Ch.

3 Power Transformers

Prof. Dongjun Won

School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Inha University, Incheon, Korea

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Introduction
• Transformer
• Change voltage and current magnitude
• Use electromagnetic induction
• Main functions
• Step up/down
• Voltage regulation
• Electrical insulation
• Impedance matching
• Harmonic filter
• Loss reduction
• Less voltage drop

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3.1 The Ideal Transformer
• Ideal transformer
• The windings have zero resistance, I²R losses in the windings are zero.
• The core permeability 𝜇𝒸 is infinite, which corresponds to zero core reluctance.
• There is no leakage flux; Entire flux 𝛷𝒸 is confined to the core and links both windings.
• There are no core losses.
• Ampere’s law

• Magnetic flux density:

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3.1 The Ideal Transformer
• The core flux
• Using Eq. 2, 3, 4, (Ohm’s law for magnetic circuit)

• where (core reluctance)

• For an ideal transformer,

• Assume that 𝜇𝒸 = ∞; Reluctance = 0 Dot convention

• Faraday’s law

• Assume the flux is sinusoidal with constant frequency 𝜔,

where 𝐸 and Φ are phasor 4

3.1 The Ideal Transformer
• From Fig. 3.1,

𝐸1 𝑁1 𝐼1 𝑁2
= , =
𝐸2 𝑁2 𝐼2 𝑁1
• Complex power

• Ideal transformer has no active and reactive power loss

• The impedance
• Across winding 2:

• Measured from winding 1 (Referred to winding 1):

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3.1 The Ideal Transformer
• Phase shifting
Transformer
• Complex ratio for
phase shifting term

• Used for phase shift in 3 phase Transformer

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Example 3.1
• Ideal, single-phase two-winding transformer
• A single-phase two-winding transformer is rated 20 kVA, 480/120 V, and 60 Hz. A source connected to the 480-V
winding supplies an impedance load connected to the 120-V winding. The load absorbs 15 kVA at 0.8 p.f. lagging
when the load voltage is 118 V. Assume that the transformer is ideal and calculate the following:
a. The voltage across the 480-V winding.
b. The load impedance.
c. The load impedance referred to the 480-V winding.
d. The real and reactive power supplied to the 480-V winding.

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3.2 Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers
• Differs from ideal Transformer
• The windings have resistance.
• The core permeability 𝜇𝒸 is finite.
• The magnetic flux is not entirely confined to the core.
• There are real and reactive power losses in the core.
• Equivalent circuit components
• Winding resistance(R) and leakage reactance(X)
• Core loss( Gc(conductance) ) = Hysteresis loss + Eddy current loss
• Magnetizing reactance( Bm(susceptance) ):
• Exciting current
Ie=

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3.2 Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers
• Simplification of practical transformer

• Properties of actual Transformer

• Saturation

• Inrush current
• Nonsinusoidal exciting current
• Surge phenomena
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Example 3.2
• Transformer short-circuit and open-circuit tests
• A single-phase two-winding transformer is rated 20 kVA, 480/120 volts, and 60Hz. During a short-circuit test, where
rated current at rated frequency is applied to the 480-volt winding (denoted winding 1), with the 120-volt winding
(winding 2) shorted, the following readings are obtained: V1 = 35 volts, P1 = 300 W. During an open-circuit test,
where rated voltage is applied to winding 2, with winding 1 open, the following readings are obtained: I 2 = 12 A, P2
= 200 W.
• a) From the short-circuit test, determine the equivalent series impedance Zeq1 = Req1+ jXeq1 referred to winding 1.
Neglect the shunt admittance.

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Example 3.2
• b) From the open-circuit test, determine the shunt admittance Ym = Gc – jBm referred to winding 1. Neglect
the series impedance.

