PHYSICS Reviewer ⁃The bending of light is due to a change in its
speed.
Electromagnetic waves - Group of energy waves that are ⁃when light passes from a less dense substance
mostly invisible and can travel through empty space. (air) to more dense substance water) it slow down and
-Em energy is created by vibration that produce waves, bend into the more dense materiel (ex. a straw in a glass of
-measure the energy of Em waves by measuring its water)
frequency (Hz).
Frequency (Hz) - number of waves a vibration creates Thermal conductors- materials that conduct neat easily.
during a period of time. Thermal insulator - limit heat transfer.
-measure the energy of EM waves Electrical conductor- allow flow of electrical current
Electrical insulators- limit the flow of electrical currents
Wavelength (meters) = Frequency (Hz) Conductors- transfers heat between substances that are in
Radio wave: 10^3= 10^4 direct contact with each other,
Microwave 10^2 = 10^8 Good thermal conductor- aluminum, steel, copper (eg:
Infrared = 10^5 = 10^12 pots on the stove)
Visible = 5x10^6 = 10^15 Good thermal insulator- non-metals, rubber, wood and
Untraviolet = 10^8 = 10^16 Styrofoam
X-ray = 10^-10 = 10^18
Gamma ray = 10^-12 = 10^20 Mechanical Waves require the presence of a medium
EM Wave can propagate through empty space
The higher the frequency or number of waves the greater 1887 detected EM Waves
the energy of the radiation. EM Waves carry energy and momentun
Light - group of EM waves called visible light. -cover many frequency
Visible light - represents a particular color and the intensity
of the radiation, range of EM spectrum that can be James Clark Maxwell (1821-1879)
detected by human eye -Scottish Theoritical Physical
Infrared - Infrared radiation is a type of EM radiation that in -Developed EM theory of light
involves heat or thermal radiation. -Succesfully interpretation of the EM field
-All objects emit(give out) and absorb(take in) thermal -Also developed kinetic theory of gasses
radiation.
Speed of EM Waves
When the light interacts with objects it is either absorbed, -initial/final charge g=0 and f=0
reflected transmitted or refracted.
Absorption loss of light as it parses through a material. Heinrich Rudolf Hert (1857-1894)
Reflection- return of light as it passes through a material. -German Physicist
Transmission - passage of light through a material. -First to generate and detect EM Waves
Refraction- bending of light as they pass between -Most important discoveries in 1887
mediums. -Also shared other waves aspects on light
Absorption - the use of a microwave
Microwave - produce heat with electricity Plane EM waves
-range of waves in the electromagnetic spectrum with a -have a specific space-time
specific wavelength and frequency.
Reflection - occurs when light is returned by an object X-Direction
-cause the sunlight to scatter. -director of propagation
-it involves two rays: (in coming) incident ray and
(outgoing) reflected ray Rays
Transmission - light that passer through. -line along which the wave travels
Opaque- Reflect or absorb all light/block all the light
passing through. Plane wave
-no light pass through in an opaque objects -collection of waves
Translucent - Allow only a part of the light through
-allow some light to pass through Wave Front/Geometric Plane
Transparent - Allow all or mast light to pass/travel through. -surface connecting points of equal phase
see the light clearly in transparent material.
Shadows - formed when light is blocked by an object. Spherical Wave
-produced when light hits an opaque objects that prevent -situation is sphere
lights beams from passing through. The light beams are
absorbed by the object and casts a shadow. Momentum
Refraction - bending of light as it passes from one -EM waves transport momentum & energy
substance to another
•ex: observed when you go fishing) Production of EM Waves by an Antenna
⁃Creating an optical illusion -stationary charges nor steady currents
Radio Waves
-10⁴m to 0.1m
-used in radio and television
Microwaves
-0.3m to 10⁴m
-suited for radar system
Infrared Waves
-10`³m to 7x10`⁷m
-incorrectly called heat waves
-produced hot objects and molecules
Visible Light
-small portion of the spectrum
-detected by human eye
-5.5x10`⁷m
Ultraviolet Lights
-4x10`⁷m to 6x10¹⁰m
-Sun important source of UV lights
X-rays
-10`⁸m to 10`¹²m
-Most common source is acceleration of high-energy
-Used as a diagnostic tool in medicine
Gamma Rays
-10`¹⁰m to 10`¹⁴m
-Emitted by radioactive nuclei
SYMBOLS
λ-wavelength (m)
v-frequency (Hz)
Equantum-Energy of photon (J)
J-Joules
c-speed of light
h-planet's constant
GIVEN
c=3.0×10⁸m/s
h=6.626×10`³⁴J
FORMULA
λ=c/v
v=c/λ
Equantum=h•v
EX.
What is the λ of an EM Wave with a v of 3.0×10¹⁵Hz?
Given:
v=3.0×10¹⁵Hz
c=3.0×10⁸m/s
Find: λ?
Formula: λ=c/v
Solution:
λ=3.0×10⁸m/s / 3.0×10¹⁵Hz
λ=1.0×10`⁷m→Visible Light
