NEBOSH

MANAGEMENT OF HEALTH AND SAFETY

UNIT IG1:
For: NEBOSH International General Certificate in Occupational Health and Safety

Open Book Examination

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Learner name Ali Hassan

NEBOSH learner 00894018
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Answer sheet IG1-0046-ENG-OBE-V1 Jan25 © NEBOSH 2025 page 1 of 9

Task 1: The organisation’s approach to managing risk

The Heritage Amphitheatre demonstrates numerous strengths in managing risks

effectively, showcasing its commitment to safety for both visitors and staff.

1. Proactive Leadership: The Managing Director (MD) plays an active role in health and
safety by directly engaging with workers and leading initiatives to improve safety
practices. This involvement sets a strong example for the entire organisation.

2. Clear and Updated Health and Safety Policy: The organisation’s policy has been
revised recently, ensuring it addresses current needs and integrates lessons learned
from incidents. This provides a strong foundation for consistent risk management.

3. Annual Training Programs: To ensure all staff members remain knowledgeable, annual
health and safety training sessions have been made mandatory. These sessions
reinforce awareness of protocols and compliance.

4. Enhanced Induction Processes: The revamped induction program now includes

detailed explanations of site rules, basic safety training, and hazard awareness. This
approach prepares new workers and contractors more thoroughly.

5. Risk Assessment Improvements: Risk assessments for levels 3 and 4 have been
updated to identify and address specific hazards, reflecting a targeted and systematic
approach to mitigating risks.

6. Tourist Safety Enhancements: Measures such as designated pathways, multilingual

signage, and rope barriers are in place to guide visitors safely and restrict access to
hazardous areas, minimizing potential risks.

7. Emergency Readiness: Worker X’s quick response during the accident demonstrated
effective emergency preparedness. Additionally, the organisation has equipped workers
with two-way radios for swift communication during critical situations.

8. External Audits and Supervision: Hiring an independent consultant for a health and
safety audit shows the organisation’s willingness to seek unbiased assessments. Regular
supervision by senior management also ensures accountability and consistency.

9. Prompt Incident Management: After the accident, the management team promptly
investigated and implemented corrective actions to prevent similar occurrences,
underscoring a commitment to learning from events.

10. Continuous Improvement Culture: The organisation has adopted a proactive stance
by hiring a full-time health and safety adviser, reassessing risks, and regularly updating
policies to maintain high safety standards.

These strengths collectively illustrate the organisation’s dedication to fostering a safe

environment while continuously improving its health and safety practices.

Task 2: Job factors

2
Several factors related to the guided tour on level 4 contributed to the accident at the
Heritage Amphitheatre, highlighting significant safety lapses.

Answer sheet IG1-0046-ENG-OBE-V1 Jan25 © NEBOSH 2025 page 2 of 9

Inadequate Supervision: When the Principal Contractor (PC) left the site due to a
personal emergency, the restoration work was left unsupervised. This lack of oversight
meant contractors were not guided properly, resulting in unsafe practices like leaving
tools unattended and barriers unsecured.

Hazardous Restoration Area: The restoration zone itself posed significant risks.
Adjustable props supported unstable structures, including a deteriorating stone archway.
Despite being cordoned off, these dangers remained, increasing the likelihood of
accidents.

Failure to Secure Safety Barriers: A critical lapse occurred when a rope barrier meant to
restrict access to the hazardous area was left open by a contractor. This oversight
allowed a teenager to enter the restricted zone, despite safety signage warning against it.

Poor Induction and Training: New contractors were inadequately prepared for the risks
involved. They were given only a brief tour instead of a comprehensive induction. This
lack of training left them unaware of critical responsibilities, such as properly securing
barriers and managing tools.

Worker Distraction: Worker X, the tour guide, was occupied assisting an elderly couple,
which caused them to lose focus on the rest of the group. This distraction allowed the
teenager to slip away unnoticed and access the dangerous restoration area.

Ineffective Communication: The lack of a formal handover from the PC to the contractors
created confusion. Responsibilities were unclear, and safety measures, such as securing
tools and barriers, were not enforced.

Insufficient Safety Signage: While signage was present, it was not prominent or effective
enough to deter unauthorized access. Improved placement and more robust barriers
could have prevented the accident.

Inconsistent Contractor Practices: Informal communication among contractors resulted in

unsafe habits, such as leaving tools on the floor, which directly contributed to the
teenager’s fall.

Pressure to Meet Deadlines: The MD’s demand to accelerate restoration work created a
rushed environment where safety protocols were overlooked.

