DEPARTMENTOFHUMANI

TIES:HI
STORY

I
NTERNATI
ONALAFFAI
RS2167/
2  -
Portugal -
Spai
n
 -
Serbia -
Bel
gium
THEFI
RSTWORLDWAR1914-
1918  -
Mont enegr
o -
Armenia
 -
Australi
a -
Bri
tai
n
The Fi rstWor l
d Warbr oke outi n 1914.I tst arted as a  -
France -
Russi
a
Europeanwarbutby1917i tbecamepur elyawor ldwarasi t
i
nv olved Uni ted St ates of Amer i
ca,Asia,Canada, Centr
alpower
sdur
ingWor
ldWarOne
Aust r
al i
a,Brazi
l, China,t
he Car ibbean I slands and most  -Ger
many -
Aust
ri
a-
ofAf r
[Link] aclysm cameasadi sturbingcal ami tyt othe Hungar
y
rel
at i
vepeaceandt ranquill
it
ywhi cht hepeopl eofEur opehad  -Tur
key -
Bul
gar
ia
enjoyedsi ncetheendoft heNapol eoni cwar [Link]  -Jor
dan
expect edt oenjoyt hef r
uitsofi ndustriali
sat i
onandsci enti
fic
dev el
opment st hathad st ar
ted in Eur ope butt his was Met
hodsoffight
ingusedduri
ngWor
ldWarOne
howev er,render
ednul landv oi
dbyt hisgr eatwarof1914. The
 -Ai
rstr
ikes -
Submarine
warwasf oughtonl andandabov eland[ ai
r],onseasandunder
warfar
e
the seas. The warwas f oughtby Ger many and Aust ri
a-
 -Useoftanks -
Trench
Hungar y and t heir all
ies[Centralpower s]agai nst Br i
tain
warfar
e
andFr anceandt heirall
ies[Alli
edpower s].
 -Useofpoisonousgas

Al
li
edpowersduringWor
ldWarOne
SeaswhereWorldWarOnewasf
ought
 -Canada -
Uni
tedSt
ates
 -
NorthSea -
Engl
i
sh
ofAmer i
ca
Channel
 -Romania -
It
aly
 -
Pacif
ic -
Atl
ant
ic
 -SouthAfr
ica -
Greece  -
Redsea
 -Georgi
a -
NewZealand
 -Japan -
China

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STORY

Weaponsuseddur i
ngWor ldWarOne  -
Ger
many -
It
aly
 -Tanks -  -
Tur
key -
Spain
Hy drophone
 -Howi t
zers -
Rif
les Eur
opeancountri
esthathadi
nter
est
sint
heBal
kanregi
on
 -Battl
ecr uisers - bef
oreWor l
dWarOne
Aer opl
anes[ zeppeli
n]  -Brit
ain -
Russi
a
 -Destroyers -Poisonous  -Germany -
gas Austr
ia–Hungar
y
 -Torpedoes -Cruiser
s  -Turkey
 -Li
ghtcr uisers -
Machi neguns
 -Depthchar ge - CAUSESOFWORLDWARONE
Bombs[ gr enades]
 -Submar ines[U-boats] -Cannons LongTerm CausesofWor l
dWarOne
 -Dreadnought s[battleshi
ps]  -Thesy stem ofal liancesi nit
iatedbyBi smarckcaused
theFi r
stWor l
dWar .
Ty
pesofshipsuseddur i
ngWor l
dWarOne  -Thecol onialclashesorconf li
ctsbyEur opeanpowers
 - Dreadnoughts -
Light causedt he1914war .
cruisers  -Thenav al raceespeci al
lybet weenBr it
ainand
 - Cruisers -
Bat
tl
e Germanyi ncreasedt ensioni nEurope.
cruisers  -Armsr acebyEur opeanpower sincreasedenmity
 - Submar ines[
U-boat
s] - amongEur opeanpower s.
Dest roy
er s  -Mil
itari
sm i nEur opeal socausedt he1914war .
 -Nationali
sm wasanot hercauseofwor l
dwarone.
Eur
opeancount
ri
est
hathadcol
oni
ali
nter
est
sinNor t
hAf
ri
ca  -Thef i
rstMor occancr isis[1905]andt hesecond
i
nearl
y1900s Mor occancr i
sis[1911]al socont r
ibuted.
 -Bri
tai
n -
France  -GermanWel ti
politik[apol i
cyai medatdomi nati
ng

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STORY

Europe]alsocausedthiswar . i
ntot
henewl
ycr
eat
edGer
manEmpi
re.
 -Warplanssuchast heSchlieff
enplanbyGermany
causedthe1914war . a]TheDr
eikai
ser
bundTr
eat
y/TheLeagueoft
heThr
ee
 -Kai
ser’
sut t
erancesortactl
esspublicst
atement
sby Emperor
s[1872]
theKaiserprovokedothercountri
es.
Itwassi gnedbyKai serWil
li
am IofGer many ,TsarAl exanderI I
Shortt
erm causes/BalkanInstabi
li
ty/Bal
kancri
sis[
1908- ofRussi aandEmper orFr
ancisJosephofAust ria-Hungar [Link]
1914] clev
erdi plomacy ,Bi
smarckmanagedt osecur et hefriendship
 -TheBosniancrisi
s[1908]causedt hewar. ofbot hAust ri
a-HungryandRussi ainspiteoft heconf l
i
ct i
ng
 -Thefir
stBalkanwar[ 1912]andthesecondBalkanwar ambitionsoft heset wo countri
[Link] hist reatyBi smar ck
[1913]causedthe1914war . hoped t hatmonar chi
cal
fri
endshi p wouldf orm a common
 -TheSarajevoassassinati
on[1914]spar
kedthewar. bondagai nstrepubli
canFrance[ whichwasoner easonwhy
hewant edFr ancet oremainar epubli
c].Bismar ckwasabl et o
i
solate Fr ance by bef r
iending Aust r i
a Hungar y and
CausesofWor
ldWarOne[
indet
ail
] Russiawhom Fr ancecouldgetint ofr
iendshipwi th.

1]TheAl lianceSy stem Ter msoft hisTreaty

Thesy st em ofal l
i
anceswasi nit
iat
edbyOt tovonBismar ck  -Theleaguemember sagr eedtocooper ateinthe
who was t he Chancel l
or of Ger many f rom 1871 t o suppressionofsubv er
siveactivi
tiesintheircount
ri
es.
[Link] l
owi ngthedef eatofFr ancebyGer manyi nthe1870-  -Theyagr eedtoconsul teachot herifotherpowers
71Fr anco- Prussianwar .Bismar ckwasdet ermi nedtoprevent threat
enedEur opeanpeace.
any at tempt s by t he Fr ench t or egaint he mineralrich  -Thethreemonar chsagr eedtoconsul teachother
provi
ncesofAl sace- Lorraineort ofindalli
esi nEuropewho aboutev entsint heBalkans.
wouldbepr eparedt oassi stheri nawarofr [Link]
al l
y  -Thethreeagr eedt oassisteachot herincaseofan
Bismar ck’sf or
eign pol i
cy was gear ed t
owar ds isol
ating attackofanymemberbyt woormor epower s.
Francewhowasseenast hegr eatestdangert othenewl y  -I
ncaseofanat tackbyonecount ry,ot
herswer eto
createdGer manRei [Link] sace-Lorr
ai nehadbeenabsor bed remainneut ral
[nottointervene].

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STORY

b]
TheDualAl
li
ance[
1879]  -
Theypromisedeachot herneutral
i
tyifoneoft hem
I
twassi
gnedbyGermanyandAust
ri
a-Hungar
y wasatt
ackedbyaf our
thpower[ si
ngle]power.
 -
Austr
ia–Hungarywasal l
owedt oannexBosni aand
Ter msoft hi
st reaty Her
zegovina.
 -Thet wocount ri
espr omi sedmut ualaidifoneofthem  -
Therewast obecreat
ionofaBi gBul gari
a[theunionof
wasat t
ackedbyRussi a. Bul
gari
aandEasternRoumel i
a]underRussian
 -Thet wopromi sedmut ual ai
di foneoft hem was i
nfl
uence.
attackedbyanypowerassi stedbyRussi a.  -
Theall
iancewastober enewedaftereverythreeyear
s.
 -Theypr omisedeachot herai difeitherofthem were
attackedbyt woormor epower s. d]
TheTr
ipl
eAl
li
ance[
1882]
 -Theypr omisedeachot herneut r
ali
tyinthecaseofan
attackbyanyot hercount ry,f
orexampl e,France. Itwassi gnedbyGer many ,Aust r
ia-Hungar yandI tal
y.I
twasan
 -Thet r
eatyclearlypromi sedsuppor ttoGermanyi nthe enlargementoft he1879DualAl l
iancet oi ncludeItaly.I
taly
eventofaj ointattackbyFr anceandRussi a. j
oined because she r esented Fr ench expansi on i
n Nor th
Afri
[Link] ck secretly encour aged Fr ench ambi ti
ons i n
c]
TheRenewedDr
eikai
ser
bundTr
eat
y[1881] Nor t
hAf ri
ca,mai nl
yt odiver therf rom schemi ngtor ecov er
Alsace–Lor r
aineandt obringFr ancei ntocol l
isionwithI t
aly,
Bismar ckfearedthatFrancemi ghtcomei ntoanagr eement whohadambi t
ionsandsome20000set tl
ersi nTunisar [Link]
withRussi a[
Hewant edt okeepFr ancei solated]
.Asar esult 1881t heFr enchr el
uctanttoseeanI tal
iancol onyestablished
Bismar ckpersuadedRussiaandAust r
ia-Hungar yt
or enewthe ont hebor der sofFr enchAl ger
ia,t ookBi smar ck’
shi ntand
oldDr eikai
serbund.
TsarAlexanderIIhaddi edandBi smarck occupiedTuni [Link] talyi
nt othear msofGer manyand
renewed t he League ofthe Three Emper ors with Austr
ia- thef ol
lowingy ear[ 1882]Italyjoinedt het wopower soft he
Hungar yandRussi [Link]
lit
yofaFr anco-Russi
an 1879Dual All
iancetof ormt heTr i
pleAl l
iance.
all
iancewasbani shed.
Termsoft hi
sTreaty Termsoft hi
sTreaty
 -Ger
manyandAustri
a-Hungar
yagreedt
ohelpIt
alyi
f
 -
Thethreepowersagreedt
oconsul
teachot
heri
n shewereat
tackedbyFrance.
mat
tersoftheBalkans.  -I
tal
yagr
eedtohelpGermanyifshewereat
tackedby

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STORY

Fr ance.  -Bothpr omisedt oremainneut rali

feit
herofthem was
 -Eachoft hesepower sagreedtohel pifeit
heroft he atwarwi t
hat hi
rd[si
ngle]power .
power swer eatt
ackedbyanyt woormor epower s.  -I
fRussi aattackedAustr ia-
HungaryorifGermany
 -Ger manyandAust ria-Hungaryagr eedthattheywoul d attackedFr ancetheywer etoremainneutr
al.
hel peachotheragainstaRussi anattackofeitherof  -Theywer eal sototryandl ocali
setheconfl
ict.
them.  -Germanywast osuppor tRussianclai
mstoi nf
luence
 -I
ncaseofanywart hatinv ol
vedBr it
ain,I
tal
ywast o Bulgarianaf f
airs.
remai nneutral
.
 -Eachoft hesepower sagreedtor emai nneutr
alifeit
her f
]TheFr
anco-
Russi
anAgr
eement
/DualAl
li
ance1894
oft hem wasat t
ackedbyasi ngle.
 -thealli
ancewasj oinedint hefoll
owi ngyear[1883]by  Itwassi gnedbyRussi aandFr ance. Francewaswi thout
Romani aandl ateronbyTur key. anal lybutby1890shef eltsheneededone,par tly
becauseofherweaknessi nr elati
ont oGer manyand
e]TheRe-
insur
anceTr
eat
y[1887] partl
y because she was i ncr easi ngly comi ng i nto
confl
ictwi th GreatBr i
tai
n and I taly ov ercol oni al
 It was si gned by Ger many and Russi [Link] mat t
[Link] ahadat radi t
ionofal li
ancewi thGermany
Dreikai
ser bundwassupposedt ober enewedi n1887 butshehadcomet or eal
iset hatwhenev erAust rian
butf ai
led,owi ngt oAust r
o-Russi anant agonism ov er andRussi aninterestsclashedi nt heBal kans,Germany
theBal kanaf fairs.
Att hattimet heRussi anpr esswas wasl ikelytosuppor tAust [Link] efor ein1890when
acti
v el
yant i
-German and ar ti
cleswer eadv ocating a herexi stingt r
eatywi t
hGer manyl apsed,shedi dnot
Franco-Russianal l
[Link] hreatt oGer many ’
s renew [Link] smissalofBi smar cki n1890mar keda
poli
cy ofkeepi ng Fr ance [Link] i mpr ovet he turni
ng poi nt i n t he r elat i
ons of Eur opean
Russo-Ger manr elati
ons,Bi smar cksecr etlysignedt he [Link]
enchi sol
ationdi edanat uraldeat hasa
Re-i
nsur ancet reatywi thRussi [Link] gnedwi thout resul
tofKai ser’
spol i
[Link] heRe- i
nsurancet reat y
theknowl edgeofI talyandAust ria-Hungary . needed t o be r enewed i n 1890,Kai ser Wi l
liam
i
gnor [Link] gnedt heDualAl li
ancewi thFr ance
Ter
msoft
hisTr
eat
y becausesi nce1888Russi awasbei nggi venFr ench

