A Multi-Sensory Approach Integrating Experiential Architecture:

Proposed Medical Tourism Park Specialized in Renal and Kidney Care

in Lucena City, Quezon

A Thesis Proposal Presented to the Faculty of the

College of Architecture, Fine Arts and Design
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
THE NATIONAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY
Alangilan, Batangas City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree of Bachelor of Science in Architecture

Honey Jane N. Acuzar

Rebecca S. Dequinia
 CHAPTER I

The Problem and Its Background

This section highlights the research's context and significance. It provides

background information to identify key issues and knowledge gaps, showing the

study's necessity. By clearly defining the problem, this chapter establishes the

foundation for exploring solutions and achieving meaningful results.

1.1 General Introduction

Hospitals play a critical role in society, serving as essential spaces where

patients and their families spend significant time for diagnosis, treatment, and

recovery. These facilities are not just places for medical care but also sites of

profound life events, shaping both personal experiences and societal well-being. As

healthcare continues to evolve, the intersection between medical care and tourism has

become more prominent, giving rise to the rapidly expanding field of medical

tourism. This growing sector caters to patients seeking high-quality healthcare in

destinations that offer opportunities for relaxation and rejuvenation.

For individuals with chronic conditions requiring long-term or specialized

care, medical tourism provides an appealing alternative to conventional hospital

environments. These patients benefit from both advanced medical treatments and

access to natural, recreational settings that promote well-being. As this trend gains

momentum, it highlights the need for healthcare environments that go beyond

functionality, integrating design elements that enhance the healing experience. This

shift challenges the traditional approach to healthcare design, emphasizing the

importance of creating vital, patient-centered spaces.

1
 Furthermore, the increasing demand for specialized medical services,

combined with the desire for healing environments, underscores the importance of

innovative architectural approaches in healthcare. Thoughtful design not only

improves patient satisfaction but also has the potential to significantly influence

patient outcomes. Ultimately, this evolving relationship between architecture and

healthcare presents an important area of study, offering valuable insights into how

design can support recovery and overall well-being..

1.2 Background of the Study

The growing demand for specialized healthcare services in the Philippines

highlights ongoing challenges within the healthcare system. Historically, medical

services have been concentrated in major urban areas like Metro Manila, resulting in

limited access for patients in provincial regions, particularly CALABARZON (Cavite,

Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and Quezon). As a consequence, this concentration forces

patients to travel long distances for advanced treatments, imposing financial and

logistical burdens on individuals and families.

Another significant concern is the rise of chronic illnesses, especially

non-communicable diseases such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), which further

strains the healthcare system. CKD has emerged as a significant public health issue in

the Philippines, affecting thousands each year. Despite this, nephrology services

remain predominantly located in urban centers, leaving provincial areas underserved

and underscoring the urgent need for accessible and specialized care facilities.

Moreover, this issue is not unique to the Philippines; healthcare systems

globally are grappling with rising rates of chronic diseases, an aging population, and

inadequate infrastructure in rural areas. In light of these challenges, alternative

2
healthcare models such as medical tourism have emerged. This trend enables patients

to seek treatment outside their home regions or countries, gaining traction due to long

waiting times and high costs associated with medical procedures. Notably, the

Philippines, with its affordable healthcare services and skilled medical professionals,

has established itself as a prominent destination for medical tourism.

Furthermore, the historical emphasis on urban healthcare infrastructure has

disadvantaged rural and provincial regions, further impacting access to medical care

and placing a heavy social burden on patients and families. Therefore, improving

healthcare accessibility throughout the country is essential.

From an architectural and urban development perspective, the design and

location of healthcare facilities are crucial in addressing these disparities. The recent

shift toward patient-centered care emphasizes the importance of creating

environments that promote healing and well-being. By incorporating therapeutic and

nature-driven design elements into medical facilities, healthcare providers can

enhance patient outcomes, reduce stress, and support recovery. Ultimately, this

approach aligns with the broader movement to develop healthcare spaces that

integrate advanced medical care with comfortable, healing environments for patients.

1.3 Statement of the Problem

This study addresses three key problems:

1. Prevalence of Kidney-Related Diseases. The prevalence of

kidney-related diseases poses a serious threat to public health,

particularly due to a lack of awareness, education, and access to early

diagnosis. In many rural and geographically isolated areas (GIDAs),

healthcare services are fragmented and fail to provide comprehensive

3
 specialized care for kidney diseases, leaving many cases undiagnosed

until they reach critical stages.

2. Inadequate Healing Environments within Healthcare Facilities.

The current design of healthcare environments often neglects the

multi-dimensional aspects of patient care, resulting in inadequate

post-treatment rehabilitation. This shortcoming leads to poorer

recovery outcomes and higher rates of re-hospitalization, as patients

struggle to reintegrate into daily life without sufficient support for their

emotional, social, and physical needs.

3. Limited Capacity to Handle Growing Medical Tourism Demand.

The Philippines, despite offering cost-effective healthcare, struggles

with inadequate healthcare infrastructure and fragmented services,

especially in managing the growing influx of 80,000 to 250,000

medical tourists annually. This strain on healthcare services

compromises the quality of care, patient satisfaction, and the country’s

ability to maintain and grow its position in the global medical tourism

market.

1.4 Significance of the Study

This study holds substantial significance for the healthcare industry in the

Philippines, as it aims to tackle important aspects of healthcare, including

infrastructure, patient experience, and service delivery. The study’s key contributions

are outlined as follows:

To provide holistic care and specialized services. This study addresses the

growing demand for specialized healthcare services in the Philippines. The integration

4
of advanced medical technologies and a holistic care environment can raise the

standard of care for patients with chronic diseases, a prevalent health issue in the

country.

To advance healthcare infrastructure. The integration of a multi-sensory

and experiential architectural approach in healthcare facilities introduces innovative

design principles that prioritize patient comfort, healing, and well-being.

To integrate innovative approaches to healthcare design. By focusing on

multi-sensory elements, the study aims to create an environment that stimulates

patient senses, improving psychological well-being and promoting faster recovery.

This can elevate the standard of care provided in the country and inspire similar

projects in other regions.

To boost medical tourism growth. The Philippines has the potential to

become a hub for medical tourism in Southeast Asia. By establishing a state-of-the-art

medical tourism park, this study can showcase how well-designed facilities can attract

local and foreign patients. This can help position the country as a key destination for

medical tourism.

To improve accessibility to specialized care. The study contributes to

decentralizing healthcare services, reducing the burden on metro-based hospitals, and

providing easier access to quality healthcare for people in rural areas and neighboring

provinces.

To promote economic development and regional advancement. This study

will contribute to the economic development of the region, providing employment

opportunities in both the healthcare and tourism sectors. This could also promote the

CALABARZON region as a destination for both domestic and international medical

tourists.

5
1.5 Project Goals and Objectives

1. To establish a comprehensive medical facility specializing in

kidney-related diseases to improve patient outcomes and public

awareness through prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation

services.

2. To provide wellness and recovery facilities that enhance patients'

quality of life by integrating physical, emotional, and recreational

elements through multi-sensory approaches to promote faster recovery.

3. To develop a specialized renal and kidney center that meets the

healthcare needs of the CALABARZON population while attracting

international medical tourists with advanced, cost-effective kidney care

services.

1.6 Architectural Objectives

1. To design a specialized medical facility with a simple, efficient layout

that optimizes space utilization, streamlines workflows, and enhances

patient comfort for a high-quality healthcare experience.

2. To integrate experiential design elements to create a welcoming

environment that engages the senses and fosters meaningful

interactions between patients, visitors, and the space, improving patient

outcomes and overall healthcare experience.

3. To create a medical tourism park that integrates a rehabilitative

environment, evoking a wide range of feelings and emotions through

multi-sensory elements such as parks, walking paths, and relaxation

6
 zones that engage sight, sound, touch, and smell, to promote health and

wellness for both local and international patients.

1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study focuses on the physical and architectural aspects of the project.

The study covers the following:

1. Conceptualization

2. Site planning

3. Architectural planning and design

4. Project cost and return of investment

The scope of the development of the project is the following:

1. Tertiary Hospital

2. Medical Arts Building

3. Dialysis Center

4. Medical Tourism Park

- Wellness Center and Spa

- Medical Hotel or Accommodation

- Recreational Areas/Facilities

- Health Farm

5. Service, Maintenance, and Utilities

The study is limited only to the topics mentioned above. It does not cover

specific technical details or the various stages of project construction. It also excludes

services such as structural, electrical, mechanical, sanitary, plumbing, and other

related equipment, except for some essential supporting information within the scope

of the study.

7
1.8 Justification of the Study

Addressing the urgent need to enhance healthcare access for kidney disease

patients in the Philippines, especially in underserved regions like CALABARZON, is

essential for improving patient outcomes and overall public health. With the rising

prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and the concentration of specialized

treatment facilities in Metro Manila, patients face significant financial and logistical

barriers in obtaining necessary care. This situation not only adversely affects health

outcomes but also leads to increased healthcare costs, further exacerbating the

challenges for those in need of treatment.

To deal with these pressing challenges, this study proposes the establishment

of a specialized renal and kidney care medical tourism park in Lucena City. The city's

strategic location and natural surroundings provide an ideal setting for advanced

treatments that integrate medical care with wellness services. This innovative

approach aims to alleviate travel difficulties for patients living outside the capital

while promoting holistic healing, which is essential for effective CKD recovery.

Moreover, this initiative aligns with the Philippines' goals to strengthen its

medical tourism sector, stimulate local economies, and create job opportunities. By

attracting both local and international patients, the project aims to enhance healthcare

delivery while elevating the country's position as a competitive medical tourism

destination.

In addition, incorporating experiential design into the medical facility is

fundamental to transforming patient experiences. While healthcare organizations are

beginning to explore the concept of experiential design, its potential remains largely

untapped. By creating immersive, multi-sensory environments that stimulate the

senses, the medical tourism park can foster feelings of joy and vitality while

8
alleviating anxiety for both patients and visitors. This aspect is particularly important

in healthcare settings, where patients frequently confront stress and uncertainty.

In summary, this study is justified by the urgent need to enhance healthcare

access for CKD patients and the opportunity to create a supportive healing

environment. Additionally, the potential to elevate the Philippines' medical tourism

industry through innovative design underscores the significance of this proposed

development, which aims to make a substantial impact on patient care and the

healthcare landscape in the region.

1.9 Conceptual/Theoretical Framework

1.9.1 Conceptual Framework

Figure 01. Variables, Concepts, Relationship, and Assumptions Framework

The independent variables—multi-sensory design, healthcare services, and

tourism features—are crucial in enhancing patients' experiences. These elements work

together to reduce stress, improve emotional well-being, and increase patient comfort.

As a result, patients are more likely to report higher levels of satisfaction with their

9
care and experience better health outcomes, which ultimately leads to an improved

quality of life.

The moderating variable, health status, and well-being influence how

effectively these independent variables impact patient experiences. For instance,

patients with different health conditions may respond differently to the design and

services offered. This means that the benefits derived from the project’s features may

vary depending on an individual’s specific health situation.

Control variables, such as existing health conditions, accessibility to holistic

care, and growing medical tourism demand, are also essential. They help to account

for external factors that might influence patient satisfaction and health outcomes,

ensuring a clearer understanding of the relationships within the framework.

Overall, this framework underscores the importance of a holistic approach in

designing the medical tourism park. By integrating various elements—multi-sensory

design, quality healthcare, and supportive tourism features—the park can create an

optimal healing environment that meets the diverse needs of patients.

1.9.2 Theoretical Framework

When people think of hospitals, they often envision sterile, rectangular

buildings filled with bright white lights—a place associated with discomfort and

illness that few look forward to visiting. However, research indicates that

patient-centric design is essential for enhancing the experience of both visitors and

healthcare staff (Edgman-Levitan & Schoenbaum, 2021). As a result, architects

worldwide are reimagining hospital architecture to create environments that promote

healing and rejuvenation, aiming to alleviate the negative emotions and stress

typically linked to hospital visits.

10
Therapeutic Theory

Figure 02. Principles of Therapeutic Architecture

Source:
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Diagram-illustrating-main-principles-of-a-therap
eutic-architecture-and-how-it-effects_fig1_378721163

Creating environments that actively support patient healing and well-being is

the emphasis of Therapeutic Theory. This approach takes into account several key

factors, including the recovery process, the length of a patient’s stay, medication

schedules, and stress levels. By understanding how these elements impact health,

therapeutic architecture aims to design spaces that enhance the overall healing

experience.

A crucial aspect of therapeutic architecture is its emphasis on human anatomy

and the natural environment. For instance, maximizing natural daylight helps regulate

circadian rhythms, which can improve mood and promote a sense of well-being.

Additionally, designing spaces that allow for safe movement encourages patients to

engage in physical activity, which is beneficial for both mental and physical health.

It also addresses potential barriers to recovery, often referred to as

"roadblocks." These roadblocks could include confusing layouts, lack of access to

nature, or environments that increase stress. In addition, it creates an uplifting

atmosphere that can positively influence users' health and contentment by redesigning

spaces to eliminate these obstacles.

11
Sensory Theory

Focuses on designing spaces by considering natural elements to engage human

senses. Specifically, it aims to enhance well-being by addressing touch, sight, sound,

smell, and sensitivity to light and darkness.

In an article by Champ (2024), architect Richa Malhotra emphasizes that when

architectural designs consider the stimulation of all sensory organs, they can enhance

the space and create a sense of harmony between the environment and its users.

Additionally, sensory design weaves together human perception, memory, and

imagination, enabling individuals to form a profound connection with their

surroundings.

By thoughtfully considering all the senses, architects can create spaces that

express feelings of familiarity and warmth. This approach is particularly important in

healthcare settings, as it significantly contributes to the well-being and comfort of

patients. Overall, sensory architecture not only enhances the aesthetic appeal of a

space but also plays a crucial role in promoting healing and emotional support.

1.10 Definition of Terms

To ensure clarity in the study and to guide readers effectively, the researchers

have provided specific definitions for the various terms used throughout the study to

prevent confusion and misunderstandings.

1.10.1 Contextual Definitions

Chronic Conditions - Long-lasting health issues that typically require

ongoing management and treatment, often affecting a person's daily life.

Examples include diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease.

12
Hospital - A healthcare facility that provides comprehensive medical services,

including emergency care, inpatient treatment, outpatient services, and

specialized procedures across various medical fields.

Kidney Care - A range of medical services focused on the prevention,

diagnosis, and treatment of kidney-related conditions, including chronic

kidney disease, kidney stones, and renal failure.

Chronic Kidney Disease - A progressive condition characterized by the

gradual loss of kidney function over time, often leading to complications such

as cardiovascular disease and requiring ongoing management, including

dialysis or transplantation in advanced stages.

Medical Tourism Park - A designated area or facility recognized by the

Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA) that caters to medical tourists,

offering integrated healthcare services, wellness programs, and

accommodations aimed at promoting health and recovery.

Medical Tourist - An individual who travels to another country or region to

receive medical treatment or healthcare services, often seeking specialized

care, lower costs, or higher quality of treatment.

Morbidity - The state of being diseased or unhealthy; it refers to the

prevalence of illness within a population, often measured in terms of incidence

or prevalence rates.

Mortality - The state of being subject to death; it refers to the incidence of

death within a population, typically measured by mortality rates over a

specific period.

13
Non-communicable Disease - A class of diseases that are not transmissible

between people and are often chronic, including conditions such as heart

disease, cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases.

Philippine Medical Tourism Program - A government initiative aimed at

promoting the Philippines as a destination for medical tourism by enhancing

the quality of healthcare services and facilities, attracting both local and

international patients.

Renal Care - Specialized medical care focused on the prevention, diagnosis,

and treatment of kidney diseases and conditions, encompassing services such

as dialysis, kidney transplantation, and nephrology consultations.

Specialized Care - Advanced medical care is provided by healthcare

professionals who have received additional training and education in a specific

area of medicine, such as cardiology, oncology, or nephrology.

Specialty Centers - Healthcare facilities that focus on specific medical fields

or conditions, offering specialized services and expertise to patients, such as

cancer treatment centers or renal care clinics.

Tertiary Hospitals - Advanced healthcare facilities equipped to handle

complex medical cases, providing specialized care and services, including

surgical procedures, intensive care, and advanced diagnostic capabilities. They

often serve as referral centers for secondary care facilities.

1.10.2 Operational Definitions

Experiential Architecture - Design of spaces that engage patients and

visitors on multiple sensory levels, fostering emotional connections and

14
enhancing their overall healing journey through thoughtful environmental

elements.

Healthcare and Tourism Integration - Seamlessly blending high-quality

medical care with tourism experiences, creating an environment where

patients can receive specialized renal care while also enjoying leisure

activities, thus enriching their recovery process.

Holistic Well-being - Encompasses a comprehensive approach to health that

addresses not just the physical aspects of renal care, but also the emotional and

social needs of patients, ensuring that every individual feels supported and

cared for in their healing journey.

