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EC3501 Wireless Communication LAB Manual
Electronics & Communication Engineering (Anna University)
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DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS
AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
REGULATION 2021
EC3501
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION LAB
SEMESTER –V
LAB MANUAL
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SYLLLABUS
CEC331 4G / 5G COMMUNICATION NETWORKS LABORATORY
30 PERIODS
COURSE OBJECTIVES
● To study and understand the concepts and design of a Cellular System.
● To Study And Understand Mobile Radio Propagation And Various Digital Modulation
Techniques.
● To Understand The Concepts Of Multiple Access Techniques And Wireless Networks
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Modeling of wireless communication systems using Matlab(Two ray channel and
Okumura –Hata model)
2. Modeling and simulation of Multipath fading channel
3. Design, analyze and test Wireless standards and evaluate the performance measurements
such as BER, PER, BLER, throughput, capacity, ACLR, EVM for 4G and 5G using Matlab
4. Modulation: Spread Spectrum – DSSS Modulation & Demodulation
5. Wireless Channel equalization: Zero-Forcing Equalizer (ZFE),MMSE
Equalizer(MMSEE),Adaptive Equalizer (ADE),Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE)
6. Modeling and simulation of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA for wireless communication
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS
7.
8.
TOTAL: 30 PERIODS
COURSE OUTCOMES:
Upon successful completion of the course the student will be able to:
CO1:Understand The Concept And Design Of A Cellular System.
CO2:Understand Mobile Radio Propagation And Various Digital Modulation Techniques.
CO3:Understand The Concepts Of Multiple Access Techniques And Wireless Networks
CO4:Characterize a wireless channel and evolve the system design specifications
CO5:Design a cellular system based on resource availability and traffic demands.
CO’s-PO’s & PSO’s MAPPING
CO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO1 PO1 PO1 PSO PSO PSO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 1 2 3
1 3 2 2 3 3 1 - - - - - 1 3 1 1
2 3 3 2 1 3 2 - - - - - - 3 1 2
3 3 3 3 3 2 2 - - - - - 1 3 1 2
4 2 3 2 2 2 2 - - - - - 1 2 1 1
5 2 - 3 3 2 1 - - - - - 1 2 2 2
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4G / 5G COMMUNICATION NETWORKS LABORATORY
Course Outcomes (COS)
After Completion of the Course , Students are able to,
Co Knowledge level Course outcomes
s
1 Understand The Concept And Design Of A Cellular System.
2 Understand Mobile Radio Propagation And Various Digital Modulation Techniques
3 Understand The Concepts Of Multiple Access Techniques And Wireless Networks
4 Characterize a wireless channel and evolve the system design specifications
5 Design a cellular system based on resource availability and traffic demands
6
List of Experiments Mapping with COS, POS and PSOs.
Exp. CO
Name of the Experiment POS PSOs
No S
SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS
Modeling of wireless communication systems using
1
Matlab(Two ray channel and Okumura –Hata model)
2 Modeling and simulation of Multipath fading channel
Design, analyze and test Wireless standards and evaluate
the performance measurements such as BER, PER,
3
BLER, throughput, capacity, ACLR, EVM for 4G and
5G using Matlab
Modulation: Spread Spectrum – DSSS Modulation
4
& Demodulation
Wireless Channel equalization: Zero-Forcing Equalizer
5 (ZFE),MMSE Equalizer(MMSEE),Adaptive Equalizer
(ADE),Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE)
Modeling and simulation of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA
6
for wireless communication
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS
7
8
Program Outcomes (Pos)
1. Engineering knowledge 7. Environment and sustainability
2. Problem analysis 8. Ethics
3. Design/ Development of solutions 9. Individual and team work
4. Conduct investigations of complex 10. Communication
problems 11. Project management and finance
5. Modern tool usage 12. Life –long learning
6. The engineer and society
Program Specific Outcomes(PSOs)
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PSO1: Highly proficient in fundamental concepts and able to find solutions for real
time complexities.
