CHAPTER 1: WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS

Unit of learning code CON/CU/PL/CR/01/5/A

Related Unit of Competency in Occupational Standard; Water supply and systems

1.1 Introduction to the unit of learning

This unit specifies the competencies required to install water supply and systems. It involves
preparing working drawings, identifying materials, quantifying and costing, identifying and
using pipework tools and equipment, installing pipe works, designing simple pipework and
install water distribution system. It applies in the construction industry.

1.2 Summary of Learning Outcomes

1. Prepare working drawings
2. Identify materials, quantify and cost
3. Identify and use pipework tools and equipment
4. Install pipe works
5. Design simple pipework
6. Install Water distribution system

1.2.1 Learning Outcome 1: Prepare working drawing

1.2.1.1 Introduction to the learning outcome
This outcome specifies the competencies required to prepare working drawings. It involves
preparing working drawings, interpreting different types of drawings like architectural,
mechanical, electrical, plumbing, manufacture and others during standard installation of water
pipes and systems in buildings. It applies in the construction industry.

1.2.1.2 Performance Standard

 1. Drawings are identified and selected based on the working drawings.
2. Scale of the drawing is read based on the drawing.
3. Measurements are converted based on best practice.
4. Symbols are identified based on standard practices.
5. Isometric pipework drawings are sketched based on best practice.
6. Simple working drawings are prepared based on specifications

1.2.1.3 Information Sheet

Engineering drawing is a two dimensional representation of three dimensional objects. In
general, it provides necessary information about the shape, size, surface quality, material,
manufacturing process, etc., of the object. It is the graphic language from which a trained person
can visualize objects.
Drawings prepared in one country may be utilized in any other country irrespective of the
language spoken. Hence, engineering drawing is called the universal language of engineers.
Any language to be communicative, should follow certain rules so that it conveys the same
meaning to everyone.
Terms and Concepts
Sketch; A sketch is a quickly executed, freehand drawing that is usually not intended as a
finished work.
Assembly drawings; Assembly drawings show how different parts go together, identify
those parts by number, and have a parts list, often referred to as a bill of materials.
Construction plan; is a detailed document, both written and visual which outlines how you
will complete a project or portion of one
Elevation; refers to an orthographic projection of the exterior (or sometimes the interior) faces
of a building that is a two-dimensional drawing of the building
Section view; is a view used on a drawing to. Show an area or hidden part of an object by.
Cutting away or removing some of that object.
Section; shows a view of a structure as though it had been sliced in half or cut along another
imaginary plane.
Classifications of drawing
Engineering drawing; it’s a two-dimensional visual representation of three-dimensional
objects and are used as a universal means of communication in industry.
Such drawings should be clear, concise and accurate. They should convey all information
complete and specified once only about:
 Information about the shapes, sizes and position of components
 Material requirements
 Instructions about the method of manufacture
Engineering drawing has three main parts;
 One or more views of an engineering component/object or an assembly of components
 Dimensions, symbols, explanatory and instruction notes
 A title blocks

Assembly drawing
A drawing that shows the various parts of a machine in their correct working locations is an
assembly drawing.
Manufacturing Drawing
They detailed component specifications. These are mostly used by suppliers, manufacturers, and
contractors to understand production quantities, materials required, and processes to be
followed during the delivery and installation of these components on-site.
Engineering drawings are extremely important as they provide a plethora of information to the
manufacturer, including:
 Type of material required for manufacturing and supply
 Detailed product dimensions
 Surface and cosmetic finishes
 Welding information
 Hardware requirements
 Types of Working Drawing; what is working drawing in construction cannot be
understood without knowing about its types. In construction, working drawing is further
of 5 types. These include the following:

 Architectural Drawing
 Structural Drawing
 Electrical Drawing
 Plumbing and Sanitary Drawings
 Finishing Drawing

Plumbing drawings
A plumbing drawing is a type of technical drawing that provides visual representation
and information relating to a plumbing system.

Uses of plumbing drawings.

It is used to convey the engineering design to plumbers or other workers who will use them to
help install the plumbing system.

It is also used to show clearly the location of fixtures, sanitary ware, pipework, valves and so
on, and illustrates how fresh water is to be supplied into a building and waste water removed.
To illustrate the separate hot and cold water supply, the pipe runs will usually be colored red
and blue respectively. Drainage pipes should be illustrated with the grade (slope) indicated.
Where manholes are included, a manhole schedule should detail the name, invert level,
cover level, and depth.

Plumbing layout is usually drawn into a copy of the floor plan for proper orientation with
existing plumbing fixtures, walls and partition outlines, and other utility features.
Figure 121:: Plumbing Layout
Isometric plumbing drawing.
It is a drawing with details representing pipes, fittings, and fixtures at a 45° angle, in plain terms
it’s the plumbing drawing scheme. The goal is to represent three-dimensional designs on two-
dimensional drawings

Figure 122: isometric drawing

Features of Piping Isometric Drawing

It is not drawn to the scale, but it is proportionate with exact dimensions represented. Pipes are
drawn with a single line irrespective of the line sizes, as well as the other configurations such as
reducers, flanges, and valves. pipes are shown in the same size.

DRAWING SYMBOLS
Because of the small scale used in most drawings, standard graphic symbols are used to
present complete information concerning construction items and materials. These typ
ical symbols are used so frequently in construction drawings that their meanings must be
familiar not only to the preparer, but to the user as well.
Plumbing symbols
Symbol is a form of a sign that may have deep meaning.
Plumbing symbols are used when drawing house plans and diagrams. The purpose of these
symbols is to indicate where the different elements of your plumbing system are located.

Plumbing symbols.
Floor plan

A floor plan is a drawing to scale, showing a view from above, of the relationships between
rooms, spaces, traffic patterns, and other physical features at one level of a structure.

Dimensions are usually drawn between the walls to specify room sizes and wall lengths. Floor
plans may also include details of fixtures like sinks, water heaters, furnaces, etc. Floor plans
may include notes for construction to specify finishes, construction methods, or symbols for
electrical items.
Floor plan
SCALE DRAWING
Scaling is a drawing method used to enlarge or reduce a drawing in size while keeping the
proportions of the drawing the same. Scales are generally expressed as ratios and the most
common scales used in furniture drawing are 1:1, 1:2, 1:5, and 1:10 for reducing and
possibly 2:1 for enlarging.
Scaling is used to either:

 Reduce the drawing in size so that it will fit onto the page, or

 Enlarge the drawing in size so that all required details are clearly visible.
Drawings can be scaled up or down using either a calculator or a scale rule.
To scale a drawing using a calculator:

 Divide the measurement by the scale if you want to reduce the drawing in size, or
 Multiply the measurement by the scale if you want to increase it in size.
Example 1: Scaling down

 A 50mm line is to be drawn at a scale of 1:5 (ie 5 times less than its original size). The
measurement 50mm is divided by 5 to give 10mm. A 10mm line is drawn.

 A 50mm line is to be drawn at a scale of 1:2. The

measurement 50mm is divided by 2 to give 25mm. A 25mm line is drawn.
Example 2: Scaling up

 A 50mm line is to be drawn at a scale of 5:1 (ie 5 times more than its original size). The
measurement 50mm is multiplied by 5 to give 250mm. A 250mm line is drawn.

 A 50mm line is to be drawn at a scale of 2:1. The

measurement 50mm is multiplied by 2 to give 100mm. A 100mm line is drawn.
To scale a drawing using a scale rule:
Scale rules allow us to directly set out measurements onto a drawing without having to convert
them to their scaled sizes by using a calculator first.
The whole process is made easier because these conversions are already made for us. On a scale
rule which has divisions of 1:5, each division represents 5mm and the measurements on the rule
indicate this.

On a scale rule which has divisions of 1:10 each division represents 10mm and the
measurements on the rule indicate this.
This is an example of a scaled drawing. Notice that the elevation is drawn at a scale of 1:10.
Included in the drawing is detail A, and this is drawn additionally at a scale of 1:1, or full size.

MEASUREMENTS
Measurement is the transformation of drawn information into descriptions and quantities,
undertaken to value, cost, and price construction work, as well as enabling
effective management.
Imperial measurements
Miles, feet and inches are old units of length. These are known as imperial units of length but
are not now commonly used in mathematics. There are 12 inches in a foot. An inch is roughly
equal to 2.5 centimeters.
How can you convert imperial measurement to metric measurements?
• 1 foot (12 inches) is equal to 30 centimeters
• 1 inch is about 25 millimeters or 2.54 centimeters
• A 3-foot measurement is almost exactly 1 meter

What is Metric System?

The metric system is a system of measurement that uses the meter, liter, and gram as base units
of length (distance), capacity (volume), and weight (mass) respectively.

To measure smaller or larger quantities, we use units derived from the metric units

 The given figure shows the arrangement of the metric units, which are smaller or bigger
than the base unit.
 The units to the right of the base unit are smaller than the base unit. As we move to the
right, each unit is 10 times smaller or one-tenth of the unit to its left. So, a ‘deci’ means one-
tenth of the base unit, ‘centi’ is one-tenth of ‘deci’ or one-hundredth of the base unit and
‘milli’ is one-tenth of ‘centi’ or one-thousandth of the base unit.

Linear Measure

10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)

10 centimeters = 1 decimeter (dm) = 100 millimeters

10 decimeters = 1 meter (m) = 1,000 millimeters

10 meters = 1 dekameter (dam)

10 dekameters = 1 hectometer (hm) = 100 meters

10 hectometers = 1 kilometer (km) = 1,000 meters

Area Measure

100 square millimeters (mm2) = 1 sq centimeter (cm2)

10,000 square centimeters = 1 sq meter (m2)

= 1,000,000 sq millimeters

100 square meters = 1 are (a)

100 ares = 1 hectare (ha)

= 10,000 sq meters

100 hectares = 1 sq kilometer (km2)

 = 1,000,000 sq meters

Volume Measure

10 milliliters (ml) = 1 centiliter (cl)

10 centiliters = 1 deciliter (dl) = 100 milliliters

10 deciliters = 1 liter (l) = 1,000 milliliters

10 liters = 1 dekaliter (dal)

10 dekaliters = 1 hectoliter (hl) = 100 liters

10 hectoliters = 1 kiloliter (kl) = 1,000 liters

How to Measure Pipe and Fitting Sizes

Convert Actual Diameter to Nominal Diameter
The easiest way to find what nominal pipe size you need is to use follow these steps and use the
conversion chart below.

For Male Threads

1. Measure the Outside Diameter (OD) of your pipe or pipe
fitting:
 Wrap a string around the pipe
 Mark the point where the string touches together
 Use a ruler or measuring tape to find the length between
the tip of the string and the mark you made
(circumference)
 Divide the circumference by 3.14159
 2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter
(pipe size).

For Female Threads

1. Measure the Inside Diameter (ID) of your pipe or pipe fitting
(use a ruler or tape measure).
2. Use the chart on this page to find the nominal diameter (pipe
size).