Medical Tourism Park - Facility designed for patients seeking kidney care,

combining state-of-the-art medical services, wellness programs, and

accommodations that cater to both health and comfort, making it a unique

destination for medical tourists.

Multi-sensory Design - Intentionally creating spaces that stimulate the senses

of touch, sight, sound, smell, and taste, thereby enhancing patient comfort and

satisfaction during their stay and promoting a more effective healing

environment.

Nature-centric - Incorporating natural elements—such as gardens, water

features, and abundant daylight—into the facility, fostering a calming

atmosphere that connects patients to nature and supports their emotional and

physical well-being.

Patient Experience - Initial interaction with healthcare providers to the

quality of care received and the overall comfort of the environment, ultimately

determining their satisfaction and health outcomes.

15
 Relaxation and Recovery - Specific strategies and design elements are

implemented to create a calming environment that allows patients to de-stress

and recuperate effectively during their treatment for kidney-related conditions.

Restorative Environment - Supportive and healing atmosphere that promotes

physical recovery and emotional well-being, utilizing design features like

soothing colors, quiet spaces, and elements of nature to enhance the patient

experience.

1.11 Acronyms and Abbreviations

Arch. - Architect

CKD - Chronic Kidney Disease

DOH - Department of Health

DOT - Department of Tourism

MTA - Medical Tourism Association

NCDs - Non-communicable Diseases

PEZA - Philippine Economic Zone Authority

PSN - Philippine Society of Nephrology

UHC Act - Universal Health Care Act

WHO - World Health Organization

16
 CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter outlines the relevant literature and studies related to the research

topic. It explores previous findings and theories while identifying trends and gaps.

This review aids in shaping the study's design and emphasizes the importance of the

research within academic discussions.

2.1 Review of Related Literature

2.1.1 Non-Architectural Topics

Inequities in Healthcare Access

The need for healthcare infrastructure in the Philippines poses a significant

challenge for Filipinos. Inadequate public health services lead to vulnerable

populations struggling to access basic healthcare. Furthermore, unhealthy

environments and overcrowding contribute to high rates of disease, morbidity, and

mortality. Moreover, education about healthy lifestyle choices is often lacking due to

limited access to available resources. Rural communities, in particular, find it

extremely difficult to receive necessary medical treatments, facing financial

challenges such as medical fees, transportation costs, and lost wages. Consequently,

these issues are compounded by already strained government finances, which often

result in shorter hospital stays.

Over the years, the government and various stakeholders have implemented

several interventions to address inequities in primary care; however, disparities

continue to persist. To combat this, the Philippine government has enacted the

Republic Act 11223, or the Universal Health Care (UHC) Act. This legislation

ensures that every Filipino has equitable access to comprehensive and quality

17
healthcare services by strengthening primary care. By prioritizing assistance and

support to underserved areas, the UHC Act seeks to bridge gaps in healthcare

delivery.

Significantly, a disparity exists between those who have access to quality

healthcare and those who do not. The current healthcare system in the Philippines is

fragmented, resulting in large portions of the population lacking access to consistent,

high-quality care. This issue is particularly pronounced when comparing rural and

urban areas; only 25% of rural Filipinos have access to necessary health services, in

contrast to 46% of urban dwellers. This discrepancy arises from both economic

inequality and geographical barriers that make medical facilities challenging to access

(World Health Organization, 2015).

In CALABARZON, as of the 2020 Census of Population and Housing, the

region’s total population is approximately 16.2 million, accounting for about 14.85%

of the entire Philippine population. Notably, Rizal has the largest urban population,

with 96% of its residents living in urban areas, likely influenced by its proximity to

Metro Manila. In contrast, Quezon has the smallest urban population, with only 22%

residing in urban areas.

According to the Department of Health Center for Health Development 4-A,

there are 224 registered and licensed hospitals in CALABARZON, with 167 privately

owned and 57 government-owned. Additionally, Domingo (2024) notes that public

hospitals primarily focus on preventive healthcare, while private hospitals emphasize

curative services. As a result, the rising incidences of chronic conditions such as

hypertension, diabetes, kidney disease, respiratory illnesses, cancer, cardiovascular

issues, obesity, and malnutrition continue to strain the Philippine healthcare system.

18
 The gap between private and government hospitals in CALABARZON

reflects differences in accessibility, quality of facilities, service availability, financial

barriers, healthcare workforce, patient experience, and regional disparities. While

government hospitals play a vital role in providing affordable and widespread care,

they often face resource limitations and overcrowding. In contrast, private hospitals

offer advanced and specialized services with better facilities but at a higher cost,

limiting access for lower-income individuals. Thus, addressing these gaps requires

targeted policies and investments to ensure equitable healthcare access and quality

across the region.

Moreover, the hospital gap in CALABARZON stems from the region's rapidly

growing population outpacing available healthcare infrastructure, particularly

regarding hospital bed capacity and access to specialized services. There is a notable

shortage of tertiary hospitals offering advanced care, especially in rural provinces like

Quezon, forcing many patients to travel to Metro Manila for treatment. At the same

time, urban centers like Cavite and Laguna face overcrowded hospitals, while remote

areas suffer from limited healthcare access, understaffing, and a lack of equipment. To

address this gap, solutions include building more hospitals, upgrading existing

facilities, expanding telemedicine, and fostering public-private partnerships to

improve healthcare delivery across the region.

Healthcare Facility Distribution

Metro Manila is home to a significant concentration of hospitals and

healthcare facilities. As the economic and political center of the country, it benefits

from better infrastructure, medical expertise, and access to healthcare services. In

addition to general hospitals, the region hosts several government corporate specialty

hospitals, including the Lung Center of the Philippines, the National Kidney and

19
Transplant Institute, the Philippine Heart Center, and the Philippine Children's

Medical Center.

However, to address the concentration of healthcare services in Metro Manila

and ensure more equitable access to specialized care across regions, Republic Act No.

11959, also known as the "Regional Specialty Centers Act," was enacted. This law

aims to establish specialized medical centers throughout various regions in the

Philippines. By decentralizing specialized services from urban centers to regional

hospitals, the Act seeks to enhance access to specialized healthcare services, promote

regional health equity, and improve the overall healthcare system.

Moreover, the Act covers government-owned or -controlled corporation

(GOCC) specialty hospitals, aiming to protect and promote the right to health by

making specialized health services available, accessible, and affordable for all

Filipinos. These regional hubs should encompass various specialties, including

cardiology, oncology, and nephrology, ensuring that patients can access the full

spectrum of care without traveling long distances.

Healthcare Demand

According to the Philippine Health and Facility Plan 2020-2040, both

outpatient consultations and hospitalizations are expected to rise significantly due to

rapid population growth and shifting disease patterns. In particular,

Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) will be the primary driver of increased demand

for outpatient primary care and hospital visits. Currently, the country has

approximately 105,000 hospital beds, translating to 1.2 beds per 1,000 population.

However, to meet the healthcare demands of the growing population, this ratio needs

to increase to 2.7 beds per 1,000 people. Even with this target, the Philippines will

still fall below the average bed-to-population ratio for upper-middle and high-income

20
countries, which stand at 3.8 and 4.1 beds per 1,000, respectively. Thus, addressing

this gap will require constructing new hospitals or expanding existing ones.

Of particular concern, CALABARZON faces the highest projected demand for

additional hospital beds among all regions in the Philippines. By 2025, the region will

require 53,240 more beds, representing a 24.81% increase from the current 13,207

beds. This sharp rise is driven by rapid population growth, urbanization, and the

increasing demand for healthcare services. Moreover, the region's current healthcare

infrastructure, spanning Level 1 (primary care), Level 2 (secondary care), and Level 3

(tertiary care), is inadequate to meet these escalating needs. To address this shortfall,

significant investments will be necessary to expand hospital capacity and upgrade

facilities, allowing for a more comprehensive range of medical services.

In alignment with this demand, the CALABARZON Regional Development

Plan 2023-2028 has prioritized healthcare infrastructure expansion, including the

establishment of specialty centers. This legislative agenda focuses on increasing

access to specialized healthcare, particularly in geographically isolated and

disadvantaged areas (GIDAs), where access to medical services remains limited. As

part of this effort, specialty centers will be established for 16 critical areas of care:

cancer care, cardiovascular care, lung care, renal care, kidney transplant, brain and

spine care, trauma care, burn care, orthopedic care, physical rehabilitation, infectious

diseases and tropical medicine, toxicology, mental health, geriatric care, neonatal

care, dermatology, and eye care.

Epidemiology of Kidney Disease

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive condition that affects over

10% of the general population worldwide, amounting to more than 800 million

individuals. It is particularly prevalent among older adults, women, racial minorities,

21
and individuals with diabetes mellitus or hypertension. Notably, CKD poses a

significant burden in low- and middle-income countries, which are often the least

equipped to manage its consequences (Kovesdy, 2022). The disease has emerged as a

leading cause of death globally and is one of the few non-communicable diseases with

a rising mortality rate over the past two decades. Given the vast number of individuals

affected and the substantial negative impact of CKD, there is a critical need for

increased efforts in both prevention and treatment.

In the Philippines, an estimated 7 million people will be affected by CKD by

2021, highlighting the urgent need for awareness about kidney health (Montemayor,

2023). During a media forum, Dr. Vimar Luz, a fellow of the Philippine Society of

Nephrology (PSN), noted that approximately 25% of the 840 million individuals with

CKD in Asia are from the Philippines. Projections indicate a further 3% increase in

cases over the next three years (2024).

Currently, the National Kidney and Transplant Institute (NKTI) faces a

significant challenge due to patient overcrowding. This situation adversely affects the

quality of care provided and the overall patient experience. The overcrowding is

primarily attributed to the high demand for specialized renal and kidney care services,

compounded by limited resources and inadequate space. Furthermore, there is a lack

of dedicated referral centers for renal and kidney care in other hospitals and clinics,

leading them to refer patients to NKTI. This trend exacerbates the influx of patients,

particularly from Region IV-A CALABARZON.

To address this issue, the Philippine Society of Nephrology (PSN) emphasizes

the importance of educating the public about the role of kidneys in overall health.

Their ongoing initiative, #StopCKD, includes an online self-assessment test to

evaluate an individual's risk for kidney disease. During the 2023 World Kidney Day

22
forum, PSN President Dr. Maaliddin Biruar highlighted the necessity for everyone to

be informed about the vital functions of kidneys. He urged individuals to recognize

risk factors, signs, and symptoms of kidney disease and to consult a healthcare

professional for proper diagnosis, even if they are asymptomatic but at risk.

Moreover, kidney disease often presents with nonspecific signs and symptoms

that can overlap with other health issues, particularly conditions like diabetes and

hypertension, which are leading causes of CKD. Additionally, factors such as

cardiovascular health, obesity, autoimmune diseases, urinary tract infections (UTIs),

recurrent kidney stones, and dehydration also significantly impact kidney health.

Thus, managing these underlying conditions is crucial for preventing or slowing the

progression of kidney disease.

In conclusion, untreated late-stage kidney disease can lead to severe health

risks, including death. When kidney function deteriorates to a point where it can no

longer maintain overall health, patients typically require treatments such as dialysis

(either hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis) or a kidney transplant. These interventions

aim to restore kidney function or provide necessary blood filtration, thereby helping

patients maintain their health and quality of life (Mayo Clinic, 2023).

Impact of Dialysis on Patient's Holistic Well-being

According to Qin et al. (2024), dialysis significantly impacts patients' holistic

well-being, encompassing physical, psychological, and social dimensions.

Specifically, research indicates that maintenance hemodialysis leads to decreased

physical function and quality of life, while also increasing the family burden and

economic strain on patients and their families.

In addition, a study from South India highlights the strong association between

sociodemographic factors and quality of life, emphasizing the need for targeted

23
clinical interventions and psychological support to enhance overall well-being (Raju

et al., 2024). Moreover, nutritional intake plays a crucial role, with different dialysis

modalities affecting health-related quality of life variably; hemodialysis patients, for

example, showed a negative correlation between nutritional status and health-related

quality of life (Guo et al., 2024).

Furthermore, the psychological effects of dialysis are significant, with high

rates of depression and anxiety reported among patients. This underscores the

importance of addressing mental health alongside physical health (Doan et al., 2024).

Collectively, these findings illustrate the multifaceted impact of dialysis on patients'

overall well-being and highlight the necessity for comprehensive post-treatment care

that encompasses both physical and mental health aspects.

Satisfaction and Healthcare Experience

Patients with CKD face enduring psychosocial effects due to the lifelong

nature of dialysis (Hernandez et al., 2018). A study indicated that CKD leads to

considerable psychological and physical suffering for patients, largely due to the need

for dialysis two to four times per week. As a result, researchers and designers are

becoming more focused on developing healthcare environments that resemble home

settings to help mitigate the psychological challenges associated with physical health

issues. Conversely, some scholars argue that institutional environments should be

prioritized over home-like settings.

Emerging Medical Tourism Destination

The Philippines is striving to establish itself as a rising medical and wellness

tourism destination in Asia through a recent partnership between the Department of

Tourism (DOT) and Dubai-based Agora Group, a global leader in the medical and

wellness industry. This collaboration aims to position the country as an emerging

24
medical and wellness tourism destination in Asia (TTG Asia, 2023). In line with this

initiative, the DOT continues to support the Marcos Administration's objective to

enhance the medical tourism sector by collaborating with industry stakeholders in

aesthetics, aging, and wellness. Tourism Secretary Christina Garcia Frasco has

emphasized that the Philippines is poised to become a "strong growth center" within

the industry.

Currently, the country ranks 24th among 46 global medical tourism

destinations. However, many believe it "deserves a much higher place in the world,"

given the quality and expertise of its healthcare professionals, as well as the renowned

Filipino brand of care. Moreover, the approved National Tourism Development Plan

(NTDP) identifies medical tourism as a priority for diversifying the country's tourism

portfolio, aligning with the DOT's recognition of the potential of medical tourism to

drive growth in the Philippine tourism industry.

Development of Medical Tourism Parks and Economic Zones

A "Medical Tourism Park," as defined by Republic Act No. 7916, is a

specialized area developed to provide various medical and wellness facilities.

Specifically, these parks must include medical accommodations, wellness centers,

spas, health farms, recreational areas, and rehabilitation centers while meeting

specific health and tourism requirements. They are designed to support foreign

patients and professionals involved in medical tourism and must cover at least one

hectare in size.

Furthermore, the Medical Tourism Special Economic Zone refers to a selected

area that is either highly developed or has the potential to be developed into a Medical

Tourism Park/Center, with its boundaries fixed or delimited by the Presidential

Proclamation. Medical Tourism Parks/Centers shall be planned and designed

25
according to the standards set by the Department of Health (DOH) and the

Department of Tourism (DOT) to include the necessary support facilities and services

required for health and wellness.

The Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA) plays a crucial role in

advancing medical tourism in the Philippines by promoting the establishment of

medical tourism parks and facilities within economic zones. To attract investors in the

healthcare sector, PEZA provides regulatory incentives, including tax breaks and

streamlined business processes.

A key focus of PEZA is to attract investments in specialty healthcare services,

including advanced treatments for chronic illnesses, cosmetic surgery, and wellness

programs. By positioning the Philippines as a competitive destination for specific

medical treatments, PEZA aims to create jobs and stimulate economic growth in

surrounding communities. This includes direct employment opportunities in

healthcare facilities and indirect opportunities in sectors such as hospitality and

transportation.

In a significant development, PEZA approved the registration of the largest

Economic Zone in the Philippines in Quezon Province in 2022. The Quezon

Techno-Industrial Special Economic Zone (QTISEZ) project will dedicate around 200

hectares to mixed-use development, including government offices, residential,

commercial, and other sectors where people can live, work, and play. It is expected to

house approximately 2,000 factories and create 200,000 jobs.

Additionally, PEZA Director General Charito ‘Ching’ B. Plaza highlighted

that QTISEZ is envisioned to have its international seaport and airport, with an

estimated budget of PhP 25 billion each from the total PhP 125 billion cost of

26
developing the 1,836 hectares Special Economic Zone. This will be the first

international airport and seaport strategically located in the Eastern part of Luzon.

Notably, the city of Lucena shows potential to be developed as a Medical

Tourism Park due to its proximity to QTISEZ, located in Mauban. For instance, it can

provide access to advanced infrastructure, including transportation, utilities, and

services that can enhance operations and patient experiences. Moreover, this

proximity ensures cost efficiency by reducing logistics costs and improving supply

chain management, thereby making the project more competitive in the medical

tourism market. Finally, collaboration with businesses and services within the PEZA

zone can further enhance the development’s offerings and operational efficiency.

2.1.2. Architectural Topics

Hospital Planning and Design

Hospital planning and design are critical in improving patient care and

operational efficiency. For instance, Liu et al. (2024) emphasize the importance of

accommodating various users, including ensuring accessibility for individuals with

disabilities and addressing the emotional needs of pediatric patients. Their research on

children’s hospital environments highlights the significance of creating spaces that

reduce anxiety for young patients.