PSO2: Able to utilize advanced tools and techniques to develop innovative research
ideas for new applications.
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INDEX
S. Page
Date Experiment name Mark Sign
No. No
Content Beyond Syllabus
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EX. NO :1
DATE :
MODELING OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS USING
MATLAB(TWO RAY CHANNEL AND OKUMURA –HATA MODEL)
AIM:
To perform the Modeling of wireless communication systems using Matlab (Two ray
channel and Okumura –Hata model)
APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.N Apparatus Required Qty
O
1 PC with 8GB RAM 1
2 MATLAB R2021a and above version 1
THEORY
The Okumura model for Urban Areas is a Radio propagation model that was built using the
data collected in the city of Tokyo, Japan. The model is ideal for using in cities with many
urban structures but not many tall blocking structures. The model served as a base for the
Hata Model. Okumura model was built into three modes. The ones for urban, suburban and
open areas. The model for urban areas was built first and used as the base for others. In
wireless communication, the Hata Model for Urban Areas, also known as the Okumura-Hata
model for being a developed version of the Okumura Model, is the most widely used radio
frequency propagation model for predicting the behaviour of cellular transmissions in built
up areas. This model incorporates the graphical information from Okumura model and
develops it further to realize the effects of diffraction, reflection and scattering caused by city
structures. This model also has two more varieties for transmission in Suburban Areas and
Open Areas. Hata Model predicts the total path loss along a link of terrestrial microwave or
other type of cellular communications. This particular version of the Hata model is applicable
to the radio propagation within urban areas. This model is suited for both point-to-point and
broadcast transmissions and it is based on extensive empirical measurements taken.
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PROCEDURE
1. Open a MATLAB window
2. Write the program for Okumura Model in M editor, for the following
parameters
Base Station Antenna Height
Median Attenuation Relative to Free Space (900 MHz and 30 Km)
Gain due to the Type of Environment (Suburban Area)
Base Station Antenna Height Gain Factor
3. Write the program for HATA Model in M editor, for the following parameters
txr antenna height
rxr antenna height
T-R distance
4. Save the files in .m extension
5. Run the simulation
PROGRAM FOR OKUMURA MODEL
clc;
clear all;
close all;
Hte=[Link]; % Base Station Antenna Height
Hre=input('Enter the receiver antenna height 3m<hre<10m : '); % Mobile Antenna
Height
d =input('Enter distance from base station 1Km<d<100Km : '); % Distance in Km
f=[Link];
c=3*10^8;
lambda=(c)./(f.*10^6);
fspace_loss=[];
for i=1:length(f)
fspace_loss = 10.*log((lambda(1,i).^2)/((4*pi)^2)*d^2); % Free Space Propagation
Loss
end
Amu = 35; % Median Attenuation Relative to Free Space (900 MHz and 30 Km)
Gain_area = 9; % Gain due to the Type of Environment (Suburban Area)
Ghte= 20*log(Hte/200); % Base Station Antenna Height Gain Factor
if(Hre>3)
Ghre= 20*log(Hre/3);
else
Ghre = 10*log(Hre/3);
end
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Pt=50; %let transmitted power=50W
Pr=10*log(Pt/fspace_loss); %received power
% Propagation Path Loss
L50 = fspace_loss+Amu-Ghte-Ghre-Gain_area;
L50=[L50,zeros(1,1700)];
display('Propagation pathloss is : ');
disp(L50);
plot(f,L50,'LineWidth',2);
title('Okumura Model');
xlabel('Frequency (MHz)');