Nominal Diameter Conversion Chart

(All Measurements in Inches)

Outside or Inside Decimal Nominal Typical Threads Per

Diameter Equivalent Diameter Inch

5/16 0.313 1/16 27

13/32 0.405 1/8 27

35/64 0.540 1/4 18

43/64 0.675 3/8 18

27/32 0.840 1/2 14

1-3/64 1.050 3/4 14

1-5/16 1.315 1 11-1/2

1-21/32 1.660 1-1/4 11-1/2

 1-29/32 1.900 1-1/2 11-1/2

2-3/8 2.375 2 11-1/2

2-7/8 2.875 2-1/2 8

3-1/2 3.500 3 8

4 4.000 3-1/2 8

4-1/2 4.500 4 8

Pipes vs. Tubing

Pipe and tubing are not measured the same way. Tubing is measured and named based on
the actual outside diameter of the tube.
PEX, or Cross-Linked Polyethylene Tubing, is another technology fast becoming popular, and it
is measured and named by inside diameter.
Example:

Pipe vs. Tubing Outside Diameter

1/2” size pipe 27/32”

1/2” size tubing 1/2”

1.2.1.4 Learning Activities

Practical activity
 Study the architectural drawing below and identify the plumbing symbols used.
 Figure 123: Floor Plan
1.2.1.5 Self-Assessment

1. What is a plumbing layout?

2. Drawing symbols are very crucial in every drawing, state their purpose.
3. What is the purpose of scales in drawings?
4. Define metric measurement giving examples.
5. List four types of drawings a plumber shall encounter in the site while installing
sanitary appliance.
 1.2.1.6 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials

Tools/Equipment: Materials:
 Drawing boards  Drawing papers
 T square  Drawing pencils
 Set square  Drawing sets
 Blueprint machine/printer  Masking tape
 Steel rule  Construction drawings
 Lettering stencil  Classroom and classroom resources
 Scale rule  Manufacturer’s drawings

1.2.1.7 References
Black & Decker (2008). The Complete Guide to Plumbing (4th ed). Minneapolis: Creative
Publishing international, Inc. Retrieved from https://www.pdfdrive.com/
Chudley, R.G (1988). Building Construction Handbook (4th ed). MA: Reed Educational and
Professional Publishing Ltd.
Muscroft, S. (2005). Plumbing Book (2nd ed). MA: Elsevier Ltd. Retrieved from
https://books.google.co.ke/
American Society of Plumbing Engineers (2012). Plumbing engineering design handbook (vol.
4). Retrieved from www.aspe.org
Treloar, R.D (2012), Plumbing book (4TH ed). Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell ltd. Retrieved from
1.2.1.8 Model Answers
1. What is a plumbing layout?
The plumbing layout is usually drawn into a copy of the floor plan for proper orientation with
existing plumbing fixtures, walls and partition outlines, and other utility features.
2.2.1.1 Drawing symbols are very crucial in every drawing, state their purpose.
Drawing symbols are used to
present complete information concerning construction items and materials.
2.2.1.1 What is the purpose of scales in drawings?
Scaling is a drawing method used to enlarge or reduce a drawing in size while keeping the
proportions of the drawing the same

2.2.1.1 Define metric measurement giving examples.

The metric system is a system of measurement that uses the meter, liter, and gram as base
units of length (distance), capacity (volume), and weight (mass) respectively.
5) List four types of drawings a plumber shall encounter in the site while installing
sanitary appliances
• Architectural Drawing
• Structural Drawing
• Plumbing and Sanitary Drawings
• Finishing Drawing
• Electrical Drawing
• Mechanical drawing

1.2.2 Learning Outcome 2: Identify materials, quantify and cost

1.2.2.1 Introduction to the learning outcome

This outcome specifies the competencies required to install water supply and systems. It
involves, identifying materials, quantifying and costing during standard installation of water
pipes and systems in buildings. It applies in the construction industry.

1.2.2.2 Performance Standard

1. Materials are identified and selected based on working drawings and specifications
 2. Materials are quantified and costed as per the market rate
3. Materials schedule are prepared based on best practice
4. Supplies are identified based on specifications
1.2.2.3 Information Sheet
The process of project cost estimation is central to setting up the foundation for making key
decisions, taking initiatives, budgeting activities and controlling expenditures. Cost forecasts
and projections are used to establish a set of metrics against which project success will be
measured, and to communicate work progress to the stakeholders at any given point in time.
Definition of terms.
 Cost estimates; A cost estimate establishes the base line of the project cost at
different stages of development of the project.
 Bills of quantities: A Bill of Quantities (BoQ) lists the total materials required
to complete the architect's design for a construction project, such as a house or
other structure
 Construction cost estimating is the process of forecasting the cost of building a
physical structure.

Pipe materials and supplies

Pipe Material Selection

Pipe exteriors must be able to withstand demanding surrounding conditions, such as high and
ambient temperatures, different levels of humidity, and some degree of wear. Due to these
conditions, it is essential to consider the type of fluid contained within the system, the internal
temperatures, and the internal pressure.
Therefore, careful consideration should be given to the material. There are a number of factors
that should be considered before choosing the plumbing materials:

1) Corrosive water
Problems such as corrosive water can cause damage to the system, which is made of metal.
Repeated failures of the plumbing system can cause the system to last for only a couple of
years. To choose the right material, check the quality of water with local department or installer.
You should know how the system gets affected by the quality of the plumbing materials.
Certain types of pipes are corroded easily, resulting in contamination. Plumbing materials such
as PEX do not tend to corrode and maintains the quality of the water.

2) Water pressure
Choose the materials that perform well under high water pressure. PVC pipes vary in thickness
depending on the location they are used. Plastic products are designed for applications with high
pressure.

3) Water flow
For low operating cost and better water flow, the surface of pipes should be smooth. Brass
piping provides long lasting benefits that does not rust the interior and maintains the smoothness
inside the pipe.
4) Heat & temperature
There are some plumbing materials that cannot withstand high temperature e.g pvc pipes.
Hence, one should choose the material that tolerates high temperature. Pipes that carry hot water
need to be protected so that the heat loss is nominal. Different materials with insulating
properties are used to carry hot water.
5) Sunlight
The UV rays from the sun can deteriorate the quality of plastic pipes. A number of factors like
how deep it is, where it is being installed, rate of flow etc. determine the life of plastic piping. In
other words, exposed pipes need a lot of attention and maintenance.(i.e,a ppr and G.I pipe can
withstand exposure to sunlight)
6) Characteristics of material
There are different types of materials such as Copper, PVC, PEX, and CPVC etc. that are used
depending upon their application. There are some other plumbing pipes that include – brass,
 galvanized iron and black mild steel pipe. The ability of a pipe to take stress is evaluated on the
type of application.GALVANISED Iron pipes are also used to carry water.

Figure 124: Plumbing Material

Common Pipe Materials

The most common types of plumbing piping materials are:

 Cast iron for plumbing waste lines

 PVC (PolyVinyl Chloride) for plumbing waste lines
 Chromed brass for plumbing waste lines
 Chromed copper for water supply lines
 Galvanized iron for water supply lines
 Copper (rigid and flexible) for water supply lines
 CPVC (Chlorinated Poly-Vinyl Chloride) for water supply lines
 PEX (Cross-linked Polyethylene) for water supply lines
 Black iron for gas pipe
Ppr-for water supply

Cast iron

Appearance: Large-diameter heavy metal pipe, dull black with a rough, mottled surface.

Description: High-quality sanitary waste drain pipe that is heavy and deadens the sound of
flowing wastewater very well. This pipe is strong and long-lasting but hard to cut—often
requiring a special cutting tool with sharp chain cutting wheels. Repairs are often made using
plastic PVC piping. Cast iron is rarely used in new construction; instead many use plastic PVC
or ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) pipe.

Prevalent Use: Use for main soil stack waste lines and vent pipes.

Cutting and Fitting: Requires heavy-duty reciprocating saw or a special cutting tool called a
cast-iron pipe cutter. Securing cast-iron pipes and fittings together is done using special
methods, including lead in soil pipe joints.
PVC (Poly-Vinyl Chloride)
Appearance: White rigid plastic.

Description: PVC is now the de-facto standard in-home waste line materials. It is a strong,
chemical-resistant rigid pipe that is heat resistant and easily cut and fit. It is often used to repair
sections of broken cast-iron waste pipe as well as repairs to other drain lines.

Prevalent Use: Use for sanitary waste lines, vent pipes, and drain traps.

Cutting and Fitting: PVC pipe is easily cut with a hacksaw or tubing cutter. The sections are
joined together mechanically, using plastic pressure fittings for later removal, or permanently
joined using special chemical solvent.
Chromed Brass

Appearance: Bright, shiny chrome-finished pipe of larger diameter (more than one inch).

Description: Chromed brass is often used in place of PVC for exposed waste line applications,
such as “P” traps or other drain traps where appearance is important.

Prevalent Use: Exposed drains and traps.

Cutting and Fitting: Easily cut with a hacksaw, and joined with slip fittings.
Chromed Copper

Appearance: Bright, shiny chrome finished pipe of smaller diameter (3/8” or less).

Description: Chromed copper pipe is often used where the appearance of exposed water supply
lines is important.

Prevalent Use: Exposed water supply lines, such as supply tubing for toilets or pedestal sinks.

Cutting and Fitting: Easily cut with a tubing cutter or hacksaw, and joined with chromed brass
compression fittings.
Galvanized Iron

Appearance: Dull silver-gray rigid metal pipe.

Description: Galvanized iron pipe was once a popular method of plumbing water supply lines
in the home, but it gradually fails due to corrosion and rust. For this reason, it is no longer
commonly used and has been largely replaced with copper pipe or PEX plastic pipe. Galvanized
iron pipe is difficult to cut and join and not easily fabricated on site. Repairs are usually done by
replacing the pipes with copper or PEX.

Prevalent Use: Water supply lines and drain lines.

Cutting and Fitting: Can be cut using a reciprocating saw or hacksaw. The pipe is joined by
using threaded galvanized iron fittings.
Copper (Rigid and Flexible)

Appearance: Dull, copper-colored metal pipe.

Description: Copper pipe comes in two types: rigid and flexible. The rigid type comes in
several wall thicknesses: K, L, and M. Type M is the one normally used for water supply pipes.
Copper is more corrosion resistant and readily available. Copper is a soft metal and can be
easily cut and fabricated. It is also prone to damage, may develop pinholes over time, and
can rupture from frozen water in pipes.
Rising costs for copper have caused PEX and CPVC to be used more frequently. Copper comes
in three grades:

 M for thin wall pipe (used mainly inside homes);

 L for thicker wall pipe (used mainly outside for water services); and
 K, the thickest (used mainly between water mains and the water meter).

Prevalent Use: Rigid copper pipes are used for longer runs of water supply, and in some cases
as waste lines. Flexible copper is used in short runs, for water supply, and for the water supply
tubing for refrigerators and dishwashers. Copper may also be used for gas piping.

Cutting and Fitting: Copper pipe is easily cut with a tubing cutter or hacksaw. Sections are
joined together with soldered copper connectors or copper compression fittings. The flexible
copper pipe may also be terminated by flaring its end and using brass flare fittings.

CPVC (Chlorinated Poly Vinyl Chloride)

Appearance: Dull white or cream-colored plastic.

Description: CPVC is a cheaper rigid plastic that is designed to withstand high pressure and
temperature.

Prevalent Use: CPVC is used for hot and cold water supply piping.

Cutting and Fitting: The pipe is easily cut with a tubing cutter or hacksaw. CPVC is joined
permanently together using plastic fittings and solvent glue, or with grip fittings where the pipes
may need to be disassembled in the future

PEX (Cross-linked Polyethylene)

Appearance: Typically blue (cold water), red (hot water), or white flexible plastic pipe.

Description: PEX is made of cross-linked HDPE (high-density polyethylene) polymer and is an

incredible piping material that has been in use. PEX is strong and flexible, withstanding
temperatures from below 32 F to 200 F. PEX is corrosion resistant, and unlike copper pipe, it
will not develop pinholes. Because PEX is flexible and uses fewer connections and fittings, it is
easier and faster to install. The reduced number of required fittings in a PEX system also
reduces the possibility of leaks.

Prevalent Use: Water supply, radiant heating pipe and upgrade of older systems.

Cutting and Fitting: PEX is cut and fit with specialized fittings and tools.

Black mild steel

Appearance: Dull black rigid pipe, usually one inch or less in diameter.

Description: Black pipe looks almost exactly like galvanized iron pipe, except it is darker and
specifically designed for gas applications.

Prevalent Use: Natural gas or propane supply pipes. It is often used for feeding gas supply to
the furnace, boiler, or water heater.