In addition, a multidisciplinary approach is essential in hospital design,

incorporating diverse perspectives and considerations such as community needs,

historical contexts, and healthcare innovations (Appiah & Collins, 2024). This

approach enables healthcare facilities to better serve their communities by responding

to specific local needs and incorporating cutting-edge healthcare delivery methods.

27
 Furthermore, benchmarking global hospital designs, including evaluating

inpatient unit layouts and construction types, is crucial for identifying best practices

and improving designs. As a result, this comparative analysis allows for refining

strategies that can lead to better patient outcomes (Viergutz et al., 2024).

Another important aspect is the integration of ancillary services, which plays a

key role in optimizing hospital design. This integration enhances resource utilization

and improves patient flow. Consequently, by streamlining these services, hospitals can

reduce bottlenecks and improve overall patient experiences (Mankar et al., 2024).

Finally, healthcare facilities must continuously adapt to evolving standards,

such as energy efficiency and safety protocols, to create environments that support

both patients and staff. Thus, sustainable practices and up-to-date safety measures are

vital for maintaining a well-functioning and supportive hospital environment.

Innovative Design Approaches in Medical Facilities

Experiential architecture in medical facilities emphasizes the design of spaces

that enhance patient well-being and optimize healthcare delivery. This approach

incorporates principles such as flexibility, inclusiveness, and integration, which are

essential for adapting to the evolving needs of patients and healthcare providers.

According to Momme et al., (2024), the integration of dynamic and adaptable

elements allows for the rapid reconfiguration of spaces, thereby improving infection

control and resource utilization in healthcare settings.

Additionally, incorporating therapeutic landscapes and healing gardens into

healthcare infrastructures can significantly aid patient recovery. These features

provide engaging and comforting environments that promote emotional well-being,

helping to create a more holistic healing experience (Arevalo et al., 2023).

28
 Furthermore, utilizing virtual reality (VR) technology in design

decision-making can enhance user experience by capturing patient preferences and

perceptions. This ultimately leads to evidence-based design solutions that improve

health outcomes (Yang et al., 2024). By merging these innovative design strategies,

medical facilities can create environments that are not only functional but also

supportive of comprehensive patient care.

Implementing a Multi-Sensory Design in Healthcare Environments

A multi-sensory design in hospitals plays a crucial role in enhancing both

patient experience and care delivery. By integrating responsive, multi-sensory

environments, hospitals can significantly improve social interaction and collaboration

among patients, especially in pediatric settings. Sensory stimuli such as sight, sound,

and touch are used to create engaging experiences that promote well-being (Lyu,

2023). Additionally, Mosca & Capolongo (2023) highlighted that the implementation

of Universal Design principles ensures healthcare facilities are accessible and usable

for individuals of all abilities, promoting inclusivity.

Research also shows that the physical environment of hospitals, including

sensory elements, directly influences patient perceptions and satisfaction, further

emphasizing the importance of patient-centered design (Edris et al., 2024). Overall, a

multi-sensory approach to hospital design fosters a supportive atmosphere while

addressing the diverse needs of patients and healthcare providers.

29
2.2. Architectural Case Study

2.2.1 Local Case Study 1

Project Name: St. Luke’s Medical Center

Project Architect: RR Payumo and Associates

Location: Bonifacio Global City, Taguig

Project Description

St. Luke's Medical Center (SLMC) is a premier healthcare institution in the

Philippines, known for its world-class medical services and cutting-edge technology.

SLMC offers specialized care in areas such as cardiology, oncology, neurology, and

transplant surgery. Accredited by the Joint Commission International (JCI), it upholds

high standards of patient care and safety. As the lead facility for medical tourism,

SLMC provides services to both local and international patients. The hospital also

emphasizes patient-centered care, research, and education, making it a leader in the

country's healthcare industry.

Facilities for Accommodations (Comfort, Convenience, Freedom of choice)

St. Luke's Medical Center offers state-of-the-art accommodations, blending

luxury, comfort, and advanced medical technology to enhance the patient experience.

The hospital’s private rooms are designed with a modern, minimalist aesthetic,

featuring soft, neutral tones and large windows that provide ample natural light and

views of the city. Each room is equipped with ergonomically designed furniture,

including adjustable beds and seating areas for visitors, ensuring optimal comfort.

In addition to the welcoming design, the rooms are outfitted with cutting-edge

medical equipment, seamlessly integrated into the space to provide immediate access

to necessary healthcare technologies without compromising the room's aesthetic

30
appeal. The use of high-quality materials, such as wood finishes and textured

surfaces, adds a warm, home-like feel to the space.

Figure 03. SLMC Regular Private Room

Source: https://www.stlukes.com.ph/patients-guide/accommodation/regular-private

Figure 04. SLMC Small Private Room

Source:https://www.stlukes.com.ph/patients-guide/accommodation/small-private

31
 Figure 05. SLMC Suite Room
Source:https://www.stlukes.com.ph/patients-guide/accommodation/suite-room

Figure 06. SLMC Presidential Suite

Source:https://www.stlukes.com.ph/patients-guide/accommodation/presidential-suite

St. Luke's Medical Center offers a variety of accommodations to suit different

needs, ranging from well-equipped standard rooms at affordable rates to an opulent

presidential suite. The suite boasts elegant interiors and state-of-the-art medical

equipment, providing a level of comfort and luxury on par with five-star hotel suites.

The hospital is dedicated to serving patients who seek not only the highest quality

medical care but also a luxurious and comfortable environment. Rooms are furnished

32
with premium amenities, including free internet access, 24-hour concierge services,

and high-end features designed to deliver a personalized and seamless experience.

Findings and Conclusions

St. Luke’s Medical Center is a prime example of how architecture and design

can play a significant role in enhancing the patient experience. The hospital’s

emphasis on luxury, comfort, and cutting-edge technology, coupled with its focus on

delivering high-quality healthcare, positions it as a leading institution in both local

and international healthcare markets. The carefully designed accommodations ensure

that patients have a range of options to meet their needs, whether seeking affordable

care or a more luxurious experience, making SLMC a model for modern healthcare

architecture in the Philippines.

Recommendation/Application to the Present Study

Based on the findings from the architectural case study of St. Luke’s Medical

Center, several recommendations can be made for the project’s healthcare facility

designs. First, the integration of modern aesthetics with functionality is important. It

should prioritize patient-centered design that emphasizes comfort, convenience, and

choice. Incorporating ergonomic furniture, ample natural light, and high-quality

materials can create a healing environment that promotes relaxation and well-being.

Moreover, healthcare facilities should offer a range of accommodations that

cater to diverse patient needs and preferences. By providing options from standard

rooms to luxurious suites, hospitals can enhance the patient experience and attract

medical tourists. The emphasis on premium amenities, such as 24-hour concierge

services and advanced medical technology, can significantly improve patient

satisfaction and comfort.

33
 2.2.2 Local Case Study 2

Project Name: Asian Hospital and Medical Center

Project Architect: Arch. Prosperidad Luis

Location: Alabang, Muntinlupa City

Project Description

Asian Hospital and Medical Center (AHMC) is a modern healthcare facility

located in Muntinlupa City, Philippines, dedicated to providing high-quality medical

services and advanced healthcare technology. It is one of the best hospitals in Manila

that provides international-grade medical services but with a Filipino heart. A

multi-awarded private hospital, AHMC is the first healthcare facility in the country

with a hotel-like ambiance, promoting healing, comfort, and care for patients and

even their families.

Communal Facilities (An inviting and welcoming environment)

AHMC features a thoughtfully designed lobby that creates a welcoming and

soothing environment for patients, families, and visitors. The spacious lobby

incorporates natural elements like wood and stone fostering a calming atmosphere

that alleviates anxiety. Large windows enhance the sense of openness, allowing for

ample natural light and scenic views.

In addition, comfortable seating arrangements with a variety of options—such

as lounge chairs, sofas, and family seating—would encourage social interaction

among visitors while providing a restful area for patients and families.

To further enhance the experience, the lobby hosts dedicated art exhibitions

showcasing local artists, promoting cultural engagement while creating a visually

stimulating environment. Indoor greenery, such as potted plants is also incorporated to

improve air quality and further promote relaxation.

34
 Figure 07. AHMC Lobby
Source:https://www.stlukes.com.ph/patients-guide/accommodation/presidential-suite

Figure 08. AHMC Lobby Seating Areas

Source: https://asian-hospital-philippines-finest

35
 Figure 09. AHMC Lobby Art Exhibition
Source: https://www.facebook.com/AsianHospitalPH/

Findings and Conclusions

The Asian Hospital and Medical Center (AHMC) is celebrated for its

award-winning design that combines exceptional medical services with a hotel-like

ambiance, creating a comforting healing environment for patients and their families.

The thoughtfully crafted lobby promotes a welcoming atmosphere, utilizing natural

materials like wood and stone to engage the sense of touch and alleviate patient

anxiety. Spaciousness and large windows allow for ample natural light, stimulating

the sense of sight and enhancing the sense of openness.

The lobby also encourages social interaction and provides restful areas for

families, addressing the emotional needs of visitors. Plans for art installations and

exhibitions not only beautify the space but also engage the sense of sight and promote

cultural engagement. Together, these design elements create an enriching environment

that engages multiple senses, ultimately enhancing the overall healing experience at

AHMC.

36
Recommendation/Application to the Present Study

Applications to the present study include developing inviting and open spaces

akin to AHMC's thoughtfully designed lobby, which effectively uses natural materials

like wood and stone to reduce fear and stress among patients and their families.

Creating open layouts with large windows will enhance the sense of spaciousness and

allow for abundant natural light, thereby improving the overall ambiance.

The proposal should also feature comfortable seating arrangements that

encourage social interaction among visitors while providing restful areas for patients

and their families. Additionally, the inclusion of dedicated art installations showcasing

can foster cultural engagement, and incorporating indoor greenery will enhance air

quality and promote relaxation.

2.2.3 Local Case Study 3

Project Name: Vierra Residences

Project Architect: DMCI Homes

Location: Quezon City

Project Description/Facilities

Vierra Residences is a contemporary residential development located in the

heart of Quezon City, Philippines, crafted by DMCI Homes, a reputable name in the

Philippine real estate industry. This mid-rise condominium project aims to provide a

harmonious living environment that blends urban convenience with a serene

residential atmosphere.

The development promotes a sense of community among residents,

encouraging social interactions through various communal areas and activities. Vierra

Residences aims to foster a safe and friendly environment, making it a perfect place

for families to grow and thrive.

37
Plans/Illustrations

Lumiventt Technology is an innovative design feature employed by DMCI

Homes, particularly evident in Vierra Residences, that enhances natural ventilation

and lighting. This technology focuses on maximizing airflow and sunlight within

units, significantly improving the living experience for residents.

Figure 10. Lumiventt Technology

Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/

38
 Figure 11. Vierra Residences Atrium Garden
Source: https://www.dmcihomes.com/

One of the key aspects of Lumiventt Technology is its emphasis on natural

ventilation. The design includes open spaces and strategically positioned vents that

promote the free flow of air throughout the building. This not only reduces reliance on

artificial cooling systems but also contributes to a more energy-efficient environment.

Additionally, large windows and atriums are integral components that allow ample

natural light to illuminate the living spaces, creating an uplifting and aesthetically

pleasing atmosphere.

Findings and Conclusions

The application of Lumiventt Technology greatly improves the living

experience at Vierra Residences. By emphasizing natural ventilation and maximizing

the use of natural light, this design creates a healthier indoor atmosphere. The

thoughtful layout of open spaces and vents encourages optimal airflow, which reduces

dependence on artificial cooling systems and enhances energy efficiency.

Additionally, the inclusion of large windows and atriums fosters a bright and uplifting

ambiance, adding to the overall visual appeal of the users.

39
 Moreover, Lumiventt Technology is essential in enhancing indoor air quality

by lowering humidity levels and decreasing allergens and pollutants. This

health-conscious approach reflects DMCI Homes' dedication to sustainability, as the

design not only encourages eco-friendly living but also helps residents save on utility

expenses.

Recommendation/Application to the Present Study

Lumiventt Technology offers significant health benefits in healthcare settings

by enhancing air quality through natural ventilation, which reduces indoor pollutants,

allergens, and humidity, thereby decreasing the risk of respiratory issues and

infections. Additionally, the abundant natural light from large windows and atriums

boosts mood and emotional well-being, contributing to faster recovery by relieving

stress.

Moreover, this technology helps lower noise levels, fostering a quieter

environment that enhances sleep quality and relieves anxiety. The design of

communal spaces also promotes social interactions among patients and their families,

providing essential emotional support for recovery.

Although primarily associated with DMCI Homes, the principles of Lumiventt

Technology can be adopted in hospitals. By prioritizing natural light and ventilation,

the design maximizes sunlight penetration through large windows and atriums, which

not only illuminate interior spaces but also positively influence mood, emotional

well-being, and overall comfort.

40
 2.2.4 Local Case Study 4

Project Name: The Farm at San Benito

Project Architect: Arch. Charina Buscaino-Javier

Location: Lipa City, Batangas

Project Description/Facilities

The Farm at San Benito is an eco-luxury holistic medical wellness resort

situated in Lipa City, Batangas, and is part of CG Hospitality and CG Corp Global.

Spanning 52 hectares of lush greenery, the resort offers breathtaking views of the

Malarayat mountains and promotes a life-sustaining microbiome ecology,

contributing to a refreshing and rejuvenating atmosphere. Inspired by the local

tradition of organic farming, The Farm emerged during a global movement towards

natural living and holistic wellness.

The resort's philosophy embraces the multi-dimensional nature of humanity,

recognizing that true healing involves addressing spiritual, mental, and emotional

aspects alongside physical health. To this end, The Farm has developed a variety of

wellness programs that focus on health issues at multiple levels. Set against its

inspiring natural backdrop, these programs encourage clients to embark on a

transformative healing journey, harmonizing holistic practices with the beauty of

nature to enhance their overall well-being.

Facilities at The Farm:

- Wellness Center

- Organic Farm

- Yoga and Meditation Spaces

- Swimming Pool

- Fitness Center

41
 - Private Villas and Suites

- Dining Options

- Consultation Rooms

- Healing Gardens

- Community Areas

Plan/Illustrations

Figure 12. The Farm at San Benito Site Development Plan

Source: https://www.thefarmatsanbenito.com/

The site development of The Farm at San Benito focuses on environmental

integration and accessibility to enhance the guest experience. By prioritizing

eco-friendly practices, the resort preserves its natural landscape, incorporating trees,

gardens, and water bodies into the design, which supports ecological sustainability

and enriches the resort's aesthetics.

Pathways and roads are designed for easy access to various areas, encouraging

walking and outdoor exploration. This thoughtful layout allows guests to engage fully

with the environment, enjoying fresh air and views while enhancing overall wellness

experience.

42
 Figure 13. Wellness Spa Exterior Perspective
Source: https://www.thefarmatsanbenito.com/

Figure 14. Wellness Spa Interior View

Source: https://staycations.ph/list/the-farm-at-san-benito/

The wellness spa at The Farm at San Benito is a peaceful sanctuary designed

to promote relaxation and holistic healing in a setting rich with natural beauty. The

spa offers a soothing ambiance, enhanced by natural materials, gentle lighting, and

calming sounds, creating an interactive built environment for nature. Guests can take

advantage of private treatment rooms as well as communal relaxation areas, making it

an ideal place for post-treatment rejuvenation.

43
 Figure 15. Walking Paths
Source: https://staycations.ph/list/the-farm-at-san-benito/

Figure 16. Resting Spots

Source: https://kated.com/moments/philippines/the-farm-at-san-benito/

The walking paths meander throughout the farm, inviting guests to explore the

beautiful natural surroundings. Designed to be accessible and easy to navigate, these

pathways encourage physical activity and provide opportunities for strolls or

invigorating hikes. The integration of nature along the walking paths, along with

well-placed benches and resting spots, enhances the sense of tranquility and

44
connection to the environment, making it an ideal setting for reflection and

rejuvenation.

Findings and Conclusions

The Farm at San Benito emphasizes a holistic philosophy that encompasses

physical, spiritual, mental, and emotional well-being. To achieve this, its facilities

include a wellness center, organic farm, yoga and meditation spaces, swimming pool,

fitness center, private accommodations, and communal areas. These amenities are all

designed to foster a deep connection to nature while enhancing overall health.

Moreover, the resort focuses on environmental sustainability and accessibility

by preserving the natural landscape and ensuring easy navigation throughout the

property. The well-designed walking paths encourage exploration and physical

activity, while strategically placed resting spots promote tranquility and reflection.

Recommendation/Application to the Present Study

Integrating natural elements and holistic design principles, like those at The

Farm at San Benito, can enhance hospital environments by promoting patient

well-being and emotional healing. Features such as healing gardens, walking paths,

and spaces for mindfulness support comprehensive care that addresses both physical

and mental health.