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3.3 The Per-Unit System
• Per-unit

• Advantage
• Transformer equivalent circuit can be simplified
• Narrow numerical range – less numerical error during calculation
• For power systems application
• Two independent base values can be arbitrarily selected
• Usually 1-phase power and L-N voltage

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3.3 The Per-Unit System
• For power systems application (Cont’d)
• Δ-load → Y-load
• Balanced 3-phase circuits → 1-phase circuit
• Other base values

• Transformer
1. The value of S is the same for the entire power system of concern.
base1ϕ

2. The ratio of the Vbase on either side of a transformer is selected to be the same as the ratio of the transformer
voltage ratings. 13
3.3 The Per-Unit System
• PU Equivalent of Transformer

• With new base quantity

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Example 3.3
• Per-unit impedance: single-phase transformer
• A single-phase two-winding transformer is rated 20 kVA, 480/120 volts, and 60 Hz. The equivalent leakage
impedance of the transformer referred to the 120-volt winding, denoted winding 2, is Zeq2 = 0.0525∠78.13°Ω. Using
the transformer ratings as base values, determine the per-unit leakage impedance referred to winding 2 and
referred to winding 1.

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Example 3.4
• Per-unit circuit: three-zone single-phase network
• Three zones of a single-phase circuit are identified in Figure 3.10(a). The zones are connected by transformers T1
and T2, whose ratings are also shown. Using base values of 30 kVA and 240 volts in zone 1, draw the per-unit
circuit and determine the per-unit impedances and the per-unit source voltage. Then calculate the load current
both in per-unit and in amperes. Transformer winding resistances and shunt admittance branches are neglected.

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Example 3.4

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Example 3.5
• Per-unit and actual currents in balanced three-phase networks
• As in Example 2.5, a balanced-Y-connected voltage source with Eab = 480∠0° volts is applied to a balanced-D load
with ZD = 30∠40° Ω. The line impedance between the source and load is ZL = 1∠85° Ω for each phase. Calculate
the per-unit and actual current in phase a of the line using Sbase3ᵠ = 10 kVA and VbaseLL = 480 volts.

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3.4 Three-Phase Transformer Connections and Phase Shift
• Y-Y Connection

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3.4 Three-Phase Transformer Connections and Phase Shift
• Y-Δ Connection
• There is always a phase shift
• Positive sequence on HV side shall lead LV side by 30°

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3.4 Three-Phase Transformer Connections and Phase Shift

• Δ-Y Connection
• Commonly used as a generator step-up Transformer
• Δ to a generator side and Y to a transmission line

• Advantage of each winding

• Y winding on HV side
• Neutral point is provided for grounding on HV side → Reduction of insulation level
• Δ winding
• Undesirable third harmonic magnetizing current, caused by nonlinear core B-H characteristic, remains trapped inside
the Δ winding
• Since third harmonic currents are zero-sequence currents, which cannot enter or leave a Δ connection
- 3-phase fundamental current = 𝐼 sin(𝜔𝑡) + 𝐼 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 120°) + 𝐼 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 120°)
- 3-phase third harmonic current = 𝐼 sin(3𝜔𝑡) + 𝐼 sin(3𝜔𝑡 − 360°) + 𝐼 sin(3𝜔𝑡 + 360°)

• Y-Y connection
• This connection is seldom used because of difficulties with third harmonic exciting current

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3.4 Three-Phase Transformer Connections and Phase Shift
• Δ-Δ connection
• One phase can be removed for repair or maintenance while remaining phases continue to operate as three-phase
bank
• This open-Δ connection permits balanced three-phase operation with the kVA rating reduced to 58% (57.7%) of the
original bank
• Common three-phase core
• Less iron, costs less, weighs less, requires less space, has a slightly higher efficiency
• Failure would require the entire replacement

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Example 3.6
• Phase shift in Δ-Y transformers
• Assume that balanced negative-sequence voltages are applied to the high-
voltage windings of the Y–Δ transformer shown in Figure 3.13. Determine the
negative-sequence phase shift of this transformer.

