost environment is built using Raspberry pi. All the hardware part of the

system ensures to have the appropriate components that satisfy required functions and the

software part assures correct operations of hardware components. (Sukhi et al., 2020)

IDE

An integrated development environment (IDE) is a software suite that consolidates

basic tools required to write and test software.

 33

Developers use numerous tools throughout software code creation, building and

testing. Development tools often include text editors, code libraries, compilers and test

platforms. Without an IDE, a developer must select, deploy, integrate and manage all these

tools separately. An IDE combines many of those development tools together in a single

graphical user interface (GUI). The IDE is designed to simplify software development and

can identify and minimize coding mistakes and typos.

Some IDEs are open source, while others are commercial offerings. An IDE can be

a standalone application, or it can be part of a larger software package.

Security-aware IDE

An effective way for building secure software is to embed security into software in

the early stages of software development. Thus, we aim to study several evidences of code

anomalies introduced during the software development phase, that may be indicators of

security issues in software, such as code smells, structural complexity represented by

diverse software metrics, the issues detected by static code analysers, and finally missing

security best practices. To use such evidences for vulnerability prediction and removal, we

first need to understand how they are correlated with security issues. Then, we need to

discover how these imperfect raw data can be integrated to achieve a reliable, accurate and

valuable decision about a portion of code. Finally, we need to construct a security actuator

providing suggestions to the developers to remove or fix the detected issues from the code.

All of these will lead to the construction of a framework, including security monitoring,

security analyzer, and security actuator platforms, that are necessary for a security-aware

integrated development environment (SIDE). (Ivaki and Antunes, 2020)

 34

Code Generation

In this paper, we introduce IntelliCode Compose – a general-purpose multilingual

code completion tool which is capable of predicting sequences of code tokens of arbitrary

types, generating up to entire lines of syntactically correct code. It leverages state-of-the-

art generative transformer model trained on 1.2 billion lines of source code in Python, C#,

JavaScript and TypeScript programming languages. IntelliCode Compose is deployed as a

cloud-based web service. It makes use of client-side tree-based caching, efficient parallel

implementation of the beam search decoder, and compute graph optimizations to meet edit-

time completion suggestion requirements in the Visual Studio Code IDE and Azure

Notebook. (Svyatkovskiy et al., 2020)

Usefulness of a visual programming IDE

Industrial control applications are usually designed by domain experts instead of

software engineers. These experts frequently use visual programming languages based on

standards such as IEC 61131-3 and IEC 61499. The standards apply model-based

engineering concepts to abstract from hardware and low-level communication. Developing

industrial control software is challenging due to the fact that control systems are usually

unique and need to be maintained for many years. The arising challenges, together with the

growing complexity of control software, require very usable model-based development

environments for visual programming languages. However, so far only little empirical

research exists on the practical usefulness of such environments, i.e., their usability and

utility. In this paper, we discuss common control software maintenance tasks and tool

capabilities based on existing research and show the realization of these capabilities in the

4diac IDE. We performed a walkthrough of the demonstrated capabilities using the

 35

cognitive dimensions of notations framework from the field of human–computer

interaction. We then improved the tool and conducted a user study involving ten industrial

automation engineers, who used the 4diac IDE in a realistic control software maintenance

scenario. Based on lessons learnt from this study, we adapted the 4diac IDE to better handle

large graphical models. We evaluated these changes in a reassessment study with

automation engineers from seven industrial enterprises. We derive general implications

with respect to large-scale applications for developers of IDEs that we deem applicable in

the context of (visual) model-based engineering tools. (Wiesmayr, 2023)

IDE for Robotics Research

We see the robot is engaged in every task, from the hazardous industrial

environment to the floor cleaning. We are benefited directly or indirectly from robots in

our everyday life. This is the untired efforts of many Robot researchers who play a

significant role behind the scenes. They pass lots of tests before releasing the robot for

humans. Most of the test procedure is to send the command from the IDE to the robot. The

researcher generally feels two types of constraints. One is various IDE. They spend lots of

time finding the tool's location for different robot vendors with their IDE. Another one is,

sometimes the proprietary robot IDE is not too fit for robot researchers. They need some

customizable IDE. But in the close source application is not possible to customization.