Additionally, incorporating sustainable practices like natural ventilation and

eco-friendly materials can reduce environmental impact while improving comfort.

Accessible layouts that encourage mobility can aid rehabilitation, creating a more

supportive and healing atmosphere in hospital settings.

The model demonstrated by The Farm highlights the significant opportunities

that exist at the intersection of health, wellness, and nature in the growing medical

tourism industry.

45
 2.2.5. International Case Study 1

Project Name: Khoo Teck Puat Hospital

Project Architect: CPG Consultants & RMJM

Location: 90 Yishun Central Singapore

Figure 17. Khoo Teck Puat Hospital

Source: The Architect’s Perspective: Khoo Teck Puat Hospital - RMJM Architecture

Project Description/Facilities

Khoo Teck Puat Hospital (KTPH) is a 550-bed replacement hospital on a

3.5-hectare urban site in northern Singapore built in 2009. The design recreates the

charm and naturalistic ambiance of the pre-war hospital while enhancing staff

efficiency in a patient-centered care environment. The energy-efficient design reduces

energy costs by 50% and provides 40% of the floor area with the potential for natural

ventilation.

The KTPH competition brief’s focus on creating a “healing environment”

reflects a growing trend in architecture that emphasizes experiential design. This

46
approach aims to create spaces that evoke emotional responses and sensory

experiences, rather than just meeting functional needs.

Plans/Illustrations

Figure 18. KTPH’s Link Bridge

Source: First Annual Stephen R. Kellert Biophilic Design Award Goes to Khoo Teck
Puat Hospital | Trim Tab (living-future.org)

The hospital's link bridge is a thoughtfully designed structure that seamlessly

blends functionality with nature. The bridge spans across Yishun Pond, providing a

direct and scenic connection between the hospital and the surrounding greenery. It

features wide, accessible pathways that accommodate patients, visitors, and staff,

ensuring ease of movement.

The bridge is adorned with lush plants and flowers, creating a vibrant and

inviting atmosphere. Benches are strategically placed along the bridge, offering spots

for rest and contemplation. The use of natural materials, such as wood and stone,

enhances the aesthetic appeal and fosters a sense of tranquility. Additionally, the

47
bridge is designed to maximize natural light and ventilation, contributing to a

refreshing and airy environment.

Findings and Conclusions

KTPH link bridge is a prime example of integrating an experiential approach

through multi-sensory design, significantly impacting patient well-being. The bridge

connects the hospital to Yishun Pond, immersing users in a natural setting that

engages all senses. Visually, the lush greenery and vibrant flowers provide a soothing

and aesthetically pleasing environment. Auditory elements, such as the sounds of

birds and rustling leaves, create a calming backdrop. The scents of blooming plants

add an olfactory dimension, enhancing the overall sensory experience. Tactile

elements, like the natural materials used in the bridge’s construction, offer a

comforting touch.

Recommendation/Application to the Present Study

Applying the design principles of KTPH footbridge to a medical tourism park

can create a cohesive and healing environment by connecting the hospital, dialysis

center, and medical arts building. Link bridges would serve as a central artery,

facilitating easy and scenic movement between these key facilities. For patients, the

multi-sensory experience of traversing the bridge—encompasses visual beauty from

lush greenery, calming sounds from nature, and pleasant scents from flowers. For

healthcare professionals, the bridge offers a serene pathway that provides a mental

break from the clinical environment, helping to reduce burnout and improve job

satisfaction. The tactile elements, such as natural materials and comfortable resting

spots, further enhance the sensory experience, making the journey across the bridge

both physically and emotionally restorative.

48
 2.2.6. International Case Study 2

Project Name: Singapore University of Technology and Design

Project Architect: UNStudio and DP Architects

Location: 8 Somapah Road, Singapore

Figure 19. Singapore University of Technology and Design

Source: Singapore University of Technology and Design by DP Architects - Architizer

Project Description/Facilities

The Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD) is a

forward-thinking institution located at 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372. Designed

collaboratively by UNStudio and DP Architects, the campus embodies a modern

approach to education, emphasizing interdisciplinary and collaborative learning. The

architectural design features a seamless network of organized spaces and paths,

fostering interaction and creativity among students, faculty, and professionals. The

campus is structured around two main axes—the living and learning spines—which

intersect to create a central hub, enhancing connectivity and communication. This

design not only supports SUTD’s innovative curriculum but also integrates

49
sustainable practices, ensuring a comfortable and environmentally friendly learning

environment.

Plans/Illustrations

Figure 20. Singapore University of Technology and Design Map

Source: Singapore University of Technology and Design: Housing (sutd.edu.sg)

The Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD) campus layout

is meticulously designed to foster interaction, collaboration, and a sense of

community. The campus is organized around two main axes—the living spine and the

learning spine—which intersect to create a central hub. This hub serves as the heart of

the campus, where students, faculty, and visitors converge. The layout features a

series of interconnected buildings and open spaces, promoting seamless movement

and communication. Natural light is a key element, with large windows and open

areas ensuring bright and inviting interiors. The use of natural materials like wood and

stone adds warmth and a tactile quality to the environment. Green roofs and

landscaped gardens are integrated throughout the campus, providing visual and

olfactory stimulation and enhancing the connection with nature. This thoughtful

50
design not only supports SUTD’s innovative educational model but also creates a

holistic and immersive learning experience that engages all the senses.

Findings and Conclusions

The campus layout promotes collaborative learning through interconnected

spaces that encourage interaction, creativity, and sensory engagement. Natural light,

tactile materials, and balanced acoustics enhance the learning environment, while

green roofs and gardens foster a connection with nature.

Effective campus planning ensures accessibility, safety, and sustainability by

integrating well-designed roads, pathways, and green spaces. These elements

contribute to both the environmental benefits and overall well-being of the campus

community, creating a functional and harmonious space.

Recommendation/Application to the Present Study

Adapting the SUTD campus layout for hospital developments would

significantly enhance connectivity, integrate natural elements, and foster a

multi-sensory experience. By incorporating healing and wellness spines, akin to the

campus’ living and learning spines, key facilities for the proposed medical tourism

park such as the hospital and dialysis center can be effectively connected. These

spines would feature accessible pathways lined with lush greenery, seating areas, and

calming water features, transforming the traditional static, single-building structure

into a seamless network of organized spaces and pathways.

51
 2.2.7. International Case Study 3

Project Name: Asahi no Mori Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Clinic

Project Architect: TSC Architects

Location: Owariasahi, Japan

Figure 21. Asahi no Mori Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Clinic

Source: Asahi no Mori Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Clinic / TSC
Architects | ArchDaily

Project Description/Facilities

The Asahi no Mori Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Clinic, designed

by TSC Architects, is located in Owariasahi, Japan. The clinic, completed in 2023,

was led by architect Yoshiaki Tanaka. Situated along an arterial road that connects the

city center, the clinic is strategically positioned for accessibility and future urban

development.

The use of wood throughout the structure, including the unique “sunoko”

design code for the facades, enhances airflow and durability while providing a warm

52
and welcoming atmosphere. Large openings and rafter-exposed ceilings allow natural

light to flood the interiors, creating a bright and transparent space that connects

patients with the outdoors. The clinic’s design also incorporates the soothing sounds

of water features and the scent of therapeutic plants, engaging multiple senses to

promote relaxation and healing.

Plans/Illustrations

Figure 22. Asahi no Mori Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology

Clinic Materials Specification
Source: Gallery of Asahi no Mori Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Clinic /
TSC Architects - 22 (archdaily.com)

The specifications for the Asahi no Mori Internal Medicine and

Gastroenterology Clinic highlight the use of natural materials and thoughtfully

designed facilities to create a comforting and experiential environment. The interior

design prominently features wood, which brings warmth and a sense of tranquility to

53
the space. The clinic’s layout includes large windows and open spaces that allow

natural light to flood in, enhancing the overall ambiance. The exposed wooden rafters

and large openings create a sense of transparency and connection to the outdoors,

making the interior feel spacious and inviting. This design approach not only meets

functional requirements but also aims to evoke positive emotional responses and

sensory experiences, ensuring that patients feel at ease and cared for during their visit.

Figure 23. Asahi no Mori Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Clinic Interior
Source: Asahi no Mori Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Clinic / TSC
Architects | ArchDaily

The Asahi no Mori Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Clinic boasts a

warm, inviting interior that emphasizes natural materials. The clinic's extensive use of

wood creates a tranquil and comfortable atmosphere, while large windows and open

spaces allow ample natural light to flood the space, fostering a connection to the

outdoors. Exposed wooden rafters and large openings further enhance the clinic's

sense of transparency and spaciousness.

54
Findings and Conclusions

The integration of natural elements such as wood, large windows, and

therapeutic gardens, the clinic creates a warm and inviting atmosphere that

immediately puts patients at ease. The use of natural light and open spaces fosters a

sense of transparency and connection with the outdoors, which can significantly

reduce stress and anxiety. The soothing sounds of water features and the scent of

therapeutic plants further engage the senses, promoting relaxation and a sense of

calm.

Recommendation/Application to the Present Study

The architectural features and materials from Asahi no Mori Internal Medicine

and Gastroenterology Clinic can be effectively utilized in a medical tourism park to

create a welcoming and healing atmosphere. The use of natural materials like wood

creates a warm environment, while the clinic's “sunoko” walls enhance airflow and

durability, promoting sustainability. Incorporating large openings and rafter-exposed

ceilings allows natural light to flood interior spaces, contributing to bright and airy

settings that support well-being. These design elements not only improve aesthetic

appeal but also foster a sense of transparency and openness, which can be comforting

for patients and visitors.

55
 2.2.8. International Case Study 4

Project Name: University Children’s Hospital Zurich

Project Architect: Herzog & de Meuron Firm

Location: Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland

Project Description/Facilities

The University Children’s Hospital Zurich, located in Zürich-Lengg at the foot

of the Burghölzli hill, is Switzerland’s largest medical center for children and

adolescents. Designed by the renowned architectural firm Herzog & de Meuron, the

hospital features a thoughtful blend of modern and natural elements. The facility

comprises two main buildings: a low-rise acute-care facility and a cylindrical

structure dedicated to research and teaching. The design emphasizes connectivity and

interaction, with large windows and open spaces that allow natural light to flood the

interiors, creating a bright and welcoming environment. The use of wood and other

natural materials adds warmth and tactile quality to the spaces, enhancing the overall

healing atmosphere.

Plans/Illustrations

Figure 24. Courtyard and Atrium

Source: University Children’s Hospital Zurich / Herzog & de Meuron | ArchDaily

56
Findings and Conclusions

The presence of atriums and courtyards creates a series of interconnected areas

that blend indoor and outdoor environments. The atriums allow natural light to flood

the interiors, creating bright and welcoming spaces that enhance visual comfort and

reduce stress for patients and visitors. Courtyards are strategically placed to provide

green, tranquil areas where patients can connect with nature, promoting relaxation and

healing. The use of natural materials like wood and stone adds a tactile dimension,

making the environment feel warm and inviting. These elements collectively

stimulate the senses, fostering a calming and restorative atmosphere that supports the

healing process.

Recommendations/Application to the Present Study

Incorporating atriums into the design of the medical tourism park can

significantly enhance the environment by allowing natural light to flood the interiors.

This feature creates bright, welcoming spaces that improve visual comfort and help

reduce stress for both patients and visitors. Additionally, strategically placed

courtyards within the buildings can provide tranquil green areas where patients can

connect with nature, further promoting relaxation and healing. Furthermore, the use of

natural materials such as wood and stone in these spaces adds a tactile dimension,

making the environment feel warm and inviting.

57
 2.2.9. International Case Study 5

Project Name: Jurong Community Hospital

Project Architect: CPG Consultants and HOK

Location: 1 Jurong East Street 21, Singapore

Project Description/Facilities

Jurong Community Hospital, located at 1 Jurong East Street 21, Singapore

609606, is a key component of an integrated healthcare development that includes the

Ng Teng Fong General Hospital. This 400-bed community hospital was designed by

CPG Consultants in collaboration with HOK. The hospital commenced operations on

July 22, 2015, and was officially opened on October 10, 2015. The design emphasizes

patient-centered care and sustainability, featuring environmentally friendly elements

that earned it the Green Mark Platinum Award by the Building Construction Authority

of Singapore. The hospital includes innovative features such as a mobility park and

the LIFE Hub, which help patients adapt to daily living and home environments.

Plans/Illustrations

“A window for every patient.”

Figure 25. Patient Ward

Source: https://www.cpgconsultants.com.sg/projects/

58
 The ward's design departs from traditional layouts by adopting an innovative

fan shape. This groundbreaking configuration ensures that each patient has access to a

window, greatly enhancing ventilation and maximizing natural light. These features

not only boost patient comfort and recovery rates but also contribute to better

infection control.

Figure 26. JCH vs Conventional Patient Ward Illustration

Source: https://www.cpgconsultants.com.sg/projects/

Rather than facing the patient in the adjacent bed, individuals have the option

to sleep with their gaze directed toward the window beside their bed. Curtains can be

drawn for added privacy, allowing patients to benefit from good ventilation and enjoy

views of the greenery outside. Strategically planted greenery outside each window

enhances this experience, providing soothing views of lush plants for every patient.

Findings and Conclusions

The wards are arranged in a saw-tooth layout, ensuring that every bed has

access to natural light and an operable window. This design maximizes daylight and

natural ventilation, creating a bright and airy environment that enhances visual and

tactile comfort. The use of natural materials like wood and stone adds warmth and

tactile quality to the spaces, making them feel more inviting and less clinical.

Acoustic design is also considered, with quiet areas for rest and communal spaces for

social interaction, balancing sound levels to suit different needs. The integration of

59
green spaces, such as gardens and courtyards, provides visual and olfactory

stimulation, promoting a connection with nature.

Recommendations/Applications to the Present Study

The innovative saw-tooth layout of the wards, which ensures that each bed

benefits from natural light and operable windows, serves as a valuable model for

designing the medical tourism park. This design not only maximizes daylight and

ventilation but also fosters a bright and airy atmosphere conducive to patient comfort

and recovery. It is recommended to incorporate similar architectural elements that

prioritize natural light and ventilation. Utilizing materials such as wood and stone can

further enhance the warmth and inviting nature of the spaces, creating a more

soothing environment for patients.

2.3 Synthesis

The Philippines is strategically positioning itself as a leading destination for

medical and wellness tourism in Southeast Asia, highlighted by its partnership with

Dubai-based Agora Group and the promotion of Medical Tourism Parks. These parks,

defined by Republic Act No. 7916 and facilitated by the Philippine Economic Zone

Authority (PEZA), aim to enhance the healthcare landscape by integrating

high-quality medical facilities with wellness services. This initiative aligns with the

National Tourism Development Plan (NTDP), targeting an improvement in the

country’s global standing in medical tourism, where it currently ranks 24th

worldwide.

However, the development of these medical tourism parks must address

significant inequities in healthcare access, particularly between urban and rural

populations. Despite government initiatives like the Universal Health Care (UHC)

60
Act, disparities remain prevalent, especially in regions like CALABARZON, where

access to essential health services is notably lower in rural areas. This context

highlights the necessity for innovative design approaches in healthcare facilities that

cater not only to affluent medical tourists but also ensure accessibility and inclusivity

for the local population.

Furthermore, the importance of holistic patient care emerges, particularly for

chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients who rely on dialysis. CKD impacts not just

physical health but also psychological and social well-being, underscoring the need

for comprehensive interventions, including mental health support and social services.

This aligns with the trend of experiential architecture, which focuses on creating

environments that enhance patient well-being through thoughtful design principles.

Architectural case studies exemplify the successful application of these

principles. For instance, St. Luke’s Medical Center integrates luxury, comfort, and

advanced technology to elevate patient care, while Asian Hospital and Medical Center

emphasizes natural materials and open spaces to reduce patient anxiety and promote

social interaction. Additionally, Vierra Residences’ use of Lumiventt Technology

demonstrates how natural ventilation and light can enhance indoor air quality and

emotional well-being, while The Farm at San Benito advocates for connecting

patients with nature through sustainable design elements.

Moreover, the KTPH link bridge and SUTD campus layout showcase the

benefits of multi-sensory and interconnected designs, fostering collaboration,

accessibility, and emotional restoration for both patients and healthcare professionals.

Natural elements, such as atriums and courtyards, further enhance the connection

between indoor and outdoor environments, promoting healing.

61
 Asahi no Mori Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology Clinic illustrates the

value of creating warm, inviting atmospheres through natural materials and ample

light, improving both aesthetic appeal and patient comfort. The innovative saw-tooth

layout of wards exemplifies strategic architectural design that maximizes daylight and

ventilation, contributing to a bright, airy environment conducive to recovery.