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3.5 PU Equivalent Circuit of Balanced 3-Phase 2-Winding
Transformer
• PU Equivalent circuit

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Example 3.7
• Voltage calculations: balanced Y–Y and D–Y transformers
• Three single-phase two-winding transformers, each rated 400 MVA, 13.8/199.2 kV, with leakage reactance Xeq =
0.10 per unit, are connected to form a three-phase bank. Winding resistances and exciting current are neglected.
The high-voltage windings are connected in Y. A three-phase load operating under balanced positive-sequence
conditions on the high-voltage side absorbs 1000 MVA at 0.90 p.f. lagging, with VAN = 199.2∠0° kV. Determine the
voltage Van at the low low-voltage bus if the low-voltage windings are connected (a) in Y and (b) in Δ.

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Example 3.8
• Per-unit voltage drop and per-unit fault current: balanced three-phase transformer
• A 200-MVA, 345-kVΔ/34.5-kV Y substation transformer has an 8% leakage reactance. The transformer acts as a
connecting link between 345-kV transmission and 34.5-kV distribution. Transformer winding resistances and
exciting current are neglected. The high-voltage bus connected to the transformer is assumed to be an ideal 345-
kV positive-sequence source with negligible source impedance. Using the transformer ratings as base values,
determine:
a. The per-unit magnitudes of transformer voltage drop and voltage at the low-voltage terminals when rated transformer
current at 0.8 p.f. lagging enters the high-voltage terminals.
b. The per-unit magnitude of the fault current when a three-phase-to ground bolted short circuit occurs at the low-
voltage terminals.

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3.6 Three-Winding Transformer

• Relations

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3.6 Three-Winding Transformer
• Parameters can be got by open-circuit and short-circuit test

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Example 3.9
• Three-winding single-phase transformer : per-unit impedances
• The ratings of a single-phase three-winding transformer are
winding 1: 300 MVA, 13.8 kV
winding 2: 300 MVA, 199.2 kV
winding 3: 50 MVA, 19.92 kV
• The leakage reactances, from short-circuit tests, are
X12 = 0.10 per unit on a 300-MVA, 13.8-kV base
X13 = 0.16 per unit on a 50-MVA, 13.8-kV base
X23 = 0.14 per unit on a 50-MVA, 199.2-kV base
• Winding resistances and exciting current are neglected. Calculate the impedances of the per-unit equivalent circuit
using a base of 300 MVA and 13.8 kV for terminal 1.

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Example 3.10
• Three-winding three-phase transformer : balanced operation
• Three transformers, each identical to that described in Example 3.9, are connected as a three-phase bank in order
to feed power from a 900-MVA, 13.8-kV generator to a 345-kV transmission line and to a 34.5-kV distribution line.
The transformer windings are connected as follows:
• 13.8-kV windings (X): Δ, to generator
• 199.2-kV windings (H): solidly grounded Y, to 345-kV line
• 19.92-kV windings (M): grounded Y through Zn = j0.10 Ω, to 34.5-kV line
• The positive-sequence voltages and currents of the high- and medium-voltage Y windings lead the corresponding
quantities of the low-voltage Δ winding by 30°. Draw the per-unit network, using a three-phase base of 900 MVA
and 13.8 kV for terminal X. Assume balanced positive-sequence operation.

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3.7 Autotransformers
• 2 Windings are connected in series
• Windings are both electrically and magnetically coupled
• Smaller pu leakage impedance
• Smaller series-voltage drops (Advantage)
• Higher short-circuit currents (Disadvantage)
• Lower pu losses, exciting current, cost if the turns ratio is not too large
• Larger kVA rating and a larger voltage ratio for the same cost
• Transient overvoltages may pass through the autotransformer
• Require more insulation for both windings

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Example 3.11
• Autotransformer: single-phase
• The single-phase two-winding 20-kVA, 480/120-volt transformer of Example 3.3 is connected as an
autotransformer, as in Figure 3.23(b), where winding 1 is the 120-volt winding. For this autotransformer, determine
(a) the voltage ratings EX and EH of the low- and high-voltage terminals, (b) the kVA rating, and (c) the per-unit
leakage impedance.

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