Average Aptitude Concepts and Formula

1) The average of n quantities of the same kind is equal to the sum of all the quantities
divided by the number of quantities;

Average =

Sum of quantities = Average ∗ Number of quantities

Number of quantities =
2) Average of two or more than two groups;
If the number of quantities in two groups are n1 and n2 respectively and their individual average
is X and Y respectively, the combined average of the two groups is given by;

=
3) If the average of n1 quantities is X and the average of n2 quantities out of n1 quantities is Y, the
average of the remaining quantities is given by;

=
4) The average of n quantities is equal to X. One quantity of value P is replaced with a new
quantity having value Q the average of quantities becomes Y. Then Q is given by;

Q = P+n (Y-X)
5) The average of n quantities is equal to X. If we remove one quantity the average becomes Y,
the value of the removed quantity is given by;

= n(X - Y) + Y

And, if the average of n quantities is equal to X and on adding a new quantity the average
becomes Y, the value of new quantity is given by;

= n ( Y - X) + Y
6) Average of numbers:
1) Natural numbers:

o The average of first n consecutive natural numbers is given by; =

o The average of square of first n consecutive natural numbers is given by;

o The average of cubes of first n consecutive natural numbers is given by; =

2) Even numbers:

o The average of first n consecutive even numbers is given by;

=n+1
o Also, the average of first n consecutive even numbers starting from 2 to X, where the last
even number is X, is given by;

o The average of square of first n consecutive even numbers is given by;

o Also, the average of square of first n consecutive even numbers starting from 2 to X,
where the last even number is X, is given by;

3) Odd numbers:

o The average of first n consecutive odd numbers is equal to n.

 o Also, the average of first n consecutive odd numbers starting from 1 to X, where the last
odd number is X is given by;

o The average of square of first n consecutive odd numbers starting from 1 to X, where the
last odd number is X, is given by;

Some quicker methods:

1. The average of n numbers is X. If each number is multiplied by Y, the new average is

given by;
= Initial average ∗ Y
2. The average age of a group of boys is given. If the new average age after a boy joins the
group is also given, the age of new boy is given by;
Age of new boy = New average + number of boys initially ∗ increase in average
3. The average weight of a group of persons is given. If we replace a person in the group
with another person and the new average is increased,
The weight of new person = weight of the removed person + no. of persons ∗ increase in
average.
4. The average of the marks obtained by students is given. The average of marks obtained
by the passed students and failed students are also given, then

Number of passed candidates

=
 And, Number of failed students =

Numbers Aptitude Concepts and Formulas

1) Natural numbers: The counting numbers which are used for counting are known as natural
numbers, i.e. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9. These figures are known as digits. The natural numbers are
denoted by 'N'. 0 is known as insignificant digit and other digits are known as significant digits.
2) Whole numbers: On including '0' in the natural numbers we get the whole numbers, i.e.
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. The whole numbers are positive numbers. They do not include any fractional
or decimal part and are denoted by 'W'.
3) Integers: The whole numbers including the negative numbers and excluding fractions are
known as integers, e.g. -5,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5. So, integers can be positive(1,2,3,4,5),
negative(-5,-4,-3,-2,-1) or zero(0).
4) Prime numbers: A whole number which is greater than 1 and is divisible by 1 and itself is a
prime number, e.g. 2,3,5,7,11.
5) Co-prime numbers: Two natural numbers p and q are said to be co-prime if their H.C.F. is 1,
e.g. (2, 3) (4, 5) (7, 9) (11, 9).
6) Composite number: It refers to a whole number which is greater than 1 and is not a prime
number.It can be divided by numbers other than 1 and itself e.g. 4,6,8,9,10,12.
7) Even number: An integer which is divisible by 2 is known as an even number e.g. 2,4,6,8.
8) Odd number: An integer which is not divisible by 2 is know as an odd number e.g. 1,3,5,7,9.
9) Consecutive numbers: It is a series of numbers in which the numbers follow each other in an
order, i.e. there is a difference of 1 between two successive numbers or each number is greater
than the preceding number by 1.
10) Rational number: The numbers in the form of p/q where p and q are integers and q can?t be
zero are known as rational numbers, e.g., 22/7, 5/3, 0/11, -143/15.
11) Irrational numbers: The numbers which when written in decimal form do not terminate and
repeat are known as irrational numbers. These numbers cannot be expressed as a ratio of integers
or as a fraction, e.g.√2,√3,√5, π, etc.
12) Real Numbers: The numbers which can be found on the number line and include both
rational and irrational numbers are known as real numbers, e.g. -1.5,√2,0,1,2,3,π.Almost any
number which you can imagine is a real number.
13) Face value: It is the actual value of a digit. It remains definite and does not change with the
digit's place, e.g. in the numbers 435 and 454, the digit 5 has a face value of 5.
14) Place value: The place value of a digit depends on its place or position in the number. It is
the product of its place and face value. Each place in a number has a value of 10 times the place
to its right, e.g. in a number 567, the digit 7 is in the ones place, digit 6 is in tens place and digit
5 is in hundreds place and the place value of 7 is 7*100 = 7, the place value of 6 is 6* 101 = 60
and place value of 5 is 5 * 102 = 500.
15) Unit digit: The unit digit is the ones place digit of a number.