ylabel('Propagation Path loss(dB) at 50 Km');
grid on;
PROGRAM FOR HATA MODEL
clc;
clear all;
close all;
f=[Link];
Hte=100; %txr antenna height
Hre=5; %rxr antenna height
d=20000; %T-R distance
city_type=1
for i=1:length(f)
if(city_type==1) %1 for small city
a_Hre=0.8+((1.1.*log(f(i)))-0.7).*(Hre)-1.56.*log(f(i));
else
if(f(i)>=150 && f(i)<=200) %large city
a_Hre=8.29.*(log(1.54*Hre)).*2-1.1; %f<=300MHz
else if(f(i)>200 && f(i)<=200)
a_Hre=3.2.*log((11.75*Hre)).*2-4.97; %f>=300MHz
end
end
end
L50(1,i)=69.55+26.16.*log(f(i))-13.82.*log(Hte)-a_Hre+(44.9-
6.55.*log(Hte)).*log(d); %path loss
end
plot(f,L50,'LineWidth',2)
xlabel('Frequency (MHz)')
ylabel('Propagation path loss (dB)')
title('Hata Model');
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OUTPUT FOR OKUMURA MODEL
Enter the receiver antenna height 3m<hre<10m : 8
Enter distance from base station 1Km<d<100Km : 30
Propagation pathloss is :
Columns 1 through 12
24.6033 23.9475 23.3125 22.6971 22.1001 21.5203 20.9569 20.4089
19.8755 19.3560 18.8497 18.3558
Columns 13 through 24
17.8739 17.4033 16.9435 16.4940 16.0544 15.6243 15.2032 14.7909
14.3868 13.9908 13.6024 13.2214
Columns 25 through 36
12.8476 12.4806 12.1202 11.7662 11.4184 11.0765 10.7404 10.4098
10.0846 9.7646 9.4496 9.1395
Columns 37 through 48
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OUTPUT FOR HATA MODEL
RESULT
Thus the modeling of wireless communication systems using matlab(two ray channel
and okumura –hata model) is performed and corresponding propagation path loss for
the given frequency is noted successfully
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EX. NO :2
DATE :
MODELING AND SIMULATION OF MULTIPATH FADING CHANNEL
AIM:
To perform the Modeling and simulation of Multipath fading channel using
MATLAB.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.N Apparatus Required Qty
O
1 PC with 8GB RAM 1
2 MATLAB R2021a and above version 1
THEORY
Rayleigh fading is caused by multipath reception. The mobile antenna receives a large
number, say N, reflected and scattered waves. Because of wave cancellation effects, the
instantaneous received power seen by a moving antenna becomes a random variable,
dependent on the location of the antenna.
PROCEDURE
1. Open a MATLAB window
2. Write the program for Rayleigh in M editor, for the following parameters
3. The method for generating a Rayleigh random sequence with the desired temporal
correlation is given below
4. Define ‘N’ the number of Gaussian RVs to be generated, ‘fm’ the Doppler frequency
in Hz, ‘fs’ the sampling frequency in Hz, ‘df’ the frequency spacing which is
calculated as df=(2*fm)/(N-1) and ‘M’ total number of samples in frequency domain
which is calculated as M=(fs/df)+1.
5. Generate two sequences of N/2 complex Gaussian random variables. These
correspond to the frequency bins up to fm. Take the complex conjugate of these
sequences to generate the N/2 complex Gaussian random variables for the negative
frequency bins up to -fm.
6. Multiply the above complex Gaussian sequences ‘g1′ and ‘g2′ with Doppler Spectrum
‘S’ generated from -fm to fm. Calculate the spectrum at -fm and +fm by using linear
extrapolation.
7. Extend the above generated spectra from -fs/2 to +fs/2 by stuffing zeros from -fs/2 to
-fm and fm to fs/2. Take the IFFT of the resulting spectra X and Y resulting in time
domain signals x and y.
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8. Add the absolute values of the resulting signals x and y in quadrature. Take the
absolute value of this complex signal. This is the desired Rayleigh distributed
envelope with the required temporal correlation.