Here we described a procedure so that our two constraints can be solved. We developed a

smart robotic IDE that can operate various robots, introducing a hardware abstraction layer.

This IDE can also be configured in every aspect. It is an open-source application. The robot

researcher can easily customize it according to their need.

 36

Conceptual Model of the Study

The foundations, principles, and results of the relevant studies and the concepts of

the related literature and articles mentioned were used to design a conceptual model for the

Automated Mail and Parcel Notification System. Figure 1 shows the conceptual model of

the study.

The study began by gathering and collecting information to demonstrate the issue

to be addressed and emphasize the significance of the study. To seek concepts, foundations,

and principles, related literature and studies were also gathered. These include articles and

studies related to mail, parcel delivery, delivery notification systems, single-board

computers, laser sensors, image recognition, object verification, and the Internet of Things

(IoT).

Mail and parcel notification is the subject of the study. The reason why mail and

parcel notification is that the subject community depends on timely and efficient

notification of deliveries. This is crucial for managing household or office activities.

Several parameters in mail and parcel delivery were taken into consideration in the

first step. Following the factors that affect delivery notification, image recognition and

object verification are considered more significant, so they need to be monitored. The

monitoring status is broadcasted utilizing a delivery notification system that can be viewed

via SMS or e-mail.

It is also realized that monitoring without ensuring the accuracy and efficiency of

the notification system is useless, so several methods for notification were considered as

per the research. The combination of prototype design, fabrication, and assembly, followed
 37

by testing and improvement, was chosen as the principal mechanism for developing the

automated mail and parcel notification system, even though many techniques appear to be

promising based on the study. The decision was made based on the availability of the

technology to be used and the provision for post-fabrication improvement.

Several requirements were considered in the selection of the hardware components

to be used in the prototype. A Raspberry Pi 4 Module B, laser sensor, high-definition

camera, and power supply were chosen among various types of components available. The

same goes for the selection of the software. Visual Studio Code and PyTorch/TensorFlow

were chosen for programming the system.

For the controller of the prototype, different single-board computers with various

specifications were examined to determine which type would best suit the project's

requirements and design, one which would be compatible with the sensors to be attached

and the notification system. Multiple pins for digital setup were present on the single-board

computer used. It is considered excellent because of the sensors, modules, and other

peripherals connected to the controller.

For the creation of the notification system, several programming software and

languages were considered. Upon looking at the research, the study would be excellently

executed using Visual Studio Code and PyTorch/TensorFlow. The subject community will

use the notification system, where most of the locals prefer SMS or e-mail notifications.

To choose materials for the project, checklists and specification sheets were

reviewed. According to the data acquired, metal casing of the prototype, screws, bolts, nuts,

and wires are ideal for designing the mail and parcel notification system. Furthermore, the
 38

prototype's creation was led and guided by study into the best tools and equipment to

employ during the process.

Figure 1. The Conceptual Model of The Study

Studies and literature were examined to determine the best methods for testing the

prototype's performance. Several evaluation methods were deemed suitable for assessing

the project's performance based on gathered information. Prototype design, fabrication, and

assembly followed by testing and improvement were chosen to evaluate the effectiveness

of the mail and parcel notification system. Additionally, further evaluation testing will be

implemented to assess the usability of the notification system.

Evaluation of the notification accuracy and system performance was among the

tests conducted. Notification logs, both before and after system implementation, were
 39

analyzed. The acceptance of the results was based on the accuracy and timeliness of the

notifications.

Operational Definition of Terms

This section of the chapter presents a list of terms used in the study with their definitions

with the goal to help the understanding in research. An operational definition of

terms refers to a detailed, specific, and measurable definition of a term used during data

collection. It standardizes how data is collected by clearly defining how to assess the

variable of interest.

3D Laser Technology that uses laser beams to create three-dimensional representations

of objects or environments.