Rule for 0, 1, 5, and 6: The integers that end in digits 0, 1, 5, and 6 have the same unit digit, e.g.
0,1,5,6 respectively, irrespective of the positive integer exponent.
For example: The unit digit of 1564 = 6
Similarly, the unit digit of 1311783663797 =1
Rule for integer that end in 4:
The unit digit of 41= 4
The unit digit of 42 = 16
The unit digit of 43 = 64
The unit digit of 44 = 256
It shows if the power of 4 is even, the unit digit is 6, and if the power is an odd number, the unit
digit is 4.
Rule for 9:
91 = 9
92 = 81
93 = 729
94= 6561
It shows if the power of 9 is even, the unit digit is 1, and if the power is an odd number, the unit
digit is 9.
Rule for 2, 3, 7, and 8: These numbers have a power cycle of 4 different numbers as show
below:
21 =2 24 = 16 27 = 128
22 =4 25 = 32 28 = 256
23 = 8 26 = 64
It follows a pattern: 2,4,8,6, 2,4,8,6 and so on.
So, the possible unit digit of 2 has 4 different numbers 2, 4, 8, and 6.
Similarly:
31 =3 34 = 81 37 = 2187
32 =9 35 = 243 38 = 6561
33 = 27 36 =729
It follows a pattern: 3, 9, 7, 1, 3, 9, 7,1and so on.
So, the possible unit digit of 3 has 4 different numbers 3, 9, 7, and 1.
Same logic for 7 and 8: The numbers have 4 possible different numbers as their possible unit
digits. The 7 has 7, 9, 3, 1 and 8 has 8, 4, 2, 6 respectively.

Notes:
1.) The number 1 is not a prime or composite number.
2.) The number 2 is the only even number which is a prime number.
3.) There are 25 prime numbers between 1 and 100, e.g.
2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47,53,59,61,67,71,73,79,83,89 and 97.
How to find whether a given number is prime or not;

o Select the least positive integer 'n' so that n2 > given number.
o Find out all the prime numbers less than n and check if the given number is divisible by
any of these prime numbers.
o If the given number is not divisible by any of the prime numbers, it will be a prime
number. See the example given below;

Is 823 a prime number?

As (28)2 = 784 and 784<823 so we will not consider 28.
(29)2 = 841<823, so n = 29
Prime numbers less than 29 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23
We find that 823 is not divisible by any of these prime numbers so it is a prime number.

Tests for divisibility or divisibility rules:

Divisibility by 2: A number is divisible by 2 if its last digit or unit digit is 0 or divisible by 2,
e.g. 150, 224, 436
Divisibility by 3: A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3, e.g. 246
Divisibility by 4: A number is divisible by 4 if the number formed by its last two digits is
divisible by 4, or the number has two or more zeros at the end, e.g. 516 as 16 is divisible by 4,
and 15800 having 00 at the end is also divisible by 4.
Divisibility by 5: A number is divisible by 5 if its last digit is either 0 or 5, e.g. 500 and 505.
Divisibility by 6: A number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by 2 and 3, e.g. 114
Divisibility by 8: A number is divisible by 8 if the number formed by its last three digits is
divisible by 8, e.g. 1200
Divisibility by 9: A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of its digits is divisible by 9, e.g. 117
Divisibility by 10:A number is divisible by 10 if its last digit is 0, e.g. 230
Divisibility by 12:A number is divisible by 12 if it is divisible by 3 and 4, e.g. 264
Divisibility by 25:A number is divisible by 25 if its last two digits are zero or the number
formed by its last two digits is divisible by 25, e.g. 300 and 325.

Some Important Formula:

i. (a+b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
ii. (a - b)2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab
iii. (a+b)2 - (a - b)2 = 4ab
iv. (a+b)2 + (a - b)2 = 2 (a2 + b2 )
v. (a2 -b2) = (a - b) (a+b)
vi. (a3+b3) = (a+b) (a2 - ab + b2)
vii. a3- b3 = (a - b) (a2 + ab + b2)
viii. a.( b + c) = ab + ac
ix. a.( b - c) = ab - ac
x. (a+b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a+b)
xi. (a - b)3 = a3 - b3 - 3ab (a - b)
Quick multiplication methods
1.) Multiplying a number by 9, 99, 999, 9999 or 10n - 1: Put as many zeros to the right of the
multiplicand as there are nines in the multiplier then subtract the multiplicand from the result.
See the example given below;
a.) 2789 * 99 = ?
2789 (multiplicand) x 99 (multiplier) = 278900-2789= 276111
b.) 234 * 999 = 234000 - 234 = 233766
2. Multiplying a number by 11, 101, 1001, 10001 or 10n +1: Place 'n' zeros to the right of
multiplicand then add the multiplicand to it to get the answer.See the example given below;
a.) 234 * 11 (101 + 1)= 2340 + 234 = 2574
b.) 234 * 101 (102 + 1)= 23400 + 234 = 23634
3.) Multiplying a number by 5, 25, 125, 625 or by a number which is some power of 5: Place as
many zeros to the right of the multiplicand equal to the power of 5 in the multiplier then divide it
by 2 raised to the power of 5. See the examples given below;

Some quiker methods:

o A number when divided by d1 and d2 leaves the remainders r1 and r2 respectively. If the number
is divided by d1 * d2 then the remainder is given by;
= (d1* r2+r1)
o Two numbers when divided by a given divisor leaves remainders r1 and r2. If the sum of the
numbers is divided by the same divisor the remainder is r3. Then the divisor is given by;
= r1 + r2 - r3
o If the sum and difference of two numbers (x and y) is given, then their product is given by;

o And, the two numbers are given by;

How to find the number of numbers divisible by a given integer:
Let us understand it with an example; find the number of numbers up to 432 which are divisible
by 15.
Method: Divide 432 by 15.
432 = 28 (quotient) * 15 + 12
The quotient obtained is the required number of numbers up to 432 which are divisible by 15.
Basic rules of counting numbers:
o The sum of first n natural numbers is given by;

o The sum of first n odd numbers is given by;

Sum = n2
o The sum of first n even numbers is given by; Sum = n (n+1)
o The sum of squares of first n natural numbers is given by;

o The sum of cubes of first n natural numbers is given by;

