SRJC - Anatomy 1 - King Study Guide

Introduction
differentiate the terms anatomy, physiology, histology, cytology, gross anatomy
explain the levels of structural organization (biological hierarchy)
know anatomical planes; distinguish transverse, frontal, sagittal, & oblique sections
identify anatomical organ systems & 3 representative organs for each
define anatomical position & correctly use directional terms
name & locate the body cavities; know principle organs contained in these cavities
know 5 characteristics of human body plan and basic human taxonomy
know major prefixes, suffixes (as we learn them)

Cells & Tissues

describe basic cell structure & diversity: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, cytosol, organelles
differentiate cytosol & cytoplasm; nucleus & nucleolus
know structure & function of major organelles
describe functions of 3 types of cell junctions
describe the four major tissue types, including major characteristics, functions, & locations

Epithelial Tissues
describe basic characteristics of epithelial tissue
distinguish covering & lining epithelium from glandular epithelium
describe how a gland is structure made of both glandular ET and covering & lining ET
describe basis for classification for covering & lining ET (layers, cell shape, surface modifications)
describe structure, function, & locations of specific types of ET
differentiate exocrine & endocrine glands (with examples)
explain 3 kinds of exocrine secretion mechanisms

Connective Tissue
describe basic architecture / components of CT: cells, ground substance, fibers
know name & function of ground substance macromolecules: proteoglycans (GAGs) & glycoproteins
know basis for classification of connective tissues
know structure, function, & locations of specific types of CT
know names, features & functions of 5 primary CT cells:
fibroblasts, macrophages, adipocytes, plasma cells, mast cells
compare & contrast epithelial & connective tissues

Cartilage & Bone

differentiate name, structure, function, & locations of 3 specific types of cartilage
describe functions and basic organization of skeletal system
describe bone histology: cells, ground substance, fibers; differentiate organic & inorganic matrix; define
osteoid
differentiate & describe spongy & compact bone; know architecture & locations
diagram long bone vs. flat bone
describe processes of bone formation, growth, remodeling/repair
describe and contrast endochondral & intramembranous ossification, appositional growth
differentiate axial & appendicular skeleton; pectoral & pelvic girdles
know names & locations of bones & their specific surface features (with general functions)

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Integumentary System
describe basic structure & functions of integumentary system
differentiate structure & function of epidermis & dermis
describe the specific layers of the epidermis, including their characteristics & functions
know function & locations of: keratinocytes, melanocytes, epidermal dendritic cells, tactile cells
differentiate papillary region and reticular region of dermis; know common cells found in each
describe structure, function, & locations of cutaneous sensory receptors:
lamellated corpuscle, tactile corpuscle, tactile cell/disc, bulbous corpuscle, free nerve ending
describe & differentiate keratin, collagen, melanin
describe structure, function, & locations of epidermal derivatives: hair, glands, nails
differentiate thick & thin skin; sebaceous & sweat glands; eccrine (merocrine) & apocrine sweat glands
know name and specific epidermal origin of 3 common skin cancers

Joints
describe the structural & functional classification of synostosis, fibrous, cartilaginous, & synovial joints
describe the structure & function of the five structures common to all synovial joints:
fibrous capsule, articular cartilage, synovial cavity, synovial fluid, synovial membrane
describe the structure & function of accessory structures of synovial joints:
ligaments, tendons, bursae, tendon sheaths, fat pads, articular discs (menisci)
know names & specific functions of menisci & ligaments of knee joint
describe intervertebral joints (including discs)
distinguish 3 types of arthritis and describe some specific joint injuries (including herniated discs)
compare and contrast joints that favor stability vs. those that favor mobility
describe specific synovial joint structures that provide stability & shock absorption vs. mobility

Muscle
describe locations & distinguishing characteristics of structure & function of 3 specific types of MT
describe skeletal MT hierarchy: muscle, fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril, myofilament; & related CT
coverings (names and specific tissues)
use muscle tissue histology to explain the sliding filament theory of contraction
identify & differentiate the three types of skeletal muscle fibers
know criteria employed in naming muscles (size, location, action, shape, attachments, etc.) & give examples
distinguish between the tendon of origin & the tendon of insertion
describe the function and specific anatomical parts of a neuromuscular junction
describe the structure & importance of a motor unit, including differential recruitment of motor units
name the individual muscles that form these groups: rotator cuff, quadriceps, hamstrings
describe the relationship between agonist, antagonist, & synergist; give examples
describe the relationship between muscles, bones, CT, nerves & joints in producing body movements
relate fascicle arrangement to muscle action, noting differences that favor mobility vs. strength (force)
answer “mysteries of muscle” questions using relevant histological & gross anatomical details