Adaptive Selection process in which certain traits become more or less common in a

population due to consistent effects upon survival or reproduction.

Alert Threshold a predefined condition that triggers a notification, such as a package

delay exceeding 24 hours.

Arduino is open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and

software, commonly used for creating interactive projects.

Automated Notification System allows organizations to share information instantly

with recipients via email, SMS, or other digital channels. It provides real-time updates on

various events.

Classifier Design process of creating algorithms or models that classify data into

predefined categories, such as classifying emails as spam or not spam.

 40

Complexity the context of logistics operations, it refers to the intricacy and

interdependencies involved in managing supply chains, transportation networks, and

delivery routes.

Computer Vision field focused on enabling computers to interpret and understand

visual information from images or videos.

Delivery Confirmation proof that a mail or parcel has been successfully delivered to

the intended recipient, often including a timestamp and recipient’s signature.

Delivery Exception any deviation from the standard delivery process, such as failed

delivery attempts, damaged packages, or address discrepancies.

Delivery Notification Preferences customizable settings allowing recipients to choose

how and when they receive notifications related to their mail or parcel deliveries.

Delivery Route Optimization algorithms and data to optimize delivery routes for

efficiency, considering factors like traffic, distance, and delivery windows.

Delivery Status is the current state of a mail or parcel, such as "out for delivery,"

"delivered," or "delayed."

Delivery Window the estimated time frame for mail or parcel delivery.

Ego-motion is estimation of a camera’s motion or movement based on visual input.

Image Edge is computer vision, edges represent boundaries between different regions

in an image.

Innovation is the introduction of new ideas, methods, or products.

 41

IOT Devices or Internet of Things devices that are interconnected and can collect and

exchange data.

Last Mile Delivery refers specifically to the final leg of deliveries from distribution

centers directly to recipient addresses.

Logistics Operations term to the planning, coordination, and execution of activities

related to the movement of goods, including transportation, warehousing, and inventory

management.

Meta-information data that provides information about other data, such as

descriptions or annotations.

Parcel a package or item sent through the mail or a delivery service. Parcels can vary

in size and content.

Proof of Delivery the evidence that a mail or parcel was received by the intended

recipient.

Recipient an individual or entity who receives mail or parcels, which can be residential

or business addresses.

Smart Logistics the use of technology, data analytics, and automation to optimize

logistics operations, improve efficiency, and enhance decision-making.

Thriving E-commerce a successful and growing online retail industry where

businesses sell products and services via digital platforms.

Tracking Number a unique code assigned to a specific mail or parcel for monitoring

its movement throughout the delivery process.

 42

Transformers a type of machine learning model used primarily for natural language

processing tasks, capable of understanding context and meaning in text.

Undeliverable mail or parcels that cannot be delivered due to incorrect addresses,

refusal by the recipient, or other issues.

UV Radiation is Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths shorter than visible light,

used in various applications including sterilization and curing materials.

 43

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter includes the project design of the system, such as drawing projections,

block diagrams, and process flow diagrams following the concept of the study. These

figures have discussions to aid in the development of the system. It also presents the

system's project development, such as working drawings, interface design, and the step-

by-step procedures of the prototype fabrication.

Project Development

Every project adheres to a set of standard procedures during the development of the

system to ensure its success and completion. This study involves developing an automated

mail and parcel notification system: bridging physical delivery with digital connectivity.

The waterfall method of System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) has been considered.

Figure 8 presents the diagram that was made using Microsoft Word.

Figure 2. System Development Cycle of the Study

 44

The figure above shows the principles and approach of the Waterfall method SDLC.

The development of the system had undergone the six stages of the model as follows:

Requirements Gathering. The researchers studied what factors are needed to be

considered in creating the project, then come up with the initial list of requirements and

specifications based on the study's objectives.

Planning. The researchers planned out the hardware and software components of

the system following certain factors to be considered.