Progression: It refers to a sequence of numbers that advances in a logical pattern, e.g. arithmetic
progression and geometric progession, etc.
Arithmetic progression: It is a sequence of numbers in which the difference between any two
successive numbers remains constant, e.g. the series 1,2,3,4.., 3,5,7,9.. and 5,10,15,20...
The first term in an arithmatic progression is denoted by 'a' , nth term is denoted by Tn , common
difference is denoted by 'd' and the sum of the first n numbers is denoted by 'Sn' , e.g. in an
arithmetic sequence 1,2,3,4,5, a = 1, d= 2-1=1, and T3 = 3.
Therefore, an Arithmetic progression with first term 'a' and common difference d is given by;
a, (a+d), (a+2d), (a+3d),
o The nth term of an arithmetic progression is given by;
Tn = a + (n-1)d
o The sum of first n terms of an arithmetic progression is given by;
o The number of terms in an arithmetic progression is given by;

Geometric progression: It is a sequence of numbers in which each number is found by

multiplying the previous number by a fixed number or a common ratio.
The first term in an geometric progression is denoted by 'a' , nth term is denoted by Tn , common
ratio is denoted by 'r' and sum of the first n numbers is denoted by 'Sn' , e.g. in a geometric
sequence 3,9,27,81, a = 3, r = 9/3 or 3, and T3 = 27.
Therefore, a geometric progression with first term 'a' and common ratio 'r' is given by; a, ar,
ar2,ar3,-
o The nth term of a geometric progression is given by;= arn-1
o The sum of first n terms in a geometric progression is given by;

Speed, Time and Distance Concepts and Formulas

1.) Speed: The rate at which an object is moving is known as its speed. It is the distance traveled
per unit time e.g. an object moving at 20 m/s shows that the object covers a distance of 20 meters
every second.

The formula for speed: Speed =

Therefore, Time =
And, Distance = Speed x Time
2.) A man covers a certain distance D1 km at a speed of S1 km/hr and, D2 km at a speed of S2
km/hr, his average speed during the whole journey is given by:

Average speed = km/hr

3.) A man travels from P to Q at a speed of S1 km/hr and returns from Q to P at S2 km/hr, his
average speed during the whole journey is given by:
Average speed =
4.) Two men A and B start travelling at the same time from points P and Q towards each other
and after crossing each other A takes time T1 to reach Q and B takes time T2 to reach P,:

5.) If a man travels at of his usual or original speed, the change in time taken to cover the same
distance is given by:

Change in time = * usual or original time

6.) A man covers a distance D in time T1 with speed S1. When he travels at speed S2 and covers
the same distance D in time T2,;

You can equate any two of the above relations to find the unknown values.
7.) A body covers a certain distance at a speed of S1 km/hr without stoppage and with stoppage
it covers the same distance at S2 km/hr, the stoppage time per hour is given by:

Aptitude Problems on Trains Concepts and Formulas

Keep same units for all values mentioned in the problem i.e. as per the units of the given answers
convert kilometer per hour (km/hr) to meters per second (m/s) and vice versa. In a similar way,
convert meter (m) into centimeter (cm) and vice versa. See the examples given below:
Formula to convert Km/hr into m/s:

o 1km is equal to 1000 meters

o 1 hours is equal to 3600 seconds

o 1Km/hr is equal to meter/sec or m/s

So, to convert a value in Km/hr to m/s, we need to multiply it with See the example given
below:

60 km/hr* = 16.7 m/s

Formula to convert m/s to Km/hr

o 1 meter is equal to 1/1000 km

o 1 sec is equal to 1/3600 hours

o 1 m/s is equal to

So, to covert a value in m/s to Km/hr, we will multiply it with 18/5. See the example given
below:

20 m/s* =72 km/hr

Important facts about moving trains:

1. The distance traveled by a train to cross a pole or person is equal to the length of the
train.
2. The distance traveled by train when it crosses a platform is equal to the sum of the length
of the train and length of the platform.
3. When two trains are travelling in opposite directions at speeds V1 m/s and V2 m/s then
their relative speed is the sum of their individual speeds (V1+V2) m/s.
4. Two trains are travelling in the same direction at V1 m/s and V2 m/s where V1 > V2 then
their relative speed will be equal to the difference between their individual speeds (V1-
V2) m/s.
5. When two trains of length X meters and Y meters are moving in opposite direction at V1

m/s and V2 m/s then the time taken by the trains to cross each other is =
6. When two trains of length X meters and Y meters are moving in same direction at V1 and

V2 where V1> V2 then the time taken by the faster train to cross the slower train =
 7. When two trains X and Y start moving towards each other at the same time from points A
and B and after crossing each other the train X reaches point B in a seconds and train Y
reaches points A in b seconds, then
Train X speed: Train Y speed = b1/2: a1/2

Boats and Streams Concepts and Formula

General terms:
1) Still water: The water of a river or any other water body which is not flowing is known as
still water.
2) Stream: It is the flowing water of a river which is moving at a certain speed.
3) Upstream: The boat or a swimmer moving against the stream is known as moving upstream
i.e. against the flow of water.
4) Downstream: The boat or a swimmer moving along the stream is known as moving
downstream i.e. along the flow of water.
1) If the speed of the boat or swimmer is X km/hr and the speed of the stream is Y km/hr,
The speed of the boat or swimmer in the direction of the stream is known as speed downstream.
It is given by;
Speed downstream= (X+Y) km/hr
And, the speed of the boat or swimmer against the stream is known as speed upstream. It is given
by;
Speed upstream= (X-Y) km/hr
2) Speed of man or boat in still water is given by;

= ( speed downstream + speed upstream)

3) Speed of the stream is given by;

= ( speed downstream - speed upstream)

4) A man can row at a speed of X km/hr in still water. If the speed of the stream is Y km/hr and
the man rows the same distance up and down the stream, his average speed for the entire journey
is given by;
=

= km/hr
5) A man can row a boat in still water at X km/hr. If the stream is flowing at Y km/hr it takes
him t hours more to row upstream than to row downstream to cover the same distance. The
distance is given by;

Distance =
6) A man can swim in still water at X km/hr. If the stream is flowing at Y km/hr it takes him t
hours to reach a place and return back to the starting point. The distance between the place and
the starting point is given by;

Distance =
7) A boat or swimmer covers a certain distance downstream in t1 hours and returns the same
distance upstream in t2 hours. If the speed of the stream is Y km/hr, the speed of boat or man in
still water is given by;

=Y km/hr
8) A boat or swimmer takes K times as long to move upstream as to move downstream to cover a
certain distance. If the speed of the stream is Y km/hr, the speed of the boat or man in still water
is given by;

=Y km/hr

Time and Work Aptitude Concepts and Formulas

1) If a man can do a piece of work in n days, work done by him in one day = part of total work

or he will finish work in one day.