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 DEPARTMENTOFHUMANI
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STORY

l
oans,whichgr
eat
lyhel
pedhert
ofi
nanceheri
ndust
ri
al  -Bri
tainwast osupportJapanint heFarEasti fJapan
pr
ogress. wasi nawarwi thtwoot herpower s.
 -I
feitherofthem wast owagewaragai nsttwopower s,
Termsoft hisTreaty herallywasboundt ojoinher.
 -I
fFr ancewasat tackedbyGer manyal oneorby  -I
feitherpowerwenttowart omai ntai
nt heFarEastern
Ger manyandI taly,Russiawoul dhelpher. statusquo, t
heotherpromisedt oremai nneut r
al.
 -I
fRussi awasat tackedbyGer manyal oneorby  -I
fJapanwasatwarwi thathir
dpower[ singl
epower ]
Ger manyandAust ria-
Hungar y,Francewouldhel pher. Brit
ainwast oremainneut r
al.
 -Theal l
iancewast ocont inueasl ongast hetri
ple  -I
fBr i
tai
nwasatwarwi thathirdpower[ singlepower]
all
iancewasi nf orce[aclearindicati
onthattheywer e Japanwast oremainneutral
.
gearedt owardsawar ].
 -Bri
tainrecogni
sedJapan’sinterestsinKor ea.
 -I
fthemember soft hetr
iplealli
ancemobi li
sed,France
andRussi aweretomobi li
seimmedi at
ely
.
WhyBr
it
ainabandonedthepoli
cyofsplendi
disol
ati
on/
Why
g]
TheAnglo-JapaneseAl li
ance[ 1902]
Bri
tai
nlookedforal
li
es

 ItwassignedbyBr i
tai
nandJapan. Brit
ainapproached  -Shewant edanallywhocouldcheckRussi anand
Japanin1902becauseshewant edanal l
ywhocoul d Ger manyexpansi onistambi
tionsint heFarEast
checkRussianandGer manexpansi oni
stambi tionsin especiallyChina.
theFarEastespeciall
yChi na.
Thealli
ancewasmeantt o  -Allt
hemaj orpowershadalignedt hemselv es,
for
guardagainstthemov ementofRussi aintheFarEast , exampl e,thedual al
li
anceof1879, t
heFr anco-Russian
thati
s,inManchur iaandKor ea.
Japanal sowant edan all
ianceof1893- 4andt heTripleall
ianceandsoon.
all
y who coul d help her pl an for a war agai nst  -Bri
tai
nhadt hedesiretocontrolRussianexpansioni n
Russia[
Russo-Japanese war1904] .Thi
s all
iance was theBal kans.
thefi
rstst
epwhi chBr i
taintooktoendheri solat
ion.  -Armsr acewi thGermanyandot herpower s.
 -Germangunboatdi plomacy
 -Divi
sionofEur opeintotwohost il
ecampshi nt
edt he
Ter
msoft
hisTr
eat
y vulnerabil
ityofBri
tain.

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STORY

 -TheFashodai ncidentof1898 Termsoft hisTreaty

 -Thecongratul
at orymessageofKai serWi ll
iam t
oPaul  -Bri
tainagreednott oopposeFr enchai msi nMorocco.
Kruggerin1896af tertheJamesonr ai
df ail
ure.  -Bri
tainpromi sedFranceaf r
eehandi nMor occowhilst
 -TheAnglo-Boerwarof1899- 1902.I
nthiswart he Brit
ain’soccupationofEgy ptwasnott obeopposed.
KaisergavetheBoer sf oodsuppli
es.  -Thust heyrecognisedeachot her’
sinterestsinAf
rica.
 -TheKaiser’
spr oclaimedWel t
ipol
iti
kthreatenedBri
ti
sh  -Thetwoagr eedtowor ktogetheri
nt heev entofa
supremacy confli
ct.
 -Bri
tai
n’snavalsuper ioritywasbeingchal l
engedby
USA, JapanandGer many i
]Angl
o-Russi anAgr eement[ 1907]
 -Germanylookedf orcol oni
esnexttoBritishones  Itwassi gnedbyBr itai
nandRussi [Link] gnedi nSt
Pet ersburgi nRussi a.I
twasal soknownast heAngl o-
h]TheEnt enteCor dial
e/Angl o-French- Ent ente/Angl o-French Russi anagr eement .Thef earofaFr anco-Russi andr ive
agreement[ 1904] agai nstIndiaforcedBr i
taintoopposet heext ensionof
 I twassi gnedbyBr i
tainandFr [Link] entei san Russi [Link] enthedownf allofNapol eonIIIdi d
agreementt oset t
lear easofdi sput [Link] eement notmaket heBr iti
shf eelsecurei nt heirpossessi onof
wasmai nlyconcernedwi t
hcol oni almat ters.I
twasnot [Link] he end oft he nineteent h cent uryRussi a’s
dir
ect edagai nstspeci ficenemi es. Itwasnotami l
it
ary posi ti
on was gr owing pr ogressivel y stronger t han
all
iance. I
twasai medatf osteri
ngco- oper ati
onbet ween Britain.
Russi a conquer ed mostofCent ralAsi a and
Brit
ain and Fr ance,especi al
lyi n set tli
ng di sputes extendedheri nfluencet oManchur iaandKor ea, posing
concer ning ov erseas t err
itor
ies. Bri
tain and Fr ance at hreattoBr it
ishinterestsinChi [Link] li
t ary
abandonedt hei
rt radit
ionaldi ffer [Link] wower e all
iance and not necessar i
ly ant i Ger [Link]
drawn t ogetherbyt he common f earofGer many ’
s agr eementl edt othef ormationoft het ri
pleent ente.
i
ntent [Link] l
liam andt her estoft hewor l
d,i
t
showedt hatBrit
ainpr ef err
edFr ancet oGer many .
This Termsofthi
sTreaty
all
iancemadeFr ancet owor khar dt odr aw hert wo  -
Bri
tainandRussi aset
tl
edthei
rcolonial
disputesin
fri
ends[ Russi aandBr itain]together . Per
sia,Afghanist
anandTibet.
 -
Thet woalsosettledt
hei
rdif
ferencesoverIndia.

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 -Tibetwhichwasofi nteresttobothwasdecl aredtobe  -

Theyagreedt hatnei
theroft
hem wouldi
nter
fer
ein
neut r
al. Ti
bet’
sinternalaf
fair
s.
 -Theyagr eedthatneitheroft hem wouldint erferei
n  -
China’
ssov erei
gntywastoberecogni
sed.
Tibet’sint
ernalaf
fairs.  -
Acompl etebalanceofpowerwasstruck
 -Thet reat
yrecognisedBr itai
n’si
nfluenceov er .
Afghani st
an.
 -Russiagainedcont r
ol ov erNort
her nPersia.
 -Brit
aingainedcont r
ol ofSout hEastandt hePer si
an Cont
ri
but
ionoft
heAll
ianceSy
stem t
otheout
break
Gul f
. ofWorl
dWarOne
j
]TheTripleEnt ente[1907]
 -I
tcall
edf orthei nconv enienceofmanycount r
ies
 Itwas si gned byBr itai
n,Fr ance and Russi [Link]
becauseoft hef eelingofi nsecur i
ty.
br oughthert wo fri
ends t [Link] and Russi a
 -Bi
smar ck’ sall
ianceshel pedt oi ncreaset hefearsof
i
r oned outt hei
r differences. The suppor tgi ven by
othernat ionsespeci al
lyFrance, whichbeganaf r
antic
Russi atoFr anceandBr i
tainatAl geci rasConf erencei n
searchf or al
l
iest ocount ert het ri
pleal l
iance.
1906dr ew t hem together .Thisal l
iancewasdescr ibed
 -I
tledtot hedivisionofEur opei ntot woar medand
ast heant i
-Germancl ubofBr it
ain,Russi aandFr ance.
equall
yopposi ngcamps, t
hati s,tri
pleal l
ianceand
Thi sall
iancewasmeantt ocount ert hetripleal
liance
tri
pleent ente.
.
Termsoft hisTr eat y  -Thetwocampsi ncr easedst rengt hy earafteryear.
 -Theyagr eedtodividePer sia[I
ran]i ntot hreespher es  -Therelat i
onsbet weent het wocampswor sened.
ofi nfl
uence.  -Theall
iancesoper atedt oconv ertalocal quarrelint
oa
 -TheNor thernsphereincl udingTehr anwast obeunder generalwar .
Russi aninf l
uence.  -Thesetwocampswer etheonest hatf oughtthewarof
 -TheSout hernspher ewast obeunderBr iti
shinfluence. 1914.
 -Tibetwhi chwasofi nterestt obot hwasdecl aredt obe  -Thearmi esreadyf orwaront hecont inentweret he
neut ral
. l
argestev erformedi nEur opei nt i
meofpeace.

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Ot
herFact
orswhi
chl
edt
otheout
breakofWor
ldWarOne of1904 and t
her
efor
ethey cement
ed t
hei
rrel
ati
onshi
p
agai
nstGer
many
.
 -Navalracewhi chincreasedtensionbetweenBr
it
ain
andGer many 3]Nav
alr
ace
 -Coloni
al clasheswhichincreasedenmi t
yamong  -I
twast hecompet i
tionf orbui ldi
ngwar shi psespeci
all
y,
Europeanpower s betweenBr itai
nandGer many .
 -TheSar ajevoassassinati
onwhi chbroughtt
hef
atal  -I
n1870Ger manypassednav all
awsai medatt he
clashbet weenal l
i
edandcent ralpowers const r
uct i
onofbi gwar shi ps.
 -Bri
tainwhoconsi der edher selfast hemi st r
essofthe
Eur
opeanpower si
nvol
vedi
ntheSy
stem ofAl
li
ances seaf el
tt hreatened.
 -Germany -
Aust r
ia-
 -I
n1889Br it
ainv owedt omakehernav yt wicestr
onger
Hungary
thananyt woEur opeancount riescombi ned.
 -Russia -
Br i
tai
n
 -Aft
er1890Ger manychal lengedt hisvi
ewandbegan
 -Turkey -
Ital
y
compet ingwi t
hBr i
tainandpassednav allawsai medat
 -France -
Bulgaria
speedingupshi ppr oduct ion.
 -Between1898and1900Ger manydoubl edher
2]Col
oni
alcl
ashes/
conf
li
cts/
riv
alr
y
warshipsf rom 31t o62.
They al so hel ped t o pr oduce t he cat acly
sm of
 -Bri
tainfeltthreat enedandwentont ointroducenew
[Link] sunderst
andingswhi cht ookpl aceamongEur opean
typeofshi pknownasdr eadnought .
nati
onsast heycompet edt ocont rolAfri
cant err
it
oriescaused
 -Thi
st ypeofshi pdomi nat edt heseasdur i
ngwor ldwar
thewar .
Thesei mperialconf li
ctsst r
ainedr elat
ionsbet ween
one.
majorpower s.
Almostal lEuropeancount r
iesrushedt ocontrol
 -Thi
sputGer manyatadi sadv antagebecauset he
Afri
canl andandt hisresultedindisputesov ercont r
olofsome
dreadnoughtwascompar ablymor epower fult
hanany
ter
ri
tories,forexampl ethecl ashbet weenI tal
yandFr ance
otherbat tl
eshipi nexi stenceatt hatti
me.
overTuni sia,theFashodai nci
dentandsoon. In1905and
1911,Fr anceandGer manyconf l
ictedov erMor [Link]  -I
twasf asterandst rongert hananyot hershi p.
 -
Thi
srender
edot
hershi
psv
irt
ual
l
yusel
ess.
wast akenasat hreatbyt hemember soft heEnt enteCordial
e

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 -Germanynotwant ingtobeout competedmadeher armywi thf earandbegant oarm.

owndr eadnoughti n1909.  -Theyi ncreasedar mst ocount erGer many ’
smi li
tary
 -Between1909and1912Ger manybuilt9 machi ne.
dreadnought swhi leBr i
tai
nconsequent lyl
aiddown18  -Almostal l Europeancount ri
esembar kedonmaki ng
tomai ntai
nhersupr emacy . weaponsi nor dertof ull
yequi pt hei
rar mies.
 -Thenav alracer eachedi t
speaki n1906wi t
hthe  -Ammuni t
ionf irmsmushr oomedal lov erEur ope.
l
aunchi ngoft hedr eadnoughtbyBr i
tai
n,which  -Attempt st ol i
mi tarmament shadf ailedatt heHague
sti
mulat edGer mannav alrival
ry. Conf erenceof1899.
 -By1914Br i
tainhadbui l
t32dr eadnoughtswhile  -TsarNi chol asI Ihadsuggest eda5y earhal tinar ms
Germanyhad20. i
ncr easesbutnoposi tiveproposal oft hatkindwas
 -Navalracei ncreasedt ensionbet weenBri
tainand accept ed.
Germany .  -Thel eadi nt her ej
ectioncamef rom Ger many .
 -Asar esultthemoodofmi li
tari
sm per vadedEur opeby
 -Togetherwi thmi l
itari
sm, navalracecement edthe
1914.
system ofal l
ianceswhi chhadbr oughtEuropenearer
 -Eachannouncementofi ncreasedar mament s
towart hant opeace.
expendi turebyaEur opeanpowerwasv i
ewedasa
threatbyi tsper cei
vedr ivalandt hiscr eat edan
Typesofshi psinv
olv
edi
nnav
alr
ace
atmospher eofmut ual f
earandsuspi cionwhi chplayed
-Dreadnoughts -
Bat
tl
e
amaj orpar tincr eati
ngt hemoodf orwari n1914.
cruiser
s
 -Oncest art
edi twasdi ffi
cultimpossi bl et oslowdown
-Li
ghtcruiser
s -
Crui
ser
s
armsr ace.
-Submar i
nes -
Dest
royers
 -Oneachsi det herewasacompl etelackoft rustinthe
i
nt entions.
4]Ar
msr
ace
 -Europeanpower spiledandpi l
edar msandonce
 -
Itwasthecompeti
ti
onintheproducti
onofarmaments.
armament swer eproducedwhatwasl eftwasan
 -
Duringt
heperi
odafter1870Germanyhadt hef
inest
oppor tunityt opul lt
het ri
gger .
mil
it
arymachi
neyetsheconti
nuedt oarm.
 -Armsr acei ncreasedi nsecur it
yamongnat ions.
 -
FranceandRussi
alookeduponGer many’
sownmi ght