Designing and Development. The researchers formulated the initial design

focusing on the system's prototype. The second iteration involved designing a mobile

application intended to work simultaneously with the prototype. The system's prototype

was fabricated using a Arduino, interfaced with a laser sensor, Solenoid lock and RFID

Scanner. The sensors are used to detect and recognize mail and parcels. The data were

processed and managed using Android Studio and C/C++. The mobile application, which

provided notifications via e-mail, and a systematized way of security through a data base

which connects to the RFID was developed.

Evaluation and Testing. The researchers checked each function implemented in

the system against its specification to ensure that it performs the intended action. They

examined whether the prototype and application met the project's requirements and

specifications. The notification accuracy, object recognition, and overall system

performance were evaluated and tested. This stage also identified critical areas for

improvement.
 45

Deployment. The researchers had reached completion, and the system was

deployed in the subject community.

Maintenance. The researchers periodically checked with the intended users to

assess the system's effectiveness and functionality, performing maintenance actions

whenever needed. This ongoing maintenance ensured that the system continued to operate

efficiently and met the users' needs.

Fabrication Procedure

The detailed procedure to install the individual modules of the system

prototype is discussed and presented in the following discussions.

Mail and Parcel Detection System

• Prepare the components for the mail and parcel detection system and ensure

that all components are complete.

• Assemble the detection system according to the manual and setup

instructions provided.

• Attach the detection system in the main prototype compartment.

• Connect the detection system's power plug to the system power supply

HD Camera Setup

• Prepare Camera: Gather all components for the HD camera.

• Mount Camera: Mount the HD camera in a position to capture images of

incoming mail and parcels.

 46

• Connect to Arduino: Connect the camera to the Arduino for image capturing

and processing.

• Test Camera: Ensure the camera captures clear images and integrates with

the notification system.

Laser Sensor Setup

• Prepare the laser sensor components.

• Mount the laser sensors at the entry point of the mailbox or parcel

compartment.

• Connect the laser sensors to the Arduino.

• Ensure the sensors are correctly aligned to detect the presence of mail and

parcels.

Arduino Integration

• Prepare the Arduino module and all necessary components.

• Assemble the Arduino circuitry, ensuring all connections are secure.

• Place the Arduino in the main prototype compartment.

• Connect the Raspberry Pi's power cord to the dedicated 5V output of the

system power supply.

Locking System Installation

• Prepare the locking mechanism for the parcel entry point.

• Install the locking system at the entry point, ensuring it can secure and

release the cover as needed.

 47

• Connect the locking system to the Raspberry Pi 4 module to integrate with

the image recognition and object verification software.

• Configure the locking system to unlock the cover once image recognition

and object verification are completed and to lock again after the parcel is

detected by the laser sensors.

Notification System Setup

• Configure the notification system to send alerts via SMS or e-mail.

• Ensure the notification system is integrated with the image recognition

module.

• Test the notification system to verify it sends alerts accurately when mail or

parcels are detected.

Connecting the Prototype Compartment to the Power Supply

• Prepare all necessary power cords and connectors.

• Connect the prototype compartment to the main power supply.

• Ensure all components receive the required power and are functioning

correctly.
 48

Figure 3. Orthographic View of the Prototype

The figure above shows the orthographic views of the system prototype, which

includes the top view, side view, front view, and rear view. These views provide a

comprehensive understanding of the prototype's structure and component layout from

different perspectives.

Figure 4. Interface Design of the System

 49

In the following figure, the interface design is presented. The figure was made using

Microsoft Word and consists of different parts: the first one is the mail and parcel which

will come from the delivery rider or courier, next is the ESP32 Wi-Fi module that handles

wireless communication, next is the laser module and receiver that handle object detection

to push delivery notification. The Arduino Uno will control all the data from all the

components and send them their functions. Lastly, the mobile application receives delivery

notifications.

Tenant View Landlord View

Figure 5. Graphical User Interface of the Mobile Application

The Figure presented is the Graphical User Interface (GUI) design of the mobile

application. It will display, the dashboard for both the landlord and the tenant. In Tenant
 50

View it contains the locking system which has lock and unlocked features to open the

Parcel Mailbox. It is also shown that it will display a setting for the landlord to manage the

tenants.