Cutting and Fitting: Can be cut using a reciprocating saw or hacksaw. The pipe is joined using
threaded black pipe fittings.
 PPR Pipe

PPR pipe is a straight and rigid cylindrical pipe, made from Polypropylene Random Copolymer
plastic, produced through a continuous extrusion process. They are commonly offered in green
or white color, and in outer diameter sizes ranging from 20mm to 110mm making the pipe walls
far thicker than PVC. PPR pipe is accompanied by a series of connection fittings, parts, and
accessories available for every pipe diameter.
Application of PPR Pipe
 PP-R pipes are used to install hot and cold water systems, including central heating systems.
 PP-R pipes are a part of building heating system, including floor, wall and radiant heating
systems.
PP-R pipes can be directly purified water drinking water supply system

The main specification followed are as follows;

  Manufacturer’s specification; this is where the manufacturer specifies where to use
specific materials; where to GI, pvc or even brass.
 Clients’ specifications based on economic and ergonomic factors; here the client is the
final decision maker depending on what he/she likes the most and can afford it (there is
no problem with finances as long as it’s available in the market).
 Standard specifications; these are from the industrial experts i.e., experienced, they
advise you accordingly as to why you should prefer one material over the other.
Types of Pipe Fittings

 Adaptor
 Barb
 Coupling
 Cross
 Double Tapped Bushing
 Elbow
 Mechanical Sleeve
 Nipple
 Plug and Cap
 Reducer
 Tee
 Union
 Wye
Adaptor
Adaptors connect pipes that are not the same type. Because an adaptor can be male or female on
one end, it can turn a pipe male or female.
Barb
A barb connects hoses to pipes. It is usually male at one end. The other has a barbed tube, which
is a ridged and tapered cone.
It may also have a type of clamp to keep it secure. Barbs are made of plastic if they carry cold
water and brass if they carry hot water.

Coupling
A coupling makes it easy to connect two pipes that have the same diameter and are the same
type. It’s also used to repair a broken or leaking pipe. Along with a normal coupling, two other
types are the compression coupling and slip coupling.
The compression fitting is connected between two pipes via rubber seals or gaskets on both
sides which prevents leaking. A slip coupling includes two pipes, one of which slides out of the
other pipe to a various length, to repair a specific length of damaged pipe.
 Cross
A cross fitting has openings on all four of its ends and can connect four pipes. Cross fittings
come with three inlets and an outlet or three outlets and an inlet.
Because they are the connecting point for four pipes, they are under more stress than other types
of fittings and typically built tougher than other fittings.

Double Tapped Bushing

This is a type of nipple, but it has threading on both the inside and the outside. Because this
center hole is threaded (tapped) from both top and bottom, it’s referred to as double-tapped.
A double tapped bushing is also a type of reducer, but does not have a reducer’s flexibility. A
double tapped bushing is usually female.
Elbow
Not surprisingly, this sort of fitting has a bend that reminds you of the arm joint. They help the
flow of water change direction. Elbows come in several degrees, including 22.5, 45, and 90
degrees.
Reducer elbow variations also exist for when the piping diameters being connected are
different. Elbow fittings can be made of different materials, and most are female.

Mechanical Sleeve
This connects two pipes through the use of a screw or other device. This makes the fitting easy
to install. The mechanical sleeve or coupling is usually made of rubber that is inserted inside a
metal jacket (stainless steel clamp).
When the clamp is tightened, it compresses the rubber inside to make a tight seal. Because this
fitting can be slightly flexed, it can accommodate small misalignments in hard to install
locations.
Nipple
This is a short fitting that can be made of metals such as copper, brass or steel or chlorinated
polyvinyl chloride (CPVC). Instead of connecting two pipes, a nipple connects two fittings.
If it has a continuous threading, it is a closed nipple. They are usually male and come in varying
lengths.

Plug and Cap

Plugs and caps are both used to close up pipe openings during inspections and repairs. The main
difference is that a plug is male while a cap is female. Most often, caps and plugs are threaded.
Plugs and caps are made of several materials, including metal, plastic or rubber and can be
welded, soldered, glued, or threaded into the pipe.
Reducer
This fitting makes a flow smaller and thus reduces it. Reducers come in two types. The
concentric reducer joins two pipes on the same axis, and the eccentric reducer is used to join
pipes of different diameters.
The concentric reducer looks like a cone, while eccentric reducers look somewhat like bells
with offset center lines. They prevent air bubbles in the pipes.

Tee
A tee has an inlet and an outlet and is shaped like the letter “T.” These fittings come in different
sizes and are considered sturdier than the cross fitting.
A diverter tee is used in heating systems that use water. They come with directional markings
and need to be installed correctly for the system to operate.
Union
Unions can have either male or female threads. They are similar to couplings, but the difference
is unions are easy to remove making them convenient for maintenance or a planned future
replacement.
A coupling, on the other hand, is more permanent and needs to be cut out. A union contains
three parts: nut, male end, and female end. The nut is used to join the male and female ends.

Wye

Built in the shape of the letter “Y,” this fitting is made to connect three pipes. Y fittings allow
the pipes to change their elevations and to branch out into fresh water lines or drains.
Wyes are similar to tee fittings but the smoother angling reduces friction and turbulence in the
water. This fitting is most commonly used to connect a vertical drainpipe to a horizontal one.
TYPES OF VALVES
Valves are mechanical devices used to control, direct, and regulate the flow of water by
opening, closing, or partially obstructing the flow. They can be made up of different materials
like bronze, PVC, brass, etc. There are different types of valves namely;
Gate Valve
Gate valve is the most widely used type of valve in plumbing systems. It includes a wedge-
shaped metal gate that can be lowered (with the use of a twist-type handle or knob) to stop the
flow of water or raised to allow the flow to continue.

Butterfly Valve
This valve has a rotating metal disc that allows and inhibits the water flow, creating an image
similar to that of a butterfly due to which is called a butterfly valve.
These valves are very compact, light, and relatively short, making them significantly lighter
than the other types.

Ball Valve
Ball valves are the most reliable and common type of valves used to regulate the flow of water.
It involves a rotating sphere with a hole that is attached to a lever handle to operate the valve.

Globe Valve
The Globe valve is commonly used to regulate or limit the water flow in plumbing
applications, where the flow needs to be adjusted regularly.
The interior design features contain a stopper on the end of a valve stem that is raised and
lowered by the valve's twist knob. Globe valves get their name due to the globe-like or ball-like
appearance of their body.

Pressure Relief Valve

Pressure relief valves are used in the plumbing system to reduce water pressure to the desired
limit and protect equipment or piping systems from bursting. The mechanism consists of a
spring and diaphragm adjusted to a specific limit, depending on the pressure of the water
supply.
The pressure relief valves are also known as pressure-reducing valves, pressure safety valves,
and pressure balance valves.
Factors to consider when selecting an ideal supplier a supplier
When choosing the ideal plumbing supplier for your needs, whether they’re home plumbing or
commercial, larger scale projects, you need to weigh up the differences, options and benefits
between various plumbing suppliers.
Choosing the best plumbing supplier should be based on mainly;
 availability of the required materials
 the lower price shall be termed as most economical
 the highest quality materials shall be considered
 the distance of the required material shall be a factor.

Plumbing Estimates:
The Basics
 Set the tone when meeting clients for the first time by offering them a plumbing estimate with
all the details needed to hire your company. A thorough and clear outline of the estimate can
help you land the job!
Cost estimation is an extremely important stage of a project in any industry requiring work in
the field, and invoicing a plumbing business is no different than construction job estimation for
that matter. While you can offer a verbal estimate, a written one helps make your business look
more professional. Check the average estimations range in your local area and create the outline
ahead of time so it’s easy to plug in the information, plus the consistency is helpful for you and
your potential clients. Cover the following points:
 Contact information
 Summary of the project
 Materials list
 Cost estimate
 Permits required
 Your insurance and licensure details
 Work guarantee

1.2.2.4 Learning Activities

You are required to Study the floor plan below and;
 Identify and select the materials based on the working drawing
 Quantify and cost the materials using the current market rate.
 1.2.2.5 Self-Assessment

1. State where the following types of pipes are used.

i. CPVC
 ii. Cast iron
iii. PP-R pipes
2. Define a valve
3. List four factors that should be considered before selecting a supplier.

4. Which type of valve is used to reduce the water pressure in the pipe systems?

1.2.2.6 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials

Table 4: Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials

Tools/Equipment: Materials:
 Pipe wrench  Hardhat
 Pipe cutter  Gloves
 Hacksaw  Dustcoat / overall
 Pipe Threading Equipment  Safety shoes / boots
 Vise - Bench  Various types of pipe support
 Tap and Punch  Sandpapers
 Files  Threading oil
 Screwdrivers  Thread tape
 Drill with various sizes of bits  Assorted pipes
 Mallet  Assorted fittings
 Ball hammer
 Masonry chisel
 PPR machine / Heat Fusion
 equipment
 Pipe bender
 1.2.2.7 References
Black & Decker (2008). The Complete Guide to Plumbing (4th ed). Minneapolis: Creative
Publishing international, Inc. Retrieved from https://www.pdfdrive.com/
Chudley, R.G (1988). Building Construction Handbook (4th ed). MA: Reed Educational and
Professional Publishing Ltd.
Muscroft, S. (2005). Plumbing Book (2nd ed). MA: Elsevier Ltd. Retrieved from
https://books.google.co.ke/
American Society of Plumbing Engineers (2012). Plumbing engineering design handbook (vol.
4). Retrieved from www.aspe.org
Treloar, R.D (2012), Plumbing book (4TH ed). Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell ltd. Retrieved from
https://content.schweitzer-online.de
1.2.2.8 Model answers
1) State where the following types of pipes are used.

i. CPVC is used for hot and cold water supply piping.

ii. Cast iron Use for main soil stack waste lines and vent pipes
iii. PP-R pipes are used to install hot and cold water systems, including central
heating systems.
2) Define a valve
Valves are mechanical devices used to control, direct, and regulate the flow of water by
opening, closing, or partially obstructing the flow
3) Choosing the best plumbing supplier should be based on mainly;
 availability of the required materials
 the lower price shall be termed as most economical
 the highest quality materials shall be considered
 The distance of the required material shall be a factor.

4) Which type of valve is used to reduce the water pressure in the pipe systems?
Pressure relieve valve
 1.2.3 Learning Outcome 3: Identify and use pipework tools and equipment

1.2.3.1 Introduction to the learning outcome

This outcome specifies the competencies required in identifying, using pipework tools and
equipment’s as it applies in the construction industry.

1.2.3.2 Performance Standard

1. Personal Protective Equipment is used in line with occupational safety and health
requirements
2. Pipework tools and equipment are identified based on job requirements.
3. Pipework tools and equipment are used based on best practice and manufacturer’s
manual.
4. Pipework tools and equipment are cared for and maintained based on manufacturer’s
manual and workplace policy
5. Pipework tools and equipment are stored based on work place policy.
1.2.3.3 Information Sheet
A plumber requires several tools for the fitting work for plumbing, fixing a tap or to carryout
repairs. These tools help the plumber in performing his/her work properly, and therefore it is
important that the tools are used systematically and handled carefully to avoid any damage.
They should be kept at a designated place after use. The tools can be categorized as per the
nature of work like holding tools, fitting tools, cutting tools, pipe threading and bending tools,
etc.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPES)
Protective gears are essential in all plumbing services, such as pipe installation, system repairs,
etc. The right personal protective equipment for a plumber comprises of gloves, boots,
overall/dustcoat eye protection, protective helmet, and eye protection. Also, sometimes a
plumber may need respiratory protective equipment. Eye protection is essential when the
plumber is using power tools.
PPE. The main objective of a protective gear for a plumber is to reduce plumber exposure to
hazards related to plumbing. Below are essential PPE for plumbers commonly used on
plumbing and their benefits.

Figure 125: PPEs

1. Face and Eye Protection

Spectacles, safety goggles, and full-face shields are essential protective gears a plumber should
consider using when handling the task. This safety gears are commonly used when handling
power tools.
2. Head Protection

Protective helmets are important in a plumbing site because they prevent injuries from flying or
falling objects. Falling or flying objects might lead to severe head injuries, which will cost a
plumber a huge amount of money in the long run. Therefore, it’s a great idea to invest in a
suitable protective helmet.
3. Hand and Skin Protection

There are different types of gloves that can be used as PPE for plumbers. These types include
cut-resistant gloves, rubber gloves, heat-resistant gloves, chainsaw gloves. Gloves are essential
when a plumber is handling tasks that involve hot materials, electricity, and slippery objects.
4. Respiratory Protection
Production of toxic substances is common in plumbing sites. Respiratory protection gears, such
as respirators, are designed to protect a plumber from fumes, dust, and other dangerous
substances that could lead to respiratory problems. Respiratory protection gears are important in
areas where there’s air contamination.