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5]Mi
li
tar
ism` establisht hemsel vesi nt hewor ldsot hattheywoul dbe
 -I
twasani ncreasei nsol di ersbyEur opeanpower s. atpar[ samel evel]wi thot hergreatpower s.
 -From t heendoft heni net eent hcent urymostEur opean  -Somenat i
ons, forinstance, intheBal kanswer e
power shadbeeni ncreasi ngt heirarmies. anxioust oext endt heirr uleov erpeopleoft hesame
 -MostEur opeancount riesbegant oi nt
roduce nationality.
compul sor ymi l
itaryser vice.  -Serbia,forexampl e, hadf reedmanyofherf ell
ow
count rymenf r
om t her ul eofTur key
.
 -Ablebodi edmenwer ef orcedt ojointhearmy .
 -Shewast hereforeanxi oust ocompl etethetask.
 -France, f
orexampl e,wentont oincreasemi l
itary
 -Serbiawant edtowr est[ take]fr
om Aust ri
a-Hungary
servicef rom 2t o3y ears.
thet erri
toryont heAdr iat iccoastwhi chwasi nhabi
ted
 -Russiai ncr easedmi l
itaryser vi
cef rom thr
eet ot hree
bySl avicpeopl e[ Slavs].
andhal fyear s.
 -Thisexpl ainswhySer biaandAust ri
a-Hungar ywereat
 -Germanyi ncreasedhersol di
er supt o5mi ll
i
on.
l
ogger headsupt o1914.
 -Variouswarpl answer edr awn, forexampl e,Schlieffen  -Thuswor ldwaronegr ewoutofacl ashbet weenSl av
plan. nationalism andt hemul t i
-et hni
cAust ro-
Hungar ian
 -Rail
wayl ineswer econst ructedt or eachpossi bl
e Empi re.
battlefields.  -Aust r
ia-Hungar yhadi ncor poratedtheSlavpeopl eint
o
 -Thesear mi eswer enott or emai [Link] oput herempi re.
theirtrainingi ntousewasi nev i
table.  -Thisledst r
aightt otheSar ajevoassassination.

6]Nat
ional
ism 7]Ger
manyWel t
ipoli
tik
 -I
tisthewi shofpeoplewithacommonor i
gintobe  Aft
ertheresignationofBi smarckin1890,Germany
unit
edort oform anindependentcountr
y. adoptedapol i
cyofWel t
ipoli
ti
k,apoli
cyaimedat
 -TheBalkanpeople,forexample,werestr
uggli
ngtowin l
eadershipandev endomi nat
ingthewholewor l
[Link]
it
ain
thei
rnationali
ndependencef r
om TurkeyandAustri
a- wasnotpr eparedt oletanyonecountrydominate
Hungary. [Link] oughtNapol eonIforthi
sreasonand
 -Theywer eanxi
oustowi nallpeopl
eofthesamer ace wasnowpr eparedt ofi
ghtGer many.
undertheirnati
onalf
lagsandt heywereanxi
ousto

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cont rolov erEgy pt.

8]
Kaiser
’sutt
erances/
Tact
lesspubl
icst
atement
s  -Mor occohadbeenr egar dedbyEur opeasof f
icially
bytheKaiser i
ndependentandunderj ointsuper vi
sionbyal lpower s
since1900.
 Kaiser
’spubl
i
cstat
ementscausedthe1914war .
For
 -TheEnt ent eCordi al
emeantFr ancewoul dignor et he
i
nstance,t
heKai
sercongrat
ulat
edPaulKruggeraf
ter
i
ndependenceofMor occo.
theJamesonrai
dfail
ure.
Thi
sprovokedBr
itai
n
 -Thecor dialewasal someantt oexcludeGer man
i
nt erestsi nMor occo.
9]TheSchl
ief
fenpl
an
 -Ger manywhi chhadeconomi candt radinginter estsi n
 I
tal socausedt he1914gener alwar.I
twasaGer man
Mor occocoul d, i
nnoway ,acceptt het akeov erof
warpl andev i
sedbyGener alAlfredv onSchl
i
ef fenin
Mor occobyFr ance.
[Link] dingt othispl
anGer manywantedtoi nvade
 -TheGer manyKai serf eltt hatGer many ’
sinterest shad
Francev i
aBel gium yetBr
it
ai nandGer manyhadagr eed
beensi delinedsinceGer manyhadbeenl eftoutoft he
nott ov iol
ateBel gi
anneutr al
it
y[ 1839Londontreaty]
.I
t
negot iationsov ert hef ate[ destiny
]ofMor occo.
wast hev iolati
onofBel gianneut ral
it
ywhichbr ought
 -I
n1905t heKai serandhi schancel lorBul ow, visited
Brit
aini ntothewar .
Tangi er,acoast al cityi nMor occo,inanat t
emptt o
teachFr anceal essont hatshecannotdependon
Britainal one.
10]TheMor
occanCr
isi
s  -TheKai serwaskeent oshowt hatGer manywasnow
ani mpor tantpoweri nt hear ea.
a]Fi
rstMor
occanCr
isi
sof1905/TheTangi
erCr
isi
s  -TheKai seralsowant edt ot estthest rengthoft he
[1905] Angl o-Frenchent ente[ Ent ent ecordial of1904] .
 -Byt hatt imeRussi awast ooweakt obear eliabl eally
 -
Ger manylearntaboutthesecr
etagreement[
Entente asshehadbeendef eat edbyJapani nt heRusso-
Cordial
]betweenFranceandBr i
tai
n. Japanesewarof1904.
 -
Ont hisagreementFrenchclai
msonMor occower e  -I
n a speech t he Kai ser suppor ted t he Sul t ans
recognisedbyBrit
ainwhil
eFranceaccept
edBrit
ish [Mor occans]i nt heirst ruggl eagai nstt heFr [Link]
madeabol dspeecht ryingt oconv incet heSul tanst hat

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Germanywouldsuppor tt
hei ndependenceofMor occo. Agadi
rCr
isi
sof1911
 -Bot
hBrit
ainandFrancewer eanger edbythi
s
behavi
ouroftheKaiserandt hreat
enedwar .
 -TheKai serWi l
liam I Ihadbeendi sappoi ntedbyt he
 -Ger
manywentont odemandaconf er
encetosettl
e
outcomeoft heAl geci r
asconf erencei n1906.
thedi
sputeandthi
sconf erencewashel datAlgecir
as
 -I
n1908, t
heFr enchsecur edt heel ectionofanew
i
nSpainin1906.
Sultanof ,Mor occobecauset hepr eviousonewas
againstt heFr enchpol i
cyi nMor occo.
TheAl
gecirasConf er enceof1906
 -I
n1911, arisingoccur redagai nstt hisnewSul tanand
 -Thisconf erencewashel di nSpain.
i
nor dert osuppr essi ttheFr enchf orcesoccupi edthe
 -Itwasat t
endedbyBr i
tain,France,Germany ,Austria-
Mor occancapi tal,Fez.
Hungar y,Spai n, Russi aandI t
aly.
 -TheFr enchcl aimedt hatt heFr enchci t
izenswer ein
 -Atthi sconf er encei tbecamecl earthatBriti
shbacki ng
danger .
forFr ancewasr eal
.
 -Atthi sconf er encet heKai serwashumi li
[Link]  -TheKai sersensi ngdangeroft otalcont rolofMor occo
want edtoappearasamaj orpowerinAf r
ica. byFr ancesentaGer mangunboatcal ledt hePant her
,to
 -Instead,hisv iewswer erejected. thewestcoastpor tofMor occoatAgadi rclaimingt o
 -Hewaspar ticul arl
ybi tteraboutt hewayhewast reated, protectGer manswhol ivedt herebutt her ewer enone.
asi fhehadnor i
ghtt ospeakonsuchmat ters.  -Ther ealr easonswer e[ a]t of r
ightenFr ancei ntogi v
ing
 -OnlyAust r
ia- Hungar ysuppor tedher,therest hersomecol onialt er
r i
tor yi n compensat i
on fort he
suppor t
edFr enchcont rolofMor occo. l
ikelyoccupat i
onoft hewhol eofMor occobyFr ance.[b]
 -Itwasagr eedt hatMor occoshoul dremain Ger manyal sowant edt ot estt hest rengt hoftheAngl o-
independent , butFr enchandSpani shpoli
cef orces FrenchEnt ent eof1904.
wer et okeepor dert here.  -TheGer manyact ionexci tedBr iti
shopi nionasAgadi r
 -TheKai serwhof elthumi li
atedv owedt or everset he wascl oset oGi braltar,aBr iti
sht erri
tor yi nthe
deci sionwhenGer many ’snav ywaspower ful enough. Medi terranean.
 -TheBr i
ti
shandFr enchsuspect edt hatt heKaiser
b]TheSecondMor
occanCr
isi
s/Pant
herCr
isi
s/ want edt oest abl i
shanav al baseatAgadi rwhichwoul d
threatenBr i
tain’st rader out es.

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 -Theyalsosuspect edt hatGer manywant edt odestroy camps.

theAngl o-FrenchEnt enteort heTr i
pleEntente.  -Therelat
ionshipbet weenBr i
tai
nandFr ancewas
 -Thi
sr esultedintheBr i
tishst andingf i
rmlybehind furt
[Link]
nandFr ancesignedanaval
Franceandi twasi ndi cat edthatBr it
ainwouldnot agreementi n1912.
acceptGer manbul lying.  -TheBriti
shandFr enchreal
isedthattheyhadtotakea
 -TheBr i
tishfleetwaspr epar edforact i
on. fir
m standagai nsttheKaiser’
sbull
y i
ngtacti
cs.
 -Forsomeweekst ensi onwashi ghandt herewast he  -I
tincr
easedopposi ti
onagainstGermanyi nEurope.
dangerofanar medcol li
si on.
 -Thethreecount r
ies[ Br i
tain,FranceandGer many ] 11]Th eBosni anCr i
sisof1908
madepr eparationf orwar .  -Aft
ertheCongr essofBer li
ni n1878,Austri
a-Hungar y
 -Tensionwasonl yeasedwhenFr ancedeci dedt ogive wasgi vent hemandat et ogov ernBosniaand
partofFr enchCongo[ 100000squar emi l
es]to Herzegov ina.
Germany .  -Ontheot herhandSer biawant edtocontrolthem since
 -Howev erGer manyhaddemandedt hewhol eofFrench theinhabi tantsoft het wopr ov i
nceswereSer bs/Sl avs.
Congo.  -I
n1908, ar evolut iont orecei vetheTurkishemper or,
 -I
nr et
urnGer manyr ecogni sedt heFr enchoccupation Abdul Hami dwasor ganisedbyt heYoungTur ks.
ofMor occoandwi thdr ewt hePant her.  -TheYoungTur ks’ cent r
al aim wast orevit
ali
set he
weakeni ngTur kish/Ot t
omanEmpi r
eandt hen
 -Thecr i
sisendedwi thoutawar .
maintaint heaut ocr acy .
 -Therev olutionshockedt hemaj orpowersofEur ope,
Cont
ri
but i
onoft heMor occanCr i
sistotheout
breakofWorld
especiallyRussi aandAust ri
a-Hungarysinceast rong
WarOne
Turkeywoul ddist urbt heirinterests.
 - I
tmadeGer manytospeedupherwarpr epar
ati
ons.
 -Suchast rongTur kishgov ernmentcouldmakeAust ri
a
 - Al
thoughwarwasav erteditwasonlyamat t
erof
-Hungar ylosehercont rolov erBosniaandHer zegov i
na.
postponement .
 -Therefore, befor et hegov ernmentoft heYoungTur ks
 - Fr
enchhopesofabet terrel
ati
onshipwi
thGermany
couldbeest abl
ished, Aust ria-HungarymetRussi aand
werewr ecked.
agreedt hatAust r
ia-Hungar yshoul dannexBosni aand
 - I
tledtofurtherdi
visi
onofEur opeint
otwohosti
le