Project Design

Figure 6. Isometric View of the Prototype

The illustration represents a conceptual design of an automated mail and parcel box

built using TinkerCAD, a popular 3D modeling tool. This system utilizes various

components including an Arduino Mega, ESP32 Wi-Fi module, laser sensors, and a camera

module, all housed in a multi-compartment enclosure with a measurement of 90 x 40 x 101

m³. Each component is strategically placed to maximize the system's functionality and

efficiency. The camera captures images of parcels and mail items as they enter the

compartments, providing an additional layer of verification and security by sending these

 51

images to the mobile application upon detection by the laser sensors. This ensures users

can visually confirm the receipt of their parcels and mail, even when they are not at home.

The project design is reasonably secure with multiple layers of protection, including RFID

authentication, laser sensors, solenoid locks, a camera for surveillance, and Arduino-

controlled access. It will use high-frequency (HF) or encrypted RFID for better security.

Images/videos are stored locally, they are encrypted and not easily deleted by an attacker.

It will use password protection or disable external access to the firmware.

Figure 7. Block Diagram of the System

The block diagram illustrates a smart mailbox system integrating various

components. A camera, positioned strategically within the mailbox, can capture images of

deposited items. Laser sensors at the Mail Entry Point and Parcel Entry Point, which are

slots for standard mail and larger parcels respectively, detect the presence of incoming mail

or parcels. This information is then sent to the central microcontroller, an Arduino. The
 52

Arduino also processes inputs from the RFID module, which provides authentication for

users accessing the mailbox. Based on this combined information, the Arduino controls the

solenoid lock, securing or unlocking the mailbox as needed. An ESP32/WiFi module

provides WiFi connectivity, enabling communication with a mobile app for remote

monitoring and control. The mobile app allows users to receive notifications, unlock the

mailbox, view captured images (if applicable), and perform other actions. The system is

powered by an AC power supply, which is converted to a regulated DC voltage by a DC

regulated power supply to ensure all components receive the appropriate power. A

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) or Li-ion battery pack can keep the system running

during power outages. The battery should be sized to handle the lock mechanism, sensors,

and microcontroller for extended periods. This smart mailbox system facilitates secure,

automated management of mail and parcels with remote access capability

 53

Figure 8. Process Flow Chart of The System

The Process Flow Chart of the Microcontroller shown in Figure 6. The parcel

delivery and notification system start with initializing components like laser sensors,

solenoid locks, Arduino, mobile device, RFID Scanner, Esp 32 Wi-Fi module and among

others, the system for sending parcels initiates. The person who is to send a mail/parcel.

Once the mail or parcel has been ready to put into the prototype make sure the prototype

and system is turned on after it is turned on drop the mail and parcel to its designated entry

points after that the laser sensors will detect it upon detection an integrated Camera will

capture the item and stores data upon the captured item then the Arduino will process the

triggered event and with the help of the ESP 32 Wi-Fi Modul and IoT it will send email

notification and the captured image of the said item to the linked mobile device. Once the

mail or parcel is in the prototype by accessing it there are two methods via mobile device

which requires Wi-Fi and a designated RFID card for the RFID scanner to unlock the

prototype which uses a solenoid lock after it unlocks open the hatch and take the mail and

parcel.
 54

Figure 9. Process Flowchart of the Mobile Application

Figure 10. Use Case Diagram of the System

The following figure is the use case diagram of the system It begins with a user

dropping mail or a parcel is initialized by a user dropping the mail or parcel into the system.

It is then taken over by the prototype, which keeps an eye on the item to make sure it gets
 55

noticed and stored correctly. After the item is safely inside the system, it alerts the intended

recipient of the item's arrival. The recipient is then able to come and interact with the

system to collect their mail or parcel. This diagram depicts the interaction of users with the

system, representing a smooth flow where the item goes from a drop-off point to the

collection point.