2) If a man completes work in one day, he will complete the entire work in n days.
3) If A can complete a piece of work in X days and B can complete the same work in Y days,

both A and B working together can finish the same work in days.
4) If A is thrice as good as workman as B or A can work three times faster than B, the ratio of
work done by A and B for the same duration of time will be = 3 : 1. And the ratio of time taken
by A and B to finish the same amount of work will be = 1: 3.
5) A, B and C can do a work in D1, D2 and D3 days respectively. If they work for X1, X2 and
X3 days respectively;

o Work done by A in X1 days =

o Work done by B in X2 days =

o Work done by C in X3 days =

6) If A, B, C can do a piece of work in X, Y, and Z days respectively, if they work together they

can do the same work in days.

7) A and B working together can do a work in X days. If A alone can do the same work in Y

days, B alone can do the same work in days.

8) A and B working together can finish a piece of work in X days, B and C working together can
finish the same work in Y days and C and A in Z days. Then;

o A, B and C working together will finish the work in days.

o A alone will finish the work in = days.

o B alone will finish the work in = days.

o C alone will finish the work in = days.

9) A can do a work in X days. If B is P times efficient than A, A and B working together can do

the work in days.

10) A and B working together can complete a work in X days. If B is P times efficient than A;
 o A alone can complete the work in (P + 1) X days.

o B alone can complete the work in X days.

11) P working alone takes X days more to do a work than P and Q working together takes to do
the same work. And, Q working alone takes Y days more to do the same work than P and Q
working together takes to finish the same work. Then P and Q working together can finish the
same work in √XY days.
12) A is P times more efficient than B and able to finish the work in X days less than B, then

o A and B working together can finish the work in days.

o A alone can finish the work in days.

o B alone can finish the work in days.

13) If A completes part of a work in X days, part of the same work he can complete in

days.
14) There are two groups of workers with same efficiency. In one group M1 workers can do W1
work in D1 days or time. In the second group M2 workers can do W2 work in D2 days or
time.Then;
M1 D1 W2 = M2 D2 W1
15) There are two groups of workers with the same efficiency. In one group M1 workers can do
W1 work in D1 time or days working T1 hours a day. In the second group, M2 workers can do
W2 work in D2 time or days working T2 hours in a day. Then;
M1 D1 T1 W2 = M2 D2 T2 W1

o If the efficiency of the workers is different in these groups i.e. E1 and E2,; M1 D1 T1
E1W2 = M2 D2 T2E2W1
o Also remember that efficient person takes less time to complete a given work. So, we can
say that efficiency (E) is indirectly proportional to the number of days (D) taken to
complete the given work.

Therefore, ED = constant
E1D1 = E2D2
More men will take fewer days and fewer men will take more days to complete a given work.
16) Wages are directly proportional to the work done by the individual and inversely
proportional to the time taken by the individual.
Total wages = One person's one day's wage * number of persons* number of days

Aptitude Clocks Read Concepts

1) The circumference of the circular dial of a clock is divided into 60 equal divisions or parts.
These equal divisions are known as minute spaces or minute divisions.
2) A clock has two hands, i.e. the hour hand and the minute hand. The hands move around the
circular dial. The hour hand is smaller and slower than the minute hand. The hour hand shows
time in hours and the minute hand shows time in minutes.
3) In an hour, the hour hand moves forward one clock number and covers 5 minute spaces while
the minute hand moves forward twelve clock numbers and covers 60 minute spaces. Thus, in one
hour, the minute hand gains 55 minute spaces over the hour hand.
4) The hour hand covers the circumference of the clock in twelve hours, so the angle traced by
hour hand in twelve hours is 360°. So, the speed of the hour hand is 0.5° per minute.
5) The minute hand covers the circumference of the clock in one hour, so the angle traced by
minute hand in one hour (60 minutes) is 360°. So, the speed of minute hand is 6° per minute.
6) In every hour, the hour hand and minute hand coincide once, i.e. if both the hands start from

the same position, they will coincide after 65 minutes. In this position, they are 0° apart.
Notes:
a) The hands of a clock coincide only once between 11 O' clock and 1 O' clock, so they coincide
11 times in 12 hours and 22 times in 24 hours or one day.

b) The clock is too fast if the hands of the clock coincide in less than 65 minutes.

c) The clock is too slow if the hands of the clock take more than 65 minutes to coincide.
7) In every hour, the hands of the clock are straight and point in opposite directions once. In this
position, they are thirty minute divisions apart.
Notes:
a) In 12 hours, the hands are straight and in opposite direction 11 times, i.e. between 5 and 7,
they will be straight and in opposite direction only once at 6 O' clock.
b) In 12 hours, the hands are in straight line 22 times including both the positions, i.e. when they
coincide and when they are in opposite directions.
8) In every hour, the hands are twice at the right angle and they are 15 minute divisions apart in
this position.

Note: In 12 hours, the hands will be at right angle 22 times as between 11 and 12 and between 12
and 1, the hands are at the right angle only once.

9) In every minute, the minute hand moves through 6° and the hour hand moves

through 0.5° . So the minute hand is 12 times as fast as the hour hand and gains 5.5°
over the hour hand in one minute.
10) If a clock indicates 6:20, when the correct time is 6:00, it is said to be 20 minutes too fast.
And, if it indicates 5:40, when the correct time is 6:00, it is said to be 20 minutes too slow.