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Her zegov i
na. [Link]
aandSer biagavein.
 -Russi awasal lowedt omov eherwar shipst hr
ought he  -Al
thoughBr i
tai
nandFr ancedidnotrecogni
sethe
Dar danel lesandBosphor ust otheMedi terranean. annexat ionofBosniaandHer zegovi
nabyAust r
ia-
 -I
nOct ober1908, Aust r
ia-Hungar yannexedBosni aand Hungar y
, t
heywerenotpr epar
edtohelpRussiaor
Her zegov i
na, conf i
dentofsuppor tf r
om Ger many . Serbia.
 -Thiswasabl owt oSer biawhowant edt oacqui rethe  -Neit
herRussi anorSerbiawaspr epar
edtor i
skwar
twopr ovinceswhi chhad3000000Ser bs. withGer manyov ertheissue.
 -Serbiawant edt ocr eateaSout hSl avst at
e,t hatis,  -Austria-
HungarykeptBosni aandHerzegovina.
Yugosl av ia [ a uni on of Ser bia wi th Bosni a and
Her zegov i
na] .
She want ed t o cr eate a uni on ofal l Cont
ri
butionoftheBosni anCrisi
stot heoutbreakofWor l
d
Sout her nSl avst at esundert heSer biancr own. WarOne
 -Russi af eltcheat edbyAust ri
a-Hungar ysi nceshe  -ItencouragedRussiatoincreaseherar myfurther
.
fai
ledt ogeti nt ernat ional supportofherpl ansf orthe  -Itworsenedrelat
ionsbetweenGer manyandRussi a.
straits.  -Theenmi tybetweenRussi aandAust r
ia-Hungarywas
 -Theannexat ionofBosni aandHer zegov inablocked i
ncreased.
Ser bi
anpat ht ot heAdr iati
cSea.  -Iti
ncreasedtensionbetweenSer biaandAust r
ia-
 -TheSer bi angov er nmentpr eparedt omobi l
iseher Hungarythatatanygivent i
met hetwocount r
ieswould
army . f
ightoverBosniaandHer zegovina.
 -Serbiaappeal edf orhel pf r
om fellowSl avs.  -Itl
edt othefor
mat i
onoft heBlackHand.
 -Russi acal l
edf oraEur opeanConf erenceandexpect ed
suppor tfrom Br itainandFr ance.
 -Howev er ,Russi adi dnotgetsuppor tf rom Br i
tainand
France.
 -Russi aal onecoul dnotf i
ghtAust ri
a- Hungar ybecause
shehadnotf ullyr ecov eredf r
om t hedef eatbyJapani n
the1904Russo- Japanesewarandshewasweakened
byt he1905r ev ol ution. 12]TheBal
kanWar
s
 -Ger mant hreat enedt ogi vemaxi mum suppor tto

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Adrianople,Tur
keywasf or cedtomakepeace.
a]Fi
rstBal kanWarof1912  -Austri
a-HungaryandGer manyhadst oodaside
 -On12Oct ober1912t heFi rstBal kanLeaguewhi ch expectingthattheTurkswoul ddef eattheBalkan
compr isedofGr eece, Serbia, Mont enegr oandBul gari
a League, butbothhadgr av elymiscalculated.
decl aredwaronTur key.  -Turkeywasdef eatedinr oughly6weeks.
 -Theygai nedaswi ftv i
ctory .  -Thegreatpower swereshockedbyt hisremarkabl
e
 -Theydr ov eTur ksoutofmostoft heEur opeant erri
tory successoft heBalkanst ates.
oft heBal kans.  -Theyimmedi atel
ycall
edf orameet i
ngi nLondonto
 -TheTur kishgov ernmentat tempt edt oi ntroducea decidet hefut
ureoftheBal kanaffairs
commonl aw,anat ionallanguageandsoon.
 -I
naddi tion, r
eal poweri nTur keyr estedwi thaf ew TheTr
eatyofLondon[ 1913]
ambi t
iousar myof ficerswhosuppr essedt hesubj ect  -Byt hist reatyTur keylostnear lythewhol eofher
peopl es. territoryinEur opet otheBal kanst ates.
 -Ther enewedTur kishper secut ionf orcedt heBalkan  -Greecewast ogetThr aceandSal onika.
statest ocastt hei rrival
ryandj ealousi es.  -Ser biawast ogetal argerpar tofMacedoni a.
 -Allthesecausedr esent mentt ot hemi noriti
esagai nst  -TheGeekgov ernmentf eltcheat edasi tdidnotgai na
Tur key . largert erritoryinMacedoni a.
 -TheBal kanLeaguewant edt odr iveTur keyoutofal l  -Bul gari
awasdi ssat i
sfi
edbyt hist reatyandwas
herEur opeant erri
tor i
es. det ermi nedt or evisethistreaty.
 -Eachmemberoft heBal kanLeaguehopedt oobt ai
na  -Eachgov ernmentf el
titgainedl ittle.
por ti
onoft heter r
itorystillunderTur kishr ule.  -Asar esul t,theFirstBalkanLeague[ coali
tion]soonf el
l
 -TheBal kanst at eswi t
nessedt heweaknessesof apar t
.
Tur keywheni tfoughtwi thI talyi n1911i nLibya.  -Aust ri
a- Hungar ywasconcent ratingont heset tingup
 -TheI talianshaddecl aredwaronTur keyi n1911and ofasmal lstate,Albaniaint heEast ernpar tofSer biato
attackedt heTur kishpr ovinceandv eryqui ckly blockSer biafrom possessi ngapor ti
nt heAdr iati
cSea.
defeat edt heTur kishf orces.  -Thisanger edSer biaasi twasi tskeyt erri
tor i
al
 -Whent heSer biansandBul garianscapt ured object ivesi ncei twasal andl ockedcount r
y.

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STORY

Bal
kanSt
atesinvol
vedi
ntheFi
rstBal
kanWar attackedSer bia.
 -Gr
eece -Ser
bia  -Thisfor cedGr eece,RomaniaandTur keyt
odeclar
e
 -Montenegro -Bul
gari
a waronBul garia.
 -Serbia,Gr eeceandRomani ahadf ormedtheSecond
Bal
kanSt atesbef
oreWor
ldWarOne BalkanLeague.
-Al
bania -
Macedoni a  -TheTur ksjoinedthewarbecauset heyhadseeninthi
s
-
Bulgari
a -
Serbi
a disputeanoppor t
unityofr
egaini
ngsomeoft hei
rlost
-
Greece -
Bosnia Europeant erri
tory.
-
Herzegovina -
Mont enegr
o  -I
nl esst hanamont hBulgari
ahadbeenqui t
eeasil
y
-
Romani a -
Thrace defeat ed.
-
Crete -
Sal
oni ka
TheTr
eatyofBuchar est[1913]
 -Thistreat ywassi gnedaf t
ertheSecondBal kanWar .
b]TheSecondBal
kanWarof1913  -Buchar estwast hecapitalcit
yofRomani a.
 -Thiswarwasf oughtov erhowt odi str
ibut
et hespoil
s  -Bythist reaty,SerbiaandGr eecekeptt hosepartsof
ofv i
ctoryoftheFi r
stBalkanWar . Macedoni a,butundert heAust ro-Hungarianand
 -Bulgari
awasangr ywi t
ht hesettlement[Treatyof Ger manypr essure.
London]of1913.  -Foritspar t,TurkeyregainedAdr ianopl
[Link]
awas
 -Shewasnotsat isf
iedbyherspoi lsofthewar . forcedt ogi veupAdr i
anople.
 -Shef el
tothercount r
iesgai nedatherexpense.  -TheSer bswer eonceagai ndeni edtheAdr i
aticpor
t.
 -Bulgari
agreatlyresentedt heGr eeksgetti
ngSal oni
ka.  -Romani agotpar tofBulgar i
anDobr uga.
 -Bulgari
awasnothappyaboutSer biabei
nggi venpart  -Austri
a- Hungar ywasagai ndet erminedtokeepSer bi
a
ofMacedoni abecauset hesear easwer esupposedt o landlocked.
hav ebeenpar tofBulgaria’sshar eofthespoils.
 -Bulgari
aclaimedpar tofMacedoni awhichSer bi
a
refusedtogiveup.
 -Thewarbr okeouti nJune1913whenBul garia

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Bal
kanSt at
eswhi
cht
ookpar
tint
heSecondBalkanWar foughtawarwi thSerbi
a[thesocal l
edbl ankcheque].
-
Serbia -
Greece  -Turkeyofcoursewouldber el
iedupont osupportsuch
-
Romani a -
Montenegro amov e.
-
Bulgari
a  -Serbi
abegant oencouragePan-Slavi
sm i nAustri
a-
Hungar ywhil
eAustri
a-Hungarywasdet erminedto
Cont
ributionoft heBal kanWar st ot heout br eakofWor ld crushSlavnati
onali
sm inhercount r
y.
WarOne  -Thusaf t
ert
het woBalkanwars,Aust r
ia-Hungarywas
 -Thewar sintensifiedbadr elat i
onsbet weenSer bi aand preparedtowageapr eventi
vewarwhi leSer biawas
Aust r
ia-Hungar y. preparedtowageawarofl i
berati
on.
 -Austria-
Hungar ywi thGer mansuppor twasdet ermi ned
tosuppr essort odest roySer bia. BalkanStat
est
hathadbecomei
ndependentfrom Tur
keyby
 -Serbiaemer gedf rom t hewarv ictori
ous, str
onger , 1912
mor econf i
dentandaggr essi vet hanev er. -
Mont enegr
o -Romania
 -Austria-
Hungar yf r
ust r
at edSer biannat ional ai
mswhen -
Bulgaria -Serbi
a
aftertheBal kanwar sshei nsi stedont hef ormat ionof -
Greece -Albani
a
Albani aasani ndependentst ateont heAdr i
[Link] s -
Macedoni a -Thrace
mov e det erred Ser bian expansi on t ot he Adr iati
c -
Salonika -Crete
coast l
[Link] ria-Hungar ywasdet er mi ned
tokeepSer biaal andl ockedcount ry. Et
hni
cGroupsi ntheBalkanSt
ates
 -The Ser bs wer e now conf i
dentt hatt he Aust rians  -Al
banians -
Ser
bs
want ed t o gai n a cont i
nuous t err
itor y across t he  -Bul
garians/Bulgars -
Greeks
Peninsul afrom t heAdr iatict ot heAegeanSeaandf or  -Macedonians -
Croats
thispur poseSer bi awhi chst ooddi rect l
yi nthei rpath  -Bosni
ans -
Montenegri
ns
woul d hav et o be r emov ed f r
om t he map as an  -Romani /Romanians
i
ndependentst ate.
 -Thewar smadet heFr anco- Russi anandt heAust r
o-
Ger mancommi tment st i
ght er.
 -TheKai serassur edtheAust ri
ansofhi ssuppor tifthey

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13]TheSar
ajev
oAssassinat
ion[
28June1914]/ andBl ackHandwasoneoft hem.
Sar
ajev
oinci
dent  -Betcht old,theAust ri
anChancel l
or,wel comi ngan
excusef orwar ,
claimedt hatt heSer biangov ernment
hadpl annedt heassassi nat ion.
 -On28June1914, theAr chdukeFr anci sFer di nand[an
 -Ther ewasnoev idencet oshowi nvolvementoft he
Aust riancr ownPr i
nce] ,thehei rtotheAust r
o-
Serbi angov ernment .
Hungar iant hroneandhi swi f
ewer edr i
v ingt hrought he
 -Aust ria-Hungar yconsul tedGer manyandwasgi vena
street sofSar ajevo, thecapi talofBosni a.
‘
blankcheque’ ful
l ofmi l
itarysuppor t.
 -Theywer emur der edbya19y earol dt errorist, Gavr
il
lo
 -Thespar khadnowbeenl i
tbyt heassassi nation,
Princip, alocal Serb.
whi chwasshor tl
yt oturnt hewhol eofEur opei nt oa
 -Principwasanar dentsuppor teroft hePan- Slav
furnace.
mov ementcal l
edBl ackHand[ whichwassponsor edby
 -On23Jul y1914, Aust ri
a-Hungar ysentanul t
imat um to
Ser bia].
Serbi awhosedemandswer ef ramedi nsuchawayt hat
 -Themur dererhadcomest r
aightfrom ameet ingofan
refusalwasboundt obet heanswer .A sat isfactory
anti-Aust ri
ansoci et y[Bl ackHand]i nt heSer biancapital
,
answerwasdemandedwi thin48hour s.
Belgr ade.
 -Thet hreedemandsi nt heul ti
mat um wer e[ a]That
 -Gav ril
loPr i
nci pwasal l
egedl ysaidt ohav ebeen
Serbi awast osuppr essal lsoci etiesor gani singant i
-
sponsor edbyt heSer bianBl ackHand.
Aust rianpr opaganda.[ b]ThatSer biawast odi smi ssall
 -Thegunwhi chPr incipusedwassuppl iedbyt he
officialst owhom Aust r i
a-Hungar yobj ected.[ c]That
Ser bianBl ackHand.
Aust rianpol iceandof f
icialswer et oent erSer biat o
 -Principwasgi v ent het askofassassi nat i
ngt he
ensur et hatt heset wodemandswer ecar r
iedout .
Archdukeandheshothi m.
 -Oft hesedemandsSer biaaccept edt hef i
rsttwo, but
 -Serbi awasbi tteraboutt heannexat i
onofBosni aand
refusedt het hir
d.
Her zegov inabyAust ria-Hungar yast hist hwar tedher
 -Thet ermsoft heul ti
mat um, especiallythet hirdt erm,
dream oft hef ormat i
onofaYugosl avnat ion.
wer eani mpr acti
cal possibi l
i
t ytobeunder takenast hey
 -Thisi swhySer bi
aencour agedPan- Slav ism in
meantl ossofsov ereignty.
Aust ria–Hungar y.
 -Serbi asuggest edt hatthet hirddemandshoul dbe
 -Ther ewer esev er
al organi sati
onswhi chwer ef ormed
submi ttedt oar bitrati
onbyt hei nternat i
onal cour tof