9. Save the file .m extension and run the simulation
PROGRAM CORRELATED RAYLEIGH FADING SIMULATOR
clear all; %Clear all variables
close all; %Close all figures
N=1024; %Number of Gaussian random variables
fm=10; %Doppler frequency
df=(2*fm)/(N-1); %Frequency seperation
fs=10*fm; %Sampling frequency
M=(fs/df)+1; %Number of points in the frequency domain
T=1/df; %Total duration of the fading sequence
Ts=1/fs; %Sampling time
g=randn(1,N/2)+j*randn(1,N/2); %N/2 Gaussian random variables
gc=conj(g); %N/2 conjugate Gaussian RVs
g1=[fliplr(gc), g]; %Combined vector of Gaussian RVs
g=randn(1,N/2)+j*randn(1,N/2); %N/2 Gaussian random variables
gc=conj(g); %N/2 conjugate Gaussian RVs
g2=[fliplr(gc), g]; %Combined vector of Gaussian RVs
f=-fm:df:fm; %Frequency vector
S=1.5./(pi*fm*sqrt(1-(f/fm).^2)); %Doppler spectrum
S(1)=2*S(2)-S(3); %Defining the end points
S(end)=2*S(end-1)-S(end-2); %Defining the end points
X=g1.*sqrt(S); %Gaussian RVs shaped by S
X=[zeros(1,(M-N)/2), X, zeros(1,(M-N)/2)]; %Filling in zeros upto +/-(fs/2)
x=abs(ifft(X)); %Taking the IFFT of X
Y=g2.*sqrt(S); %Gaussian RVs shaped by S
Y=[zeros(1,(M-N)/2), Y, zeros(1,(M-N)/2)]; %Filling in zeros upto +/-(fs/2)
y=abs(ifft(Y)); %Taking the IFFT of Y
r=sqrt(x.^2+y.^2); %Taking the absolute of x+j*y
t=0:Ts:T; %Defining the time vector
plot(t,10*log10(r/mean(r))) %Plotting
xlabel('Time(sec)') %X-label
ylabel('Signal Amplitude (dB)') %Y-label
OUTPUT CORRELATED RAYLEIGH FADING SIMULATOR
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RESULT
Thus, the Modeling and simulation of the Multipath fading channel (Rayleigh Fading)
using MATLAB is performed and responses are noted successfully.
EX. NO :4
DATE :
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MODULATION: SPREAD SPECTRUM – DSSS MODULATION &
DEMODULATION
AIM:
To perform the Modeling and simulation of Multipath fading channel using
MATLAB.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.N Apparatus Required Qty
O
1 PC with 8GB RAM 1
2 MATLAB R2021a and above version 1
THEORY
A collective class of signaling techniques are employed before transmitting a signal to
provide a secure communication, known as the Spread Spectrum Modulation. The main
advantage of spread spectrum communication technique is to prevent “interference” whether
it is intentional or unintentional.
The signals modulated with these techniques are hard to interfere and cannot be
jammed. An intruder with no official access is never allowed to crack them. Hence, these
techniques are used for military purposes. These spread spectrum signals transmit at low
power density and has a wide spread of signals.
Pseudo-Noise Sequence
A coded sequence of 1s and 0s with certain auto-correlation properties, called
as Pseudo-Noise coding sequence is used in spread spectrum techniques. It is a maximum-
length sequence, which is a type of cyclic code.
Narrow-band and Spread-spectrum Signals
Both the Narrow band and Spread spectrum signals can be understood easily by
observing their frequency spectrum as shown in the following figures.
Narrow-band Signals
The Narrow-band signals have the signal strength concentrated as shown in the
following frequency spectrum figure.
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Following are some of its features −
Band of signals occupy a narrow range of frequencies.
Power density is high.
Spread of energy is low and concentrated.
Though the features are good, these signals are prone to interference.
Spread Spectrum Signals
The spread spectrum signals have the signal strength distributed as shown in the following
frequency spectrum figure.
Following are some of its features −
Band of signals occupy a wide range of frequencies.