5. Hearing Protection

Noise pollution in plumbing sites can lead to permanent hearing impairment. Earplugs and
earmuffs are the common hearing protection equipment in plumbing projects. Note that
earplugs are effective in reducing low-frequency noise, whereas earmuffs are effective in
preventing high-frequency noise.

TYPES OF TOOLS AND EQUIPMENTS

The major tools used in plumbing are categorized as:

Holding tools
● Bench vice
● Pipe vice

Fitting tools
 Pipe wrenches
 Water-pump plies
 Spanners
Cutting tools
 Pipe cutter
 Hacksaw

Pipe bending tools

 Pipe bending machine
 Threading dies
Other tools
  Chisel
 Hammer
 Chain wrench
 Rover jumper
 Trowel
 Screw driver
 File
 Plier
 Caulking tools
 Drill machine
 Drill bit
 Hanger
 Measuring tape
 Plumb rule and bob
 Spirit level
 Spade
 Shovel
 Pickaxe
 Mortar pan
 Mason square
 Water level tube

Holding tools.
Tools which are used for holding the pipes, pipe fittings and fixtures for plumbing operations
are called holding tools. Some of the commonly used holding tools are mentioned below.
Bench vice
A vice is a tool used for holding an object for various tasks like filing, chipping, sawing,
threading, tapping, bending, etc. The bench vice has two jaws, one of which is fixed and the
other is movable. These jaws are fitted with plates for a better grip on the object during the task.
The vice size depends on the width of the jaw. A bench vice is fixed to a table or a bench
through a bolt. A vice is opened and closed with the help of a handle attached to a spindle. In
this way, the object is held tightly. Bench vices hold the objects and allow use of other tools to
complete the tasks
Pipe vice
It is a tool used for holding a pipe for carrying out assembly, disassembly, threading, cutting,
etc. Pipe vices are of two types: (i) Open side pipe vice (ii) Fixed side pipe vice Standard sizes
of vices are 80 mm, 105 mm, 130 mm, 170 mm, etc., as per the opened size of the jaws.
Fitting tools.
While holding tools are used to keep the objects in place, fitting tools are used for carrying out
various plumbing operations like cutting, tightening, fixing and other small tasks.
Pipe Wrenches
These are hand tools used for tightening and loosening the nuts and bolts. Wrenches hold
slippery or small nuts and bolts for loosening or tightening them. Mostly, two types of wrenches
are used—adjustable and non-adjustable. These are useful particularly in case of odd-sized nuts
and bolts. These tools hold a pipe and pipe fittings for screwing or unscrewing. This is a very
common tool, especially for small diameter pipes up to 50 mm.

Adjustable spanner
This type of wrench is used to loosen or tighten the nuts and bolts of any odd and regular sizes.
It is used for tightening and loosening valves, cocks, geysers, flexible pipes, etc. It is a good
maintenance tool for repair of plumbing items like valves, cocks, pumps, etc.

Water-pump plier
It is a common plier used by plumbers for holding, tightening and loosening work during fixing
process. Steel is used for manufacturing water-pump pliers. These are available in only one
standard size of 250 mm length. The maximum width possible between the two jaws is 40 mm.
Spanners
This tool is used for tightening and loosening nuts and bolts of standard size. The standard
spanners used are:
Ring spanners
These spanners have full circular closed ring at both ends. It is difficult to slip and cause
damage. It is made through forging process, with a burnished finish or a chrome-plating.
Combination spanners
These spanners are open at one end and closed at the other.
Cutting tools
Tools that are used for cutting the pipes, fixtures and bolts, etc., are known as cutting tools.
Some of the commonly used cutting tools are mentioned below.
Pipe cutter
This is a manual tool used to cut a pipe at the work site, especially when it is difficult to use a
hacksaw frame. This tool has a sharp, round cutting wheel which is pressed with to and fro
rotary motion for cutting a pipe.
Hacksaw
This tool is generally used with both the hands. It cuts material like plastic pipe, steel rod, angle
iron, sheets, iron pipes, etc. It can also be used for cutting the bolt heads and nuts when they are
jammed. Important parts of a hacksaw are—handle, frame, blade and adjusting wing nut.
Pipe bending tools
In most of the plumbing operations, pipes are required to be bent at different angles as per
requirement, for which pipe bending tools are used. Some of these tools are mentioned below.
Pipe bending machine
This equipment is used to bend or turn pipes. The size and strength of the machine depends
upon the diameter of the pipe and the type of the pipe material to be bent. The mechanical or
hand-operated pipe bending machines are available for 3/8– 1″ diameter pipes. For higher
ranges, i.e., 1/2–2″, 1/2 – 3″, 1/2– 4″ and 2– 6″, hydraulic hand-operated machines are used.
OTHER TOOLS.
Apart from the already mentioned holding, fitting, cutting and bending tools, various other tools
are also used in plumbing operations. These are listed below.
Chisel
It is made of hard metal and is mostly used for cutting concrete surface and making grooves in
the walls with the help of a hammer.
Hammer
These are general purpose workshop hand tools used for straightening of sections, riveting,
striking of nails and inserting the component by striking, inserting keyways and fitting by
striking.
Chain wrench
The common holding tools do not help much in case of large diameter pipes. For these, chain
wrenches are used. A chain wrench consists of a toothed block, a handle and a chain. The chain
is round, grooved and held on the toothed end of the block. The chain grips the pipe fitting and
screws or unscrews. The chain wrench is available in 3″, 4″, 6″, 8″ and 12″,with the length 475
mm, 585 mm, 834 mm, 1100 mm and 1360 mm respectively. These sizes are designated by the
maximum diameter of the pipe it can hold.
Screwdriver
This tool is often used by plumbers to fit the screws. Screwdrivers have a sharp tip which can
easily fit into various screws.
Files
These hand tools are used for a variety of work, like removing of sharp edges, metal removal,
shaping of jobs, smoothening of surfaces, finishing, producing different shapes, etc. The file has
five parts: tang, heel, face, edge and point or tip. Various types of files of different shapes like
hand round, pillar, square, three square, half round, flat, knife edge and needle file are used as
per the work.
Pliers
They are important tools used for holding small objects and for tightening or loosening various
parts. Several types of pliers are used by a plumber during work. Pliers can be used for cutting
purpose also.
Caulking tools
For filling the gaps in the wall, caulking tools are used. This tool helps in filling and removing
material in the building.
Drill machine
One of the common but important tools used for making a hole in a metal or wood, or concrete
surface. A drill machine is fitted with a cutting tool like a drill bit. The attachment is tightened
with a key.
Drill bits
These are the tools used to make cylindrical holes by cutting the material. Bits are fitted in a
tool which rotates it and make the hole. For non-cylindrical shaped holes, specialised bits are
used.
Hangers
The purpose of a pipe hanger is to hold or support a pipe or a group of pipes from a slab, beam,
ceiling or other structural elements.
Measuring tape
It is used for measuring the length of an item. The measuring tape is manufactured in various
material like steel, cloth and PVC.
Plumb rule and bob
This is a useful tool to ensure verticality and uniformity during construction of walls, columns
and wooden frames like doors and windows. It also helps in levelling the surface of the floor. It
consists of a holding pipe, thread and a plumb bob made of wood and metal. The plumb bob is
connected to the holding pipe with the thread.
Spirit level
It is used to check the horizontality or levelling of the floor, roof, door, window frame
Trowel
It is used for mixing cement and sand for masonry work. It is used for plastering the surface.
Spade
A spade is used for digging purpose and for mixing cement, sand and concrete.
Water level tube
This tube is used to check and transfer water levels, etc.
EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE
It includes routine upkeep as well as corrective repair work. Equipment may include heavy
workshop machines.
Types of maintenance
There 4 general types of maintenance; corrective, preventive, risk-based and condition-
based maintenance.
1. Corrective maintenance; Maintenance is carried out following detection of an anomaly and
aimed at restoring normal operating conditions.
2. Preventive maintenance; Maintenance carried out at predetermined intervals or according to
prescribed criteria, aimed at reducing the failure risk or performance degradation of the
equipment
Below is a preventive maintenance checks of a water pump.
3. Risk-based maintenance; Maintenance carried out by integrating analysis, measurement and
periodic test activities to standard preventive maintenance
4. Condition-based maintenance; Maintenance based on the equipment performance
monitoring and the control of the corrective actions taken as a result.
the surface being worked on.

Why is it important to use the correct tools and equipment?

Each tool is precisely designed for a specific purpose, so choosing the correct tool will also
decrease the amount of effort required to get a job done right without causing damage to either
the equipment or

Tools and equipment storage

Why should tools and equipment be securely stored?
You are responsible for making sure that all tools and equipment are well organized and
maintained in good working condition. They should be stored in a separate secure place so that
they are safe and easy to find. This is usually best done in a place which is separate from the
office.
Proper storage of tools and equipment
Section a space on your building and make it a storage place for tools.

Tools Preparation and Storage

Preparation
 Clean tools after each use
 Repair any broken parts
 defective tools must be isolated
 Use metal protectant spray on all metal parts
 Never store tools on the unprepared ground
 Get creative with storage options the heavy ones near/on the prepared raised ground and
the lighter ones on top
 Make a list of all items that are stored
Storage
To keep these tools safe and in good working condition, it’s better to keep them in and not
limited to:
 Racks
 Cabinets
 Drawers
 Pegs on wall
 Shelves
 Tool boxes
Make sure to label the boxes with its contents so you will be able to find the tool when you need
it. Keep an inventory list of the tools that you have and where they are stored.

Figure 126: pegging on wall

 1.2.3.4 Learning Activities
Practical activities
Below is a pipework installation, you are required to study it and;
 Identify the Personal Protective Equipment used in line with occupational safety
and health requirements
 Identify the Pipework tools and equipment to be used.
1.2.3.5 Self-Assessment

1. Types of personal protective equipment (PPE) to guarantee your safety

2. Which are four safety risks a plumber faces on places of work?
3. What is the importance of tools in plumbing?
4. What tools do plumbers use to unclog drains?
5. Which material will you use to threaded pipe connection to prevent leakage?
6. I need to cut a new piece of copper pipe for the supply run to my sink. What are the best
tools and techniques to use?
 1.2.3.6 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials

Tools/Equipment: Materials:
 Pipe wrench  Hardhat
 Pipe cutter  Gloves
 Hacksaw  Dustcoat / overall
 Pipe Threading Equipment  Safety shoes / boots
 Bench-vice  Various types of pipe support
 Tap and Punch  Threading oil
 Files  Thread tape
 Screwdrivers  Pipe clamp
 PPR machine / Heat Fusion  Adhesive
 equipment
 Pipe bender

1.2.3.7 References
Black & Decker (2008). The Complete Guide to Plumbing (4th ed). Minneapolis:
Creative Publishing international, Inc. Retrieved from https://www.pdfdrive.com/
Chudley, R.G (1988). Building Construction Handbook (4th ed). MA: Reed Educational
and Professional Publishing Ltd.
Muscroft, S. (2005). Plumbing Book (2nd ed). MA: Elsevier Ltd. Retrieved from
https://books.google.co.ke/
American Society of Plumbing Engineers (2012). Plumbing engineering design
handbook (vol. 4). Retrieved from www.aspe.org
Treloar, R.D (2012), Plumbing book (4TH ed). Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell ltd. Retrieved
from
1.2.3.8 Model Answers

1. Types of personal protective equipment (PPE) to guarantee your safety

• Safety for the head. Wearing a helmet offers protection and can prevent head
injuries.
• Protect your eyes.
• Hearing protection.
• Maintain a good respiration.
• Protect your hands with the right gloves.
• Protection for the feet.
• Wear the correct work clothing
2. Which are four safety risks a plumber faces on places of work?
Any four
 Exposure of hazardous substances like lead, Sulphur dioxide
 Exposure to combustible and flammable materials
 Working in awkward positions
 Lifting of heavy objects
 Risks of eye injuries from flying particles
 Burns from hot equipment or steam lines
 Risks of electric shocks while working for ground water pipes

3. What is the importance of tools in plumbing?

A plumber requires several tools for the fitting work for plumbing, fixing a tap or to
carryout repairs. These tools help the plumber in performing his/her work properly, and
therefore it is important that the tools are used systematically and handled carefully to
avoid any damage
4. What tools do plumbers use to unclog drains?
 To dislodge clogs located farther down the drainpipe, use a cable auger, or plumber's
snake, a long, flexible steel cable wound around a spool that's fitted with a hand crank
5. Which material will you use to threaded pipe connection to prevent leakage?
• Teflon tape

6. I need to cut a new piece of copper pipe for the supply run to my sink. What are the
best tools and techniques to use?
It's best to use a pipe cutter with a specially designed blade for copper pipe. You can
also use a fine-toothed hacksaw, but making a straight cut with it is more difficult. After
you've cut the pipe, clean off any burrs (inside or out) with a half-round file.
 1.2.4 Learning Outcome 4: Install pipe works

1.2.4.1 Introduction to the learning outcome

This outcome specifies the competencies required to install pipe works as it applies in the
construction industry.