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j
usticeatHague.  -Germanyt houghtBrit
ainwoul dnoti
ntervenetoprotect
 -TheAust riangov ernmentr efusedt oconsi dert his theBelgianneutral
it
ysi nceitwasa‘scrapofpaper’.
courseandon28Jul y1914Aust ria-Hungar ydeclared  -On4August1914Aust r
ia–Hungar
ydecl aredwaron
waronSer bi aandwi t
hinaweekt hewhol eofEur ope Russia.
wasabl aze.  -Thusoneaf teranother,honouri
ngcommi t
mentsmade
 -Bri
tain, FranceandRussi ahadbeenwar nedby i
nt reat
ieswi t
halli
es,themaj orpowersofEur opewer e
Germanynott oi
nterfere. engaged int he mostcost lywart he world had yet
 -Russiawasnotwi ll
ingt oseeaf el lowSl avcount ry witnessed.
[Serbia]cr ushedbyast rongeropponentwhi l
eGer many
heldt her i
ng. Cont
ri
but i
onoft heSar ajevoAssassi nat
iont ot heoutbreak
 -Russiat oohadBal kanambi ti
onsofherownandher e ofWorl
dWarOne
wasachancet opur suet hem.  - I
ti ncreased enmi ty bet ween Aust r
ia-
Hungar y and
 -Accor dinglyon30Jul y1914Ni cholasI Iorder edt he Serbia.
gener almobi li
sat
ion ofRussi an ar mies,i n or dert o  - I
tbecamet hemat chst i
ckt hatlitt
hebonef i
re.
protectSer [Link] hr eatt oGer manywhi ch  - Theincidentshowedt heext entofGer mansuppor tf or
sentt wo ul timatums . One demanded t hatRussi a Austria-
Hungar yandRussi ansuppor tforSerbia.
shoul dst ophermobi lisati
[Link] heri nsistedt hat  - The ev entbr oughtt he cl ash bet ween t he Triple
Franceshoul dgivecl earguar ant eesofherneut rali
ty. all
ianceandt heTr i
pleent ente.
 -Aft
err eceiv i
ngar efusal ,Ger manydecl aredwarf i
rst  - The incidenthei ghtened Sl av national
ism and t he
onRussi a[ 1August1914]andsecondl yonFr ance[ 3 desireforselfdetermi nation.
August1914] .  - I
twasi mpor tantinthati tstartedthewar .
 -Byt het r
eat yofLondonof1839,Br itainandPr ussia  - Therewer emanyl ongt erm causesoft he1914war
hadpr omi sedt oguar ant eeBel gianneut r
alit
y . butthisincidentcameasani mmedi atecause.
 -Butont hei rwayt oFr ance,Ger mant r
oopsent ered
Belgium. Powersinv
olv
edi
ntheBal
kanCr
isisbetween1908and1914
 -On4August1914, Br i
taindecl ar edwaronGer many . -
Bulgar
ia -Romania
 -Thi
swasbecauseGer manmi litar i
stshadv i
olatedt he -
Greece -Ser
bia
sanct i
tyoft heLondonTr eaty. -
Albani
a -Montenegr
o

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STORY

-
Germany -
Turkey  -Germany v iolated t he neutr
ali
ty ofBel gium whi ch
-
Austr
ia-
Hungar
y -
Russia broughtBritainint othewar .
-
Bri
tai
n  -Germanysuppor t
ed Austria-
Hungaryint he Bosnian
cri
sis.
 -She ful
ly backed Aust r
ia-
Hungary’s aggr essiv
eness
overSerbiat hi
nki ngthatBrit
ainwouldnotint ervene.
 -German’sWel ti
pol i
ti
ksince1890wasat hreatt owor l
d
peace.
Whowastoblamef ort
heoutbreakofWorl
dWarOne?/  -ShedeclaredwaronFr ance
Cont
ri
but
ionorpartpl
ayedbyEuropeanpower
sint
he  -ShedeclaredwaronRussi a.
out
breakofWorldWarOne?
b]Aust
ri
a-Hungar
y
a]Ger
many  -Austria-Hungaryisbl amedf ordecl ari
ngwaronSer bia.
 -Bi
smar ck’salli
ancesy stem whi chwasanat t
emptt o  -She pur sued a car elessf oreign pol icyt owardst he
i
solateFr ancel edtothedi visionoft hewor ldint
ot wo Balkans.
host i
l
[Link] smadei tdi ffi
culttolocalisethewar .  -Shef ail
edt orespectt hesov ereignt yoftheBal kan
 -The Ger man Schl i
eff
en pl an [ war pl an] was an statesbyannexi ngBosni aandHer zegov inawhich
i
ndicat i
onthatshewasant icipatingwar . anger edRussi aandSer biabreedi nghat redandgr udge.
 -Germanyt ookpar tinarmsr acewhi chcausedt hewar .  -Shewant edtodest roySer bi
aonceandf orall.
 -Germannav alracewithBritaincausedt hewar .  -Shemadeunr easonabl edemandsmeantt opuni sh
 -Kaiser’
sut ter
ancespr ovokedBr i
tain,forexampl e,he Serbiaf orthedeat hofAr chdukeFr anci sFerdinand.
congr at
ulated PaulKr uggeraf tert he Jameson r aid
 -Shesuppor t
edt hecr eati
onofani ndependentAl bani a
fai
lure.
atthet reatyofLondon[ 1913]whi chcr eatedenmi ty
 -Thecol oni
alclashbet weenGer manyandFr anceov er
withSer bia.
Mor occoin1905and1911causedt ension.
 -Austria-Hungarymadeanagr eementwi t
hRussi at o
 -Aft
ert he Sar ajev
oi ncidentGer many gav e Aust
r i
a-
partit
iont heBalkanswhi changer edSer bia.
Hungar yabl ankchequet oat tackSer bi
a.
 -Sheopposedt hecr eationofaRussi anbackedSl av

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nati
oninSerbia.  -
Itwasopposedt oAust r
ianandGer mani nfl
uencei n
 -Thi
swouldattractt hesupportoftheSlav
sinsi
de theBalkans.
Austr
ia-
Hungar y.  -
Shewasi nvol
vedint hesyst
em ofal l
iances.
 -Shewasinvolvedi nthesystem ofal
li
ances.  -
ItprotectedotherSlavpeoplesasi twast helargestof
 -Sheinv
olv
edher selfi
ntheBalkanstomakeupf ort
he Slavnati
ons.
l
ossesinItal
yandGer many[ whichbecameunif
iedi
n  -
Itwashost il
etoGer manywhi chruledPolishSlavs.
1870and1871r espectiv
ely]
.  -
She made an agr eementwi t
h Aust r
ia-
Hungar ythat
Austri
a-Hungaryshoul dt
akeBosni aandHer zegovina.
 -
Shei nfl
uencedthef ormati
onoft heBalkanLeague.
c]Fr
ance  -
Shesuppor tedPanSl avi
sm.
 -Sher efusedtoremai nneutr
alwhenAust
ri
a-Hungar
y
declaredwaronSer bi
aandt hisfor
cedGer
manyt o e]Br
it
ain
declarewaronFr ance. -Sheshouldbeblamedf orarmsrace.
 -Shet ookparti
narmsr ace. -Shetookpartinnavalr
ace.
-She support
ed France agai
nstGermanyov erMor
occo i
n
 -Shet ookparti
nmi l
it
arism.
1905and1911.
 -Shet ookparti
ntheal l
i
ancesyst
em.
-Shedeclar
edwaronGer manyon4August1914.
 -Francehadawarpl ancal l
edpl
an17.

f
]Ser
bia
 -Sheengi
neeredtheSar aj
evoassassi
nati
onwhichled
totheoutbr
eakofthe1914generalwar.
d]Russi
a
 -Shesponsoredanti
-Austr
ianpr
opagandaandterr
ori
st
 -
Shegav eunrest
rictedsupportt
oSer biamakingSerbia
acti
vi
ti
esinAustri
a-Hungary.
mor ereckl
ess.
 -
Sher ef
usedt oremai nneutr
al[andmobi l
isedagainst
Austri
a-Hungary]
whenAust ri
a-Hungarydeclaredwaron
SerbiaandthisforcedGermanyt odeclarewaronher .
 -
Shet ookpartinar msraceandmi li
tari
sm.

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 -Schl i
ef fen was t he chi efoft he Gener alSt affi n
Ger many .
 -Thepl anwasbasedont heassumpt iont hatGer many
wast of ightwaront wo f rontsagai nstFr anceand
agai nstRussi asimul taneousl y.
 -I
twasbasedont heuseofr ai
lway st omov etroops.
 -Accor di ngt ot hi
spl anGer manywoul di nvadeFr ance
COURSEOFWORLDWARONE[
1914-
1918] viaBel gium /Hol landandLuxembour g.
 -TheGer manswer etomar cht hroughBel gium wi thin
Battl
eFr
ont sdur ingWorl
dWarOne twoweeks.
a]TheWesternFr ont  -Thepl anai medatswi f
tv ictoryagai nstFr ancei nt he
b]TheEasternFr ont West .
c]TheBal
kanFr ont  -Francewast obedef eat edwi thinsixweeks.
d]TheTurkishFr ont  -Francewast obedef eat edbef oreRussi amobi li
sed
e]TheAustro-I
talianFr
ont hert roops.
 -The Ger mans al so ai med atcapt ur i
ng Par i
s and
a] TheWest ernFr ont encir clementofFr enchar mi esaswel lasat tacki ng
 -Thi
sr eferst ot hear eas/ stateswher ethewarwas Alsace- Lor r
aine bef or e Russi an mobi li
sat i
on was
foughtsi tuatedt ot heWestofGer many .- compl et e.
 -Countrieswhi chf oughtont hi
sf r
ontincludedGermany ,  -Afterdef eati
ngFr ance,Ger mansol dierswer et obe
France, Brit
ain, Belgium andUnitedSt atesofAmer i
ca. transf erredt otheEastt of i
ghtRussi a.
 -TheFr anco- Ger manbor derandBel gium wast hefir
st  -Thiswasmeantt oav oidf ight i
ngwaront wof rontsat
areat obeaf f ectedbyt heFirstWor l
dWar . thesamet i
me.
 -Thust hewarbr okeexact l
yinaccor dancewi t
htot he  -TheGer manswer etodef eatRussi awi t
hinsixmont hs.
Schlieffenpl an.  -TheGer manf orceswer et ooccupyt heChannelpor ts
 -TheSchl i
effenPl anwasaGer manwarpl anwhichwas i
nor dert opreventt hel andi ngofBr i
tishr einforcement s.
devisedbyGener alAlf
redCountv onSchlief
fenin1905.  -Whenwarbr okeouti n1914,Ger manymov edqui ckly
toimpl ementt heSchl ieffenpl an.

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 -Troopsmov edswi ftl

ythroughBel gium. Ai
msoft
heSchl
ief
fenpl
an
 -The Ger mans howev er met r esist ance f rom t he  - TheGer manswant edt of i
ghtwaragai nstFr anceand
Belgiansandt heBr it
ishExpedi t
ionar yFor ces[ BEF]. Russi aononef rontatat ime.
 -TheGer manswer ehel dfor3weeksi nBel gium.  - TheGer manswer et or elyont hespeedymov ementof
 -Thisdel ay edt heGer manst rikeagai nstFr ance. Ger manf or
cest hroughBel gium.
 -TheBr iti
shcamei nt ost rengt henFr enchdef encesa  - TheGer manswer et omar cht hroughBel gium wi thin
l
itt
leear li
erthanGer mansant icipated. twoweeks.
 -Asar esul tsomeGer manf orceswi thdr ewt ofightthe  - TheGer mansai med atdef eat i
ng Francewi t
hinsi x
Russi ansi nt heEast . weeks.
 -The Ger mans wer et empor ar i
l
y st opped by al l
ied  - Theywer etoconquerFr ancebef oreRussi amobi l
i
sed.
count erat tacks t hereby di sturbing t he speed and  - WhenFr ancewasdef eat edt heywer etoat tackRussi a.
ti
met abl e.  - Russi awast obedef eat edwi thin6mont hs.
 -The Fr ench ar my was sentt o dealwi t
h Ger man  - Theywer et oallocat et hebul koft heGer mansol diers
i
nv asioni nsteadofi nvadingAl sace- Lor raine. ont heWest ernfront .
 -Germanyt husmadechangest ot hepl an.  - Theywer etohol dt heFr enchi nAl sace-Lor rai
ne.
 -Germanysentf or
cest hr
oughashor terr out eEastof  Theywer et o occupyt heChannelpor t
si nor dert o
Par i
si nsteadofWest . pr eventthelandingoft heBr iti
shr einforcement s.
 -TheFr enchandBr iti
shcheckedGer mant r
oopsatt he Successesoft heSchl ieffenpl an
RiverMar neandwer epushedbackt or iv erAi sne. -I
tmot i
v atedGer mandecl arat i
onofwaronRussi aandFr ance.
 -Theendr esul twast hatGer manswer enotabl et o -Warbr okeouti naccor dancewi tht heSchl i
eff
enpl an.
penet rateint ot heWestofPar isandt heSchl ieffenplan -Germanswer eablet oent erBel gium al thought heyl atermet
[Link] manHi ghCommandl ostcont act BelgianandBr i
tishresistance.
witht heoper ation. -Alt
houghal teredal i
ttlet hepl anal lowedt heGer manst o
 -Germansr etreated60km anddugt renches. avoidf i
ght ingwaront wof ront sf orashor twhile.
Fail
ur esoft heSchl i
effenpl an
-Thepl anf ail
edt oanticipat et hatBr itainmi ghtent erthewar
todef endBel gi
um.