In summary, the synthesis of architectural insights with the goals of addressing

healthcare inequities and enhancing patient well-being allows the proposed medical

tourism park to effectively meet diverse user needs. By emphasizing patient-centered

design, creating multi-sensory environments, and incorporating natural elements for

healing, the project can cater to the luxurious expectations of medical tourists while

prioritizing inclusivity and accessibility for the local population. This holistic

approach aims to enhance the overall patient experience, supporting both physical

recovery and emotional well-being, ultimately positioning the Philippines as a key

player in the global medical tourism market.

Aspect Positive Impact Negative Impact Implications

Medical Tourism Integrates The focus on luxury Design must
Park high-quality may alienate local prioritize
medical facilities populations, leading accessibility and
with wellness to perceptions of inclusivity for all
services, attracting inequality in socioeconomic
both local and healthcare access. groups to mitigate
international perceptions of
patients. elitism.
Holistic Patient Enhances overall Focusing solely on Focusing solely on
Care patient well-being medical needs may medical needs may
by addressing overlook the overlook the
physical, importance of importance of
psychological, and environmental environmental
social needs, factors that affect factors that affect
especially for recovery. recovery outcomes
chronic disease and reduce
patients. treatment times.
Experiential Creates High costs Balancing aesthetic
Architecture environments that associated with and functional

62
 foster patient implementing design can improve
comfort, reduce innovative the patient
anxiety, and architectural experience while
enhance overall designs may limit maintaining
well-being through affordability for cost-effectiveness.
thoughtful design. healthcare
providers.
Multi-Sensory Engages various May require more Essential to ensure
Design senses to enhance complex design that multi-sensory
patient experiences, solutions and higher environments are
promote social maintenance for thoughtfully
interaction, and multi-sensory integrated to
facilitate emotional elements, leading to provide tangible
well-being, increased costs. benefits without
particularly in overwhelming
pediatric settings. patients or
complicating the
design.
St. Luke’s Medical Integrates luxury The emphasis on The emphasis on
Center and technology, luxury may raise luxury may raise
elevating the expectations that expectations that
standard of care and could lead to could lead to
patient satisfaction. dissatisfaction if dissatisfaction if
similar standards similar standards
are not maintained are not maintained
across other across other
facilities. facilities.
Asian Hospital and Utilizes natural Possible increased The design should
Medical Center materials and open maintenance costs focus on sustainable
spaces to create a for natural materials choices that also
calming compared to provide long-term
atmosphere, synthetic cost benefits,
reducing patient alternatives. ensuring a balance
anxiety and between aesthetics
promoting social and practicality.
interaction.
Vierra Residences Highlights the Limited Requires innovative
benefits of natural applicability in design solutions
ventilation and densely populated that adapt to local
light, improving urban settings environmental
indoor air quality where natural conditions while
and enhancing ventilation may be still promoting
emotional challenging to well-being through
well-being. implement. natural elements.
KTPH Link Encourages Complex designs Ongoing
Bridge and SUTD collaboration and may require higher assessment of
Campus Layout accessibility, initial investment design effectiveness
enhancing and sophisticated is necessary to

63
 emotional management to maximize benefits
restoration for ensure functionality. for both patients
patients and and healthcare
professionals alike. providers, ensuring
that innovative
designs lead to
tangible
improvements in
experience.
Asahi no Mori Creates warm, High design costs Affordable design
Clinic inviting could be prohibitive strategies that
atmospheres that for smaller maintain patient
enhance patient healthcare facilities comfort can
comfort and or rural clinics. enhance the overall
promote healing. healthcare
experience, making
it essential to
consider budget
constraints without
sacrificing quality.
Innovative Maximizes daylight Maximizes daylight Architectural
Saw-Tooth Ward and ventilation, and ventilation, flexibility is crucial
Layout creating a bright, creating a bright, to adapting
airy environment airy environment successful designs
conducive to conducive to to various contexts
recovery. recovery. while still
promoting a healing
environment for
patients.

Table 01. Aspect, Positive Impact, Negative Impact and Implication

The table summarizes key aspects of related literature and architectural case

studies concerning the proposed project. Each aspect is assessed based on its positive

impact, negative impact, and implications for the design and functioning of these

facilities to highlight how these components can influence the study.

64
 CHAPTER III

Research Methodology

This section details the research methodology for the study. It includes the

research framework, the instruments used for data collection, and the methods for data

presentation and analysis. Additionally, it addresses relevant laws and ordinances to

ensure compliance. Together, these components establish a solid foundation for the

study and support its objectives.

3.1. Research Methodology

The researchers employed a descriptive method to analyze the gathered data,

utilizing a qualitative approach to present essential information derived from

interviews, reviews of government and public documents, online resources, existing

statistics, photographs, and site observations. This qualitative descriptive method is

particularly valuable for exploring the complexities of human experiences, especially

in hospital design, where stakeholder perspectives play a critical role.

In-depth interviews with key stakeholders, such as hospital staff, provide rich

insights into their experiences, needs, and preferences regarding improvements in the

hospital setting. Additionally, ethnographic observations of existing hospital spaces

reveal how patients and staff interact with their environment, allowing researchers to

gather real-time data on behaviors and usage patterns.

3.2. Research Framework

The researchers have outlined a systematic approach to the project proposal,

which is presented in a step-by-step format. A well-organized research study will

provide a basis of factual information and theoretical concepts that will guide the

design process.

65
 Figure 27. IPO Model

3.3. Research Instrument

3.3.1 Interview

This interview guide will help you gather valuable qualitative data regarding

healthcare services, workflows, environments, and facility improvements, aiding in

the overall understanding of the healthcare landscape.

The researchers employed a structured interview approach, which consists of a

fixed set of questions that are presented in a specific sequence.

Interview Questions for Dialysis Unit Head Nurse

Services Offered
1. What specialized services does your dialysis center offer that set it apart from
other facilities?
2. How does the center ensure that patients receive comprehensive pre- and
post-dialysis care?
3. What kind of patient education and support programs are available to help manage
their condition outside of the dialysis center?

66
Workflow
1. Can you describe the typical workflow for handling dialysis patients, from arrival
to post-treatment discharge?
2. How does the staff coordinate in managing high patient volumes, especially
during peak hours?
3. What protocols are in place to ensure smooth patient transitions between dialysis
sessions and other departments?

Healthcare Environment
1. How does the center create a healing environment for dialysis patients,
particularly in terms of comfort and emotional support?
2. How do you address infection control and safety standards to ensure patient and
staff protection?
3. What design features or environmental aspects (like noise reduction or privacy) do
you think are most important in promoting patient well-being during dialysis
sessions?

Facility Improvements
1. In your opinion, what are the most critical facility improvements needed to
enhance the quality of patient care?
2. How do you feel the current space and equipment meet the needs of both staff and
patients?
3. Are there any new technologies or innovations you believe could significantly
improve the efficiency or effectiveness of dialysis treatment in your center?
Interview Questions for the Transplantation Department
Services Offered
1. What types of organ transplants are primarily performed at NKTI, and how do you
support both living and deceased donor programs?
2. How does the department ensure a holistic approach to patient care, including
pre-transplant evaluation and post-transplant follow-up?
3. What educational or support services are offered to both organ recipients and
donors to guide them through the process?

Workflow
1. Can you outline the workflow from patient referral to post-transplant care in your
department?
2. How does the department handle coordination between multiple teams, such as
surgical, medical, and donor coordinators, to streamline the transplant process?
3. What are the protocols in place to manage emergencies or complications that arise
before, during, or after transplantation?

Healthcare Environment
1. How does your department ensure a patient-centered environment that fosters
physical and emotional recovery, especially in sensitive cases like organ
transplantation?
2. What measures are taken to prevent infection and ensure a sterile environment for
transplant patients who are immunocompromised?
3. How do you incorporate family involvement and privacy considerations into the
care environment for both donors and recipients?

67
Facility Improvements
1. What facility improvements or technological upgrades do you think are necessary
to enhance the success rates and efficiency of organ transplants?
2. How do the current infrastructure and equipment meet the demands of your team,
and what are the biggest challenges you face in delivering care?
3. Are there any innovations or technologies you believe should be adopted to
improve transplant outcomes and streamline the process?

Table 02. Interview Questions

3.3.2 SWOT Analysis

Strengths

1. Specialized Expertise. The proposed facility can establish itself as a premier

destination for patients seeking advanced treatments, effectively targeting a

specific niche market.

2. Architectural Advantage. Thoughtfully designed spaces within the park can

foster a healing environment that reduces stress and enhances the overall

patient experience, which in turn can lead to positive word-of-mouth referrals.

3. Economic Benefits. The influx of medical tourism can significantly boost the

local economy by creating jobs, increasing tourism revenue, and generating

foreign exchange.

4. Potential for Partnerships. Collaborating with local universities, research

institutions, and pharmaceutical companies can further elevate reputation and

provide access to cutting-edge treatments.

Weaknesses

1. Infrastructure Requirements. The development requires significant

investments in infrastructure, including transportation, accommodation, and

medical facilities.

2. Competition: The global medical tourism market is competitive, and the

project will need to differentiate itself to attract patients.

68
 3. Regulatory Compliance. Adhering to international healthcare standards and

local regulations can be complex and costly.

4. Language Barriers. Ensuring effective communication with patients from

diverse backgrounds may pose challenges.

Opportunities

1. Growing Demand. The global demand for medical tourism, especially for

specialized treatments like kidney care, is on the rise due to factors such as

rising healthcare costs and limited access to quality care in some regions.

2. Technology Advancements. Innovations in medical technology can enhance

the park's capabilities and attract patients seeking the latest treatments.

3. Partnerships with Insurance Companies. Collaborating with insurance

providers can facilitate patient access and increase revenue.

4. Cultural Tourism: Integrating the park with local cultural attractions can

enhance the overall patient experience and attract accompanying family

members or friends.

Threats

1. Economic Downturns. Global economic instability can affect patient travel

and spending.

2. Natural Disasters. Natural disasters or epidemics can disrupt operations and

deter patients from visiting.

3. Political Instability. Unstable political conditions in the region can impact

tourism and investment.

4. Changes in Healthcare Policies. Government policies or regulations that

restrict medical tourism can pose challenges.

69
3.4. Data Presentation & Analysis

The researchers conform to the following steps to effectively manage the data

for the proposed study.

Site Selection and Analysis. The researchers evaluated potential sites and locations

based on a variety of criteria, carefully assessing each factor to determine its

suitability.

Field Observation and Interview. Observing healthcare environments is essential for

gaining a deeper understanding of the study's intricacies. Additionally, interviews

foster collaborative learning between the researchers and field experts.

Spaces Analysis and Architectural Programming. This step is important for

optimizing space utilization and understanding the interrelationships between

different areas, ensuring that appropriate zones are utilized effectively and that traffic

flows smoothly throughout the development.

3.4.1. Site Inventory

Site Selection

The proposed project's location was influenced by demand and the availability

of sufficient land. Accommodating health facilities and outdoor spaces required

careful consideration of land options within a densely populated city. The requirement

for larger areas to support additional facilities significantly complicates the selection

of an appropriate site.

70
Site A

Figure 28. Brgy. Ibabang Dupay, Lucena City

Satellite Image of Site A

Site A is located in Ibabang Dupay, the most densely populated barangay in

Lucena City. Spanning 9.43 hectares, the property is easily accessible via the Lucena

City Diversion Road, making it an ideal location for development. Its strategic

positioning offers several advantages, including closeness to key institutional areas

such as the Lucena City Government Complex and various educational facilities.

Additionally, the site’s proximity to the Lucena City Grand Terminal ensures

convenient access to a variety of transportation options.

Moreover, Site A is located in low-traffic zones and is aligned with planned

new developments in the city, allowing it to take advantage of existing utilities and

public drainage systems. The spacious area not only facilitates ample open spaces but

also preserves a significant amount of vegetation, contributing to an inviting and

sustainable environment.

71
Site B

Figure 29. Brgy. Bocohan, Lucena City

Satellite Image of Site B

Site B spans 8.36 hectares and is located in Barangay Bocohan, Lucena City.

Strategically positioned at the border between Lucena and Tayabas City, this site

offers convenient access to Tayabas via the bypass route. Its proximity to the

Diversion Road and the nearby Lucena eco-tourism road allows for a direct

connection to the city center, making it well-equipped with essential amenities and

accessible transportation options.

While the advantageous location of Site B is noteworthy, it is important to

consider potential challenges, particularly during emergencies. The area often

experiences heavy traffic at the intersection of the bypass road and the eco-tourism

road, which could pose difficulties in urgent scenarios.

72
Site C

Figure 30. Brgy. Isabang, Lucena City

Satellite Image of Site C

Site C covers 7.28 hectares and is situated in Barangay Isabang, Lucena City.

Conveniently located near the Bagong Lucena Welcome Rotonda, it offers easy

access via both the Old Manila route and the new bypass route. Its advantageous

position near Lucena United Doctors and the Medical Center enhances access to

healthcare facilities.

Although public transportation is readily available, it is important to highlight

that the area is prone to traffic congestion, particularly at the intersection of the

bypass route and Old Manila Road. Fortunately, utilities are consistently available and

easily accessible in the vicinity. However, it is worth noting that the land is designated

for residential use, which may pose challenges in complying with zoning restrictions

for alternative types of development.

73
Site Selection Criteria

These are the general and specific criteria that will aid the researcher in

choosing the most suitable site for the project proposal.

Site Selection Elements:

Natural, Environmental, and Physical Factors. These are the factors that

consider the influences of the environment, such as land, air, water, buildings,

and other infrastructures within the chosen locations in Lucena City, Quezon.

It shall determine the locations' flexibility to be constructed and developed for

the current proposal and future expansion, compatibility of location with the

proposal, and safety and hazard considerations for the design and

development.

Legal, Institutional, and Aesthetic Factors. These factors consider the

compatibility of the site with the land use and proper planning of zoning of the

development. It shall also consider the surrounding context and the existing

buildings surrounding the site.

Socio-economic, and Cultural Factors. These are the factors that refer to the

immediate physical and social setting in which the site is located. It includes

the site's potential to benefit the town, considers the condition of the people,

and proximity to the project's user.

74
Site Selection Process and Evaluation

5 - Excellent 4 - Very Good 3 - Good 2 - Poor 1 - Very Poor

Table 03. Site Evaluation

Site Justification

The location of the site is a critical factor for the proposed medical tourism

park. To determine the most suitable site, an evaluation was conducted, rating each

site against specific criteria. Based on this evaluation, Site A emerged as the preferred

choice, aligning with the proponents' vision for the project.

Site A was deemed suitable due to its accessibility via major roads and

proximity to the business district and other important facilities. Moreover, it offers the

largest land area compared to the other sites, providing ample space for the project's

facilities and open areas.

75
3.4.2. Macro-Site Analysis

Figure 31. Quezon, Philippines

Satellite Image of Quezon

Quezon Province, located in the CALABARZON region of Luzon,

Philippines, is a geographically diverse area with a rich demographic profile. The

province spans approximately 8,743.84 square kilometers (3,376.02 square miles),

making it one of the larger provinces in the country. It is bordered by the Philippine

Sea to the northeast, Lamon Bay, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Ragay Gulf,

Sibuyan Sea, Tayabas Bay, Batangas, Laguna, Rizal, and Bulacan.

In addition, the province’s terrain includes coastal areas, rolling hills, and

mountainous regions, with Mount Banahaw being a notable peak at 2,170 meters

(7,120 feet). This diverse geography supports a variety of ecosystems and agricultural

activities, particularly coconut plantations, which dominate the landscape.

As of the 2020 Census, Quezon Province has a population of approximately

1,950,459 people. This population density is about 223 inhabitants per square

kilometer (578 per square mile). The province is administratively divided into 39

76
municipalities and 1 city, Lucena, which serves as the provincial capital. However,

Lucena is administratively independent due to its status as a highly urbanized city.

Figure 32. Vicinity Map of Lucena City

Source: CPDO Lucena City

Lucena City, the administrative center of Quezon Province, lies about 137

kilometers southeast of Manila and is easily accessible via the Pan-Philippine

Highway, also known as Daang Maharlika. As the longest road in the Philippines, this

highway plays a critical role in connecting Luzon with the southern regions of the

country.

Officially recognized as a first-class, highly urbanized city, Lucena serves as a

key economic and cultural hub within Quezon Province. It is bordered by Tayabas

City to the northwest, Sariaya to the southwest, Pagbilao to the north and northeast,

and Tayabas Bay along its southern and southwestern edges.

77
 Lucena also functions as a gateway to the Bicol Region, with public

transportation from Manila and other parts of Luzon converging in the city, making it

a crucial transportation hub in Southern Tagalog. Spanning 8,402.66 hectares, Lucena

accounts for roughly 0.95% of the total land area of Quezon Province.

Development Plan

There are currently existing developments near the proposed project site,

including the Lucena City Government Complex and the Lucena Grand Terminal. In

the future, the city plans to build a mini-hydro dam and a new business district in

Barangay Ilayang Dupay and along both sides of the diversion road. This will help to

reduce traffic congestion in the old central business district.