Absence of Structured Guidance: The lack of a clear system for managing the tour group
led to lapses in attention and increased risks.

Together, these factors created a hazardous environment that ultimately led to the
accident. Improved supervision, better communication, and stricter adherence to safety
protocols could have prevented this incident.

Task 3: Contractor management

3
The management of contractors during the restoration work at the Heritage Amphitheatre
was handled poorly, contributing significantly to the accident.

Inadequate Induction: New contractors received only a brief site tour instead of a detailed
induction. They were not informed about critical safety protocols, leaving them
unprepared for site-specific hazards.

Failure to Communicate Risks: Contractors were not adequately briefed on dangers such

Answer sheet IG1-0046-ENG-OBE-V1 Jan25 © NEBOSH 2025 page 3 of 9

as unstable structures and falling debris. Without this knowledge, they could not take
necessary precautions to mitigate risks.

Lack of Supervision: When the Principal Contractor (PC) left the site due to an
emergency, no replacement supervisor was assigned. This lack of oversight led to unsafe
practices, such as tools being left unattended.

Rope Barrier Neglect: A contractor left the rope barrier open, enabling unauthorized
access to the restricted area. This breach allowed the teenager to enter the hazardous
restoration zone.

Poor Emergency Preparedness: While basic safety instructions were provided,

contractors were not informed about specific emergency procedures for the restoration
site, leaving them ill-equipped to respond to crises.

Increased Pressure from Deadlines: The MD’s insistence on accelerating the project
timeline created a rushed environment where safety was overlooked. Contractors
focused on speed rather than adherence to safety protocols.

Lack of Clear Instructions: New contractors were told to “ask other workers” for guidance
rather than being given detailed instructions on their tasks and the associated risks.

Inadequate Risk Assessments: Updated risk assessments were not provided to

contractors, leaving them unaware of potential hazards such as collapsing structures and
damaged props.

Failure to Enforce Safety Protocols: Neither the MD nor the PC ensured that contractors
adhered to protective measures like securing barriers and following signage.

Unsafe Tool Management: Tools were left on the floor by contractors, creating a tripping
hazard. This negligence contributed directly to the accident.

These lapses in induction, supervision, communication, and risk management created a

hazardous work environment that led to the incident. Addressing these failures is critical
to preventing similar accidents in the future.

Task 4: Emergency management

4
Worker X’s actions during the accident at the Heritage Amphitheatre were exemplary,
minimizing its impact and ensuring the safety of others.

Immediate Response: Worker X quickly assessed the situation upon hearing the crash
and secured the rope barrier to prevent additional access to the hazardous area. This
swift action contained the situation effectively.

Clear Communication: Using their two-way radio, Worker X promptly informed their
supervisor of the incident and requested emergency services. Their detailed
communication ensured timely intervention.

Focus on Safety: Before attending to the injured teenager, Worker X ensured the tour
group remained in a safe location, minimizing the risk of further injuries and maintaining
order.

First Aid Assistance: Worker X administered first aid to the teenager, offering
reassurance and addressing immediate medical needs while awaiting professional help.

Answer sheet IG1-0046-ENG-OBE-V1 Jan25 © NEBOSH 2025 page 4 of 9

This response helped stabilize the victim’s condition.

Calm Under Pressure: Despite the chaos, Worker X remained composed, enabling them
to think clearly and act effectively. This calmness prevented panic among the group and
contributed to an orderly response.

Efficient Group Management: Worker X ensured the rest of the tour group stayed
together and away from danger. By prioritizing their safety, Worker X reduced the risk of
further incidents.

Timely Incident Reporting: Worker X ensured that the necessary details of the accident
were relayed to the supervisor, enabling prompt action and minimizing delays in
emergency services.

Follow-Up Involvement: Worker X later participated in the investigation of the incident,

offering valuable insights that could help prevent similar occurrences in the future.

Collaboration with Colleagues: Worker X requested additional support to manage the

group, ensuring responsibilities were shared and the situation was managed effectively.

Reinforcing Emergency Readiness: Worker X’s actions demonstrated the importance of

training and preparedness, setting an example for managing emergencies in high-risk
environments.

Through their quick thinking, effective communication, and focus on safety, Worker X
significantly mitigated the consequences of the accident while ensuring the safety of all
involved.

Task 5: Learning lessons from adverse events

5
Learning from adverse events, like the accident at the Heritage Amphitheatre, is vital for
fostering a safer and more proactive organisational culture. Here are the key reasons
why:

Enhancing Safety Protocols: By analyzing the root causes of incidents, the organisation
can improve safety measures to prevent similar accidents in the future. Addressing
weaknesses identified during investigations reduces the likelihood of injuries or fatalities.