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-
Thequickmobi lisat
ionofFranceandRussiaforcedGer
mans roundPar i
shet ur
nedt otheEastofPar i
s.
t
oalterthemov ementoft hei
rtr
oops.  -ThislefttheChannelpor tsalongthecoastfreef r
om
-
Resist
ancebyt heBelgiansandtheBEFf orcedGermansto attackandenabl edt heBr iti
sht orei
nfor
cet ogett o
f
ightwit
hmanypower satthesamet i
me. France.
-
Pariscouldnotbeenci r
cledasori
ginal
lyi
ntended.  -TheFr enchandBr i
tishcheckedt heGermansatt he
riv
erMar ne.
Ev
entsorf act orswhi chl edtot hef ailureoft heSchl ief
fen  -Germanswer eforcedt or etreatto60km anddug
Pl
an defensivetrenches.
 - TheBel giansof f
eredst iffresistance.  -AtYpr est heBr i
tisht r
oopsunderSi rDouglasHai g
 - Thepl anf ail
edt oant i
cipat et hatBr i
tainmi ghtenter checkedGer manf orces.
i
ntot hewart odefendBel gium.  -Brit
ishnaval bl
ockadest arvedGermansofsuppl i
es.
 - The Br iti
sh Expedi t
ionar y For ces [BEF]l anded in  -Fi
ght i
ngwaronmanyf rontsledtothefail
ureoft he
Francehol dingupt heGer manadv anceatMons. Schlieff
enpl an.
 - Francemobi l
isedear li
ert hant heGer mansant i
cipat
ed.  -Germanal li
eswer et ooweakt osupplymater
ials.
 - Russi ans mobi l
ised ear l
ier t han t he Ger mans
anticipat ed. Howi mpor tantwast heroleplay edbyBel gi
um i
nt hefail
ure
 - Thisf or ced Ger mans t o di vide her f or
ces and oft heSchl ieffenpl an?
resour ces. -TheBel giansr esist edandsl oweddownt heGermanar my .
 - Germany f orces i n Bel gium wer e weakened when -Aftert he Bel gian at t
ack Brit
ain sentt he BEF of90000
some f orces wer e wi thdrawn t o go and f i
ghtt he soldiers.
Russi ans. -Ger manyex haust edherr esourcesi nBelgi
um.
 - Brit
ishr ifl
ef i
rewassor apidt hatt heGer manst hought -AtMonsi nsidet heBel gianbor dertheGer manprogresswas
thet roopshadmachi neguns. stopped.
 - Brit
ishr esistanceatMonssl owedGer manadv ance -Thisaf fectedt hei rplanofaswi ftknockoutbl
ow t oFrance
andgav et heFr enchmor et imet opr epare. throughneut r
al Hol land,Luxembur gandBelgi
um.
 - VonKl uckt heGer mancommanderi nFr ancer eali
sed -I
taf fectedt heirpl anofat tackingPar i
sbecauset heywer e
thathecoul dnotkeept ot heSchl ieff
enpl an. delay edinBel gium.
 - Hechangedt hepl antoat tackandi nst eadofgoi ng

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Otherfactorswhichledt othef ai
lureoft heSchl
ief
fenplan Schl
i
eff
enpl
an.
-
Brit
ishentryintothewaront hesideoft heBelgi
ans.
-
Brit
ishfir
epowerpr ov edt oomuchf ortheGer mans. TheBat t
leofYpr es
-
TheFr enchmobi l
isedt ooqui cklyfort
heGer mans. I
twasbet weenGer manyandBr i
tai
n.I
twasf oughti
nBelgi
um
-
TheRussi ansmobi li
sedmuchear li
erthanwasant ici
pat
ed. i
nOct oberandNov ember1914. Poi
sonousgaswasusedf or
-
Brit
ishnav albl
ockade thefi
rstt
imewi t
ht heGer [Link] manZeppeli
n[ai
rshi
p]
-
Fighti
ngwaronmanyf ronts. was [Link] French and Br it
ish defender
s managed to
-
The Bat t
le ofMar ne and Ypr es forced the Germans to maintai
n contr
oloft he Channelpor ts and warbecame
r
econsidert heSchli
eff
enpl an. boggeddowni ntr enches.
Byt heendof1914t her
ewasa
deadl
ockont heWest er
nfront
.
TheBat tl
eofMar ne[ Sept ember6-101914]
 This battle was f ought bet ween Ger many and TheTr
enchWar
far
e
France.
France was i nvaded by Ger [Link] 6  -Thet r
enchwar farewast hebr ainchildoft heGer man
September1914,t he French commandermade a soldier
s.
counterattack.
Troopswer er ushedfrom Pari
sinev er
y
 -Oneoft heGer mansol dierswasdef eat edatMar ne
form of t ransport [Link] battl
e of Mar ne
andf orcedt oretr
eatbeyondr iverAi sne.
i
nv ol
ved1300000Fr enchsol diers.
TheFrenchmanaged
 -TheGer manscoul dhav esur render edatMar neand
to pusht heGer mans48km butataheav yl ossof
thewarwoul dhav eendedwi thint womont hs.
600000Frenchsol di
[Link] enchcoul dnotmakea
 -I
nsteadofsur r
enderi
ngt heGer mansr etreatedsome
foll
owupandt akeadv antageoft hevict
orybecauseof
48km tor i
verAisne.
heavyhumanandmat eriallosses.
 -Theret heybegant odigtrenches.
Impactofthebat
tleofMar ne  -TheFr enchandBr i
ti
shfor cesal soadopt edt hei deaof
-ThedefeatbyFrancewasaset backf
ortheCentralpowers trenchwar f
are.
ashumanandmat er
ialresourceswerel
ost.  -Theybegant oliveandfightint renches.
-Frenchvi
ctor
ymeantt hatGer manyhadtor e-
str
ategi
seand  -Trenchespr ot
ectedthem f rom machi negunf ir
eand
fightontwo warf ronts,especial
lyaf
terthefail
ureoft he theexpl osionsofarti
ll
eryshel ls.
 -Trencheswer eheavil
yfortif
iedwi thbar bedwi re.

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 -Thet rencheswer eext endedi ntoel aborat esystemsof Thiswasbet weenFr anceandGer many .TheGer manar my
def enceandcommuni cation. commanderdev isedapl ant of rust rat
et heal liedf orcesont he
 -I
twast hef i
rstofi tski nd. West ernf r
ont .
Accor ding tot his commander[ Falkenhay n]
,
 -Ther ewer emi l
l
ionsofsol diersoneachsi de. Brit
ainwast hei ronpi l
laroft heal liedfor ces; howev er, i
tcoul d
 -Thesol diersconf ront edeachot herbelowgr oundl evel
. easilyber emov edoutofal li
edwarbyaser ioussubmar ine
 -I
nbet weent hesol di erslaythenoman’ sl and. [Link] nv iewedt hatFr ancewast hemai nGer man
[Link] eryimpor tantFr enchf ortressandt he
 -Thosewhot riedt oadv ancet ot henoman’ slandwer e
hub[ centralpoi ntofact i
vit
y ]oft heFr enchdef ensivesy stem
kil
ledbymachi [Link] esuret odieacr uel
which t hreatened t he Ger man l ines ofcommuni cat i
on. By
deat h.
pulli
ngt heFr enchmanpoweri ntot hedef enceoft heVer dun,
 -Heav yartil
lerywasusedt opounddowndef ences.
Falkenhay nhopedt odest royt hef orces,capt ur eVer dunand
 -Poi sonousgaseswer eused.
knockFr anceoutofwar .On21Febr uar y1916,t heGer mans
 -Ther ewasl ossofmor aleassol dier
sspentt oomuch
openedt hebar [Link] r
at edGer mani nfant r
ycaused
ti
mei nt renches.
theFr encht or etreat .
Thef allofVer dunwasi mmi nentwi th
 -Diseasesaf f
ect edt hem i ntrenches. highcasual t
[Link] iti
sh,Russi ansandt heI t
alianscamet o
 -Soldier salsoexper iencedst ar vati
onanddr owning. help Fr [Link] Br iti
sh undert he commanderHai gt ook
 -Ther ewasal souseoft anksi nthiswar . cont r
oloft heFr enchAr rassect or .Bri
tainandheral li
esr aised
 -Thet renchwar farer esult
edi nadeadl ockandt his theof fensivewhi chcompel ledFal kenhay nt owi t
hdr [Link]
prol ongedt hewar . Frenchst rengt henedt heirresistanceandundert hecommand
 -Thismeantt hatf rom December1914t oNov ember ofMar shalPet ain,t heyputof ft heGer mans. TheGer mans
1918t heWest ernfr ontwasasceneofst alemat e. retr
eated t o t heirt renches hav i
ng f ai
led t o capt ure
*I
n October1915,Bul gar i
aj oi
ned t he waron t he side of Verdun. Hindenbur gandLudendor ffrepl acedFal kenhay nas
Germanywhi leRomani aj oinedt heEnt entepower sinAugust thenew Ger mancommander [Link] enchl ost350000men
1916butwasqui ckl yov err anbyGer mansandAust r i
ansi n whilet heGer mansl ost330000butVer dundi dnotf allt
ot he
November1916. Germans

TheBat
tl
eofVer
dun[
Febr
uar
y1916] Cont
ri
but
ionoftheBatt
leofVer
dunt
othedef
eatofGer
many
 -Germanylostheavi
l
yin[int
ermsofmanpowerand

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 DEPARTMENTOFHUMANI
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STORY

resources] Asqui t
hwhowasr epl
acedbyLl oydGeor [Link] heall
ied
 -Germanadv ancetocaptureVer dunwascheckedby forcesfinall
yabandonedtheat
tack,l
ossesonbot hsideswere
Petainwhodef endedthefort
ressstubbornl
y. [Link],t heGermansl ostov er500000men,
 -Thealli
edpower spouredinrei
nforcements. Britai
nl ostover200000andFr ancel ostabout400000but
 -Germanonsl aughtwasheld. neithersidewonadeci sivevi
ctory
.Japanal sofoughtont he
 -Hugeof fensiveagainstGermansatSommebyt he sideofBr it
ain.
all
ies.
 -Russian offensi
ve underthe Gener alBrussi
l
ov i
n TheBat
tl
eofJut
land[
31May1916]
Galici
aagainstGermanal l
yAustri
a-Hungary. Itwas foughtbetween Ger
many and Fr
[Link] Br
it
ish
suff
eredheavyl
ossesbuttheyr
emainedincommandoft he
TheBat
tl
eofSomme[
Jul
y1916] seas.
TheBr it
ishl aunchedanat tackonSomme. Theaim wast o
reduce/r elievepr essureont heFrenchatVer [Link] tl
e TheBat
tl
eofPasschendael
e[Jul
y1917]
wasi niti
atedbyHai [Link] medt obreaktheGer mandef ence I
twasfoughtbet
weenGer
manyandBr
it
ain.
Theyf
oughti
nthe
forces and capt ure Ger man f ort
ress at Cambr ia and mud.
TheBrit
ishwon.
Bapaume. Thebat tlewasaser iesofat t
ackscommenci ng/
starti
ngon1Jul ylastingt hrought oNov ember1916. Onbot h
b]TheEast
ernFr
ont
sides,manysol diersdi [Link] manyl ostmor al
eandf ai
ledt o
captureVer dunt hough,t heFr enchandt heBr it
ishf ai
ledt o
defeatGer man. France changed i ts GeneralJoffre,wi tha On t his batt
lefr
ontRussi af oughtGer many and Aust ria-
youngerGener alNev il
[Link] Br iti
sh Haig was replaced by Hungar y.
Ont hisfrontthewarhadopenedwi thaRussi an
othermor eact i
vegener al st owor kwi thNev i
ll
et oputof f i
nv asionofEastPr ussi
[Link]
sr esultedinthedispat chi
ngof
Ger manat tacks.I
twasatt hebat tl
eofSommet hatBr it
ain someGer manf or
cesbyMol t
keofGer manyfrom theWest ern
usedf ort hef ir
stt imet het ankswhi cht heyhadi nvented front.
Whenwarbr okeoutRussi amobi li
sedherforcesswi ftly
againstGer many .Itwast hi
sSommebat tl
et hatdiscredited thant heGer manshadant i
[Link]
manywast husf orced
Dougl asHai g,thecommanderi nchi efoftheWest ernf r
ont todivertmuchofherf or
cestot heEasternfr
ont.
Ger manyt hus
andt hatl edt ot her esignat ionoft heBr i
ti
shPr i
meMi nister, beganf ighti
ngwaront wof [Link] orcesont he
Easternf rontwerecommanded byHi ndenburg.
Hi ndenburg