Some quicker methods:

1) Hands of a clock will coincide between H and (H+1) O' clock at minutes past H O'
clock.
2) The angle between the hands of a clock will be 90° between H and (H+1) O'clock at (5H ±

15) minutes past H O' clock.

3) The hands of a clock will be in straight line and point in opposite directions between H and

(H+1) O' clock at (5H - 30) minutes past H, when H > 6 and (5H+30) minutes past H,
when H < 6.
4) When the minute hand is behind the hour hand, the angle between the hands of a clock at M
minutes past H O' clock is given by;

= 30 + degrees.
5) When the minute hand is ahead of the hour hand, the angle between the hands of a clock at M
minutes past H O' clock is given by;

= 30 - degrees.
6) Angle between the hands of a clock at X hours Y minutes:
To find the angle, consider time from 12 O' clock when the hands of a clock are together.
Now, total time from 12 O' clock to X hour Y minutes = (60X + Y) minutes

Angle traced by hour hand in (60X + Y) minutes = degrees

Angle moved by minute hand is 6 Y (from 12 O' clock position)

∴ Angel between the hands = 6Y - =

Aptitude Height and Distance Concepts and Formulas

1) Line of sight:
When we see an object, the line which joins our our eyes with the object is called the line of
sight.
2) Angle of elevation:
When we see an object which is above the horizontal level of our eye, we have to raise our head
to see the object. In this process, our eyes or line of sight moves through an angle which is called
the angle of elevation.
See the image:
3) Angle of depression:
When we see an object which is below the horizontal level of our eye, we have to move our head
downward to see the object. In this process, our eyes or line of sight moves through an angle
which is called angle of depression.
See the image:

4) Tirgnometic ratios and their values:

θ 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

sinθ 0 ½ 1/√2 √3/2 1

cosθ 1 √3/2 1/√2 1/2 0

tanθ 0 1/√3 1 √3 Not defined

cotθ Not Defined √3 1 1/√3 0

secθ 1 2/√3 √2 2 Not Defined

cosecθ Not Defined 2 √2 2√3 1

Also remember:
5) Use of right angled triangle to solve problems:

In a right angled triangle ΔABC, where ∠C AB = 90° ∠ABC =θ, we have:

Also remember:
o sin2 θ + cos2θ= 1
o 1+ tan2 θ = sec2 θ
o 1+ cot2 θ = cosec2θ
6) Some important values to remember:
o √2 = 1.414
o √3 = 1.732
o √5 = 2.236
7) Pythagoras Theorem:
In a right-angled traiangle the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of
opposite sides or legs ( perpendicular and base).
(Hypotenus)2 = (Perpendicular)2 + (Base)2

Percentage Concepts and Formulas

1) The term percent comes from the Latin phrase 'per centum' which means per hundred or for
every hundred. It is a fraction whose denominator is 100 and numerator is percent, e.g. 40%

or . In mathematics, percent is denoted by the symbol '%'.

2) How to convert a fraction into a percent: To convert a fraction into percent multiply it by 100,

e.g.
3) How to convert a percent into a fraction: Divide the number by 100 and drop the percent

symbol, e.g. 60%

4) The percentage of a given number 'n' is given by;

x % of a given number 'n' =

E.g. 70% of 200 = * 200 = 140

Some quicker methods:

1) If two values are respectively x% and y% more than a third value, the first value

is % of the second value.

And, the second value is % of the first value.

2) If two values are respectively x% and y% less than a third value, the first value is

% of the second value.

And, the second value is % of the first value.

3) If the price of a commodity increases by x %, the reduction in consumption so as not to
increase the expenditure is given by;

If the price of a commodity decreases by x %, the increase in consumption so as not to decrease

the expenditure is given by;

4) If A is x% of C and B is y% of C, A would be * 100 % of B.

5) Percentage fraction table: Some important fractions to remember
5) x % of a quantity is taken by A, y % of the remaining is taken by B and z % of the remaining

is taken by C. If P is left in the fund, there was in the beginning.

6) x % of a quantity is added, y% of the increased quantity is added, again z % of the increased
quantity is added and it becomes A, the initial amount is given by;

7) The population of a town is P. If it increases by x % in the first year, y % in the second year
and z% in the third year, the final population after three years is given by;

And, if the population decreases by y % in the second year, the population after three years is
given by;

Similarly, if the present population of a city changes (increases or decreases) at r % per annum,
the population after n years is given by;

And, the population n years ago is given by;

Note: Use '+' sigh if the population is increasing at r % per annum and use '-' sign if it is
decreasing at r % per annum.

8) If a number is r % more than the second number, the second number will be %
less than the first number, e.g. If A's income is r % more than B's income, B's income

is % less than A's income.

9) If a number is r % less than the second number, the second number will be %
more than the first number.
10) If a value is increased by x % and later decreased by x %, net change in the value is always a

decrease which is equal to x % of x or .

11) If a value is first increased by x %, decreased by y%, there will be % increase

or decrease in the value, i.e. '+' sign will show an increase and '- 'sign will show a decrease in the
value.
12) If a value is increased by x % and y % successively, the final increase in the value is given
by;

13) If the price of a product is reduced by x % and its consumption is increased by y % or the
price is increased by x % and consumption is decreased by y%, the effect on revenue is given by;

= percent increase - percent decrease =

'+' sign will show an increase and '-' sign will show a decrease in the value.
14) The pass marks in an examination are x %. If a student secures y marks and fails by z marks,
the maximum marks are given by;

15) A candidate scores x % marks in an examination and fails by 'a' marks. If another candidate
who scores y % marks which is 'b' marks more than the required pass marks, the maximum
marks for this examination are given by;

16) The sides of a triangle are measured. If one side is taken x % in excess and the other side is
taken y% in deficit, the error percent in area calculated from these measurements is given by;

'+' sign will show the excess and '-' sign will show the deficit in the area.
17) If the sides of a triangle, rectangle, square or any other two-dimensional shape are increased

by x %, the area is increased by

18) In an examination, x% students failed in one subject and y% students failed in another
subject. If z% students failed in both the subjects, the percentage of students who passed in both
the subjects is given by;
= 100 - (x + y - z)

Aptitude Pipes and Cisterns Concepts and Formulas

A pipe is connected to a tank or cistern. It is used to fill or empty the tank; accordingly, it is
called an inlet or an outlet.
Inlet: A pipe which is connected to fill a tank is known as an inlet.
Outlet: A pipe which is connected to empty a tank is known as an outlet.
Problems on pipes and cisterns are similar to problems on time and work. In pipes and cistern
problems, the amount of work done is the part of the tank of filled or emptied. And, the time
taken to do a piece of work is the time take to fill or empty a tank completely or to a desired
level.