Figure 33. Structure Map

Source: CPDO Lucena City

78
Physical Profile

a. Geographical Location

Figure 34. Map of Lucena City

Source: CPDO Lucena City

The site in Barangay Ibabang Dupay is strategically positioned near the

Diversion Road, providing easy access to various parts of Lucena City. It is close to

Toyota Lucena City Inc., a well-known commercial establishment, and just 950

meters west of the Lucena City Government Complex, ensuring convenient proximity

to key administrative and civic services.

The area is also well-supported by healthcare and educational facilities.

Lucena MMG General Hospital, a prominent healthcare provider in the city, is only

1.5 kilometers away, offering essential medical services. This proximity fosters

collaboration, improves emergency response times, enhances patient access to

specialized care, and helps distribute patient loads effectively. For education, St. Anne

College of Lucena Inc., a reputable institution offering medical-related programs, is

79
located within a 2-kilometer radius, making it crucial for advancing education,

research, healthcare delivery, and innovation.

b. Transport Linkages

Figure 35. Road Network Map

Source: CPDO Lucena City

The proposed project site in Barangay Ibabang Dupay is easily accessible

because it is near Diversion Road, also known as Maharlika Highway (AH26). This

highway is a major road that connects Lucena City to Metro Manila and other areas in

Southern Luzon. It is a faster way to travel to and from the site and can help to reduce

traffic congestion. This highway is also part of the Philippine National Railways

(PNR) South Long Haul project which is being planned to connect Metro Manila to

Southern Luzon provinces. This project includes a station in Lucena, which will make

it even easier to get to the site.

80
 Public transportation options, including jeepneys, tricycles, and buses, are

readily available along this route, ensuring that residents and visitors can easily reach

the site. This combination of major highway and public transport options enhances the

site’s connectivity, making it an ideal location for development and community

engagement.

c. Topography and Physiography

Topography

Lucena City is generally on a flat to moderate terrain being at the outskirts of

Mt. Banahaw and along the coastal plains of Tayabas Bay with an elevation of 22

meters above sea level.

The site by the diversion road in Barangay Ibabang Dupay features a relatively

flat to gently sloping topography, which is typical for this part of Lucena City. The

elevation is approximately 25.6 meters (84 feet) above sea level. This gentle terrain is

advantageous for development, as it minimizes the risk of erosion and simplifies

construction processes. The surrounding area includes a mix of residential,

commercial, and agricultural land, contributing to a diverse and vibrant community.

The site’s topography, combined with its strategic location near major roads, makes it

an ideal spot for various types of development.

Physiography

The site by the Diversion Road in Barangay Ibabang Dupay enjoys a tropical

climate, characterized by a distinct wet and dry season, which supports a lush and

diverse vegetation cover both within and surrounding the area. The soil type in this

region is predominantly Macolod clay loam, known for its good drainage and fertility,

making it suitable for various types of development and agricultural activities. The

presence of sufficient vegetation enhances the aesthetic appeal and contributes to the

81
ecological balance, providing a green and pleasant environment. This combination of

favorable climate, fertile soil, and ample vegetation makes the site ideal for

sustainable development and community engagement.

d. Slope, Soil, and Drainage

Slope

The city is situated on a flat terrain with slightly rolling hills. Most of the land

area has a slope of zero to three percent ( 0 - 3% ) level to lightly slope. Slope of ten

to twenty percent (10 – 20 %) comprises very small portions of the land.

The site features a relatively flat to gently sloping terrain. This gentle slope is

advantageous for development as it facilitates natural drainage and reduces the risk of

erosion. The even terrain simplifies construction processes and provides a stable

foundation for various types of infrastructure.

Figure 36. Slope Map

Source: CPDO Lucena City

82
Soil

Lucena City has six different types of soil. Most of the land in Lucena,

including the proposed project site, is made up of Macolod Clay Loam a type of soil

commonly found in various agricultural regions. It is characterized by its rich nutrient

content, good moisture retention, and suitability for a variety of crops. The other types

of soil found in Lucena are Buguey Loamy Sand, Guadalupe Clay Loam, Ibaan Loam,

Ibaan Silty Clay Loam, and Hydrosol.

Figure 37. Soil Map

Source: CPDO Lucena City

Drainage

The site by the diversion road in Barangay Ibabang Dupay benefits from

effective natural drainage due to its gently sloping terrain. This slope facilitates the

flow of rainwater away from the site, reducing the risk of waterlogging and erosion.

The Macolod clay loam soil, known for its good drainage properties, further enhances

this natural drainage system, ensuring that water is efficiently absorbed and dispersed.

83
 Additionally, the presence of sufficient vegetation within and around the site

helps to stabilize the soil and manage surface runoff. These factors collectively

contribute to a well-drained site, making it suitable for various types of development

and reducing potential water-related issues.

Figure 38. Sewage and Drainage Map

Source: CPDO Lucena City

e. Geologic Hazards

Lucena City is vulnerable to several geological hazards, including landslides,

particularly in hilly areas, flooding from the Dumacaa and Iyam Rivers during heavy

rains, and sea level rise affecting coastal zones. Despite these risks, the proposed site

is not located in an area prone to these hazards, making it a safer option for

development and habitation.

84
Figure 39. Landslide Hazard Map
Source: CPDO Lucena City

Figure 40. Floodprone Hazard Map

Source: CPDO Lucena City

85
 Figure 41. Inundation Map
Source: CPDO Lucena City
f. Climate

Climate in the Philippines is classified into four (4) types depending on the

characteristics of rainfall received in various places during the different months of the

year. The climate in Lucena City is classified as type III climate based on modified

corona classification. It is characterized by no dry season with a pronounced

maximum rain period that occurs from October to January.

Table 04. Monthly Climate Status

Source: Lucena City 2020 Ecological Profile

86
 Lucena City experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons,

which will significantly influence the proposed medical tourism park. The warm and

humid conditions, with temperatures typically ranging from 23°C to 33°C (74°F to

91°F) throughout the year, create an inviting atmosphere for visitors seeking

relaxation and recovery in a warm climate. However, the wet season, characterized by

heavy rainfall and occasional typhoons, presents challenges, including increased

maintenance requirements and potential disruptions to outdoor activities.

To address these challenges, careful planning and infrastructure development

will be essential. Implementing effective drainage systems and constructing

weather-resistant facilities will help mitigate the impacts of adverse weather

conditions. These measures will ensure a comfortable and safe environment for

visitors throughout the year, allowing them to fully enjoy the benefits of the medical

tourism park.

g. Infrastructure and Utilities

Waste Management

Figure 42. Lucena City Dumpsite

Distance of the Site to City Dumpsite

87
 The city maintains an open dumpsite in Barangay Mayao Kanluran, which is

being converted into a sanitary landfill in compliance with RA 9003. The dumpsite

handles approximately 54.7 tons of waste daily, primarily from households and

businesses in the Central Business District. The waste generation rate is 0.33 kg per

capita per day, and this is expected to increase with population and business growth.

The open dumpsite is situated approximately 3.2 kilometers northeast of the

proposed project site, maintaining an adequate distance that effectively mitigates the

risk of disease transmission and unpleasant odors. This strategic placement not only

protects the health of the users but also contributes to their overall well-being. By

ensuring a safe and pleasant environment, the project can promote positive health

outcomes and enhance the experience for all visitors, aligning to foster a supportive

and healing atmosphere.

Infrastructure and Utilities

The site is strategically located near several key infrastructures. To the

northeast, there is a sanitary landfill, which is crucial for managing the city’s waste

efficiently and sustainably. This facility helps in maintaining cleanliness and

environmental health in the area. To the east of the site, the new Lucena City Hall

stands as a significant administrative hub, providing various government services and

enhancing civic engagement.

88
 Figure 43. Infrastructure Map
Source: CPDO Lucena City

Additionally, the city is served by Meralco, the main electricity provider.

There are 33 barangays in the city. Meralco also provides electricity to the proposed

project site. The Quezon Metropolitan Water District (QMWD) provides water to the

city. PLDT, Globe, Smart, and Converge are the main telecommunications and

internet providers. These utilities are available throughout the city. The proposed

project site is in an area with existing power, communication, and water

infrastructure. This ensures that access to essential services will remain unobstructed,

which will facilitate the smooth completion and operation of the project. There will be

no disruptions that could hinder its development or functionality.

89
 Figure 44. Waterline Map
Source: CPDO Lucena City

Figure 45. Powerline Map

Source: CPDO Lucena City

90
 Figure 46. Telecommunication Line Map
Source: CPDO Lucena City

h. Tourism

Lucena City features several key tourist landmarks. Perez Park and the Lucena

City Promenade are popular spots for relaxation and community events. The St.

Ferdinand Cathedral is a prominent religious site, while the Bagong Lucena

Convention Center hosts major events and gatherings. History buffs can explore the

city’s heritage at Museo de Lucena, and the Port of Lucena serves as a vital

transportation link to nearby provinces. Lastly, the PNR Lucena Station reflects the

city's historic connection to the Philippine National Railway, enhancing regional

accessibility.

91
 Figure 47. Tourism Landmarks

The proposed site is also near several tourist attractions, including agricultural

farms, resorts, a botanical garden, the Dumacaa River, and Mount Banahaw. These

attractions make the site a desirable location for development.

In addition to its proximity to these existing tourist attractions, the project

itself can also serve as a major tourist destination. It can offer a wide range of medical

treatments and wellness services, attracting visitors from both domestic and

international markets. By combining medical care with leisure and relaxation, the

park can provide a unique and appealing experience for tourists. Furthermore, it can

contribute to the local economy by generating jobs and increasing tourism revenue.

The local government is working to boost Lucena City's tourism industry,

despite challenges. The City Tourism Office is focused on developing new tourism

products, facilities, and destinations to increase revenue. The nearly completed

Lucena City Sports and Convention Center is expected to attract large events,

generating significant income. Additionally, the upcoming Talao-talao Baywalk is set

to draw both local tourists and visitors, further enhancing the city's tourism prospects.

92
Program/s, Project/s, and Activities

1. Increase number of Floating Restaurants (small and medium size for families).

2. Establish tourist attractions/destinations to complement river cruise e.g.

kayaking, mangrove trails, rafting etc.

3. Develop operations manual for the use of the Lucena City Convention Center.

4. Enhancement of One Town, One Product (OTOP) as tourism product.

Socio-Economic Profile

a. Demography

Highly urbanized Lucena City is a coastal city in the CALABARZON region,

although it is administratively independent. It is commonly grouped with Quezon

province and serves as its capital.

The city covers 80.21 square kilometers or 30.97 square miles. According to

the 2020 Census, its population was 278,924, representing 1.72% of the

CALABARZON region's total population. With these figures, the population density

is calculated at 3,477 inhabitants per square kilometer or 9,006 inhabitants per square

mile.

b. Projected Population

According to the PSA Actual Census in 2015, Lucena City's most populous

barangay was Ibabang Dupay, with 12% of the city's total population. Gulang-gulang

followed with 10.8%, then Ibabang Iyam at 9.7%, Dalahican at 8.5%, and Cotta at

8%. The remaining barangays had less than 5% of the population each. Barangay 6

(Pob.) was the least populated, with only 0.3% of the city's residents, and held this

position since 2010.

93
 Table 05. Projected Population Per Barangay (2015-2030)
Source: CPDO Lucena City

Table 04 highlights that in the coming years, the population growth trend in

Barangay Ibabang Dupay, Lucena, is expected to increase due to ongoing urban

development, infrastructure projects, and migration patterns. While there was a slight

population decline from 2015 to 2020, the significant overall growth since 2000

suggests future trends may lean toward an upward trajectory. Projects like the

construction of the Lucena City Sports and Convention Center and the expansion of

94
key road networks are likely to attract more residents and businesses, spurring

population growth.

The proximity to economic hubs and improving transportation links, including

easier access to major roads and developments, will further increase the area's

desirability for families and professionals. The sustainable population increase will

largely depend on the local government's ability to address challenges such as

resource management, housing development, and essential services

c. Healthcare Facilities

Here is a list of hospitals in Lucena City along with their classifications:

1. Quezon Medical Center - A government hospital classified as a Level III

facility, providing comprehensive medical services and specialized care.

2. Lucena MMG General Hospital - A private hospital classified as a Level II

facility, offering a wide range of medical services including critical care,

diagnostic imaging, and specialized sections such as oncology and

gastroenterology.

3. Lucena United Doctors Hospital and Medical Center - A private hospital

classified as a Level II known for its advanced medical facilities and

specialized departments.

4. Mount Carmel Diocesan General Hospital - A private hospital providing

various healthcare services and known for its patient-centered approach.

5. St. Anne General Hospital - A private hospital offering general medical

services and known for its community-focused healthcare.

These facilities ensure that residents have access to essential healthcare

services, ranging from primary care to specialized treatments. The presence of both

95
public and private hospitals enhances the city's capacity to meet growing healthcare

demands, especially with the continued urban and population growth.

d. Roads and Transport

Lucena City boasts a well-developed transportation network that enhances its

accessibility and connectivity. Here are some key aspects of the city’s roads and

transport systems:

Major Roads

1. Maharlika Highway (AH26): This is a crucial route that connects Lucena to

Metro Manila and other key provinces in Southern Luzon. It is a primary

artery for both passenger and cargo traffic.

2. Lucena Diversion Road: This road helps alleviate traffic congestion in the

city center by providing an alternative route for vehicles.

Transportation Hubs

1. Lucena Grand Central Terminal: This central transportation hub provides

access to various bus routes, jeepneys, and vans that connect Lucena to nearby

towns and cities. It is strategically located along the Lucena Diversion Road in

Barangay Ilayang Dupay.

2. Port of Lucena: The port plays a vital role in the city’s transportation system,

facilitating maritime travel and cargo transport. Recent expansions, including

the construction of a new pier, have enhanced the port’s capacity to handle

roll-on/roll-off traffic and cargo.

96
Public Transport

1. Buses and Jeepneys: Lucena is well-served by a network of buses and

jeepneys that provide convenient transportation options for residents and

visitors. These vehicles connect Lucena to various destinations within Quezon

Province and beyond.

2. Tricycles and Vans: For shorter distances within the city, tricycles and vans

are commonly used, offering flexible and affordable transport options.

Future Developments

1. Philippine National Railways (PNR) South Long Haul Project: This

planned railway project aims to connect Metro Manila to Southern Luzon

provinces, significantly reducing travel time and improving accessibility.

Lucena will have a station as part of this project, further enhancing its

connectivity.

Lucena City has a well-organized transport network that ensures efficient

connectivity within the city and to neighboring regions. The Lucena Grand Terminal

is a key hub for buses, vans, and jeepneys, offering regular services to major

destinations like Metro Manila, Laguna, and other parts of Quezon Province. Its

strategic location near the Maharlika Highway enhances accessibility for travelers.

Additionally, Lucena is connected by the Philippine National Railways, which

provides train services to significant areas such as Calamba and San Pablo. This rail

service complements the existing transport options. Furthermore, the port along

Tayabas Bay supports boat and ferry operations, linking Lucena to various regional

destinations and even extending to the Visayas.

97
 Overall, these transport options allow residents and visitors to travel

conveniently and efficiently, whether by land or sea. The infrastructure is designed to

handle a large volume of passengers, reinforcing Lucena City's status as a regional

transport hub.

3.4.3. Micro-site Analysis

Micro Site Data and Analysis

Location

The proposed medical tourism park will be established north of Lucena City in

Barangay Ibabang Dupay, near the diversion road and within proximity to the Lucena

City Government Complex and the Lucena City Grand Terminal. The site is also

located northeast of Toyota Lucena City Inc. which is adjacent to the major road.

Figure 48. Nearby Landmarks Diagram

Land Area

The selected site, encompassing a substantial area of 9.43 hectares, is

adequately sized to support the establishment of a Level 3 specialized hospital along

with supplementary facilities. This expansive space facilitates the incorporation of

98
extensive open areas, essential medical and recovery units, and a verdant landscape.

Additionally, the site's generous dimensions provide an opportunity to implement

experiential design elements that leverage multi-sensory features, thereby enhancing

the overall experience for healthcare professionals and patients utilizing the provided

services

Figure 49. Lot Plan

99
 LOT TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
BEARINGS DISTANCE
LINE
N/S DEG MIN E/W (METERS)

1-2 N 23 7 W 62.05
2-3 N 24 39 W 31.29
3-4 N 11 21 W 7.75
4-5 N 58 10 E 27.44
5-6 N 4 11 W 25.66
6-7 N 74 34 W 4.70
7-8 N 21 51 E 39.79
8-9 N 75 30 E 62.15
9-10 N 47 42 E 8.88
10-11 N 2 53 W 89.40
11-12 N 83 0 E 167.36
12-13 N 82 21 E 17.33
13-14 S 1 1 W 148.81
14-15 S 29 49 E 145.79
15-16 S 31 13 E 34.47
16-17 S 25 58 W 113.30
17-18 S 19 1 W 117.90
18-19 S 43 12 W 9.86
19-20 N 53 37 W 11.18
20-21 N 29 6 W 92.22
21-22 N 9 38 E 93.49
22-23 N 35 9 E 18.97
23-24 N 38 14 W 25.40
24-25 S 64 36 W 152.52
25-26 S 54 34 W 115.55
26-27 N 28 30 W 82.59
27-1 N 37 13 E 27.40

Table 06. Lot Technical Description

100
Accessibility

The proposed site is strategically located with convenient access to several key

roadways, enhancing overall connectivity and efficiency. Specifically, the AH26 -

Maharlika Highway, marked by the orange line, runs along the southern edge of the

site and serves as a major national road. This vital transportation corridor will act as

one of the primary access routes, linking various areas within the Calabarzon region

and beyond. Additionally, the site is in proximity to several barangay roads, further

improving access.