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r
etr
eatedandwasr epl
acedbyLudendor
ffwhodef eat
edthe c]TheAust ro- I
talianFr ont
t
womai nRussi anarmiesatTannenber
g[ August1914]and Italy,Austria-Hungar yandGer manyf oughtont hisf ront.
It
aly
Masuri
an [Link]
s achi
evementwas facil
it
ated by the whowasamemberoft heTr i
pleAlli
ancedecl aredwaron
f
ail
ureofRussi
ancommander stoco-
operat
e. Aust ri
a-Hungar y[ inMay1915] ,whichwasal soamemberof
theTr i
pleAl [Link] gnedasecr ett reatyofLondon
TheBat tl
eofTannenber g[August1914] wi ththeEnt ente[ All
ied]power swhichpromi sedherI stri
a,the
Thisbat tl
ewasbet ween Ger manyand Russi [Link] awas cityofTr i
est e,Tr entino,Sout hernTy r
olandsomeDal matian
defeat [Link] Russi an di sasteri nt he Nor th was par tl
y [Link] huschangedhermi ndandf oughtont hesideof
compensat ed f or by i mpor tant successes agai nst t he theal li
edpower [Link] heAust r
iansatI sonzo,Nor th
Aust ri
ans i n Gal icia. The Russi an wer e f orced t o ofTr i
[Link] i
esofi nconclusivebattl
es[ 11bat tl
es]wer e
[Link] v ertedmuchofherf orcesawayf rom t he foughther ei n1916.I nOctober1917, combi nedGer manyand
West er nf r
onti n 1915 t o give assistance t ot he Aust ro- Aust ro-Hungar i
anf orcesdef eatedtheItaliansatt hebat tl
eof
Hungar i
[Link] ember1915,t heRussi answer edr ivent o Capor [Link] alyl [Link] tesuchabl ow,I t
aly
theBukov i
naandCar pat [Link] eal sodr i
venoutof remai nedi nt hewarandwascount edamongt hev i
ctorsafter
theAust ro-
Hungar i
ant erritory
.Turkeyent eredt hewaront he wor ldwarone.
sideofGer manyandt hi sr esultedinthecl osur eoft hest r
aits
[ast raitisanar row st ret chofwat erconnect ingt woseas] .I
t d]TheTur ki
shFront
therefor ebecamedi fficultf orFr anceandBr itai
nt osuppl y InNov ember1914,Turkeyenteredint
othewaront hesi
deof
theirEast ernall
ywi thherwarneeds. Russiasuf ferednotonl y GermanyandAust ri
a-Hungar
[Link] ernalli
es,whohad
from shor tage ofweapons and ammuni t
ion,butal so of suppli
edRussiawi thherwart imeneedst hr
oughthestr
ait
s
[Link] ast
at i
ngdef eat sofRussiant roopsmadet hem t o andt heBlackSea,couldnol ongercont
[Link]
refuset of i
ghtandst r
eamedhomewar dsf r
om t hewarf r
onti n star
vedRussiaofweapons, ammuni ti
[Link]
shel
ped
i
ncr easingnumber [Link] heendof1916, stri
kesandf oodr iots toforceheroutofthewarin1917.
wer er ampantandi nMar ch1917ar evolutionbr okeouti n
Russi aandTsarwasov ert hrown. TheGal
li
poliCampaign/Batt
leofGall
ipol
i
Thi
scampaignwasi nspi
redbyWi nst
onChur
chil
l,t
heBri
tish
Pri
meMinister
.Theai
m ofthi
scampaignwastoknockTurkey
outoft
hewar .
TheWesternall
ies,whohadsuppli
edRussia

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 DEPARTMENTOFHUMANI
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withherwart imeneedst hrought hest rai

tsandt heBl ackSea, *
However,
fighti
ngontheWesternfr
ontconti
nued.
could no l ongercont inuet o do so. Thisst arved Russi aof -
USAenter
edi nt
othewaronthesideoftheall
i
edpower
s.
weapons,ammuni ti
on and f ood as wel las ot her war -
Aust
ri
acont i
nuedtol
osebat
tles.
necessi ti
[Link] l
iest huswant edt oopenupdi r
ectcont act
withRussi athrought hest rai
tsandt heBlackSea. Theyal so e]TheBal kanFr ont
want edt owi nBulgariaov ert otheal l
[Link] t
empt Inthisf r
ont ,sev er alcount ries wer ei nv ol
v ed int he war .
wast oent ert hrought hest rai
tsandSeaofMar mor [Link] Romania,Ser bi
aAl bani a,Mont enegr o,Russi a,Greece,Br itain,
tri
edt obombar dConst antinopleandcauset hecol lapseof andFrancef oughtBul garia,Tur keyandAust r
ia-Hungar y .
the Tur kish gov ernment .The nav alat t
emptf ai
led as t he TheEntranceofUni tedSt atesofAmer ica[ USA]i nt
ot heFi r
st
strong f orts att he nar row wat ers of the St raits wer e WorldWar/ TheGer manSubmar inewar fare/ TheGer manU-
defended. A second at temptwas made when a combi ned boatcampai gndur i
ngWor ldWarOne
forceofBr i
ti
sh, AustralianandNewZeal andtroopsl andedon  -In1917Uni tedSt atesofAmer icaendedhersocal led
theGal l
ipol
ipeni [Link] royedt hefort stocl eart he isolationandent eredt heFi rstWor ldWaront hesi deof
wayf orshipst ot r
yagai nt oent er .
TheTur kswer ehel pedby theal liedpower sagai nstt hecent ral power s.
theGer mansunderLi manVonSander s.
Theal l
i
edt roopswer e  -In December1916 Woodr ow Wi l
son [ United St ates
defeat edandt heywi thdr ewi nDecember1915. Therewasl oss Presi dent]had t r
ied t o medi at e bet ween t he al l
ied
ofmor aleamongt heal li
edpower s. power sandt hecent ral power sbutt hiswasaf ailur
e.
 -Neithersi dewaswi l
lingt ogi veupwarf orpeace.
Towhatext entdi dt heout comeoft heGal l
ipolicampaign  -The Br it
ish had i mposed a st ri
ctnav albl ockade,
benefi
ttheCent r
alpower s? desi gned t o st arvet he enemy [ Ger many ]of v ital
-Bul
gari
aj oinedt hecent ralpower saf t
erthev i
ctor
yoft he product sliker ubber ,cot t
on,cr udeoi landmanyot her
centr
alpower s. commodi tiesv italfort hewar .
-Thedefeatoft heal li
esmadei tdif
fi
cultfort
heal l
iestoassi
st  -TheGer mansr espondedwi thsubmar i
newar fareor
Russiaviathest raits. the U- boatcampai gn whi ch was meantt o dest roy
-I
tboostedt hemor aleoftheCent ralpowers. Brit
ishshi ppi [Link] mansai medatst arvingBr i
tain
-Thestr
aitsremai nedcl osedf ortheall
iedpower s. by cut ti
ng of fBr it
ish suppl yl ines by si nki ng her
-Thi
s starved Russi a ofammuni ti
ons,weapons,f ood and mer chantshi ps.
otherwarnecessi tieswhichf orcedheroutoft hewar .  -Thiswast husachar act eristi
cofwaratsea.

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 -The Ger mans decl ared allt he wat ers ar ound t he unrestrictedU- boatwar fare.
Brit
ishIsl es[ Islands]awarzoneandt hist hreat ened  -TheGer mansal sor esumedt heU- boatwar far
eaf t
er
ships of neut ral count ri
es doi ng r egul ar t rading reali
singt hatt heynow hadsuf f
icientU- boat s[300]t o
business. winwarbef oret heUni tedSt atesofAmer i
cai ntervened.
 -This Ger man U- boat campai gn was i niti
at ed by  -I
nMar ch1916, Ger manssunkanot herBr iti
shshi p,the
Admi r
al ScheerofGer manyi n1915. Sussex, againwi thsomeAmer icans.
 -The raiding ofBr i
ti
sh mer chantshi ps byGer mans  -The unr estricted submar ine war fare cr eated food
causedhav oci nBr i
tain. shortagesi nBr itain.
 -Germanywant edt ocont rolt
heSeas.  -TheU- boatcampai gni niti
all
ypr ovedv er ysuccessf ul
 -I
nMay1915t heGer manssunkwi thoutwar ni ngt he withsev eralBr i
tishshi psbei ngdest royed.
Brit
ishshi p,theLusi tania.  -ByApr il1917about450shi pshadbeenl ostandmany
 -1200peopl ewer edr ownedi ncluding118Amer icans. peopl edi ed.
 -Thisanger edt heUni tedSt atesPr esident,Woodr ow  -Tor educet hel ossesi ntheSeat heBr i
tishadmi ralty
Wi l
son who senta war ning tot heGer manst hata i
nt r
oducedt her adarandt heconv oysy stem.
repeatofsuch an act ion woul dr esul ti n ser i
ous  -Warshi ps wer e al so assisted by newl y dev el
oped
consequences. DepthChar geandHy drophones.
 -USAt huspr otest edagai nstGer manbar bar i
sm.  -On6Apr i
l,theUSAr espondedt oGer mansubmar ine
 -Germanyt empor ar
il
yst oppedt heU-boatat tacks. war f
ar ebydecl ar i
ngwaronGer manyandheral l
i
es.
 -Themaj orr easonf ort empor ari
lystoppi ngt heU- boat  -Japanal sogav enav alassistancet otheal li
edpower s.
campai gnwast her eali
sati
onbyGer manyt hatt hey  -The Ger manshad wr onglycal cul at
ed t hatAmer i
ca
l
ackedsuf ficientU- boat storiskAmer i
cani ntervent ion. wouldt aket i
met omobi l
iseherf or ces.
 -I
n 1916 Ger manyr esumed t he unr estri
cted U- boat  -TheGer mansal sosentat elegram t oMexi coandt he
campai gn/submar i
newar f
are. Germani ntentionwast oal l
ywi thMexi coi nanat t
empt
 -Theyat tackedbot hneut r
alandenemyshi ps/ v essels torecov erforMexi co,thest atesofTexas, NewMexi co
ali
ke. andAr i
zonawhi cht heUni tedSt at eshadconquer edi n
 -I
twas a successf ulbl ockade on Ger man suppl y 1848.
l
ineswhi ch f or ced t he Ger man Hi gh Command t o  -Thust hi sisanot herf actorwhi chbr oughtUSAi ntot he
acceptAdmi ralScheer ’
s demand f ora r enewalof war .

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 -Byt hebegi nningof1918,Amer i

cani ndust ri
eswer e Cont ri
but i
onoft heent r
anceofUSAt othedefeatofGer
many
manuf acturi
ng ar mament sf or bot ht he Amer ican -USAj oinedt hewarl aterwhenot her swereweakandt i
redof
forcesandal liedfor ces. fighti
ng.
 -Weapons,l oans,f ood and ammuni tion pour ed into -USAhadapower f
ulnavy,f
reshandmanysol dier
stoaidthe
Eur opei nunl imi t
edquant it
ies. alli
es.
 -FreshAmer i
cant roopsal sor ei
nf orcedt heexhaust ed -Mor etankswer emadeav ail
ablebyUSA.
BritishandFr enchf or ces. -USA ai ded t he all
ies withf ood,f unds,weapons and
 -TheUSnav yhel pedt oef fectnav alt hebl ockadeon ammuni tioni nloant oensur et hatGer manyandheral li
es
Ger many . wer edef eat ed.
 -Theent r
anceofUSAi ntothewarboost edt hemor ale -Theent ranceofUSAwasv eryti
mel y.
oft heal li
edpower s. Ot herfact orswhi chledtothedef eatofGermany
 -TheAmer i
cansar ri
v edont heWest ernf ront[ i
nFr ance] -Germanyhadweakal l
ies
and t hey di d swi gt he bal ance ofpoweragai nst -Germanyf oughtonmanyf r
onts
Ger many . -Centralpower swer eoutnumber edbyal li
edpowers
 -I
talygai nednew l ifeandst ar t
edt odel iveref f
ect ive
blowsagai nstAust ri
a- Hungar yi ntheSout h. Cont r
ibut
ionoft heUSNav ytothedefeatofGer
many
 -I
taly had been def eat ed by Ger many and Aust ria- -USnav yi
ncr easedthescopeoft hewar.
Hungar yatCapor etto. -Germant r
oopswer edemor al
isedbytheentr
yofUSA.
 -TheAust ro-Hungar i
anEmpi redi sintegrat edi nOct ober -Thereweref reshmarinesfrom USA.
1917andGer manywasf i
ghtingl i
terallysingl ehanded. -USnav ybr oughtast eadysupplyofwarmat eri
alsforthe
 -Although t he Ger mans f ought cour ageousl yt hey all
ies.
l
ackedt henecessar yr eservesofmeny ett heAmer ican -TheUSnav yhel pedtoef f
ectnavalbl
ockadeonGermany.
forceswer est il
lpour ingi n.
 -Tankswer ebr oughti ntooper ationandGer manshad TheWaratSeadur
ingt
heFi
rstWor
ldWar
noef fectiverepl ytot hem.  -I
nit
ial
l
ythebattl
ebetweenBri
tai
nandGer manywas
 -I
twast husi mpossi blef orGer manst oescapedef eat . si
gnall
edbyt hesi
nki
ngofasmal l
erBri
ti
shsquadr
on
 -At 11: 00 AM,on 11 Nov ember 1918,Ger many offthecoastofChil
ein1914byt heGermanPaci
fi
c
surr ender edandt hewor ldwaronecamet oanend.