Risk Identification and Mitigation: Adverse events often reveal previously unnoticed risks.
Studying these incidents enables the organisation to implement targeted changes,
ensuring a safer environment for workers and visitors alike.

Regulatory Compliance: Learning from incidents helps the organisation stay compliant
with safety standards and regulations. This reduces the chances of facing legal penalties
due to overlooked safety protocols.

Protecting Reputation: Demonstrating a commitment to learning and improving after

incidents builds public trust. A strong safety record reassures visitors and helps maintain
the amphitheatre’s reputation as a secure destination.

Boosting Employee Confidence: Workers feel more confident when they see
management addressing safety concerns effectively. It shows that their well-being is
valued, fostering a sense of trust and morale.

Financial Savings: Preventing future accidents reduces expenses related to medical care,

Answer sheet IG1-0046-ENG-OBE-V1 Jan25 © NEBOSH 2025 page 5 of 9

legal claims, and insurance premiums. It also minimizes operational disruptions caused
by safety issues.

Improving Training Programs: Incident reviews often highlight gaps in training. This
allows the organisation to design better and more effective safety education for its
workers and contractors.

Fostering a Safety Culture: A proactive approach to learning from adverse events

encourages employees to prioritize safety in daily operations. This builds a culture of
awareness and accountability at all levels.

Strengthening Decision-Making: Insights gained from incident investigations enable the

management to make more informed decisions, reducing risks in future projects and
initiatives.

By learning from incidents, the organisation not only enhances safety but also builds
resilience and efficiency, ensuring a secure and trusted environment for all.

Task 6: Financial impact of accidents

6
The accident involving the teenager at the Heritage Amphitheatre poses significant
financial challenges for the organisation. These impacts highlight the importance of
proactive safety measures.

Medical Expenses: Covering the costs of the teenager’s medical treatment, rehabilitation,
and ongoing care could strain the organisation financially, particularly if liability is
established.

Legal Costs: If legal action is pursued, the organisation may face substantial expenses
for lawyer fees, court proceedings, and settlements. Compensation for pain and suffering
could further increase costs.

Insurance Premiums: The incident may result in higher insurance premiums due to the
increased risk profile of the organisation, adding to long-term financial strain.

Reputation Damage: Negative publicity can deter future visitors, impacting ticket sales
and overall revenue. Restoring public trust may require additional marketing investments.

Refunds and Settlements: Affected tourists may demand refunds or settlements, leading
to an immediate loss of revenue and increased expenses.

Operational Costs: To address safety concerns, the organisation may need to invest in
additional staff, training programs, and infrastructure upgrades, such as better signage
and barriers.

Loss of Business: Safety concerns could reduce tourist interest in the amphitheatre,
leading to long-term revenue declines.

Regulatory Fines: If investigations reveal non-compliance with safety regulations, the

organisation may face significant fines from authorities.

Maintenance and Repairs: Addressing structural issues highlighted by the accident may
require costly repairs and increased maintenance efforts.

Answer sheet IG1-0046-ENG-OBE-V1 Jan25 © NEBOSH 2025 page 6 of 9

These financial consequences underscore the importance of addressing safety concerns
promptly to minimize long-term liabilities and restore confidence in the organisation.

Task 7: Policy review

7
The health and safety policy at the Heritage Amphitheatre must be reviewed to address
gaps that contributed to the recent accident and ensure robust preventive measures.

Risk Assessment Updates: Risk assessments for levels 3 and 4 were outdated and failed
to identify key hazards. A comprehensive review is essential to address high-risk areas
effectively.

Improved Induction Programs: Contractors did not receive thorough inductions, which
compromised their understanding of safety protocols. The policy should mandate detailed
onboarding for all contractors.

Enhanced Safety Signage: Inconsistent signage and ineffective barriers allowed a

teenager to access a restricted area. The policy should enforce better placement and
stronger enforcement of safety measures.

Clear Communication Protocols: The PC’s sudden departure left contractors without
guidance, highlighting a need for improved communication and supervisory structures.

Defined Emergency Roles: Emergency roles were unclear, with only Worker X managing
the situation. The policy must ensure that more staff are trained and prepared for
emergencies.

Contractor Accountability: Contractors were not held accountable for following safety
protocols. The policy should establish clear systems to enforce contractor compliance.

Realistic Deadlines: The MD’s pressure to expedite work led to safety compromises.
Policies must ensure that deadlines do not come at the expense of safety.

Comprehensive Worker Training: Minimal safety knowledge among workers highlights a

need for regular, robust training programs, including practical drills and updates.

