HISTORY
1.events of the past and especially those relating to a particular place or subject
European history.
2 a branch of knowledge that records and explains past events.
3 a written report of past events She wrote a history of the Internet.
4 an established record of past events His criminal history is well-known.
Why is it called history?
the term history has evolved from an ancient Greek verb that means “to know,”
Why is it called history?
Studying history helps us understand and grapple with complex questions and
dilemmas by examining how the past has shaped (and continues to shape) global,
national, and local relationships between societies and people.
WHO INVENTED HISTORY
Herodotus is known as the Father of History, but he was much more than that. He was
also the world's first travel writer, a pioneering geographer, anthropologist, explorer,
moralist, tireless investigative reporter and enlightened multiculturalist before the word
existed.
Types of history
• Medieval History.
• Modern History.
• Art History.
Medieval history
it will help us understand where the governments, economies, institutions and culture of
the United States and Europe originated and evolved from.
Modern history
enables us to develop better understanding of the world in which we live. Building
knowledge and understanding of historical events and trends, especially over the past
century, enables us to develop a much greater appreciation for current events today.
Art history
provides a means by which we can understand our human past and its relationship to
our present, because the act of making art is one of humanity's most ubiquitous
activities.
Purpose of history
Studying history allows us to observe and understand how people and societies
behaved. For example, we are able to evaluate war, even when a nation is at peace, by
looking back at previous events. History provides us with the data that is used to create
laws, or theories about various aspects of society.
Important of history in our life
Through history, we can learn how past societies, systems, ideologies, governments,
cultures and technologies were built, how they operated, and how they have changed.
The rich history of the world helps us to paint a detailed picture of where we stand today
How does history impact to people
History matters because it helps us as individuals and as societies to understand why
our societies are the way they are and what they value.
Some reasons why we need study history
• History helps us understand our own identities.
• History builds citizenship.
• History gives us insight into present-day problems.
• History builds interpretation and analysis skills.
• History helps us understand change.
History affects future
study of history we can develop a feel for the way in which society will develop in the
future. History helps one to understand the immense complexity of our world and
therefore enables one to cope with the problems and possibilities of the present and
future. History provides us with a sense of identity.
How can YOU learn history by your own
• Consult primary sources
• Know where to find information
• Always take notes
Things we can get from history
• History makes us better decision makers.
• History helps us develop a new level of appreciation for just about everything.
• History helps us develop a better understanding of the world.
History…
Always been known as the study of the past.
Students of general education often dread the subject for its notoriety in requiring
them to memorize dates, places, names, and events from distant areas.
Definition of history as the study of the past is not wrong, it does not give justice
to the subject and its importance to human civilization.
History…
Always been known as the study of the past.
Students of general education often dread the subject for its notoriety in requiring
them to memorize dates, places, names, and events from distant areas.
Definition of history as the study of the past is not wrong, it does not give justice
to the subject and its importance to human civilization.
What counts as a history?
Traditional historians live with the mantra "no document, no history"
As any other discipline, History progressed and opened up to the of valid
historical sources, which were not limited to written documents.
Some were keener on passing their history by word of mouth.
Restricting historical evidence as exclusively written is also discrimination
against other social classes who were not recorded in paper.
Historiography - is the history of the history
HISTORY AND HISTORIOGRAPHY SHOULD NOT BE CONFUSED WITH
EACH OTHER.
History object of study is the past, the events happened in the past and the
causes of such events.
Historiography object of study is the history itself (How was a certain historical
text written? Who wrote it?)
Positivism
This thought requires empirical and observable evidence before one can claim
that a particular knowledge is true.
Positivism also entails the objective means of arriving at a conclusion.
Postcolonialism
is a school of thought that emerged in the early twentieth century.
Postcolonial history looks at two things in writing history: first is to tell the history
of their nation that will highlight their identity free from the colonial discourse and
knowledge, second is to criticize the methods, effects and idea of colonialism.
"Facts cannot speak for themselves" It is the job of the historian to give meaning
to these facts and organize them into timeline, establish causes and write history.
Historical methodology comprises certain techniques and rules that historians
follow in order to properly utilize sources and historical evidences in writing
history.
Annales School of History
Is a school of history born in France that challenged the canons of history. This
school of thought did a way with the common historical subjects that were almost
always related to the conduct of the states and monarchs.
Annales scholars like Lucien Febvre, Marc Bloch, Ferdinand Braudel and
Jacques Le Goff studied other subjects in historical manner. They were
concerned with social history and studied longer historical periods.
For example, Annales scholars studied the history of peasantry, the history of
medicine, or even the history of environment.
They advocated that the people and classes who were not reflected in the history
of the society in the grand manner be provided by space in the records of
mankind
Historians most important research tools are historical sources.
In general, historical sources can be classified between primary and secondary
sources.
Primary Sources
are those sources produced at the same time as the event, period or subject
being studied.
Example:
A historian wishes to study the Commonwealth Constitution Convention of 1935,
his primary sources include the minutes of the convention, newspaper clippings,
Philippine Commission reports of the U.S. Commissioners, records of the
convention, the draft of the Constitution, and even photographs of the event.
Secondary Sources
are those sources which were produced by an author who use primary sources
to produce the material.
are historical sources which studied are certain historical subject.
Example:
On the subject of Philippine Revolution of 1896, students can read Teodoro
Agoncillo's Revolt of Masses: The story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan published
originally in 1956. The Philippine Revolution happened in the last years of the
nineteenth century while Agoncillo published his work on 1956, which makes the
Revolt of Masses a secondary source.
Classification of sources between primary and secondary depends not on the
period when the source was produced or the type of the source but on the
subject of the historical research.
Example:
A textbook is usually classified as a secondary source, a tertiary source even.
However, this classification is usual but not automatic.
If a historian chooses to write the history of education in the 1980's, he can utilize
textbooks used in that period as a primary source.
If a historian wishes to study the histography of the Filipino-America War as a
example, he can use works in different authors on the topic as his primary source
as well.
• Primary and Secondary sources are useful in writing and learning history.
• Historians and students of history need to thoroughly scrutinize these historical
sources to avoid deception and to know the historical truth. Historian should be
able to conduct an external criticism in centuries.
External Criticism
• is a practice of verifying the authenticating of evidence by examining its physical
characteristics; consistency with the historical characteristics of the time when it
is produced; and the materials used for evidence. Conducting External Criticism
of a document include the quality of the paper, the type of the link, and the
language and words used in the material, among others.
• Internal Criticism is the examination of the truthfulness and factuality of the
evidence by looking at the author of the source, its context, the agenda behind its
creation, the knowledge which informed it, and its intended purpose, among
other.
Example:
Japanese reports and declarations during the period of the war should nor be takes as a
historical fact hastily. Internal criticism entails that the historian acknowledge and
analyze how such reports can be manipulated to be used as war propaganda