Moreover, an existing access road on one side of the site significantly

enhances its overall accessibility. This road provides a secondary route that facilitates

smooth transitions, ensuring uninterrupted access for both users and hospital

operations.

Figure 50. Road Network to the Site

101
Land Use

The land use map reveals that the proposed project site can be utilized as an

institutional zoning area, surrounded by predominantly coconut and commercial land

uses. This suggests that the site is situated in a mixed-use environment, where

institutional and commercial activities coexist, offering a diverse range of amenities

and services to the surrounding community.

Figure 51. Land Use Map

Source: CPDO Lucena City

Topography and Slope Analysis

The chosen site is characterized by a flat terrain with a gentle slope ranging

from zero to three percent ( 0 - 3% ), indicating a nearly level surface.

A flat terrain offers several advantages for the development of a medical

tourism park and its facilities. First, it simplifies construction processes, reducing

costs and minimizing potential delays. Second, a flat site allows for efficient planning

and layout of buildings and infrastructure, ensuring easy accessibility and navigation

for patients, visitors, and staff. Third, flat terrain is generally more suitable for

102
outdoor amenities and recreational spaces, such as gardens, walking paths, and

relaxation areas, which can enhance the overall patient experience and contribute to a

positive atmosphere. Finally, a flat site is less prone to natural hazards like landslides

or flooding, providing a safer and more stable environment for the park's operations.

Climate Analysis

Figure 52. Sun Path and Wind Direction

Rainfall Change. The annual precipitation in Lucena City has shown variability, with

some years experiencing higher rainfall and others drier conditions. The trend

indicates an overall increase in rainfall, suggesting that the city is becoming wetter

over time. This is reflected in the increasing frequency of heavy rainfall events, which

can lead to flooding and other water-related challenges.

Temperature Change. Similarly, the temperature in Lucena City has been rising. The

average annual temperature has shown a positive trend, meaning it is getting warmer.

This warming trend is consistent with global climate change patterns, where increased

greenhouse gas emissions contribute to higher temperatures. The temperature rise can

lead to more intense heat waves and affect local ecosystems and human health.

103
Sun Path

Sun Rise - 6:00 am to 7:00 am

Sun Set - 5:00 pm to 6:00 pm

Wind Path

Amihan, also known as the Northeast Monsoon, typically occurs from October

to late March. This season is characterized by cool and dry winds coming from the

northeast, bringing cooler temperatures and less rainfall.

Habagat, or the Southwest Monsoon, usually takes place from June to October.

This season is marked by warm and humid winds from the southwest, often resulting

in heavy rainfall and typhoons.

These monsoon patterns significantly influence the site’s climate and weather

conditions throughout the year.

Site Photos and Description

Figure 53. North View of the Site

104
Figure 54. East View of the Site

Figure 55. West View of the Site

105
 Figure 56. South View of the Site

The proposed medical tourism park is situated on a flat terrain, surrounded by

lush vegetation and agricultural farms, creating a serene and natural environment ideal

for patient care. The location is easily accessible via major and barangay roads,

providing convenient access for both patients and staff. This road ensures smooth

transportation and easy connectivity to nearby communities, supporting efficient

hospital operations and patient services. The combination of natural surroundings and

accessibility makes the site well-suited for a medical tourism park.

3.4.4. Summary of Site Analysis

Geographical Location

The site is situated in Barangay Ibabang Dupay, Lucena City, adjacent to

Toyota Lucena City Inc. and to the west of the Lucena City Government Complex.

Climate

The site is situated in a tropical rainforest climate zone, characterized by warm

temperatures and abundant rainfall throughout the year. The high humidity levels

106
contribute to the overall warm and muggy conditions in the area.

Topography

The site is on a relatively flat terrain with minimal slopes, making it ideal for

the development of a medical facility. This simplifies construction, reduces costs, and

allows for efficient use of space, ensuring easy integration of infrastructure and

accessibility features.

Transport Linkages

The site is easily accessible via both the diversion road and the Maharlika

Highway as well as a barangay road. This provides convenient access for patients and

healthcare workers, including the option to utilize public transportation.

Utilities and Infrastructure

The area surrounding the site already has established utilities, including

electricity, water, communication systems, sewage systems, and waste management

facilities. These existing utilities will be crucial for supporting the development and

operation of the project.

3.4.4.1 Composite Site Analysis (SWOC Analysis)

Strengths

1. Strategic Location. The proposed site's proximity to the major road

Maharlika Highway, educational facilities, a grand terminal, the city

government complex, and other hospitals offers convenient accessibility for

both local and international patients.

2. Proximity to Amenities. The site's proximity to educational facilities and a

convention center presents opportunities for collaboration and partnerships,

such as joint research projects or educational programs.

107
 3. Quiet Environment. The location away from noise and traffic congestion

creates a serene and peaceful atmosphere, conducive to patient recovery and

well-being.

4. Accessibility. The site's accessibility via the diversion road and its proximity

to Barangay Ibabang Dupay's road provides easy access for patients and

visitors.

5. Flat Terrain. The site's flat terrain with a gentle slope reduces construction

costs, simplifies site planning, and is conducive to outdoor amenities and

recreational spaces.

Weaknesses

1. Visibility. The proposed medical tourism park may not be immediately visible

due to its location behind Toyota Lucena City Inc.

2. Distance to Hospitals: The site is relatively far from the closest hospitals, and

the major roads leading there may experience traffic congestion during peak

hours.

Opportunities

1. Sufficient Space. The site's ample land area allows for the development of

recreational areas, open spaces, and comprehensive facilities, ensuring a

comfortable and enjoyable experience for patients and their families.

2. Future Expansion. The surrounding area's potential for development presents

opportunities for future expansion of the medical tourism park,

accommodating increased demand or offering additional services.

3. Partnership Opportunities. The proximity to educational institutions and a

convention center can facilitate partnerships for research, education, and

conferences, enhancing the park's reputation and attracting a wider clientele.

108
Constraints

1. Zoning. To avoid conflicts with neighboring buildings, height restrictions, and

zoning regulations will be taken into account.

2. Land Cost. The cost of the land may limit the possible land uses.

Overall, the establishment of a kidney care medical tourism park in Lucena

City presents a promising opportunity. By leveraging its strategic location, specialized

care, and the growing demand for medical tourism, the park can contribute to the

city's economic development and provide high-quality healthcare services to patients

from both domestic and international markets. However, careful consideration of the

potential weaknesses and threats is essential for long-term success.

3.4.4.2 Land Allocation and Distribution

The proposed land allocation and distribution plan for the hospital site is

designed to optimize the layout and operational efficiency of the facility while

incorporating sustainable design principles. The plan divides the site into various

functional areas, ensuring a well-organized and efficient hospital environment.

Healing and Wellness Spine (40%). This includes the tertiary hospital, the

dialysis center, and the medical arts building over multiple levels to maximize

vertical space.

Parking and Transport (20%). Dedicated space for patient and staff parking,

including access routes for ambulances and delivery vehicles.

Medical Tourism Park (30%). This includes a wellness center and spa,

accommodations, a health farm, and recreational areas designed for patient

rehabilitation and staff relaxation that will contribute to a more therapeutic and

supportive environment.

109
 Service, Maintenance, and Utilities (10%). Utility spaces such as waste

management, backup power generation, and water storage.

3.4.4.3 Conceptual Site Analysis/Site Development

Figure 57. Site Bubble Diagram

The conceptual site analysis involves taking the findings from the site analysis

and composite analysis and transforming them into a preliminary site plan.

110
 3.4.5. Comprehensive Execution (Comprehensive Site Planning Analysis

based on Site Analysis)

1. Climate

Site Analysis Finding: The site experiences heavy rainfall, high humidity, and warm

temperatures year-round.

Site Planning Response:

Rainwater Harvesting and Drainage. Install rainwater collection tanks on

the roofs of the buildings. This system can be used for irrigating the healing

gardens or as greywater for toilets. Use bioswales and permeable paving in

parking areas to allow stormwater to percolate and reduce flooding risks.

Shaded Pathways and Courtyards. Design shaded walkways throughout the

site, using trees and overhangs, to protect patients and staff from both sun and

rain while walking between buildings or through healing gardens.

Building Orientation. Orient the buildings to minimize sun exposure and

reduce heat gain by placing the longest building facades facing north and

south. Use shading devices like louvers and deep roof overhangs on the east

and west facades.

2. Flat Topography

Site Analysis Finding: The site is predominantly flat with minimal slopes, ideal for

easy construction and mobility.

Site Planning Response:

Campus-style Layout. Plan for a single-story or low-rise campus layout,

which will ensure that the building massing blends into the flat terrain. Cluster

buildings for various functions (medical, therapeutic, administrative) around

central green spaces to create a sense of community and ease of access.

111
 Accessibility. With the flat terrain, easily create barrier-free paths and

universally accessible spaces. Design gentle slopes for ramps rather than

stairs, ensuring compliance with accessibility standards. This feature will

allow ease of movement for patients in wheelchairs or with mobility

challenges.

Stormwater Management. Even though the site is flat, manage stormwater

with a slightly elevated building foundation to prevent water pooling during

heavy rains. Plan drainage slopes strategically to direct water away from

critical areas.

3. Proximity to Roads

Site Analysis Finding: The site is located near a major transport route, making it

easily accessible.

Site Planning Response:

Main Entrance Placement. Position the main entrance along the major road,

providing direct access for vehicles. This ensures that patients, staff, and

visitors can easily locate the facility without confusion. Create clear signage

and wayfinding features that direct traffic to the facility.

Parking and Drop-off Areas. Plan for a designated drop-off zone near the

entrance to facilitate patient arrivals, especially for those arriving by

ambulance or shuttle. The parking lot can be placed at the front of the site,

with easy pedestrian pathways leading to the main entrance.

Separation of Service Access. Design a separate service road for deliveries,

waste disposal, and emergency vehicles, away from patient and visitor areas,

to avoid congestion and maintain safety.

112
 4. Establish Utilities

Site Analysis Finding: The area has existing utility connections, including water,

electricity, sewage, and waste management systems.

Site Planning Response:

Utility Zones. Plan utility zones (electrical rooms, water treatment, waste

disposal) close to existing utility connections to minimize installation costs

and reduce the environmental footprint. Ensure that backup systems like

generators and water storage are included in critical areas to ensure

uninterrupted service.

Sustainable Integration. Leverage the existing infrastructure to incorporate

solar panels for energy generation, taking advantage of the flat roofs. Design

the sewage system to integrate greywater recycling for non-potable uses like

irrigation and toilet flushing, reducing strain on the local water supply.

Medical Waste Management. Design a separate waste treatment area for

handling hazardous and medical waste, away from public and patient zones,

but near the service road for easy collection.

5. Site Zoning

Site Analysis Finding: The site’s size and flat terrain allow for clear functional

zoning.

Site Planning Response:

Medical Zone. Place critical care areas in the center of the site for easy access

from all other zones. These buildings should be close to parking and

emergency access points to ensure smooth operations.

Public and Administrative Zone: Plan public spaces and administrative

offices near the entrance, keeping them easily accessible for visitors and

113
 non-patient traffic. Buffer zones can separate these areas from the quieter

patient care areas, reducing noise pollution and ensuring patient privacy.

Therapeutic Zone. Locate therapeutic and wellness areas (gardens, spas,

outdoor seating) in quieter, more secluded parts of the site, away from traffic

noise. Ensure these spaces are accessible to patients from both inpatient and

outpatient zones, and incorporate natural features to enhance their healing

function.

3.5 Relevant Laws and Ordinances

3.5.1 Local

Non-Architectural Laws (RA)

Republic Act 11223 - Universal Health Care (UHC) Act.

Ensure that every Filipino has equitable access to comprehensive and

quality healthcare services by strengthening primary care. By prioritizing

assistance and support to underserved areas, the UHC Act seeks to bridge gaps

in healthcare delivery.

Republic Act No. 11959 - Regional Specialty Centers Act.

Provides that the health department should create specialty hospitals in

every region and government-owned and controlled corporations (GOCCs)

hospitals. It aims to protect and promote the right to health by making

specialized health services available, accessible, and affordable for all

Filipinos. These hubs should cover various specialties, including cardiology,

oncology, and nephrology, to ensure patients can access the full spectrum of

care without traveling far.

114
 Republic Act No. 9593 – The Tourism Act of 2009.

Promotes the development of the tourism industry in the Philippines,

including medical tourism. It mandates the collaboration between the

Department of Tourism (DOT) and the Department of Health (DOH) to create

health and wellness tourism programs. The law aims to enhance the country's

global competitiveness in medical tourism by ensuring that health facilities

meet international standards.

Environmental Laws and Ordinances (RA)

Republic Act No. 9003 – Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.

Sets a national policy for managing solid waste through segregation,

recycling, and responsible disposal. Hospitals must implement waste

segregation to separate general waste from infectious and hazardous materials,

complying with local waste management guidelines to prevent environmental

harm and protect public health.

Republic Act No. 9275 – Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004.

Focuses on protecting water bodies from pollution, requiring hospitals

to treat wastewater before discharge. Hospitals, which often generate

wastewater containing chemicals and biological contaminants, must ensure

compliance with water quality standards by treating effluents and securing

discharge permits from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources

(DENR).

Republic Act No. 8749 – Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999.

Regulates air emissions to improve air quality in the country. Hospitals

must control emissions from their boilers, generators, and medical equipment

115
 while ensuring proper ventilation and air filtration systems to safeguard the

health of both patients and staff by maintaining high indoor air quality.

Republic Act No. 6969 – Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear

Waste Control Act of 1990.

Governs the use, storage, and disposal of toxic and hazardous

substances, including medical wastes from hospitals. Healthcare facilities must

safely manage and dispose of hazardous materials like chemicals, biological

waste, and radioactive substances to prevent environmental pollution and

comply with national safety standards.

Republic Act No. 7946 – Philippine Nuclear Energy Act of 1995.

Regulates the use of nuclear energy and radioactive materials in

medical settings. Hospitals that provide radiology, nuclear medicine, or

radiation therapy services must adhere to strict safety and storage protocols for

radioactive materials, ensuring compliance with licensing requirements from

the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI).

Local City Ordinances

Lucena City Comprehensive Land Use Plan And Zoning Ordinance

This ordinance is crucial for identifying the appropriate land use and

zoning classifications for the project. It ensures that it is situated in a zone that

permits healthcare services, aligning with the city's long-term urban planning

goals. Adhering to this plan is essential for acquiring construction permits and

ensuring that the development is compatible with surrounding land uses

Lucena City Ecological Solid Waste Management Ordinance

Managing medical and hazardous waste is critical for healthcare

facilities. This ordinance outlines waste disposal and segregation protocols

116
 that the proposed project must follow to maintain environmental sustainability

and prevent contamination. Proper waste management is vital for ensuring

patient and public health.

Lucena City Health and Sanitation Ordinance

This ordinance sets the minimum health and sanitation standards for

establishments, including hospitals. Compliance ensures that the facility

provides a safe and hygienic environment for both patients and healthcare

providers, which is essential for infection control.

Lucena City Tourism Ordinance

As the medical tourism park aims to attract both local and international

patients, the city’s tourism ordinance plays a significant role in promoting

Lucena City as a healthcare destination. This ordinance can help facilitate

collaboration with tourism agencies to market the services and ensure that the

facility aligns with the broader goals of boosting medical tourism in the

region.

Proclamations and Policy Statements

Proclamation No. 959 (2005) – Philippine Medical Tourism Program

Encourages the development of the medical tourism industry in the

Philippines by promoting the country's healthcare facilities and services to

international patients. It aims to position the Philippines as a competitive

destination for medical, wellness, and retirement tourism.

Proclamation No. 184 (1993) – National Kidney Month

Declares June of every year as National Kidney Month in the

Philippines. It aims to raise public awareness about kidney health, encourage

preventive measures against kidney diseases, and promote early detection and

117
 treatment. Various health institutions, including hospitals, are encouraged to

conduct educational activities to inform the public about the importance of

kidney health.