Shared Responsibility: The policy must emphasize that safety is a shared responsibility
between contractors and in-house staff to avoid over-reliance on external parties.

A revised policy addressing these areas will strengthen safety measures, ensuring a
safer environment and greater compliance with regulatory standards.

Task 8: Communication

8
The accident at the Heritage Amphitheatre was largely influenced by significant
communication failures, which created unsafe conditions and increased the likelihood of
the incident.

Lack of Comprehensive Induction: The new contractors were not provided with a full
induction. Instead, they received a brief site tour that excluded critical safety instructions.
As a result, contractors were unaware of essential protocols, such as securing barriers

Answer sheet IG1-0046-ENG-OBE-V1 Jan25 © NEBOSH 2025 page 7 of 9

and proper tool storage.

Rushed Project Timelines: The MD’s insistence on accelerating the restoration timeline
caused the PC to hire additional contractors without ensuring they were adequately
briefed. The prioritization of deadlines over safety standards compromised effective
communication and onboarding.

Informal Communication Among Contractors: Instead of structured instructions, new

contractors were told to seek guidance from others if needed. This reliance on informal
communication led to inconsistent safety practices, such as tools being left unattended in
hazardous areas.

Neglect of Restricted Area Barriers: The rope barrier meant to block access to the
restoration zone was left open by a contractor. This oversight occurred because the
importance of securing restricted areas was not clearly communicated or reinforced.

Lack of Enforced Safety Protocols: Without formalized communication about safety

priorities, contractors failed to understand their responsibilities, such as maintaining
barriers and following signage.

Insufficient Oversight: The PC’s departure from the site without assigning a replacement
supervisor resulted in a lack of accountability, allowing unsafe practices to go unnoticed.

Minimal Risk Awareness: Contractors were not properly informed of the risks associated
with their tasks, such as the hazards posed by unstable structures in the restoration
zone.

No Emphasis on Reporting Issues: Contractors were not instructed on how to report

safety concerns or violations, leading to unchecked hazards like unsecured tools and
open barriers.

Unsafe Work Environment: Poor communication at all levels contributed to creating an

environment where contractors were ill-prepared to manage risks, directly leading to the
accident.

Task 9: Contractor induction

9
A well-designed contractor induction program is essential for ensuring safety and
reducing risks during restoration work. The following points should be included in a
comprehensive induction:

Health and Safety Policy Overview: Contractors must be briefed on the organisation’s
revised health and safety policy, emphasizing adherence to site-specific rules and
protocols.

Hazard Awareness: Contractors should be informed about risks such as unstable

structures, narrow passageways, steep stairs, and ongoing construction activities.
Understanding these hazards helps contractors work more safely.

Access Control and Restrictions: The induction should clearly explain restricted areas,
the purpose of barriers, and the importance of maintaining them to protect both workers
and tourists.

Emergency Procedures: Contractors need to know evacuation routes, assembly points,

and actions to take in emergencies. Awareness of emergency protocols ensures swift

Answer sheet IG1-0046-ENG-OBE-V1 Jan25 © NEBOSH 2025 page 8 of 9

and effective responses to accidents.

Proper Tool and Equipment Management: Instructions on safe storage and use of tools
and equipment must be included to avoid hazards like tripping risks or unsafe conditions.

PPE Requirements: Contractors should be provided with and trained to use Personal
Protective Equipment (PPE) such as helmets, gloves, and safety boots. Compliance with
PPE standards is critical.

Incident Reporting: A clear protocol for reporting accidents, near-misses, or unsafe

conditions should be established, ensuring timely responses to safety concerns.

Communication Systems: Training on the use of two-way radios for reporting

emergencies and coordinating tasks should be part of the induction. Effective
communication is vital for safety and efficiency.

Roles and Responsibilities: Contractors should understand their duties, including

cooperating with supervisors, adhering to deadlines without compromising safety, and
respecting all site rules.

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Documents and  [Link]/humanfactors/topics/[Link]

sources of information  [Link]/contractor-safety-management
you used in your  [Link]/media/9793/[Link]
examination
 [Link]/en/themes/learning-incidents-
and-accidents
 NEBOSH RRC Study Book IG1 Management of Health and
Safety
 Scenario Based Guidance.

End of examination

Now follow the instructions on submitting your answers in the NEBOSH Certificate Digital
Assessment - Technical Learner Guide, English. All guidance documents can be found on
the NEBOSH website:
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Answer sheet IG1-0046-ENG-OBE-V1 Jan25 © NEBOSH 2025 page 9 of 9