Coelom & Viscera

define coelom, viscera, peritoneum, membrane, embryonic germ layers, pleura, pericardium
describe & differentiate ventral body cavity, thoracic, abdominopelvic & peritoneal cavities
differentiate between parietal & visceral peritoneum, omentum, mesentery proper, mesocolon, ligament
describe the structure & function of serous membranes; differentiate them from mucous membranes
know which abdominopelvic organs are retroperitoneal and what this term means
describe the structure (3 layers) of the diaphragm; identify the spaces for structures that pass through it
differentiate the embryonic germ layers; list representative body structures produced by each layer
differentiate femoral canal & inguinal canal; know which structures are associated with each
describe our “brief life story,” from fertilization (producing a zygote) to organogenesis
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Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
differentiate the terms circulatory, cardiovascular, and lymphatic
describe the functions & main components of the cardiovascular system
blood
describe the specific components of blood & their functions
compare the origins, production, histology, & functions of the formed elements of blood
differentiate: blood & lymph, RBCs & WBCs, granulocytes & agranulocytes
heart
describe & draw the structure of the pericardial sac and heart wall layers
name and describe the chambers, great vessels, and valves of the heart
describe cardiac circulation (heart’s own blood supply)
vessels
differentiate pulmonary, systemic & hepatic portal circulatory routes
compare & contrast the structure & function of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, & veins
describe the anatomical features that aid venous return
differentiate structure, function & locations of the different types of capillaries
trace a drop of blood through the heart & to any location in the body (& back) using assigned vessels
lymphatic system
describe the components of the lymphatic system and their functions
differentiate: lymphatic organs & nodules, 1° & 2° organs
describe the structure & function of the thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, & various lymphatic nodules
describe the role of the lymphatic system in relation to the cardiovascular system
describe the location of lymphocytes & macrophages and their specific roles in immune function

Nervous System
describe the anatomical & functional organization of the nervous system; how information flows through
differentiate all pairs of vocabulary words as given on handout
describe the histological components of gray matter vs. white matter
name features that serve to increase surface area in brain
practice drawing basic diagrams to illustrate relationships among nervous system structures
differentiate reflex arc from a reflex; name and draw the components of a somatic vs. autonomic reflex arc
cells
contrast histological characteristics, function & locations of neurons & neuroglia
classify neurons by structure & function; know location of each part (cell body, dendrites, axon)
compare axons that are: naked, protected w/ neurolemma, & myelinated (CNS vs. PNS)
describe structures essential for the regeneration of axons in the PNS
spinal cord & spinal nerves
describe & draw the specific anatomical features of the spinal cord & structures that protect it
describe meningeal layers in order, their associated spaces, & what fills each space
describe the composition (hierarchical structure) & CT coverings of a nerve
describe the relationships between vertebrae, spinal nerves, spinal segments, dermatomes & myotomes
differentiate: dorsal & ventral rootlets, roots, & rami
define the term plexus and name the nerve plexuses associated with given named nerves
describe the anatomical structures that increase speed of nerve impulse conduction
autonomic nervous system
compare & contrast the structure & function of the somatic & autonomic motor divisions of the NS
compare & contrast the structure & function of the sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions of the ANS
explain the relationship of the hypothalamus & adrenal medulla to the ANS
describe how the wiring of the sympathetic division facilitates rapid, mass activation of effectors
differentiate: sensory & autonomic ganglia, sympathetic & parasympathetic ganglia

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brain & cranial nerves
for each of the major parts of the brain, describe:
2° embryonic vesicle, associated ventricle, location, external & internal anatomy, & functions
list the specific CNS structures that grow like a ram's horn during expansion of the telencephalon
describe the specific CNS structures involved in control of motor function (conscious or subconscious)
know the functions & general locations of the reticular formation & the limbic system
identify the cranial nerves by name, number (Roman numerals!), location & function
describe structure & function of the blood brain barrier; how brain is protected by meninges & CSF
explain the formation & circulation of CSF though ventricles & subarachnoid space, to venous circulation
sensory & motor pathways
explain the clinical importance of knowing major pathways of the nervous system
name some common cutaneous & proprioceptive receptors & their specific functions
compare the location & function of major sensory & motor pathways:
dorsal funiculus, spinothalamic, spinocerebellar; pyramidal/corticospinal & extrapyramidal
describe function, locations, & organization of the 1° somatosensory cortex & 1° motor cortex

Special Senses
describe the structure and function of the eye
differentiate circulation of tears & aqueous humor
describe the structure and function of the ear; know which spaces are filled with air vs. fluids
describe the processes of how we sense vision, hearing, & equilibrium

Digestive, Respiratory, Urinary, Reproductive & Endocrine Systems

compare & contrast the basic architecture of the digestive, respiratory, urinary & reproductive systems:
describe the structure, function, & locations of the tubes & glands that comprise these systems
describe the construction of the walls of these tubes, including their epithelial cell types
trace & describe a path through each of these systems (food, O2, filtrate/urine, fluids, gametes)
differentiate the three regions of the pharynx and give their tissues & functions
describe the exocrine and endocrine products of the following glands: liver, pancreas, kidney, gonads
describe the structure and function of the nephron and its related blood vessels
name the structures that hold ovaries, uterus, kidneys, liver, small & large intestines to body wall
know which biological male and female reproductive structures are homologous, and why
define the term endocrine gland; identify the major endocrine glands & their hormones
differentiate glands with purely endocrine function from those that have multiple functions

Cumulative Questions
look through the index of your textbook to review the structures learned this semester
review lists developed all semester long of patterns we observed (membranes, cortex & medulla, etc.)
describe the basic architectural plan of the human body and each of the organ systems
describe the anatomical relationship of lymphatic tissue to respiratory, digestive, & cardiovascular systems
describe the relationship of muscle tissue to the CV, lymphatic, digestive, resp., urinary & repro. systems
list 6 types of C&L ET, describe how each provides the anatomical basis for the function of one organ
outline the role of connective tissue in the body
describe how histology significantly aided your understanding of the structure & function of one organ
describe how various aspects of the body’s structure serve to protect vital organs and limit infection
know which tissues repair well, poorly, or not at all