Points to remember:
1) If an inlet connected to a tank fills it in X hours, part of the tank filled in one hour is = 1/X
2) If an outlet connected to a tank empties it in Y hours, part of the tank emptied in one hour is =
1/Y
3) An inlet can fill a tank in X hours and an outlet can empty the same tank in Y hours. If both
the pipes are opened at the same time and Y > X, the net part of the tank filled in one hour is
given by;

Therefore, when both the pipes are open the time taken to fill the whole tank is given by;

If X is greater than Y, more water is flowing out of the tank than flowing into the tank. And, the
net part of the tank emptied in one hour is given by;
Therefore, when both the pipes are open the time taken to empty the full tank is given by;

4) An inlet can fill a tank in X hours and another inlet can fill the same tank in Y hours. If both
the inlets are opened at the same time, the net part of the tank filled in one hour is given by;

Therefore, the time taken to fill the whole tank is given by;

In a similar way, If an outlet can empty a tank in X hours and another outlet can empty the same
tank in Y hours, the part of the tank emptied in one hour when both the pipes start working
together is given by;

Therefore, the time taken to empty the full tank is given by;

5) Three inlets A, B, and C can fill a tank in X, Y and Z hours respectively. If all the inlets are
opened together, the time taken to fill the tank is given by;

6) Two pipes can fill a tank in X and Y hours respectively and an outlet can empty the same tank
in Z hours. If all the pipes are opened together, part of the tank filled in one hour is given by;

∴ Time taken to fill the tank completely when all the pipes are working is given by;

=
7) A pipe can fill a tank in X hours but due to a leak in the bottom, it can be filled in Y hours.
The time taken by the leak to empty the tank is given by;
=
8) An inlet A is X times faster than inlet B and takes Y minutes less than the inlet B, time taken
to fill a tank when both the pipes are opened together is given by;

And, A alone will fill the tank in minitues

And, B alone will fill the tank in minitues

Profit & Loss Concepts and Formulas

1) Cost Price: It is the price at which a product is purchased. It is commonly abbreviated as C.P.
2) Selling Price: It is the price at which a product is sold. It is commonly abbreviated as S.P.
3) Profit or gain: If the selling price of a product is more than the cost price, there will be profit
in the deal.
Therefore, Profit or Gain = S.P. - C.P.
4) Loss: If the selling price of a product is less than the cost price, the seller will incur a loss.
Therefore, Loss = C.P. - S.P.
5) Profit or Gain % =S.P.- C.P ∗100→Profit ∗100
C.P C.P
6) Loss % =C.P.- S.P ∗100→Loss ∗100
C.P C.P
7) If there is a profit or gain in the deal or transaction;
Selling Price (S.P.) =(100 + Profit %) ∗100
100

And, the Cost Price (C.P.) = ∗S.P.

8) If there is a loss in the deal or transaction;

Selling Price (S.P.) =(100 - Loss %) ∗C.P.

 100

And, the Cost Price (C.P.) = ∗S.P.

9) If an article is sold at a profit of X%, the selling price would be equal to X% of cost

price .
10) If an article is sold at a loss of X%, the selling price would be equal to (100-X)% of cost
price (100 - X ∗C.P).
100
11) When a seller sells two similar items one at X% gain and another one at same (X %) loss, the
seller always incurs a loss in the deal which is given by:
Loss %=(Loss % ∗ Gain %) %
100

Some quicker methods to solve the problems:

1) If a seller claims that he is selling goods at cost price but uses false weight to earn profit;
% Profit =(True Weight- False Weight) ∗100
False Weight

Or,% Profit = ∗100

2) If a seller sells a product at X% loss but uses weight Y instead of Z, the % Gain earned or %
loss incurred is given by:
= (100 - X)Z-100
Y
+ve sign will indicate profit and -ve sign will indicate loss.
3) If a shopkeeper uses weight Y gm instead of 1 kg and incurs an X% loss on cost price, his
actual gain or loss % is given by:
= (100 - X)100-100
Y
+ve sign will indicate profit and -ve sign will show the loss.
4) If a shopkeeper uses weight Y gm instead of 1 kg and earns a profit of X% on cost price, his
actual gain or loss % is given by:
 = (100 + X)100-100
Y
+ve sign will indicate profit and -ve sign will indicate the loss.
5) If there are two successive profits of X% and Y% in a transaction, the resultant profit is given
by:
Resultant profit = (X + Y +XY)
100
6) If there is a profit of X% and loss of Y% in a transaction, the resultant profit or loss is given
by:
Resultant profit or loss = X Y -XY)
100
+ve sign will indicate profit and -ve sign will indicate the loss.
7) A seller sells a product at profit of X%. If he sells it for Rs. Z more, his profit would be Y%.
In this case the Cost Price is given by:

C.P. =
8) If the cost price and selling price of a product are reduced by same amount (X), the cost price
is given by:
C.P. =(Initial profit % +Increase in profit %) ∗ X)
Increase in profit %
9) If the cost price of P articles is equal to the selling price of Q articles, then profit % or loss %
is given by:

10) If A sells a product to B at a gain or loss of P% and B sells it to C at a gain or loss of Q%, the
final gain or loss is given by:
(P+Q+PQ)
100
+ve sign will indicate profit and -ve sign will indicate the loss.
11) If a shopkeeper marks the products at P% above the cost price and gives the customer a

discount of Q%, the final profit or loss % is given by =

Alligation and Mixture Concepts and Formulas

1. Alligation: It refers to a rule that helps to find the ratio in which two or more ingredients
at a given price are mixed to produce a mixture of specified price.
2. Mean Price: It is the cost price of a unit quantity of a mixture which is prepared by
mixing two or more ingredients.
3. Alligation rule: It says that if two ingredients at a given price are mixed to produce a
mixture at the given price, the ratio of quantity of cheaper ingredient and quantity of
dearer ingredient is given by;

Cheaper quantity: Dearer quantity: (d-m) :( m-c)

Some quicker methods:

1) A container contains x units of a liquid from which y units are taken out and replaced by
water. Again from this mixture y units are taken out and replaced by water. If this process is
repeated n times;
Or,

Quantity of pure liquid after n operation =

2) If n containers of equal capacity are filled with the mixture of liquids X and Y in the ratio x1:
y1, x2: y2,.... xn: yn, respectively and the content of all the containers is mixed in a single
container;

3) If n containers of different sizes (z1, z2,... zn) are filled with a mixture of liquids X and Y in
the ratio x1: y1, x2: y2,...xn: yn, respectively and the content of all the containers is mixed in a
single container;

Aptitude Partnership Concepts and Formulas

1) Partnership: It refers to a business association between two or more than two persons who
run a business together and share the total profit at an agreed proportion. The persons who enter
into a partnership are called partners.
2) Working partner: A partner who is actively involved in the business and manages the
business is known as an active partner.
3) Sleeping partner: A partner who invests money but does not involve or look after the
business is known as a sleeping partner.
4) Simple partnership: It refers to a partnership in which each partner invests capital for the
same period.
5) Compound partnership: It refers to a partnership in which the partners invest capital for
different periods.
Some Quicker Methods:
1) If two partners invest capital Rs. C1 and Rs. C2 for the same period and earn profit Rs. P, the
share of the partners in the profit is given by;

Rs and Rs

Similarly, If there are three partners who invest Rs. C1, Rs. C2 and Rs. C3 for the same period
and earn total profit Rs. P, the shares of the partners in the profit are given by;

Rs , Rs ,Rs
2) If two partners invest capital Rs. C1 and Rs. C2 for different periods T1 and T2 respectively
and earn total profit Rs. P, shares of the partners in the profit are given by;

Rs and Rs

Similarly, if there are three partners who invest Rs. C1, Rs. C2 and Rs. C3 for different periods
T1, T2 and T3 respectively and earn total profit Rs. P, the shares of the partners in the profit are
given by:

Rs , Rs and
3) If two partners invest capital C1 and C2 for the periods T1 and T2, respectively, the ratio of
their profits is given by:

=
Similarly, if three partners A, B, and C invest Rs. C1, Rs. C2 and Rs. C3 for different periods T1,
T2, and T3 respectively then the ratio of their profits is given by:
Profit of A: Profit of B: Profit of C = C1*T1: C2*T2: C3*T3
If three partners invest capital in the ratio C1: C2: C3 and earn a profit in the ratio P1:P2: P3, the
ratio of the time for which they have invested capital is given by:

T1:T2:T3 = ∗ ∗
Aptitude Problems on Ages Concepts and Formulas
1) t years ago the age of A was n1 times the age of B, and at present A's age is n2 times that of B,
then;

A's present age = n2∗t years

And, B's present age = t years

2) The present age of A is n1 times the present age of B. After t years, age of A becomes n2 times
the age of B, then;

A's present age = n2 ∗ t years

And, B's present age = t years

3) t1 years ago, the age of A was X times the age of B and after t2 years age of A becomes Y
times the age of B, then;

A's present age = + t1 years

And B's present age = years

4) The sum of present ages of A and B is X years, t years ago, the age of A was Y times the age
of B, then;

Present age of A = Years

And, the present age of B = Years

5) The sum of present ages of A and B is X years, t years after, the age of A becomes Y times the
age of B, then;

A's present age = Years

And B's present age= Years
6) The ratio of the present ages of A and B is p: q and after t years, it becomes r: s, then;

A's present age = Years

And, B's present age = Years

Aptitude Calendar Concepts and Formulas

1. Problems on calendar mainly deal with finding the day of the week on a given date using the
number of odd days.
2. Odd days: Odd days are different from odd numbers. They are the number of days more than
the complete number of weeks in a given period.
3. To find the number of odd days divide the given number of by seven. The remainder left
represents the number of odd days.
For example: if the given number of days is 80, after dividing 80 by 7, the remainder left is 3.
Hence, there are three odd days.
Similarly, if the given number of days is 77, after dividing 77 by 7, the remainder left is 0.
Hence, there are 0 odd days.
4. Ordinary year: A year which is not a leap year is called an ordinary year. It has 365 days.
5. Leap year: A year which is divisible by 4 is called a leap year, e.g. 1992, 1996, 2000, etc., are
leap years. A leap year has 366 days. If the year is a century, it will be a leap year if it is divisible
by 400, i.e. every 4th century is a leap year, e.g. 400, 800, 1200, etc., but 200, 500, 1900, etc., are
not leap years.