Operation and Testing Procedures

Operation procedure

To maximize system performance and output quality, several considerations need

to be considered before utilizing any of these strategies. The framework ensures the

prototype is placed at the billing address of the recipient's home to ensure the parcel and

mail will go directly into the prototype. It is preferable to use the power grid to supply the

system with power if it is accessible, to guarantee that the electricity entering the system is

reliable and capable of giving the prototype's hardware components adequate electricity to

operate. Before starting the procedure, connect the Arduino to the power brick that is

connected to the AC outlet, which provides supply to the prototype. Turn on the Arduino

and after that, make sure the ESP32 Wi-Fi module is connected to the Wi-Fi. Before any

operations are conducted, the enclosure needs to be empty to ensure maximum storage

capacity for incoming mail and parcels. Check the laser sensors to ensure there are no

obstructions for accurate detection at the entry points. To ensure security, check the RFID

receiver and card to see if they are functional, which activates the solenoid lock if it is

functional. Ensure the HD camera is operational for image capturing of delivered items.
 56

Finally, for real-time viewing of notifications and system status, an existing email and

mobile device is required for the linking process for the prototype.

General operating procedure

1. Ensure the prototype is placed at the recipient's billing address.

2. Plug the power brick into an AC outlet to supply power to the prototype.

3. Ensure the ESP32 is connected to the Wi-Fi.

4. Ensure the enclosure is empty to maximize storage capacity.

5. Check that there are no obstructions in front of the laser sensors and verify

sensor accuracy.

6. Verify that all entry points are secure. Test the application on the mobile and

RFID to ensure the solenoid lock is functional.

7. Link an existing email and mobile device for real-time viewing of

notifications and security locks.

8. Ensure the HD camera is operational for image capturing of delivered items.

9. Confirm that the prototype is ready for operation through linked email and

mobile notifications.

Testing Concept and Procedures

To ensure the quality of the system, several testing methods were conducted on the

prototype and notification system. The developed parcel and mail notification system with

an Arduino, RFID, sensors, and a camera was tested in terms of several factors.

Hardware Testing

Parcel and Mail Notification System

 57

Various components, including laser sensors, RFID card and reader, solenoid lock,

Arduino, and HD camera, are present in the prototype. The functionality of the mail and

parcel notification system will be determined by performing specific procedures such as

testing the sensors with different objects to ensure the right accuracy for detecting dropped

items. The output of sensors varies based on the entry point to which they are designated,

either the mail entry point or parcel entry point.

Testing Procedure for Entry Point Detection

1. Prepare an improvised parcel box and envelope for mail.

2. Drop the improvised parcel box and mail one at a time in the designated entry point

and monitor the laser sensor to see if they are triggered.

3. Record, analyze, and compare the test results.

4. Ensure the HD camera captures an image of the mail or parcel as it is dropped.

5. Verify that the captured image is sent through the mobile application upon laser

sensor triggering.

Software Testing

Software testing was done in each system to guarantee its performance in software

development, creating an Internet of Things (IoT)-based mail and parcel notification

system with a mobile application.

System Functional Testing

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System functional testing was carried out to examine the system's features and

functions, ensuring the software and hardware components deliver the desired results. The

following actions were performed on every iteration:

1. Distinguish the functions of the system build.

2. Create input data according to the system’s functions.

3. Determine the expected output according to the system’s functions.

4. Execute the test cases.

5. Compare the expected result to the actual result obtained.

6. Determine the postcondition.

7. Evaluate the application to see if it passed or failed.

Hardware to software integration testing

Hardware to software integration testing confirms that the hardware and software

interfaces in the system were defined and implemented appropriately. The following steps

will be taken to determine if the integration of hardware and software is successful:

1. Prepare an improvised parcel box.

2. Prepare the mobile device that is linked to the designated receiver.

3. Drop the improvised parcel box to the designated entry point on the prototype

where the laser sensor is located.

4. Check the notification on your mobile device through the mobile application.
 59

5. Ensure the HD camera captures an image of the parcel or mail as it is dropped and

that the image is sent through the mobile application.

6. Use the RFID or the mobile application to unlock the solenoid lock to open the

receiver and obtain the item.

