STEEL STRUCTURE

QUALITY CONTROL
 02.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Steel Properties
• Design Situation
• Connection
• Welding Types
• Stud Weld
• Quality Control on Site
what is Structural Steel

01.
Structural Steel is a special kind of Steel. It
is used for construction purposes. Due to its
rigidity and high strength-to-weight ratio,
structural Steel is mainly employed in
buildings. Structural Steel is used in houses,
warehouses, airplane hangars, educational
facilities, bridges, stadiums, etc.
structural steel definition
Structural Steel is Steel that contains carbon, not more than 2.1%. These are also called
Carbon Steel, and structural Steel typically has a carbon content of less than 0.6%.

steel properties
young modulus
density poisson’s ratio tensile strength yield strength
elasticity
The yield strength, also known as the
Structural Steel has
The density of Typical values for For structural yield point, is the stress at which an
high tensile strength, object permanently deforms. When
Structural Steel structural steel Steel, the
so it is preferred over stress is removed, it does not revert
is 7750 to 8100 range from 190- acceptable value to its former shape. Carbon
other construction
structural steel has a yield strength
kg/m3. 210 GPa ranges from 0.27 materials. ranging from 187 to 758 MPa. The
to 0.3. values of structural Steel constructed
of alloys range from 366 to 1793
MPa.
steel properties
shear strength hardness melting point specific heat

The shear strength The resistance of an Because there The amount required to raise an object’s
object to shape change
of steel structure is are so many temperature by a particular quantity is
when force is applied is
specified at the referred to as hardness. different types of known as specific heat or heat capacity. A
failure under shear There are three different structural Steel, higher specific heat value indicates that
stress, and it is types of hardness tests. there is no the thing is more insulating. The units of
about 0.57 times Scratch, indentation, and standard melting measurement are Joules per Kilogram
rebound are all terms
the yield stress of point. Kelvin. Specific heat for carbon structural
used to describe the
structural Steel. process of scratching steel ranges from 450 to 2081 J/kg-K,
and indenting, and the while for structural alloy steel, it ranges
hardness of structural from 452 to 1499 J/kg-K.
Steel manufactured with
alloys ranges from 149 to
627 kg. Carbon
structural steels have a
weight range of 86 to
388 kg.
design situation

02.
These situations encompass various
loadings, environmental factors, and
structural considerations that engineers
must account for when designing with steel.
Some common steel design situations
include:
Design Situation
These are permanent, static loads exerted on the structure due to its
dead load own weight and the weight of permanent fixtures like walls, floors, and
equipment.

These are variable loads imposed on the structure by occupants,

live load furniture, vehicles, or other transient factors.
Examples include people walking on floors, vehicles on bridges, or
furniture in buildings.

Steel structures must be designed to withstand environmental factors

environmental such as wind, snow, rain, seismic activity, and temperature variations.
load Wind loads can vary depending on the location and local building
codes.
Design Situation
These are loads caused by dynamic events such as earthquakes,
dynamic load vibrations, or machinery operation. Structures must be designed to
resist dynamic forces without excessive deformation or failure.

Structures may also be subject to impact loads from events like vehicle
impact load collisions or falling objects. Designers must consider the potential
impact forces and design accordingly to prevent catastrophic failure.

Over time, repeated loading and unloading can cause fatigue failure in
fatigue load
steel structures. Designers must consider fatigue effects and design
structures to withstand the expected number of loading cycles over
their intended lifespan.
Design Situation
During construction, temporary loads such as those from
construction construction equipment, scaffolding, and materials storage must be
load considered to ensure the safety and stability of the structure.
Steel design situations involve analyzing these various loads and
factors to determine the appropriate size, shape, and configuration
of steel members, connections, and overall structural systems to
ensure safety, durability, and functionality throughout the
structure's design life.
connection 03.
steel connection
bolted framed steel beams connections

In this type of connection, steel beams are

linked to supporting elements whether it is
steel girders or columns with web connection
angle. Commonly, the connection is designed
based on the loads at the end of the beam. It
is required to take strength, type and size of
fasteners and strength of base materials into
consideration while the connection is
designed.
 bolted seated steel beam connection