1.2.4.2 Performance Standard

1. Positions of pipes are set out and marked based on working drawings
2. Pipes are threaded based on standards and specifications.
3. Pipes are jointed in accordance with best practices and manufacturer’s instructions.
4. Pipes are cut based on type of pipe, drawing specifications and job requirements
5. Flanged joints are prepared based on best practices
6. Pipes are bent based on type of pipe, drawing specifications and requirements of the
job.
7. Pipes are fitted based on drawing specifications.
8. Housekeeping is conducted as per workplace procedures
9. Safety and health practices are observed based on OSHA functionality tests are
conducted based on best practices.
10. Faults in functionality and leakage are corrected based on best practice
1.2.4.3 Information Sheet

Pipes transport water from the sources of water supply to the points of distribution; convey
waste from residential and commercial buildings and other civic facilities to the treatment
facility or the point of discharge.

Terms and concept

Couplings; A coupling (or coupler) (used in piping or plumbing) is a very short length
of pipe or tube, with a socket at one or both ends that allows two pipes or tubes to be joined,
welded (steel), brazed or soldered (copper, brass etc.) together.
Adapters; they are used to connect dissimilar pipes.
Unions; A union is a threaded fitting which allows the pipe work to be separated and
reconnected without any horizontal movement in the pipe.
Caps; Pipe caps act as protective device and are designed to protect pipe ends of various shapes
Plugs; they are also used for blocking the ends of pipes to prevent the entry of dirt and other
contaminants during construction, maintenance or repair of pipelines.
Elbows/bends; It is used to connect two pipes with same or different nominal diameters, and to
make the pipe and thus the fluid direction turn to a certain direction of 45 degree or 90 degree.
Tee-Connection; It is a short piece of pipe with a lateral outlet. Pipe Tee is used to
connect pipelines with a pipe at a right angle with the line.
Cross; is a kind of pipe fitting that be used in the place where four pipes meet together.
Reducers; A reducer is a kind of pipe fitting used in process piping that reduces the pipe size
from a larger bore to a smaller bore (inner diameter).
Valves; A valve is a device that regulates, controls, or directs the flow of a fluid by opening,
closing, or partially obstructing fluid flow.
Figure 127: Plumbing fittings

Types of pipes

PVC pipes (Polyvinyl Chloride)

PVC pipes are used in a wide variety of piping applications, from transportation of drinking
water over drainage solutions to advanced fire-sprinkler systems. This popularity owes to a
unique combination of properties: safety, durability/cost-efficiency, environmental performance
and recyclability.
G.I (Galvanized Iron) pipes

Description: Galvanized iron pipe was once a popular method of plumbing water supply lines
in the home, but it gradually fails due to corrosion and rust. For this reason, it is no longer
commonly used and has been largely replaced with copper pipe or PEX plastic pipe. Galvanized
iron pipe is difficult to cut and join and not easily fabricated on site by the homeowner. Repairs
are usually done by replacing the pipes with copper or PEX.

Prevalent Use: Water supply lines and drain lines in older homes.
 PPR pipes
PPR pipe is a straight and rigid cylindrical pipe, made from Polypropylene Random Copolymer
plastic, produced through a continuous extrusion process. They are commonly offered in green
or white color, and in outer diameter sizes ranging from 20mm to 110mm making the pipe walls
far thicker than PVC. PPR pipe is accompanied by a series of connection fittings, parts, and
accessories available for every pipe diameter.
Application of PPR Pipe
 PP-R pipes are used to build hot and cold water systems, including central heating systems.
 PP-R pipes are a part of building heating system, including floor, wall and radiant heating
systems.
 PP-R pipes can be directly purified water drinking water supply systems.
 Mild steel

Mild Steel (MS) pipes are manufactured using low carbon (less than 0.25%) steel. Due to
low carbon content the pipes do not harden and are easy to use. As MS Pipes are made from
mild steel they can easily be welded and formed in various shapes and sizes for pipelining
and tubing purposes. These are generally used for drinking water supply i.e. Plumbing,
Firefighting, but can also be used in various other Industrial and Engineering applications.
These pipes are usually coated with other metals/paints/varnish etc. to prevent it from
rusting but extra care should be taken to prevent it under extreme conditions.
 Copper

Appearance: Dull, copper-colored metal pipe.

Description: Copper pipe comes in two types: rigid and flexible. The rigid type comes in
several wall thicknesses: K, L, and M. Type M is the one normally used for water supply pipes.
Copper has proven itself over the decades to be corrosion resistant and very reliable. Copper is a
soft metal and can be easily cut and fabricated. It is also prone to damage, may develop pinholes
over time, and can rupture from frozen water in pipes.
Rising costs for copper in recent years have caused PEX and CPVC to be used more frequently.
Copper pipe costs as much as three times as much as PEX. Copper. Copper comes in three
grades:

 M for thin wall pipe (used mainly inside homes);

 L for thicker wall pipe (used mainly outside for water services); and
 K, the thickest (used mainly between water mains and the water meter).
Prevalent Use: Rigid copper pipes are used for longer runs of water supply, and in some cases
as waste lines in the home. Flexible copper is used in short runs, for water supply, and for the
water supply tubing for refrigerators and dishwashers. Copper may also be used for gas piping.

Cutting and Fitting: Copper pipe is easily cut with a tubing cutter or hacksaw. Sections are
joined together with soldered copper connectors or copper compression fittings. The flexible
copper pipe may also be terminated by flaring its end and using brass flare fittings.

 CPVC

Appearance: Dull white or cream-colored plastic.

Description: CPVC is an inexpensive rigid plastic that is designed to withstand high pressure
and temperature.

Prevalent Use: CPVC is used for hot and cold water supply piping.

Cutting and Fitting: The pipe is easily cut with a tubing cutter or hacksaw. CPVC is joined
permanently together using plastic fittings and solvent glue, or with grip fittings where the pipes
may need to be disassembled in the future.

Traps and valves

These include all the main fittings that are used to control flow, shut – off or isolate, draw –
off and drain – off water in hot and cold water systems. There are many types available in a
range of materials, shape and suit a variety of applications. Traditionally, most are made of
brass, bronze and gunmetal because metals are durable and resistant to corrosion.
Increasingly, many are now being made from plastics, because of its resistance to corrosion,
low cost and ease to manufacture.
Taps
Taps are designed for general of the flow gradually. The tap is generally made of a spindle
connected to a controlling head and the jumper. When the head is turned anti- clockwise, to
open the tap, the spindle gradually raises the jumper off the seat and let water flow through
the tap. When turned the head is turned clockwise, to shut the tap, the spindle screws down
the spindle to lower the jumper on to the seat and shut of the flow. The gradual operation of
taps lowers the general risk of water hammer. NB: Water Hammer: this occurs when water
flow is stopped instantly causing kinetic energy created in the flow to be passed on to the
pipes and fittings in the system causing vibration and noise and possibly damaging the
system
They are several taps, which include
1. Bib taps
2. Pillar taps
3. Stop taps / stop cocks
4. Drain taps
5. Mixer taps

1. Bib taps

These are draw - off taps fitted above sanitary appliance such as sinks or to supply water for
buckets or hoses.
2. Pillar taps

These are draw – off taps fitted to sanitary appliances like sinks, wash basins and baths.
They have a long – threaded shank that allows them to be fitted into the appliance. Pillar
taps should be high – necked to buckets fit underneath
3. Stop Taps/ stop cocks
These are used to shut off water or control the rate of flow in pipelines. They are commonly
fitted to incoming water main in the building or on the feed pipe to individual appliances to
shut off the water flow for repair and maintenance.
4. Drain taps

These are fitted to the low point of all systems for drawing down the system.
They are controlled by a removable key to prevent an authorized use.

5. Mixer tap

These are basically a pair of pillar taps, hot and cold, joined together by a common or
mixing chamber and / or delivery spout to provide a mixed flow of hot and cold water.

Valves

A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids,
fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various
passageways
There are several valves available for use by plumber. They include.
1. Globe valves
2. Gate valves
3. Plug valve/ plug cork
4. Ball cork
5. Float valve/ ball valve

1 .Globe valves
They just look like gate valves from the outside but are screw - down operation in operation,
just like the stop tap.
They are made with female thread connections

2. Gate valve

A gate valve, also known as a sluice valve, is a valve that opens by lifting a barrier (gate)
out of the path of the fluid. Gate valves require very little space along the pipe axis and
hardly restrict the flow of fluid when the gate is fully opened.

3. Plug cock
A plug valve is shaped like a cylinder or cone and can be rotated inside the valve body to
control flow of fluids. Plug valves have one or more hollow passageways often placed
horizontally to allow ease of flow through the valve when open.
4. Ball cork
A ball valve is a form of quarter-turn valve which uses a hollow, perforated and pivoting
ball to control flow through it. It is open when the ball's hole is in line with the flow and
closed when it is pivoted 90-degrees by the valve handle.
 5. Float valve/ ball valve
A ball valve/ float valve is a mechanism or machine for filling water tanks, such as those found
in flush toilets, while avoiding overflow and backflow.
 Pipe joints
Pipes are connected with the help of joints. A variety of joints are used in an assembly of pipes.
Connecting two or more pipes together is called a fitting. Various types of joints could be used
in a pipe as per the requirement. Joints are also used for multiple pipe connections, and are an
important component of the plumbing system. Generally, the pipe joint fitted can easily sustain
the pressure created in the pipe.
Various types of pipe joints are as follows.
1. Threaded joint
2. Welded joint (butt welded, socket welded)
3. Brazed joint
4. . Soldered joint
5. Grooved joint
6. Flanged joint
7. . Compression joint

1. Threaded joint
When pipes are joined by screwing in threads which are provided in the pipe, it is called
a threaded joint. The threads are also made in various pipes like PVC, CI pipes, copper
 pipes and GI pipes, etc. Threaded joints are used from 6 mm diameter to 300 mm

diameter pipes.

2. Welded joints (Butt-welded joints)

It is one of the most common methods of joining pipes used in large infrastructure like
commercial, institutional and industrial systems. Cost of material are low, but the labour
costs are more due to the no availability of trained welders and fitters.
3. Socket-welded joints
These are used when there is a high chance of leakage in the joints. Pipes are joined as
putting one into other and welded around the joint. Pipes having different diameters are
suitable for this type of a joint. Socket-welded joint gives good results as compared to
other joints.

4. Brazed joints
When pipes are joined with the help of molten filler material at above 840°C, it is called
brazing. Brazing is done for connecting copper pipes or copper alloy pipes. It is
important to note that the melting point of the parent material (pipe material) should be
higher than the filler material. Brazed joints have less mechanical strength, and are
 preferred in case of moderate temperatures

5. Soldered joints
Soldering and brazing are similar activities. In soldering, the filler material melts below
840oC. With the help of soldering, copper and copper alloy pipes are joined. During
soldering, flux or metal joining material is used to prevent oxidation due to the flame.
Soldered joints are suitable for low temperature areas and have low mechanical strength.
 6. Compression joints
These are applied to join the pipe without any preparations. The cost of installation of
these joints is very economical. The pipes having plain ends are joined by fixing fittings
at their ends, and such a joint is called a compression joint. The pipe ends are joined
with threaded fittings or couplings. Joints are placed properly to check the flow pressure,
otherwise, leakage may occur. These fittings are manufactured from different types of
material. Selection of fittings is done as per requirement

Flanged Joint (with fittings)

 The flanged joint design means that pipes are secured by external screws, providing
additional joint support for the transportation of substances at high pressure.