7. Analyze the output to confirm that there is a notification, the captured image is sent

and visible on the mobile device, and the locking system is functional.

To document each functional test completed, a test case form was used. To assess

the efficacy of the system, the data were evaluated. The test case form for testing and

evaluation of the system is shown.

Table 1
Test Case Form
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• Test Suite ID - The specific ID for the test suite.

• Test Case ID – The specific ID for the test case.

• Test Case Summary - The summary or objective of the test case.

• Related Requirement – This is also the Test Suite ID that is being referenced to the

other test case scenarios.

• Prerequisites - All requirements or guidelines to be followed before the test is

carried out.

• Test Procedure - Step-by-step instructions for carrying out the test cases.

• Test Data - The test data, or reference data, will be used during the evaluation.

• Expected Result – The results based on the test protocols are projected.

• Actual Result - The actual result of the testing procedure that was conducted by

the assigned user or who executed the test case.

• Status – Either pass or fail. Another status is and 'Blocked' if testing is halted or

'Not Executed' if testing is not completed.

• Remarks – This field is open for comments, suggestions, or feedback.

• Created By – Name of the developer or researcher who created the test case.

• Date of Creation – This is when the test case was established.

• Executed By - The assigned user to test the following Test Suite ID.

• Date of Execution – The actual date the test case was carried out.

• Test Environment – It can be either network, hardware, or software.

• The test cases created to evaluate the system’s success are as described above.
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The Test cases were executed during the testing stage and the results were recorded

for each test case and indicated whether the test case was successful or not as shown. The

general test cases of this study consisted of one (1) test case. When a condition was

satisfied, the actual outcomes would fulfill the expectations. On the other hand, the failed

condition signifies the error of the case or the real outcomes that differ.

Table 2

Overall functionality test cases

Accuracy testing

The system's accuracy and error were tested, and the test case results were observed.

The Accuracy and Error were calculated using the formula below:

Where, TP = true positive

TN = true negative

FP = false positive

FN = false negative
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Evaluation Procedure

The Automated Mail and Parcel Notification System (AMPNS) ensures assessment

of the system’s ability in physical delivery with digital connection. The evaluation aims to

guarantee a user-friendly, efficient notification system by focusing on reliability,

performance, integration capability, and user satisfaction. General Evaluation Procedure:

• Documenting the steps for installing and configuring the AMPNS where we can

ensure clarity and completeness.

• Conduct initial tests to establish baseline performance metrics.

• Give the questionnaires to the evaluators

• Present controlled tests with simulated deliveries to measure performance and

accuracy.

• Introduce controlled errors to test the system’s error-handling and recovery

capabilities.

• Collect feedback from respondents.

• Analyze the data to identify trends and areas for improvement.

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Table 3

Rating Scale for Interpreting the Evaluation Result

NUMERICAL RATING DESCRIPTIVE RATING MEAN RATING

5 Excellent/Highly 4.51 – 5.00

Acceptable

4 Very Good/ Very 3.51 – 4.50

Acceptable

3 Good/Acceptable 2.51 – 3.50

2 Fair/Fairly Acceptable 1.51 – 2.50

1 Poor/Not Acceptable 1.00 – 1.50

A rating scale that includes descriptive and numerical ratings defines the system's

criteria for evaluation. A mean rating of 4.51 to 5.00 indicates that the system is "Highly

Acceptable." A mean rating of 3.51 to 4.50 indicates "Very Acceptable." A mean rating of

2.51 to 3.50 indicates that the system is "Acceptable." With a grade between 1.51 and 2.50,

the system is considered "Fairly Acceptable," while a number between 1.00 and 1.50

suggests that it is "Not Acceptable."

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APPENDIX A

Sample Evaluation Instrument

AUTOMATED MAIL AND PARCEL NOTIFICATION SYSTEM: BRIDGING

PHYSICAL DELIVERY WITH DIGITAL CONNECTIVITY

Instruction: Please evaluate the system by using the given scale and placing a

checkmark under the corresponding numerical rating.