There are two major types of bolted seated

connections including unstiffened bolted seat
connections and stiffened bolted seat
connection.
If the reactions at the end of the beam is
large, then it is recommended to consider
stiffened seat connections because it has
adequate capacity to resist large forces
whereas the capacity of unstiffened seat
connection is restricted due to limited bending
capacity of seat angle leg that stick out
horizontally.
 welded framed steel beam connection
Like other two types of beam connections, various sizes of welded framed connections with
their capacities are available and provided by codes. The weld of the connection is subjected
to direct shear stress and stress caused by loads on the beam that affect weld pattern. So,
these stresses are required to be considered. Clearly, part of the welding is carried out in the
field which is challenging since it is difficult to achieve high quality weld due to movements of
steel members caused by winds or other factors.

welded seat steel beam connection

It is similar to bolt seat connection but welding is used for fastening rather than bolts. The
loads on the beam affect the weld pattern eccentrically and generate stress. So, like welded
framed connections, such stresses need to be considered. Types of welded seat connections
include unstiffened seat and stiffened seat. The former is used in the case of small applied
loads whereas the latter is suitable for case of large loads. It is advised to use bolts to connect
beam bottom flange to the seat.
 end plate steel beam connection
This type of connection is made possible through the use of welding art. The end plate is
connected to the beam web through weld because its capacity and size is governed by shear
capacity of the beam web adjoining the weld. The load applied on the connection at the end of
the member does not have eccentricities. There are different types of end plate connections
including flexible, semi-rigid, and rigid end plate connections.

special steel beam connection

This type of connections is used for the case where the arrangements of the structural element are in such
a way that standard connections cannot be used. For example, intersection angels might be different by a
certain degree and when beam centers offset from column centers. Examples of special connections
include bent-plate framed, single web plate, one sided framed, balanced web plate and Z type connection.
The ability of connections to transfer moments to the columns is based on the degree of fixity of the
connections. The higher the degree of fixity of the beam connection, the greater the ability to transfer
moments to the columns. If the connection is designed to transfer moments, then it should be able to
withstand shear forces from the beam and transfer moments to the columns.
welding types 04.
 tee joint welding
A tee joint welding forms when two pieces meet at a
90-degree angle. The edges of a plate or component
form a ‘T’ shape when they come together in the
middle. Tee joints are a sort of fillet weld that can be
made by welding a tube or pipe to a base plate.
This type of weld requires constant inspection for
effective penetration into the weld’s roof. To make a
tee joint, you can utilize one of the following welding
styles:
• Fillet, slot, and plug weld
• J-groove weld
• Flare bevel-groove weld
• Melt-through weld
• Bevel-groove weld

Lamellar tearing is a typical problem with tee joints, which

develops due to the joint’s limitation. Welders will frequently
insert a stopper to prevent joint distortions.
 corner joint welding
Corner welding joints resemble tee welding joints. The only
difference is the positioning of the metal. It’s in the middle of a
tee junction, whereas corner joints meet in the corner in a
closed or open manner, creating an ‘L’ shape.
These joints are popular in the sheet metal industry, where
they’re used to make frames, boxes, and other items. An outside
corner junction can be fitted in two ways: either a V-groove or a
square butt joint.

The styles used for creating corner

joints include:
• Spot, edge, and fillet weld
• V, J, and U-groove weld
• Bevel-groove weld
• Corner-flange weld
• Flare-V-groove weld
• Square-groove or butt weld
 butt joint welding
A square grove weld is another name for a butt joint weld. It’s
the simplest and, by far, the most common type of weld. It is
made up of two flat pieces that are parallel to each other.
It is also used for flanges, valves, fittings, and other equipment
because it is the internationally accepted way for joining a pipe
to itself. It’s a really cost-effective solution.
Welding Styles Used to Create Butt Joints:
• Flare-V-groove weld
• Flare-bevel-groove weld
• J, U, and V-groove weld
• Bevel-groove weld
• Square-groove weld

A square butt joint can commonly be used to achieve full penetration

welds. When welding on a thick plate or pipe, it’s nearly impossible to
attain 100 percent penetration without using some sort of groove.
 lap joint welding