 Piping systems
Hot water
Identify the type of hot water system from layout diagrams
There are a number of hot water systems in use in the UK. Some of these are open
vented systems that remain open to the atmosphere and some provide instantaneous hot
water through combination boilers and multipoint water heaters. The differences
between each system will become apparent as we work through the system layouts. We
will look at:
a). Direct systems
 Containing a back boiler
 Containing a hot water immersion heater
b).In-direct systems
 Single feed, self-venting systems
 Double feed systems with a hot water heating coil
c).Thermal store

d).Instantaneous hot water heaters

 Single point (point of use) heater
 Multipoint heaters
e). Combination boilers

 Direct system of hot water

A direct water supply system is one where the raising main feeds directly the
cold water taps and a multi-point water heater. The mains water comes in via a rising
main and directly feeds all the cold taps and a multi-point water heater - so all the taps
and other water feeds are at mains water pressure.

Indirect system of hot water

With an indirect water system, the copper hot water cylinder contains a coil of pipe. This
coil forms part of a run of pipework attached to the boiler. It is heated directly by the
boiler. Indirectly, it heats the water in the cylinder. The coil, or "heat exchanger" forms
 part of the central heating circuit, and its water heating abilities are purely a by-product
of its main function, which is to heat the radiators. This heating is called the "primary"
circuit, the pipes running to and from the boiler are called the primary flow and return.
The hot water tank operates in exactly the same way as the direct system.
To identify an indirect system, you will see two water tanks in your loft. The second,
smaller one, is the feed for the primary circuit. It will top up the system when necessary
and will also have a vent pipe over the top. The level of water in this tank will be
considerably lower to allow the water to rise as it expands when it gets hot without
overflowing.

o Cold water

Direct system of cold water

Direct systems source water straight from the mains water supply. All pipes to the cold drew off
points are taken directly from the rising main
Indirect System of Cold Water Supply
An indirect water supply system is the most common type found in modern houses.
The mains water comes in via a rising main and directly feeds at least one cold tap at the
kitchen sink with ‘potable’ water. The rising main also feeds a storage tank at a high point in the
building from where the water is fed to all the other taps using gravity.

Adhesives
Plumbing adhesive is used for sealing leaks, repairing tears, securing tiles, fixing footwear and
mending glassware. It bonds aluminum, metal, copper, brass, ABS, PVC, fiberglass and tile.

Depending on the application, the industrial adhesive systems should be:

 Waterproof: it goes without saying that the adhesive bonding together two pieces of
pipe containing liquids, should not let any of it through.
 Chemical resistant: depending on the purpose of the installation, the PVC bonding
should be resistant to the feed including all chemicals it may be exposed to. For
example, the horticulture industry installations used for delivering fertilizers, must not
let the fertilizer affect the pipes and bonds.
 Resistant to high pressure and discharge: some industrial pipeline installations are
used for delivering and discharging fluids in high pressure conditions. Therefore, the
PVC adhesives used in these, must not be affected by the process and vice versa.
 Safe to use with potable water: many PVC pipelines are designed to deliver drinking
water. Adhesives used for these pipes must comply with food and safety regulations to
make sure no residue will end up in the potable water.

Pipe fittings
Pipe Fittings are defined as the piping components that help in pipe routing for directional
changes, size changes, and branch connections. Piping Elbows, Piping Reducers, Tee
Connections, Outlet Connections, Caps, Crosses, etc are pipe fittings and widely used in both
the piping and plumbing industry. Different pipe fittings serve different functions as per layout
or process requirements. Pipe fittings are manufactured as separate items and procured
separately. Pipe fittings are connected to piping using various end connections. Pipe fittings
play an important role in the proper functioning of pipes and tubes in various applications.

 Elbows: Used to change the angle or direction of the pipe run. Most commonly in 90
degrees and 45 degree turns. The sweep of the fitting describes how fast a transition or
change in direction is made.
 Street Elbows: One end of the pipe fitting has male threads and the other end has
female threads. These are common in galvanized steel and copper pipe. They are
convenient because they do away with the need for a nipple and work well in tight
quarters.
 Tee Fittings: Shaped like the letter T. Allows for branch lines.
 Couplings: Used to join two straight pieces of pipe of the same diameter.
 Reducers: Used to join pipes of different diameters. Makes a gradual change in
diameter.
 Bushings: Used to make the diameter of a pipe fitting smaller. They are different from
reducers because they make an abrupt change in diameter and take little space.
 Unions: Used to join pieces of pipe where pipes cannot be turned or when a piece of
equipment may have to be removed for maintenance or replacement.
 Adaptor Fittings: Used to change the end of a non-threaded pipe to male or female
threads as needed. Most commonly used in copper and plastic plumbing jobs.
 Caps: Used to close the end of a dead-end pipe.
 Plugs: Used to close an ending on a pipe fitting normally used for inspection or
cleanout.
 Nipples: Short lengths of pipe threaded at both ends.
 Wyes: Used primarily to gain inside access to DWV (drain-waste-vent) systems.
 Valves: Devices that control the flow of liquid or gas through or from a pipe.
(Compression valves, ball valves, sleeve-cartridge valves, ceramic disc valves, etc)
  PVC Fittings: Come in a wide variety of configurations and may be glued (S) or
threaded (T)
 Copper Tubing Fittings: Use compression fittings. Common fittings are couplings,
ells, and tees.

Examples of assorted fittings.

Pipe bending.
Pipe bending is a technique used in various metal forming processes with the aim of increasing
the fabrication capabilities of plumbing fixtures. The pipe can be bent at varying angles and in
different directions. The simplest curve turns the tube at an angle of 90 degrees forming an
elbow.
Pipe bending machines are typically human powered, pneumatic powered, hydraulic assisted, or
electric servo motor. In the pipe bending operation the tube may be supported internally or
externally to preserve the cross section of the pipe. In operations where there is flexibility in the
shape of the pipe, the pipe does not need to be supported, however there will be some
deformation in the both the cross section of the overall pipe and the wall thickness in different
areas of the bend.

Physical Effects on Pipe and Tube from Bending

Depending on the bending method used and the material qualities of the pipe or tube being bent
some of the following physical effects can be seen after bending:
 Wrinkles on the inner side of the bend
 Stretching of the wall on the outer side of the bend
 Thinning of the wall thickness on the outer side of the bend
  Deformation of the cross section of the pipe or tube causing it to reduce and form an
oval shape.

Heat Bending Plastic Pipes

Bending of plastic pipes may be desirable under certain conditions where long radius bends and
unusual configurations are required. It is possible to bend various sizes and wall thicknesses of
rigid PVC-U, PVC-C and ABS pipe using heat bending techniques for long-radius sweeps for
conduit and flow conditions. Irregular angles and U-bends for thermal compensation, and
offsets in congested areas can be successfully achieved.

Good housekeeping through OSHA’s rules for walking and working surfaces

It’s clear to see that housekeeping practices have an impact meeting OSHA’s general
requirement for walking and working surfaces. The rule states:

 Housekeeping is to be clean, orderly, and sanitary.

  Floors are to be clean and dry.

 Aisles and passageways are to have sufficient clearance. They are to be kept clear,
without obstructions that could create a hazard.

 Permanent aisles are to be marked.

Some examples of violations of these rules are: blocked aisles, material lying across an aisle or
on the floor, wet or oily floors, or material overhanging high shelves.
Housekeeping solutions
As a good plumber you need to perform the following as housekeeping procedures.
 You should protect the existing works and sanitary appliances
 You should clean your working area at all times during work progress.
 Clearing work area after the job should be done immediately.
 Keeping of work area tidy is always necessary.
Common Plumbing Problems
 Faulty Faucets. The sound of a dripping tap is commonly associated with insanity.
 Leaking Pipes. Pipes make up the bulk of plumbing problems, especially in old houses.
 Dripping faucets.
 Slow draining sink.
 Clogged bath or shower drain.
 Clogged toilet.
 Running toilet.
 Faulty water heater.
 Low water pressure.
 Jammed garbage disposal.
 Low water pressure.

INSPECTION AND TESTING

INSPECTION
Work should be inspected during installation and tests applied on completion, care being taken
that all work to be encased or concealed is tested before it is finally enclosed.
Range of inspection - Pipe systems should be tested for tightness and for hydraulic
performance. Inspection should be carried out to ensure the following:

a) Work accords with the drawings and specifications;

b) All pipe brackets, clips, etc., are securely fixed;
c) Fixings are correctly spaced.
d) Pipe is protected where necessary by insulation;
e) Embedded pipework is properly protected before sealing-in;
f) All access covers, caps or plugs:
- are so made that the internal faces truly complete the internal bore,
- are accessible,
- cause no obstruction in the pipe bore, and
- are well jointed.
TESTING OF THE SYSTEM
• Smoke test; forces smoke-filled air through a sanitary sewer line. The smoke under
pressure will fill the main line plus any connections and then follow the path of any leak to the
ground surface, quickly revealing the source of the problem.
• Water test; the lower end of the pipeline is sealed using a drain plug and the section
under test is filled with water. A head of water is created, following a period of settlement and
acclimatization, the level of water in the head is monitored for a specified period and the loss of
water measured and checked.
• Air test; it is done by isolating the section of pipe that needs to be tested using plugs,
and setting two different pressures for five minutes each. Any change in pressure over those
five-minute time periods is measured and recorded.
• Pressure test; it is performed to ensure the safety, reliability, and leak tightness of
pressure systems. A pressure test is required for a new pressure system before use or an existing
pressure system after repair or alteration. There are two methods for pressure tests: hydrostatic
and pneumatic.
 1.2.4.4 Learning Activities
With the help of your trainer, you are required to install indirect system of cold water below.
Practical activities.
 Positions the pipes, set out and marked based on below working drawing.
 Thread pipes and carry out pipe jointing
 Cut Pipes based on type of pipe
 Carry out pipe bending based on jobs requirement
 Pipes are fitted based on drawing specifications.
1.2.4.5 Self-Assessment
1) Define a valve and state various types.
2) Precautions should you take while Executing Layout of Pipes
3) State any three physical Effects on Pipe and Tube from Bending
4) State the use of the following fittings.
 Caps
 Plugs
 Nipples
5) Which three methods are suitable for testing modern Drainage Water vent systems (DWV
systems) for leaks?

1.2.4.6 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials

Tools/Equipment: Materials:
 Pipe wrench  Hardhat
 Pipe cutter  Gloves
 Hacksaw  Dustcoat / overall
 Pipe Threading Equipment  Safety shoes / boots
 Vise - Bench  Various types of pipe support
 Tap and Punch  Sandpapers
 Files  Threading oil
 Screwdrivers  Thread tape
 Drill with various sizes of bits  Caulking material
 Mallet
 Ball hammer
 Masonry chisel
 PPR machine / Heat Fusion
  equipment
 Pipe bender

1.2.4.7 References
Black & Decker (2008). The Complete Guide to Plumbing (4th ed). Minneapolis: Creative
Publishing international, Inc. Retrieved from https://www.pdfdrive.com/
Chudley, R.G (1988). Building Construction Handbook (4th ed). MA: Reed Educational and
Professional Publishing Ltd.
Muscroft, S. (2005). Plumbing Book (2nd ed). MA: Elsevier Ltd. Retrieved from
https://books.google.co.ke/
American Society of Plumbing Engineers (2012). Plumbing engineering design handbook (vol.
4). Retrieved from www.aspe.org
Treloar, R.D (2012), Plumbing book (4TH ed). Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell ltd. Retrieved from
https://content.schweitzer-online.de
https://knowtechie.com/what-is-working-drawing-in-construction-definition-and-types/
https://iex-website.s3.amazonaws.com/images/articles/career-training-usa/2012/pexels-ruler.jpg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ghcdZRUZ0MU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ghcdZRUZ0MU
1.2.4.8 Model answers

1. A valve is a device that regulates, controls, or directs the flow of a fluid by opening,
closing, or partially obstructing fluid flow.
Examples
 Globe valves
 Gate valves
 Plug valve/ plug cork
 Ball cork
 Float valve/ ball valve

2. Precautions while Executing Layout of Pipe

 Pipe work and appliances should be arranged in such a way that allows close
grouping of connections with water closet near main soil pipe.
 The branch pipes should be kept short to reduce noise.
 When the basin and bath are at some distance from the stack, it would be cheaper
and simpler to combine the waste pipes into one.
 Any bends in the waste pipe should be of large radius.
 The pipe work in branch connections should be arranged to allow free drainage
for the system.
 All connections to main or branch pipes should be arranged in such a way that
prevents cross flow from one appliance to another.
 Branch connections should be of large radius along the invert.
 The minimum diameter of soil and waste stacks should be 100 mm and 75 mm
respectively.
 When the pipes are covered, hard to find along the internal face of the walls, they
should be of cast iron.
  All pipes including those laid on external face of the wall should be of cast iron on
the ground floor.