Counting odd:
Odd days in an ordinary year: An ordinary year contains 365 days. On dividing 365 by 7, we
get 1 as a remainder (52*7 +1) or (52 weeks + 1 day). It means an ordinary year has one odd day.
Odd days in a leap year: A leap year contains 366. On dividing 366 by 7, we get 2 as remainder
(52*7 + 2) or (52 weeks + 2). It means a leap year has two odd days.
Odd days in a century: A century has 76 ordinary years and 24 leap years.
∴100 years = 76 ordinary years + 24 leap years
= [(76*52) weeks + 76 odd days] + [(24*52) weeks + 48 odd days]
= [(100*52) weeks + 124 odd days]
= (5200 weeks + 17 weeks + 5 odd days)= (5217 weeks + 5 odd days)
∴A century or 100 years have 5 odd days.
Similarly, in 200 years, there will be 10 (5+5) days, 7 days (1 week) + 3 odd days. So, 200 years
have 3 odd days.
In 300 years, there will be 15 days, 14 days (2 weeks) + 1 odd day. So, 300 years have 1 odd
day.
In 400 years, there will be 20 + 1(as 400 is a leap year) = 21 days, 21 days (3 weeks). So, 400
years have 0 odd days. A century divisible by 400 also has 0 odd days.

Tables of odd :
a.) Table showing the relation between the year and the number of odd ;

Years No. of odd

Ordinary year 1

Leap year 2

100 years 5

200 years 3

300 years 1

400 years 0

b.) Table showing the relation between the day of the week and the number of odd ;

Day of week No. of odd

Sunday 0
 Monday 1

Tuesday 2

Wednesday 3

Thursday 4

Friday 5

Saturday 6

Notes:

o The years which are divisible by 400 have 0 odd days, e.g. 400, 800, 1200, 1600, 2000,
etc.
o Last day of a century cannot be Tuesday, Thursday or Saturday.
o April & July for all years and January and October for non-leap years have the same
calendar.
o The calendars of two different years are same if they satisfy the following conditions;

a) The years must be of the same type, i.e. both must be either ordinary years or leap years.
b) January 21 of both the years, must be the same day of the week.
The leap years in the 20th and 21st centuries;

Simple Interest Concepts and Formulas

1. Interest: It is the money paid by the borrower to the lender for using the borrowed money.
2. Principal: The total amount of money borrowed by the borrower is called principal.
3. Amount: It is the sum of the interest and principal i.e. the total money paid back to the lender
which includes principal and interest.
4. Simple Interest: It is the interest which is payable only on the principal e.g. Simple interest
on Rs. 100 at the rate of 5% per annum will be Rs. 5 each year; after one year the amount will be
105, and after two year the amount will be Rs. 110 and so on.
Simple Interest is given by:

Where, I = simple interest P = principal R = rate of interest

T = number of years

5. Therefore, Principal =

6. Similarly, Rate of Interest =

7. And, Number of years or time =

8. Amount = Principal + Simple Interest

Some Quicker Methods:

1.) The payment that can clear a debt of Rs. A for t years at the rate of interest r% per annum is
given by:

2) If a sum of money becomes X times in t years at simple rate of interest then the rate of interest
is given by:
When different amounts of money mature to the same amount at simple rate of interest, then the
ratio of the amounts invested is given by:

3) There are two equal amounts of money for t1 and t2 years at r1% and r2% respectively. If the
difference between their interests is Id then the sum is given by:

Similarly, if the difference between interests on certain sum for t1 years at the rate of interest r1
and for t2 years at the rate of interest r2% is X then, the sum is given by:

4) If a sum amounts to Rs. P1 in T1 years and Rs. P2 in T2 years at simple rate of interest, then
the rate of interest is given by:

Aptitude Compound Interest Concepts and Formulas

1) Compound Interest: The addition of interest to the principal sum each year or some fixed
time period is known as compounding. So, the compound interest is the interest on interest. The
interest of each year or some fixed time period is added to the principal sum and the new amount
becomes the principal for the next year and interest is calculated on the increased amount for the
next year.
2) In case of compound interest, when interest is compounded annually, the amount is given by:

t
Amount (A) = P 1+
Where, P= Principal r = Rate of interest t = time/number of years
And, Compound Interest = Amount (A) - Principal (P)
 t
Compound Interest (C.I) = P 1+ -P

t_
=P 1+ 1

1/t
And, Rate of interest (r) = -1 % p.a.
3) Compound interest can be compounded half-yearly and quarterly, etc. Accordingly, the
formula varies;

o When interest is compounded half-yearly:

2t
Amount (A) = P 1+

2t
Compound Interest (C.I.)=P 1+ -1

And, Rate of interest (r) = 2 ∗ 100 ∗2-1 % p.a.

4) When interest is compounded quarterly:

4t
Amount (A) = P 1+

4t
Compound Interest (C.I.) = P 1+ -1

And, Rate of interest (r) = 4 ∗ 100 ∗4-1 % p.a.

5) When interest is compounded annually but time is in fraction i.e. 3 years, then;

Amount = P 1+ 3* 1+
So, in general, if the interest is compounded n times a year;
 n*t
Amount (A) = P 1+

n∗t
Compound interest (CI): P 1+ -1

And, Rate of interest (r) = n ∗ 100 ∗n-1 % p.a.

6) When there are different rates of interest for different years e.g. r1%, r2%, r3% for 1st, 2nd and
3rd year respectively, then;

Amount = P 1+ 1+ 1+

Some quicker methods:

1) If a sum becomes P times in t years, the rate of compound interest r is = 100 [(P) 1/t - 1]
2) If C.I. is given, we can find the S.I. by the formula;

Simple Interest = ∗ Compound interest

3) If C.I. and S.I. are given in the question, we can find the rate of interest by the formula;

Rate of interest = 2 ∗ ∗ 100

4) If the difference between the C.I. and S.I. on a certain sum of money for 2 years at r% is Rs.
X, the sum is given by;

2
Sum = X
5) If the difference between C.I. and S.I. on a certain sum for 3 years at r% is Rs. X, the sum is
given by;

Sum =
6) If a certain sum of money grows to Rs. X in n years and Rs. Y in (n+1) years, the rate of
interest is given by;
Rate of interest:
7) If a sum of money X becomes Y in t1 years at compound rate of interest, after t2 years it will
become;

Rs.
8) If a loan of Rs. X at r% rate of interest C.I. is to be paid back in n equal yearly installments,
the value of each installment is given by;