Power density is very low.
Energy is wide spread.
With these features, the spread spectrum signals are highly resistant to interference or
jamming. Since multiple users can share the same spread spectrum bandwidth without
interfering with one another, these can be called as multiple access techniques.
FHSS and DSSS / CDMA
Spread spectrum multiple access techniques uses signals which have a transmission
bandwidth of a magnitude greater than the minimum required RF bandwidth.
These are of two types.
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Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum FHSS
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum DSSS
Frequency Hopped Spread Spectrum FHSS
This is frequency hopping technique, where the users are made to change the frequencies of
usage, from one to another in a specified time interval, hence called as frequency hopping.
For example, a frequency was allotted to sender 1 for a particular period of time. Now, after a
while, sender 1 hops to the other frequency and sender 2 uses the first frequency, which was
previously used by sender 1. This is called as frequency reuse.
The frequencies of the data are hopped from one to another in order to provide a secure
transmission. The amount of time spent on each frequency hop is called as Dwell time.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum DSSS
Whenever a user wants to send data using this DSSS technique, each and every bit of the user
data is multiplied by a secret code, called as chipping code. This chipping code is nothing but
the spreading code which is multiplied with the original message and transmitted. The
receiver uses the same code to retrieve the original message.
Advantages of Spread Spectrum
The following are the advantages of spread spectrum −
Cross-talk elimination
Better output with data integrity
Reduced effect of multipath fading
Better security
Reduction in noise
Co-existence with other systems
Longer operative distances
Hard to detect
Not easy to demodulate/decode
Difficult to jam the signals
Although spread spectrum techniques were originally designed for military uses, they are
now being used widely for commercial purpose.
PROCEDURE
1. Open a MATLAB window
2. Write the program for Spread Spectrum – DSSS Modulation &Amp; Demodulation in
M editor, for the following parameters
3. Save the File in .m extension
4. Run the simulation
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PROGRAM
MODULATION: SPREAD SPECTRUM – DSSS MODULATION &
DEMODULATION
% % % % % % % % % Code for Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
clc;
close all;
clear all;
b=input('Enter The input Bits : ');
ln=length(b);
%Converting bit 0 to -1
for i=1:ln
if b(i)==0
b(i)=-1;
end
end
% Generating the bit sequence with each bit 8 samples long
k=1;
for i=1:ln
for j=1:8
bb(k)=b(i);
j=j+1;
k=k+1;
end
i=i+1;
end
len=length(bb);
subplot(2,1,1);
stairs(bb,'linewidth',2);
title('ORIGINAL BIT SEQUENCE b(t)');
% Generating the pseudo random bit pattern for spreading
pr_sig=round(rand(1,len));
for i=1:len
if pr_sig(i)==0
pr_sig(i)=-1;
end
end
subplot(2,1,2);
stairs(pr_sig,'linewidth',2); axis([0 len -2 3]);
title('PSEUDORANDOM BIT SEQUENCE pr_sig(t)');
% Multiplying bit sequence with Pseudorandom Sequence
for i=1:len
bbs(i)=bb(i).*pr_sig(i);
end
% Modulating the hopped signal
dsss=[];
t=0:1/10:2*pi;
c1=cos(t);
c2=cos(t+pi);
for k=1:len
if bbs(1,k)==-1
dsss=[dsss c1];
else
dsss=[dsss c2];
end
end
figure,
subplot(2,1,1);
stairs(bbs,'linewidth',2); axis([0 len -2 3]);
title('MULTIPLIER OUTPUT SEQUENCE b(t)*pr_sig(t)');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(dsss);
title(' DS-SS DEMODULATED SIGNAL...');
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OUTPUT
MODULATION: SPREAD SPECTRUM – DSSS MODULATION &
DEMODULATION
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RESULT
Thus, the Modulation: Spread Spectrum – DSSS Modulation &Amp ; Demodulation
using MATLAB is performed and responses are noted successfully.
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