3. State any three physical Effects on Pipe and Tube from Bending
 Wrinkles on the inner side of the bend
 Stretching of the wall on the outer side of the bend
 Thinning of the wall thickness on the outer side of the bend
 Deformation of the cross section of the pipe or tube causing it to reduce and form an
oval shape.

4. State the use of the following fittings.

 Caps: Used to close the end of a dead-end pipe.
 Plugs: Used to close an ending on a pipe fitting normally used for inspection or
cleanout.
 Nipples: Short lengths of pipe threaded at both ends.
5. Which three methods are suitable for testing modern Drainage Water vent
systems (DWV systems) for leaks?
Air
Water
Smoke

1.2.5 Learning Outcome 5: Design simple pipework

1.2.5.1 Introduction to the learning outcome

This outcome specifies the competencies required to design simple pipework as it applies in the
construction industry.

1.2.5.2 Performance Standard

1. Number and type of appliances are identified based on working drawings
 2. Flow rates are calculated based on flow charts
3. Pipes are sized based on standards

1.2.5.3 Information Sheet

System layout and pipework

The water supply system must be designed to achieve appropriate water pressure and flow, and
to avoid contamination to potable water.
Water pressure
If the aim is to provide for building users’ needs while also using water efficiently, the right
water pressure is crucial. If water pressure is too low, this will be inconvenient for building
users – for example, because showers have poor water flow, and baths take a long time to fill. If
pressure is too high, this will lead to wastage of water, as well as high wear and tear on the
system.
Water flow rate
The Building Code requires that sanitary fixtures and appliances have adequate water supply at
an adequate flow rate.
Flow rate is affected by:
 Water pressure
 Pipe diameters – The smaller the internal diameter of the pipe, the lower the pressure
and flow rate. (Note that pipes are generally referred to by their inside nominal diameter
(DN), but it is actually the internal diameter that counts; a pipe rated as DN 15 may have
an actual inside diameter ranging between 10–18 mm.)
 Water temperature – higher temperatures will tend to raise pressure and flow rates (note:
also see materials below).
Flow rate and pipe size Acceptable Solutions
Pipes must be sized to achieve flow rates set out in accordance with Table 3 (see table below),
or the pipes must be sized in accordance with Table 5..
When calculating pipe size, the speed of the water (velocity) moving through the pipes must not
exceed 3.0 m/s.
When calculating pipe size, the speed of the water (velocity) moving through the pipes must not
exceed 3.0 m/s.

Table 5: Acceptable flow rates for fixtures and appliances

Fixture Flow rate (l/s) and temperature °C

Basin 0.1 at 45 °C

Bath 0.3 at 45°C

Sink 0.2 at 60°C (hot) and 0.2 (cold)

Shower 0.1 at 42°C

Laundry tub 0.2 at 60°C (hot) and 0.2 (cold)

Dishwasher and washing machine 0.20

System layout
In the design process, the layout of the plumbing system will largely follow room layout.
Nonetheless, there are many things to consider which relate to Code compliance, building users’
comfort, and sustainability.
When planning a water supply layout, the following must be considered:
  Pipe runs and lengths – Keep pipe runs as short as possible. Pass pipes close to fixtures
to minimize the number of branches and unnecessary elbows, tees and joints. Having
longer pipe runs and more fixtures will reduce flow rate, increase heat losses, and
increase use of materials
 Point of entry into the building – This should be into a utility space such as
garage/laundry and include an accessible isolating valve, line strainer and pressure
limiting valve (if required)
 Water heating system – Locate centrally to reduce the length of pipe runs to fixtures
because longer pipe runs require more water to be drawn off before hot water is
discharged. Install a separate point-of-use water heater for fixtures that are more than 10
m from the main water heater
 Noise prevention – Avoid running pipes over or near bedrooms and living areas.
Backflow
Backflow is the unplanned reversal of flow of water (or water and contaminants) into the water
supply system. The system must be designed and used to prevent contamination from backflow
Mains connection
Where the water source is a mains supply, the network utility operator is responsible for the
water supplied to the property boundary. The property owner is then responsible for providing
the pipework to bring the water into the building.
An isolating valve must be fitted at the point of connection to allow for maintenance and repair
of the building’s water supply system if required.
Pipe materials and specifications
The pipes used in a building must not contaminate potable water supply, and must be suitable
for the water pressure, flow rate and temperature of water they will be carrying. This will be
influenced by the materials used and also by other factors such as the wall thickness.
Other considerations are durability, ease of installation, cost, and sustainability. Common
materials for domestic water supply include copper, polybutylene (PB), polyethylene (PE),
polypropylene (PP-3 or PP Type 3), and cross-linked polyethylene (PEX).
Domestic Hot Water Service Systems - Design Procedure
Hot water supply must be adequate to meet building users’ needs while also keeping them safe.
It should also support efficient use of both energy and water.
Design procedure for domestic hot water service systems
The design of a hot water service system may follow the procedure:

1. Determine the demand of hot water from the consumers - quantity and temperature
2. Select the type, capacity and heating surface of the calorifier - or heat exchanger
3. Select the source of heat available.
4. Design the pipe scheme and determine the size of the pipes
The Demand of Hot Water - quantity and temperature
Hot water is normally supplied to fittings and their consumers at 50 - 60 oC. For canteens and
professional kitchen temperatures of 65 oC are often required to satisfy hygienic standards. Hot
water should not be stored at temperatures below 60 oC (140 oF) to avoid the risk
of contamination.
Where lower temperatures are necessary for safety reasons - as in kindergartens, centers for
disabled etc. - the hot water temperature should not exceed 40 - 50 oC. Special care should be
taken - like regular disinfection of fittings - to avoid infections.
Note! Hot water can be stored at higher temperatures and reduced to lower supply temperatures
by mixing in cold water in blender valves. Storing the hot water at a higher temperatures
increases the system overall capacity and reduces the need of storage volume.
Water Heater - Single Temperature
The water is heated and stored in the same storage tank at the same temperature as supplied to
the consumers.
Water Heater - Two Temperature with Mixing Valve
The water is heated and stored in the same storage tank at higher temperature than supplied to
most of the consumers. The hot water is mixed down to consumer temperature with cold water
before supplied to the fittings.
Water Heater - Two Temperature with Boosting Tank
The water is heated and stored at consumer temperature before distributed to normal consumers.
Water from this store is supplied to another heater and storage tank where the water is heated to
higher temperatures before distribution.
The quantity of hot water is determined by number of occupants and their consumption habits.
Timing is very important since consumption varies over the day.
Key Coding; it’s a good idea to code your map to keep the different elements straight like:
 Show drainpipes with solid lines and supply lines with broken lines.
 Indicate vertical runs with note on the overhead view.
 Mark hot and cold supply lines with colored pencils and color-code drains and vents.
 Point to pipe sizes with a curved leader line to avoid mistaking the leader for a pipe.
Pipe Sizing Procedure for water supply system
NON-PRESSURISED COLD WATER PIPE SIZING
• This method is pipe sizing where the pressure available is not from a pump but from
the head available from the tank.
• The higher the tank is above the outlets the more head will be available to force the
water through the outlets and overcome pipe work resistances.
Pipe Size Procedure
 Divide system into sections.
 Calculate demand units if simultaneous demand is effective.
 Estimate flow rates in each section.
 Estimate pipe diameter.
 Measure the pipe run for the section.
 Calculate length of pipe equal to resistance of fittings.
 Calculate effective pipe length.
 Determine pressure loss due to friction for pipe
  Calculate pressure consumed by friction.
 Calculate cumulative pressure consumed
Domestic water pipe sizing
The sizing of domestic water supply system must be based on the minimum pressure available
for the building in question. The designer must ensure that the required pressure is maintained at
the most hydraulically remote fixture and that proper and adequate quantities of flow are
maintained at all fixtures. In addition, the designer must ensure that reasonable velocities are
maintained in all piping. The velocity of water flowing in a pipe should not exceed 10 feet/sec
and should be designed for 7-8 feet per second or less, because high velocities will increase the
rate of corrosion leading to pipe failure and cause undesirable noises in the system and increase
the possibility of hydraulic shock. The designer should compute and/or know the following:

1. Hydraulically remote fixture

2. Available main pressure
3. Pressure required at individual fixtures
4. Static pressure losses (height of highest fixture relative to main pressure)
5. Water demand (total system, and each branch, fixture)
6. Pressure loss due to friction
7. Velocity

Pipe sizes
May include but not limited to:
 13mm
 19mm
 25mm
 32mm
 38mm
PIPING CALCULATION:
LINE SIZING:
  Pipe Line is sized based on continuity equation
Q= A x V
Where

 Q= Flow (m3/sec)
 A= Inside cross section area of pipe (m2)
 V= Velocity (m/sec)
From the above equation its clear that;
 When the diameter of the pipe increases the area of the cross-section increases as well as
its volume thereby increasing quantity/flow of the water/ liquid and vice versa.

Types of water supply system

1. Cold water supply
Two types of cold water supply systems
 Direct
 Indirect.
Direct water supply

A direct water supply system is one where the raising main feeds directly the cold water taps
and a multi-point water heater.

The mains water comes in via a rising main and directly feeds all the cold taps and a multi-point
water heater - so all the taps and other water feeds are at mains water pressure. Note that in this
article, we are dealing with just the hot and cold water supplies to the taps etc., we are not
dealing with the central heating system.
The picture below shows a direct cold water system where cold water is distributed all over the
house at mains pressure.
Indirect Cold Water System
In the indirect cold water system, water comes into house via rising main. It is then branched off
to feed at least one tap (in the image above, this is the kitchen and outside tap and the boiler
next to the sink) and then continues to a storage tank in the loft. From here it is distributed to the
other taps in the house. Overflow pipes are marked The position of stopcocks etc is marked on
the diagram below which also shows the hot water path.
Domestic indirect water system
1.2.5.4 Learning Activities
 Design a simple isometric pipe work drawing for the cold water supply for the
plan below.;
 Assume any other relevant information.

1.2.5.5 Self-Assessment

1) State two types of cold water supply.

2) Highlight the procedure for designing domestic hot water
3) Distinguish direct from indirect water supply.
4) Explain the term ”backflow” Backflow is the unplanned reversal of flow of
water (or water and contaminants) into the water supply system
 1.2.5.6 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials
• Drawing boards
• T squares
• Set squares
• Drawing sets
• Drawing paper
• Protractors
• Eraser Shield
• Pencils
• Erasers
• Masking tapes
• Paper clips
• Drawing curves
• Technical drawing software’

1.2.5.7 References
Black & Decker (2008). The Complete Guide to Plumbing (4th ed). Minneapolis: Creative
Publishing international, Inc. Retrieved from https://www.pdfdrive.com/
Chudley, R.G (1988). Building Construction Handbook (4th ed). MA: Reed Educational and
Professional Publishing Ltd.
Muscroft, S. (2005). Plumbing Book (2nd ed). MA: Elsevier Ltd. Retrieved from
https://books.google.co.ke/
American Society of Plumbing Engineers (2012). Plumbing engineering design handbook (vol.
4). Retrieved from www.aspe.org
Treloar, R.D (2012), Plumbing book (4TH ed). Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell ltd. Retrieved from
https://content.schweitzer-online.de
1.2.5.8 Model Answers.

1) State two types of cold water supply.

 Direct system
 Indirect system
2) Highlight the procedure for designing domestic hot water

 Determine the demand of hot water from the consumers - quantity and
temperature
 Select the type, capacity and heating surface of the calorifier - or heat
exchanger
 Select the source of heat available.
 Design the pipe scheme and determine the size of the pipes

3) Distinguish direct from indirect water supply.