Numerical Rating and Equivalent

1 – Not Good | 2 – Good | 3 – Very Good | 4 – Excellent

68
 69

APPENDIX B
 70

APPENDIX C
 71

Initial Proposed Budgetary Requirements

A. Hardware Requirements

B. Software Requirements
 72

RESEARCHERS’ PROFILE 1/5

LOVELY GRACE R. BARICUATRO

MRB Pilot Commonwealth Quezon City
Mobile No: 0945-423-4826
E-mail: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
• Technological University of the Philippines 2021- Present
Bachelor of Engineering Technology Major
in Computer Engineering Technology

• Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics 2019-2021

Strand
Commonwealth High School

WORK EXPERIENCE
• Golden Arches Development Corporation 2019 - 2021
CONFERENCES / SEMINARS / TRAININGS ATTENDED
• Lego Educational Robotics and Computer Technical 2018

• Summer Pre-Kindergarten Program 2018 - 2021

• Work Immersion 2021

• The Future is Coded: A Guide for 2024

Mapping your Way into the Tech World
 73

RESEARCHERS’ PROFILE 2/5

GON A. LUNA
1803 Interior 27 Kamagong St Kahilom 1 Pandacan, Manila
Mobile No: 0906-097-8169
E-mail: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

• Technological University of the Philippines 2021- Present

Bachelor of Engineering Technology Major
in Computer Engineering Technology

• Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics 2019-2021

Strand
Mariano Marcos Memorial
WORK EXPERIENCE
• Sukiya “Senior Restaurant Staff” (Zensho Philippines Inc.) 2022-Present
CONFERENCES / SEMINARS / TRAININGS ATTENDED
• Pre-Moving Up Seminar (Preparation for Senior High School) 2018

• Cyberbullying Seminar 2018

• Anti-Bullying Seminar 2019

• Career Guidance 2019

• Work Immersion 2021

• The Future is Coded: A Guide for 2024

Mapping your Way into the Tech World
 74

RESEARCHERS’ PROFILE 3/5

RUSSEL ROB C. MERCADO

404 P. De Guzman St Parada Valenzuela City
Mobile No: 0999-544-4030
E-mail: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

• Bachelor of Engineering Technology Major 2021- Present

in Computer Engineering Technology
Technological University of the Philippines - Manila

• Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics 2019-2021

Strand
Our lady Of Lourdes College Valenzuela

WORK EXPERIENCE
• R5M Powertools Trading 2019-Present
CONFERENCES / SEMINARS / TRAININGS ATTENDED
• Adelino Industrial Sales Valenzuela 2020

• The Future is Coded: A Guide for 2024

Mapping your Way into the Tech World
 75

RESEARCHERS’ PROFILE 4/5

JEWEL CLARIZ NAVA

1916 C San Antonio St. Remedios Malate, Manila
Mobile No: 0970-502-4409
E-mail: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

• Bachelor Engineering Technology 2021- Present

Major in Computer Engineering Technology
Technological University of the Philippines – Manila

• Science Technology Engineering Mathematics Strand 2019-2021

St. Anthony School - Manila

WORK EXPERIENCE
• SK Councilor – Sangguniang Kabataan 692 2023 – Present

CONFERENCES / SEMINARS / TRAININGS ATTENDED

• The Future is Coded: A Guide for 2024
Mapping your Way into the Tech World
 76

RESEARCHERS’ PROFILE 5/5

JAMES RAPHAEL A. VISTA

25 Roma St. Centraza Village Pamplona Uno Las Piñas City
Mobile No: 0991-181-3561
E-mail: [email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

• Bachelor Engineering Technology 2021- Present

Major in Computer Engineering Technology
Technological University of the Philippines – Manila

• Science Technology Engineering Mathematics Strand 2018-2020

Olivarez College-Parañaque

CONFERENCES / SEMINARS / TRAININGS ATTENDED

• TESDA Service Center – Contact Service 2021

• The Future is Coded: A Guide for 2024

Mapping your Way into the Tech World