Proclamation No. 539 (2013) – National Kidney and Transplant

Awareness Week

Designates the third week of June as National Kidney and Transplant

Awareness Week. It emphasizes the significance of kidney transplantation and

organ donation, encouraging hospitals and healthcare providers to engage in

public education campaigns about kidney disease prevention and the benefits

of transplantation.

Presidential Decrees

Presidential Decree No. 1832 (1981) - Creation of the National Kidney

Foundation of the Philippines

This marked a significant step in addressing kidney health issues in the

country. It highlights the importance of specialized organizations in improving

healthcare access, promoting public awareness, and advocating for patients'

rights and needs. It aims to raise public awareness about kidney health,

promote research and education in nephrology, provide resources and support

for kidney disease patients, and advocate for better healthcare policies.

National Building Code of the Philippines (Presidential Decree No. 1096)

Establishes crucial guidelines for safety, design, and accessibility.

Understanding and complying with this decree ensures that any medical

facility adheres to national standards, prioritizing the safety and welfare of

patients and visitors while facilitating the acquisition of necessary permits.

118
Accessibility Law (Batas Pambansa Blg. 344)

Mandates that all establishments, including government buildings,

schools, hospitals, hotels, and shopping centers, be designed to accommodate

PWDs with features such as ramps, handrails, elevators, and accessible

restrooms. It also addresses accessibility in public transport systems.

Sanitation Code of the Philippines (Presidential Decree No. 856)

Promote and protect public health and safety by establishing

comprehensive standards for sanitation and health in various settings,

including residential, commercial, and public facilities. The decree outlines

regulations concerning water supply, waste management, food safety, housing,

and sanitation practices to prevent the spread of diseases.

Fire Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No. 9514)

Promote fire safety and prevention in various establishments. It ensures

that healthcare facilities are equipped with appropriate fire prevention and

control measures, including fire alarms, sprinkler systems, and emergency

exits.

Water Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No. 1378)

Ensures sustainable management and protection of the country’s water

resources. Compliance with this law is essential for healthcare facilities, as it

guarantees access to a safe and adequate water supply necessary for sanitation

and hygiene. The Water Code helps prevent waterborne diseases, creating a

safe environment for patients and visitors.

119
Other Standards

Department of Health (DOH)

The DOH sets the regulations and standards for healthcare facilities in

the Philippines, including licensure, accreditation, and clinical care protocols.

Their guidelines ensure that the medical tourism park adheres to health and

safety standards, thus promoting high-quality care for patients.

- DOH Manual on Hospital Accreditation

- Philippine Health Facility Development and Planning Guidelines

- Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs)

- Infection Prevention and Control Manual

- Emergency Preparedness Manual

- Human Resource Management Manual for Health Facilities

- Patients' Rights and Welfare Manual

- Environmental Health and Safety Guidelines

- Planning Manual for Health Facilities

Department of Tourism (DOT)

The DOT is responsible for promoting the Philippines as a medical

tourism destination. Their involvement ensures that the proposal meets the

expectations of international patients regarding accommodations, services, and

overall experience, thus attracting more medical tourists.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)

The DENR oversees environmental regulations, including waste

management and resource conservation. Adhering to their standards ensures

that the healthcare facility operates sustainably, particularly in managing

medical waste and protecting water resources.

120
 Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and the Philippine Economic

Zone Authority (PEZA)

The combined efforts of DTI and PEZA are significant in establishing

and operating a medical tourism park. The DTI actively promotes the

Philippines as an attractive destination for foreign investments, which is

crucial for securing funding for the medical tourism park. In connection,

PEZA enhances this investment environment by providing various incentives

for businesses operating within its economic zones, making the park

financially appealing to investors and operators.

3.5.2 International

World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines

Health Facility Planning and Design - The WHO provides guidance on

designing healthcare facilities, emphasizing the importance of creating environments

that support patient care, safety, and well-being. This includes recommendations for

layout, accessibility, and infection control measures.

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standards

ISO 9001: Quality Management Systems - This standard ensures that

healthcare facilities implement quality management processes that extend to the

design and construction phases, maintaining high standards of service delivery.

ISO 14001: Environmental Management - This standard assists hospitals in

designing environmentally sustainable facilities, focusing on waste management,

resource efficiency, and reducing environmental impacts.

121
Accessibility Standards

International Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

(CRPD) - This convention mandates that healthcare facilities be accessible to

individuals with disabilities. Incorporating universal design principles ensures that

hospitals are accessible to all patients, including those with mobility challenges.

Joint Commission International (JCI) Accreditation Standards

JCI provides comprehensive standards for hospital design that promote patient

safety and care quality. These standards cover various aspects, including patient flow,

layout, and safety measures.

Environmental Health and Safety Regulations

Hospitals must comply with regulations that promote environmental health

and safety, which include waste management protocols, air quality standards, and

infection control measures. Proper design can mitigate health risks associated with

these factors.

Sustainability Guidelines

Green Building Standards - Frameworks such as the LEED (Leadership in

Energy and Environmental Design) certification guide the design and construction of

sustainable healthcare facilities. Incorporating green building practices can enhance

energy efficiency and reduce the environmental impact of the hospital.

122
 REFERENCES

Documents

Comprehensive Land Use Plan of Lucena City - City Planning and Development
Office

Comprehensive Development Plan of Lucena City - City Planning and Development

Office

Ecological Profile of Lucena City - City Planning and Development Office

Online Articles and Sources

Abdel, H. (2024, September 11). Asahi no mori internal medicine and

gastroenterology clinic / TSC architects. ArchDaily.
https://www.archdaily.com/1021023/asahi-no-mori-internal-medicine-and-gast
roenterology-clinic-tsc-architects?ad_source=search&ad_medium=projects_ta
b

Alex, A., Appiah., Bobby, R., Collins. (2024). Planning and Design Principles for
Healthcare Settings at the Regional, City or Town, and Neighborhood Scales.
105-119. doi: 10.4324/9781003414902-10

Ansari, K. (2021, September 29). “every patient a window” ng Teng Fong and Jurong
Community Hospital, Singapore. archEstudy.
https://archestudy.com/every-patient-a-window-ng-teng-fong-and-jurong-com
munity-hospital-singapore/

Author, H. G. (2018, January 16). Breath of fresh air: Ng Teng Fong General Hospital
and Jurong Community Hospital. HCD Magazine.
https://healthcaredesignmagazine.com/projects/breath-fresh-air-ng-teng-fong-g
eneral-hospital-jurong-community-hospital/

Champ, H. (2023, September 28). How Sensory Architecture Is Redefining the Built
Environment. The Bluebeam Blog. Retrieved October 4, 2024, from
https://blog.bluebeam.com/sense-and-sensibility-how-architects-are-designing
-with-sensory-needs-in-mind/

Cordova, C. (2023, March 9). PSN’s friendly reminder to everyone on World Kidney
Day: ‘Take care of your kidney’. Manila Bulletin.
https://mb.com.ph/2023/3/9/psn-s-friendly-reminder-to-everyone-on-world-ki
dney-day-take-care-of-your-kidney

d3admin. (2024, August 12). The architect’s perspective: Khoo Teck Puat Hospital.
RMJM Architecture.
https://rmjm.com/the-architects-perspective-khoo-teck-puat-hospital/

Dr wong Sweet Fun’s redesigned healthcare ecosystem for seniors drives better
long-term outcomes - designsingapore council. (n.d.).

123
 https://designsingapore.org/stories/dr-wong-sweet-funs-redesigned-healthcare-
ecosystem-for-seniors-drives-better-long-term-outcomes/

Domingo, K. (2024, January 23). Philippines - Healthcare. International Trade

Administration. Retrieved September 30, 2024, from
https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/philippines-healthcare

Edgman-Levitan, S., & Schoenbaum, S. (2021, March 5). Patient-centered care:

achieving higher quality by designing care through the patient's eyes - Israel
Journal of Health Policy Research. Israel Journal of Health Policy Research.
Retrieved September 30, 2024, from
https://ijhpr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13584-021-00459-9

Erica, Isa, Mosca., Stefano, Capolongo. (2023). Design for all A.U.D.I.T.
(Assessment Universal Design & Inclusion Tool). A tool to evaluate physical,
sensory-cognitive and social quality in healthcare facilities.. Acta Bio-medica :
Atenei Parmensis, 94(S3):e2023124-e2023124. doi:
10.23750/abm.v94is3.14288

Furuto, A. (2012, July 29). Singapore University of Technology and Design – Student
Housing and Sports Complex / Look Architects. ArchDaily.
https://www.archdaily.com/257999/singapore-university-of-technology-and-de
sign-student-housing-and-sports-complex-look-architects

Guan, Qin., Hongfei, Yang., Lu, Zhou., Zhipeng, Xue., Zhu, Xiaoling. (2024). The
Comprehensive Impact of Maintenance Hemodialysis Treatment: a Qualitative
Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, 5(2):216-216. doi:
10.32629/jcmr.v5i2.2312

Hannah-Kathrin, Silja, Viergutz., L., Cambra-Rufino., Michael, Apple., Abigail,

Heithoff., Göran, Lindahl., Stefano, Capolongo., Andrea, Brambilla. (2024).
Benchmarking Relevance for Hospital Design and Planning: An International
Web-Based Survey.. 19375867241239324-19375867241239324. doi:
10.1177/19375867241239324

Herzog & de Meuron opens a new University Children’s Hospital in Zurich.

Archinect. (n.d.).
https://archinect.com/news/article/150448593/herzog-de-meuron-opens-new-u
niversity-children-s-hospital-in-zurich

Highlights of the Region IV-A (CALABARZON) Population 2020 Census of

Population and Housing (2020 CPH). (2021, August 23). Philippine Statistics
Authority. Retrieved September 30, 2024, from
https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-region-iv-calabarzon-population-2020-ce
nsus-population-and-housing-2020-cph

Karla, Johanna, Cardoso, Arevalo., Andrea, Rebecchi., Monica, Botta., Marco, Gola.,
Stefano, Capolongo. (2023). Bridging therapeutic landscapes to architecture.
International experience-based design strategies for healthcare infrastructures.
Acta Bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis, 94(S3):e2023213-e2023213. doi:
10.23750/abm.v94is3.14557

124
Khoo Teck Puat Hospital by RMJM. Architizer. (2016, August 31).
https://architizer.com/projects/khoo-teck-puat-hospital/

Kishnani, N., says:, S. K., Says:, C. S., says:, P., says:, Lucy. L., #1 Quand les
hôpitaux intègrent la nature dans leurs espaces, ‫ﻣﺎذا ﯾﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﺒﯿﻮﻓﯿﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
‫ ﻣﺮﺻﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬- ‫ اﻟﺤﯿﺎة اﻟﺤﻀﺮﯾﺔ؟‬Says:, – ‫ﻣﺎذا ﯾﻌﻨﻲ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﺒﯿﻮﻓﯿﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ اﻟﺤﯿﺎة اﻟﺤﻀﺮﯾﺔ؟‬
‫ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ اﺧﺒﺎر اﻻﻣﺎرات‬ENN says:, & Name. (2018, January 23). Singapore’s Khoo
Teck Puat Hospital: Biophilic Design in action. Human Spaces.
https://blog.interface.com/khoo-teck-puat-hospital-singapore-biophilic-design/

Koshta, H. A. (2024, October 1). University Children’s Hospital Zurich / Herzog & de
Meuron. ArchDaily.
https://www.archdaily.com/1021824/university-childrens-hospital-zurich-herz
og-and-de-meuron?ad_medium=gallery

Kovesdy, C. P. (2022, March 18). Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update

2022. NCBI. Retrieved October 1, 2024, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9073222/

Lingying, Liu., Qi, Zhang., Yihan, Wang. (2024). Children’s Hospital Environment
Design Based on AHP/QFD and Other Theoretical Models. Buildings, doi:
10.3390/buildings14061499

Mayo Clinic. (2023, October 10). End-stage renal disease - Diagnosis and treatment.
Mayo Clinic. Retrieved October 1, 2024, from
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/end-stage-renal-disease/diagn
osis-treatment/drc-20354538

Melentu, Giwa, Momme., Abdulaziz, Anakobe, Isa., Barani, Mohammad., Sarkile,

Kawuwa, Abubakar., Mercy, Poksireni, Raymond. (2024). Review of Kinetic
Architecture in Healthcare Facilities. Deleted Journal, 15(1):145-159. doi:
10.62154/baw1k771

Montemayor, M. T. (2023, June 2). 7M Filipinos have chronic kidney disease as of

2021. Philippine News Agency. Retrieved September 30, 2024, from
https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1202791

Morgan, E. (2019, August 23). This futuristic hospital is using greenery as medicine.
Prepare For Change.
https://prepareforchange.net/2019/08/22/this-futuristic-hospital-is-using-green
ery-as-medicine/

Nithya, Raju., V., Jaganathan., Veena, Natti, Krishna., Megha, Nagaraj, Nayak., Kripa,
Josten., K., Esther, Jenitha. (2024). An Observational study to evaluate the
quality of life among End Stage Kidney Disease from South India. doi:
10.21203/rs.3.rs-4405939/v1

125
Nuredin, Edris., Fathi, Bashir., Belay, Zeleke. (2024). Impacts of Hospital Users’
Characteristics on Perceptions of the Physical Environment. Heliyon, doi:
10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31531

Philippine Economic Zone Authority. (2022, February 10). PEZA registers the biggest
economic zone in the Philippines in Quezon province. PEZA. Retrieved
October 1, 2024, from
https://www.peza.gov.ph/press-releases/peza-registers-biggest-economic-zone-
philippines-quezon-province

Philippine Society of Nephrology. (2024, March 1). Rising Incidence of Chronic

Kidney Disease in the Philippines Sparks Call for Kidney Health Awareness
Subtitle: The Philippine Society of Nephrology Urges Filipinos to Take
Proactive Measures. Philippine Society of Nephrology. Retrieved September
30, 2024, from
https://psn.org.ph/2024/03/01/rising-incidence-of-chronic-kidney-disease-in-th
e-philippines-sparks-call-for-kidney-health-awareness-subtitle-the-philippine-s
ociety-of-nephrology-urges-filipinos-to-take-proactive-measures/

Philippine Statistics Authority. (2021, August 23). Highlights of the Region IV-A
(CALABARZON) Population 2020 Census of Population and Housing (2020
CPH). Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved September 30, 2024, from
https://psa.gov.ph/content/highlights-region-iv-calabarzon-population-2020-ce
nsus-population-and-housing-2020-cph

Prodromos, C. (2018). Philippines as a Medical Tourism Destination. Medical

Tourism Magazine. Retrieved September 30, 2024, from
https://www.magazine.medicaltourism.com/article/philippines-medical-touris
m-destination

Says:, M. (2010, November 25). The Singapore University of Technology and Design
by Unstudio + DP architects. Archiscene.
https://www.archiscene.net/education/singapore-university-technology-design-
unstudio-dp-architects/

Singapore University of Technology and Design by DP architects. Architizer. (2015,

June 4).
https://architizer.com/projects/singapore-university-of-technology-and-design/

Singapore University of Technology and Design. UNStudio. (n.d.).

https://www.unstudio.com/en/page/12103/singapore-university-of-technology-
and-design

Tianyi, Yang., Ruby, Lipson-Smith., Michelle, M., Shannon., Mehrnoush, Latifi.

(2024). Design Decision Support for Healthcare Architecture: A
VR-Integrated Approach for Measuring User Perception. Buildings, doi:
10.3390/buildings14030797

TTG Asia. (2023, May 10). Philippines to boost medical tourism with strategic global
partnership. TTG Asia. Retrieved October 1, 2024, from

126
 https://www.ttgasia.com/2023/05/10/philippines-to-boost-medical-tourism-wit
h-strategic-global-partnership/

United Nations. (2015). THE 17 GOALS | Sustainable Development. Sustainable

Development Goals. Retrieved September 30, 2024, from
https://sdgs.un.org/goals

Victoria, Doan., Ahmed, Shoker., Amira, Abdelrasoul. (2024). Quality of Life of

Dialysis Patients: Exploring the Influence of Membrane Hemocompatibility
and Dialysis Practices on Psychosocial and Physical Symptoms. Journal of
composites science, doi: 10.3390/jcs8050172

World Health Organization. (2019, March 14). UHC Act in the Philippines: a new
dawn for health care. World Health Organization (WHO). Retrieved
September 30, 2024, from
https://www.who.int/philippines/news/feature-stories/detail/uhc-act-in-the-phil
ippines-a-new-dawn-for-health-care

Yanjun, Lyu. (2023). Designing for Children's Social Play in Responsive

Multi-sensory Environments. doi: 10.1145/3626485.3626552

Yongsheng, Guo., Dongling, Luo., Lifang, Yin., Xin, Su., Zhimin, Yuan., Hui,
Huang., Jie, Chen. (2024). Varying association of nutrient intakes with quality
of life in patients receiving different modes of dialysis. Frontiers in
Cardiovascular Medicine, 11 doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1407650

127