In direct supply, all the household appliances (fixtures) receive water
directly from the mains (i.e direct supplies from the authorities that collects
water from source, treats it and distribute same while in indirect water
supply system, water is first filled into cistern (tank; overhead or
underground) from mains and the appliances receive water from the
cistern(tank) mostly overhead water tank.
4) Explain the term ”backflow”
Backflow is the unplanned reversal of flow of water (or water and
contaminants) into the water supply system

1.2.6 Learning Outcome 6: Install Water distribution system

1.2.6.1 Introduction to the learning outcome

This outcome specifies the competencies required to install water distribution systems as it
applies in the construction industry.

1.2.6.2 Performance Standard

1. Water distribution systems is identified and interpreted based on the drawing

2. Positions of pipes are set out and marked based on working drawings
3. Water distribution materials and supplies are estimated based on the drawing.
4. Tools and equipment are identified according to job requirement.
5. Water distribution system is installed based on codes of practice
6. Housekeeping is conducted as per workplace procedures
7. Functionality tests are conducted based on best practices.
8. Faults in functionality and leakage are corrected based on best practice.
9. Safety and health practice are observed based on OSHA.

1.2.6.3 Information Sheet

A water distribution system is a part of water supply network with components that
carry potable water from a centralized treatment plant or wells to water consumers in order to
adequately deliver water to satisfy residential, commercial, industrial and firefighting
requirements. A water distribution system consists of pipes, storage facilities, pumps, and other
accessories.
Requirements of an adequate distribution system
 Water quality should not deteriorate while in the distribution pipes.
 The system should be capable of supplying water to all the intended places with
sufficient pressure head.
 It should be capable of supplying the requisite amount of water during firefighting.
 The layout should be such that no consumer is without water supply, during the repair of
any section of the system.
 All the distribution pipes should preferably be laid one metre from or above sewer lines.
 It should be fairly watertight to keep losses (e.g. due to leakage) to a minimum.
Network type
There are four principal methods to design a distribution system:
 Dead end or tree system
 Gridiron system
 Circular or ring system
 Radial system

1. Dead-end or tree distribution system

Description
In the dead end system (also called tree system), one main pipeline runs through the centre of the
populated area and sub-mains branch off from both sides. The sub-mains divide into several branch lines
from which service connections are provided.

Schematic design of a dead-end distribution system. Source: GONU (2009)

Advantages dead-end System:
 The design calculation is simple and easy.
 A smaller number of cut-off valves are required and the operation and maintenance cost is low.
 Pipe laying is simple
Disadvantages dead-end system:
 The system is less successful in maintaining satisfactory pressure in remote areas and is therefore
not favoured in modern waterworks practice
 One main pipeline provides the entire city, which is quite risky
 The head loss is relatively high, requiring larger pipe diameter, and/or larger capacities for
pumping units. Dead ends at line terminals might affect the quality of water by allowing
sedimentation and encouraging bacterial growth due to stagnation. Water hammer could also
cause burst of lines. A large number of scour valves are required at the dead ends, which need to
be opened periodically for the removal of stale water and sediment
 The discharge available for firefighting in the streets is limited due to high head loss in areas with
weak pressure

2. Gridiron distribution system

Description:
In this system the main supply line runs through the centre of the area and sub mains branch off in
perpendicular directions. The branch lines interconnect the sub-mains. This system is ideal for cities laid
out on a rectangular plan resembling a gridiron. The distinguishing feature of this system is that all of the
pipes are interconnected and there are no dead ends. Water can reach a given point of withdrawal from
several directions, which permits more flexible operation, particularly when repairs are required.
 Design of the Gridiron
distribution system. Source: GONU (2009)
Advantages of the Gridiron distribution system:
 The free circulation of water, without any stagnation or sediment deposit, minimises the chances
of pollution due to stagnation.
 Because of the interconnections water is available at every point with minimum loss of head.
 Enough water is available at street fire hydrants, as the hydrant draws water from the various
branch lines.
 During repairs, only a small area of distribution is affected.
Disadvantages of the Gridiron distribution system:
 A large number of cut-off valves are required.
 The system requires longer pipe lengths with larger diameters.
 The analysis of discharge, pressure and velocities in the pipes is difficult and cumbersome.
 The cost of pipe laying is higher.

3. Circular or ring distribution system

Description:
In a circular or ring system, the supply main forms a ring around the distribution area. The branches are
connected cross-wise to the mains and also to each other. This system is most reliable for a town with
well-planned streets and roads. The advantages and disadvantages of this system are the same as those of
the gridiron system. However, in case of fire, a larger quantity of water is available, and the length of the
distribution main is much higher.

Design of a ring distribution system.

4. Radial distribution system
Description:
In this system, the whole area is divided into a number of distribution districts. Each district has a
centrally located distribution reservoir (elevated) from where distribution pipes run radially towards the
periphery of the distribution district. This system provides swift service, without much loss of head. The
design calculations are much simpler.
Supply Water System

There are two main water systems;

 Direct Water Supply System: All water outlets of a house receive water directly from
the mains. Portable water is available at all faucets. This is possible where water source
delivers water throughout and with high water pressure, sufficient enough to deliver
water at an adequate pressure at all taps.
 Indirect Water Supply System: Water from mains is conveyed to storage water tanks.
Water is then delivered to the house from water storage tank. This system is adopted
where water supply from mains is not available throughout the day. It is also used when
water pressure in mains is not sufficient enough to deliver water at all faucets with
adequate pressure.
Figure 128: water systems

Direct Water Supply System

Advantages:
 Reduces pipe works and cost of same, as pipes to and from tank for cold water are
omitted.
 Good quality drinking water is available at all taps.
 Energy is saved as pumps are not required to pump water to cistern/tanks.
 Installation cost is reduced compared to indirect water supply because no storage tank is
required and even reduces maintenance cost of tank (underground as well as overhead).
 It reduces the chances of bacterial contamination.
 Water quality is maintained.
 Disadvantages:
 If water is supplied only for specific period of time continuous water flow will not be
available and such system cannot survive. As throughout water supply would not be
available.
 Pipes have leakage due to high pressures.
 If main pipe gets damaged whole water supply to the home has to be stopped till main is
fixed

Indirect Water Supply System

Advantages:
 It imposes less pressure on distribution network, as rising main is not connected to all
fixtures directly.
 There is no threat of pipe burst.
 If main is damaged or when water supply is stopped during certain time period; water
can still be made available to users from the storage tanks.
 Less wear and tear of all fixtures because of less pressure and plumbing materials.
 Water leakages are less because water pressure will be less from tank and less water will
escape and have less loss.
Disadvantages:
 Normally, storage water tanks are kept on roof top due to which there is not enough
pressure on immediate lower floor causing problem in working of showers and flush
valves in particular.
 Water stored in storage tank degrades over a period of time from quality point of view.
 Additional pipe network is required for carrying water to storage tank and from storage
tank to appliances, increasing cost of pipe works and of course of pumps.
 Clean water may not be available at all taps.
 If sufficient pressure is not available, booster pumps are required for getting water at
pressure like 7 to 10m height.
 You have to regularly operate and maintain pumps.
  The tank will always need maintenance and may create problem of leakages.
 The tank adds cost to the building.
 The tank also adds to the dead weight of the building.
Tools and equipment’s.
 Tubing Cutter
 Hacksaw
 Hole saw kit
 Pipe and tube benders
 Mole grips
 Plumber’s torch
 Thread sealing tape
 Pliers
 Press fitting systems
 Flashlight
 Ratcheting pipe threader set
Plumber Wrenches
 Pipe wrench
 Adjustable wrench
 Basin wrench
 Faucet key
 Torque wrench
 Internal pipe wrench

Plumbing Safety Tools

 Gloves
 Goggles
 Heat shields or pads

Testing
  Smoke test; forces smoke-filled air through pipe line. The smoke under pressure will fill
the main line plus any connections and then follow the path of any leak to the ground
surface, quickly revealing the source of the problem.
 Air test; it is done by isolating the section of pipe that needs to be tested using plugs,
and setting two different pressures for five minutes each. Any change in pressure over
those five-minute time periods is measured and recorded.
 Pressure test; it is performed to ensure the safety, reliability, and leak tightness of
pressure systems. A pressure test is required for a new pressure system before use or an
existing pressure system after repair or alteration. There are two methods for pressure
tests: hydrostatic and pneumatic.

Good housekeeping through OSHA’s rules for installation of hot and cold water system
(revisit)

 Housekeeping is to be clean, orderly, and sanitary.

 Floors are to be clean and dry.

 Aisles and passageways are to have sufficient clearance. They are to be kept clear,
without obstructions that could create a hazard.
Good housekeeping practices should include but not limited to;

 Floors being kept dry at all times.

 Disposal containers used for liquids or solids that may turn putrid not leaking, and they
must have tight fitting covers;

 Sweepings, wastes, and refuse being removed always.

 All exit routes being free and unobstructed i.e., no materials or equipment should be
placed, permanently or temporarily, within the exit route.
  Permanent aisles being marked clearly
1.2.6.4 Learning Activities
Below is a system layout of water distribution, with the help of your trainer you are required to ;
 Identify the Water distribution systems based on the drawing
 Positions of pipes are set out and marked based on working drawings
 Identify Tools and equipment according to job requirement.
 Install Water distribution system

1.2.6.5 Self-Assessment

1) Explain the term “water distribution system:

2) List any three requirements of an adequate distribution system.
3) State any two disadvantages of dead end system
 4) State four principal method of designing a distribution system.
5) Sketch the dead end or tree system.

1.2.6.6 Tools, Equipment, Supplies and Materials

Tools/Equipment: Materials:
 Pipe wrench  Hardhat
 Pipe cutter  Gloves
 Hacksaw  Dustcoat / overall
 Pipe Threading Equipment  Safety shoes / boots
 Bench-vice  Various types of pipe support
 Tap and Punch  Sandpapers
 Files  Threading oil
 Screwdrivers  Thread tape
 Drill with various sizes of bits  Caulking material
 Mallet
 Ball hammer
 Masonry chisel
 PPR machine / Heat Fusion
 equipment
 Pipe bender
 House keeping equipments.

 1.2.6.7 References
Black & Decker (2008). The Complete Guide to Plumbing (4th ed). Minneapolis: Creative
Publishing international, Inc. Retrieved from https://www.pdfdrive.com/
Chudley, R.G (1988). Building Construction Handbook (4th ed). MA: Reed Educational and
Professional Publishing Ltd.
Muscroft, S. (2005). Plumbing Book (2nd ed). MA: Elsevier Ltd. Retrieved from
https://books.google.co.ke/
American Society of Plumbing Engineers (2012). Plumbing engineering design handbook (vol.
4). Retrieved from www.aspe.org
Treloar, R.D (2012), Plumbing book (4TH ed). Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell ltd. Retrieved from
https://content.schweitzer-online.de
1.2.6.8 Model Answers

1. Explain the term “water distribution system:

A water distribution system is a part of water supply network with components that
carry potable water from a centralized treatment plant or wells to water consumers in
order to adequately deliver water to satisfy residential, commercial, industrial and
firefighting requirements
2. List any three requirements of an adequate distribution system.
 Water quality should not deteriorate while in the distribution pipes.
 The system should be capable of supplying water to all the intended places with
sufficient pressure head.
 It should be capable of supplying the requisite amount of water during firefighting.
 The layout should be such that no consumer is without water supply, during the repair of
any section of the system.
 All the distribution pipes should preferably be laid one metre from or above sewer lines.
 It should be fairly watertight to keep losses (e.g. due to leakage) to a minimum.
3. State any two disadvantages of dead end system

 The system is less successful in maintaining satisfactory pressure in remote areas and is therefore
not favoured in modern waterworks practice
 One main pipeline provides the entire city, which is quite risky
 The head loss is relatively high, requiring larger pipe diameter, and/or larger capacities for
pumping units.
 The discharge available for firefighting in the streets is limited due to high head loss in areas with
weak pressure

4. State four principal method of designing a distribution system.

 Dead end or tree system
 Gridiron system
 Circular or ring system
 Radial system

5. Sketch the dead end or tree system.