The butt joint is a modified version of the lap welding joint or vice
versa. They’re formed when two pieces of metal are stacked in an
overlapping pattern on top of each other. They’re most typically used
to connect two parts of different thicknesses.
Lap joints are usually used for sheet metal and are rarely used on
thicker materials. Corrosion or lamellar tearing due to overlapping
materials are the potential downsides of this type of welding joint.
However, as with anything else, this may be avoided by utilizing
proper technique and modifying variables, such as amps and volts, as
needed.
Welding styles used to create butt joints include:
• Plug, slot, and spot weld
• J-groove weld
• Flare-bevel groove weld
• Bevel-groove weld
 edge joint welding
The metal surfaces are joined together in an edge joint to ensure
that the edges are even. Bending one or both plates at an angle
can help to form them. The purpose of a weld joint is to bind
pieces together and distribute stresses.

The following forces cause stress in welded joints:

• Tensile
• Compression
• Bending
• Torsion
• Shear forces

The welding procedure that will be used has a significant impact

on the joint design that will be chosen. Each welding technique
has its own set of properties that influence how well it performs.
The welds used on various joint designs are additionally affected
by the rate of travel, deposition rate, penetration, and heat input.
stud weld

05.
Stud and Welding, more correctly termed
drawn arc stud welding, is an electric arc
process that rapidly joins a fastener to a base
metal or substrate. The fastener can take many
forms: threaded, unthreaded, tapped etc. Both
the fastener and the substrate can be of
various materials including: steel, stainless
steel, aluminum etc.
 stud weld process
the arc stud welding method provides highly
Stud welding is a process by which a metal
reliable fastening for a wide variety of
stud, also referred to as a weld stud, is joined
applications. This method allows almost any
to a metal workpiece by heating both parts
size or configuration of a metal stud to be
with an arc. A key factor that differentiates
welded quickly to a workpiece, while
stud welding from other fastening processes
providing maximum weld penetration and
is that the fastener is attached to the
reliability.
workpiece without marring the other side.
 stud weld process

Arc stud welding permits strong, one-sided Arc stud welding utilizes a DC power supply
welds on base metals with thicknesses to create the arc, a stud welding tool, metal
starting at 0.048″ (1.2 mm). It produces fasteners, and in some cases, ferrules.
welds in as little as 0.06 seconds.
 THREE COMMON TECHNIQUE OF
ARC STUD WELDING
• drawn arc stud welding
 THREE COMMON TECHNIQUE OF
ARC STUD WELDING
• short arc stud welding
 THREE COMMON TECHNIQUE OF
ARC STUD WELDING
• gas arc stud welding
 EQUIPMENT NEED

Power supply
Stud welding gun
Cabling
Weld studs
 benefits of stud welding

Stud welding has many advantages over other joining processes:

It is fast. Welding a 3/4” fastener will take less than one second.
It is single sided. This means that access to the other side of the work piece is not
required.
It is secure. Unlike the peripheral weld that would be used to weld a bolt in place, a
stud weld is a full cross sectional weld. This means the full face of the fastener is
welded in place providing a strong, worry-free weld.
It is cosmetically superior. As a single sided fastener there are no indicators that a
fastener is attached.
It is welded and will not work free like a press-in fastener
It requires no special skills and little training to install.
 uses of welding stud

Buildings and Bridges (Image has some products in the new World Trade Center)
Cable Management (managing wires around equipment)
Power Distribution Equipment (Those green transformers in neighborhoods)
Food Service (used in coffee makers, griddles at fast food restaurants, salad bars
etc)
Moving Vehicles (automotive, construction, agriculture, trailers etc)
Ship Building and Military applications
quality control 06.
 quality control

Quality control involves testing units and determining

if they are within the specifications for the final
product. The purpose of the testing is to determine
any need for corrective actions in the manufacturing
process. Good quality control helps companies meet
consumer demands for better products.
why quality control is needed?

Creating a product is costly, time-consuming, and can

be unsafe without controls in place. Additionally, if a
company sends defective products out for purchase,
it could be held liable for injuries or issues that arise
from using its products. Quality control inspectors
ensure that defective or unsafe products are
identified, and the causes are corrected.
Thank You for
Your Participation.