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fleet . Battl
esfoughtduringtheFi
rstWor
ldWar
 -TheBr iti
shRoy alNav yf l
eetr espondedbyhav inga -
Bat t
leofSomme -
Bat
tl
eofVerdun
blockadear oundGer manywhi chcont inuedunt ilthe -
Bat t
leofDardanell
es -Bat
tl
e of
endoft hewar . Galli
pol
i
 -Themostsi gnifi
cantnav albat tlewast heBattleof -
Bat t
leofJut
land -
Bat
tl
eofMarne
Jut land,in1916t heRoy alNav yr ecordedconsi der abl
e -
Bat t
leofYpres -
Bat
tl
e of
l
osst otheGer mans. Passchendaele
 -AlthoughGer mansur faceshi psmadepoorshowi ng -
Bat t
leofHeli
goland -Bat
tl
e of
thei rsubmar i
necampai gnwast hemostef f
ectiv
eand Arras
almostbr oughtBr itaint odef eati n1917. -
Bat t
leofCaporett
o -
Bat
tl
eofTannenberg
 -Ger manycr ippledt heBr i
ti
shsuppl ylinesbysi nkinga -
Bat t
leofMasurianLakes -
Bat
tl
eofFol klands
maj ori
tyofhermer chantshi ps. I
slands
 -Br i
tainremai nedwi t honl ysixweeksofsuppl yoff ood. -
Bat t
leofCambr i
a -
Bat
tl
eofAmiens
 -Theunr est ri
ct eduseoft heU- boat ,in1915l edt ot he
WhyGermanyandheral
li
es[
Cent
ralPower
s]wer
edef
eat
ed
sinki ngoft heBr it
ishshi p,theLusi taniai nwhich1200
dur
ingt
heFir
stWor
ldWar?
l
iv eswer elost .
 -Amongt hesewer e118Amer i
cans.
 Weaknessesoft
heCent
ral
Power
s
 -Thi swasf ol lowedbyt hesi nki ngofanot herBr iti
sh
shi p,theSussexbyt heGer mansi n1916.
 -Austr
ia-Hungary and Tur key wer e weakened by
 -Agai nther ewer ealsosomeAmer i
cansi nthi
sshi p.
nati
onalistmov ementsathomeand coul d notgive
 -Thusi twast hisGer man submar inewar f
arewhi ch
maximum hel pt oGermany.
br oughtUSAi ntotheFi rstWor ldWar .
 -Germanyf oughtwaronmanyf [Link]
sdividedher
 -Theent ranceofUSAdemor alisedt heGer mansol diers.
resources.
 -Somemut inied[ rebel led]andt heal li
est ookcont rolof
 -TheGer manr ev ol
tathomebythesoci al
i
stsledtoits
theseas,t huscont r
ibutingt oal argerext entt ot he
defeat.
def eatofGer many .
 -Thefail
ureoft heSchli
eff
enPlanalsoledtothedefeat

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ofCentral power s. central powers.

 -TheGermansunderest imat edt hedur ationoft hewar .  -Theal l
iedpower sgaveahighjointcommand.
 -TheCent ral powershadpoorf oodsuppl ies.  -Thei nexhaust i
blewealthoft heBr i
ti
shEmpi realso
 -Thefail
ureoft heU- boatcampai gnal socont r
ibutedto contributed.
thedefeatofCent r
al [Link] manwarshi ps  -Thecapt ureofGermanscienti
stsbyal l
iedpowersled
fai
ledtoov erpowert hoseoft heal l
iedpower s. tothedef eatofcentr
alpowers.
 -Therewaspoorcommuni cationamongt heGer man  -Theal l
iedpower soutnumberedthecentralpowers.
soldi
ers.  -Bri
tain’ssuper i
ori
tyatseawhi chGer manyf ai
l
edt o
 -Germany had some i nexper ienced sol diers and breakl edt oherdefeat
.
commander s.  -Theent r
anceofUSAi ntotheFi r
stWor ldWaront he
side ofal li
ed powersled tot he defeatofcent ral
 -Germanyhad weak al l
ies,t hati s,Aust ri
a-Hungar y
,
power s.
TurkeyandBul gari
[Link] oughthal f-hear t
edly.
 -Germanyandheral l
i
eshadar estrict
ednumberof
soldi
ersy etal mostt hewhol eofEur opewasagai nst RESULTS/EFFECTSOFTHEFI
RSTWORLDWAR
Germanyandherf ewal li
es.
 -TheCent ralpower swer ef ew andwer eout number ed Pol
it
icalResul t
s/Ef fectsofwor l
dwarone
bytheAlliedpower s.  - TheCent ral power swer edef eat
ed.
 -Thedisintegr ationofAust ria-
Hungar yi n1918l edt o  - Selfdetermi nationwasgi vent osomemi nori
ti
es.
thedefeatofCent r
al powers.  - Therewasr iseofdi ct
atorsl i
keMussol i
niandHit l
erin
Eur ope.
 St
rengt
hsoft
heAl
li
edPower
s  - Franchise [ voting]was i ntroduced for women i n
count ri
eslikeUSA, Brit
ainandFr ance.
 -
TheAl l
i
edleaderswerecompetent
.  - Fourempi r
es col l
apsed,t hati s,Germany ,Austria-
 -
Theal l
iedblockadebroughtaboutst
arvat
ionofthe Hungar y,Tur keyandRussi a.
Centr
alpowersinbothfoodandrawmater
ial
s.  - There was cr eation of new st ates l
ike Poland,
 -
It
alyjoi
nedthewaront hesi
deoftheal
l
iedpowers. Yugosl avi
a, Czechosl ovaki
aandLat vi
a.
 -
Belgi
anr esi
stancealsocontr
ibut
edtothedefeatof  - Therewassi gningofpeacet r
eatieswiththedefeated

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power s.  -Therewaser osionofcl assandsexbar r

iersasmenof
 -Therewasr iseofext remi stpar t
iessuchasNazipar t allclasses had shar ed t he same har dshi ps i
nt he
i
nGer many ,Fasci stparti nItalyandCommuni stpar ti
n trenchesandhadbeenf or cedi ntoconduct .
Russi a.  -Prosti
tuti
onwasr ampant .
 -Therewasdev el opmentofnew i deologiessuchas  -There was emer gence of i ncurable diseases l i
ke
Communi sm i nRussi a. i
nf l
uenza.
 -Therewascr eat i
onoft heLeagueofNat ions.  -Therewasgr eatl ossofhumanl ives,forexampl e,
 -There was r i
se ofbandi t
ry[ robbery]
,especi allyby Ger manylost1900000sol dier s.
demor ali
sedsol dier s.  -Homel esssocieti
eswer ecr eat ed.
 -Therewasest abl ishmentofdemocr at
icgov ernment s  -Therewaswi despreadpov ert yanddest i
tuti
on.
i
n Ger many and Aust ri
a,t hus there was f allof  -Therewaswi despreadst ar vat i
onandhunger .
monar chism.  -There was an i mpr ov
ementi n communi cati
on,for
 -Therewasabdi cat ionoft heKai serinGermany . exampl e,radi
os,t elevi
sions and t he code l anguage
 -Al egacyofhat red,bi tternessandsuspi ci
onwasl eft wer eintr
oduced.
amongnat i
onswhi chhel pedt obr ingwor l
dwart wo.  -Therewasequal ityofmenand womenaswomen
 -Newmet hodsofwar farewer eintroduced, f
orinstance, wor kedinammuni tionfact oriest ogetherwi t
hmen.
trenchwar f
ar e.  -Therewer epoorlivi
ngandsani t
arycondi ti
ons.
 -There was i nt roduct ion ofnew weapons ofmass
dest r
uct i
on,f ori nstance,t anks,bombs,aer oplanes, EconomicResul t
s/Ef fectsofwor l
dwarone
machi negunsandgas.  -War gav e gr eat commer ci
al adv antage t o
 -ThemapofEur opewasr edrawn. i
ndustrial
isednat i
onsout si
deEurope,forexample,USA
 -Therewasashi fti nbal anceofpower ,forinstance. andJapan.
Ger manywasl eftaweakerst ate.  -Americagotal argeshar eofwor l
dtradeandbecame
thegreatestcredit
ornation.
Soci
alResul
ts/Eff
ect
sofwor l
dwarone  -Eur
ope became r elati
vely poorand t he people of
 -
Manychildr
enwereorphaned. Europewer eheav i
lytaxedtopayof ft
hewardebt s.
 -
Manywomenbecamewi dows.  -Countri
esl i
keIndianow begant obui l
dindustri
esof
 -
Unemploymentwasrampant[widespr
ead]
.

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theirowni nsteadofdependi ngonEur opeancount r

ies.
 -Therewasi ncreasedpr oduct ion. Towhatextentdi
dwomenbenef
itf
rom t
her
esul
tsoft
he
 -Therewasav ailabili
tyofcheapergoods. Fi
rstWor
ldWar?
 -Wor kersear nedl owwages.
 -Therewasl anddegr adat ion. Benefits
 -I
nflationwashi gh.  - Warsi tuat i
on cr eated jobsf orsev eralwomen who
woul d other wise hav e spentmuch oft hei
rtime at
 -Unempl oymentwaswi despr ead.
home.
 -Therewasaneconomi cdepr ession[ notof1929].
 - Woment ookupt asksusual lythepr eserveofmen,for
 -Therewascl osur eoff act ories.
exampl e,i nindust r
ies,themi l
i
taryandsoon,pr ovi
ng
 -Therewasdest r
uct i
onofi nfrast r
ucture.
wr ong the not i
on thatt heywer e ofa weakerand
 -Bri
tishandFr enchi ndust ri
eswer econcent r
atingon inferi
oror i
ent ati
on.
warmat erialsandcoul dnol ongersuppl ycustomer s  - Franchise [v oti
ng]was opened t o women i n some
witht hedayt odaygoods. count r
iesl i
keUSA, FranceandBr it
ain.
 -Europel ostitsl eadi ni ndust rialdev el
opmentandi t
s  - Womenwer ef reert hanbef ore,forexampl e,inUSA
peopl ebecamepoor er. theycoul dnow dr i
vecar s,smoke,di scusssexopenly
 -Somecount ri
esl ostr aw mat er
ial
st onewlyformed andmov efreelywi t
houtaccompani mentbymen.
states. NonBenef it
s
 -Therewast echnol ogi caladv ancement ,forexampl e, -
Somewomenwer eleftwi dowsandt ookupr olesofbread
washi ng machi nes,gr amophones,r adi
os;v acuum winners.
cleaner sandsoonwer ei nt r
oduced. -
Notal lwomenwer egi venf ranchise.
 -Manycount ri
eswer el eftwi thwardebt s. -
Ther et urnofmenf rom warmeantt hatsomewomenl ost
 -There was pay mentof r epar ati
ons,especially by thei
rjobs.
defeat edCent r
al power s.
 -Therewasbankr upt cyinEur ope. To whatext
entdidtheminori
tygr
oupsbenef
itf
rom t
he
 -Therewer est rikes,l ockout sanddemonst rati
onsi n ef
fect
softheFi
rstWorl
dWar?
Europe.
Benef
it
s

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-
Womenwer emadef reethanbefore,forexample,theyhad becamepoorer.
t
herighttovote,
mov efreel
ywithoutmaleaccompaniment . -Thepeopl
eofEur opewereheav i
lytaxedt
omakeupf
orwar
-
Minorit
iesl
i
keSl av
sandCzechshadst atescr
eatedforthem. debts.
-
Therewasr ecr
eation ofstat
esl i
kePol and swall
owed by -Unemploy
mentwaswi despread.
Ger
manyandRussi a. -Therewasdest
ructi
onofindustr
ies.

NonBenefi
ts Towhatextentdi
dUnit
edStat
esofAmer
ica[
USA]benef
it
-
TheJewswer escat
teredal
lov
ert
hewor
ldduet
othewar
. economi
cal
l
yf r
om t
heFi
rstWor
ldWar
?
-
Theretur
nofmenf r
om warmeantl
ossofjobsbysome
women. Benefi
ts
-
Wargav egreatcommer cialadv ant
agetot heUSA.
Towhatext entdidthepeopl
eofEur
opebenef
itf
rom t
he -
Sheexpor tedcarsandchemi calstoEurope.
resul
tsoft
heFirstWorl
dWar? -
USAl oanedmoneyt othef i
ghtingcountries.
-
USAov ert
ookEur opet obecomeaneconomi cgiant.
Benef i
ts NonBenef its
-People benef i
ted from t echnologicaldevelopmentst hat -
Thewaral sobroughtsomeeconomi cdisadv antages.
occurredi nproductionofgoodsdur i
ngt hewar. -
Ov er
productionlaterledtot heGr eatDepr ession.
-Greater benef its only came when t hei
r countr
ies had -
AfterthewarsomeEur opeancount r
iesint r
oducedt ari
ff
son
i
ntroducedt ar i
ff
sagai nstAmer i
cangoods. America.
-Rail
way swer ebui l
t. -
Somecount ri
esfailedtopaybackt heAmer i
canl oans.
-Hydro-electr
icpowerpl antswer eincepted.
-Therewasani mprovementi ncommuni cati
on,forexample, NewSt at
escr
eat
edi
nEur
opeaf
tert
heFi
rstWorldWar
radios,telev
isionsandcodel anguage. -
Poland -
Czechosl
ovaki
a
-Equalit
yofmenandwomencameaboutaswomenwor kedin -
Austri
a -
Hungary
ammuni ti
onf actori
es. -
Yugoslavi
a -
Finl
and
-
Lit
huania -
Latvi
a
NonBenefi
ts -
Estoni
a
-
Europel
ostit
sleadi
nindust
ri
aldev
elopmentandt
hepeopl
e

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STORY

negotiat
ed whi l
e al lot her
s wer e di ctat
ed [imposed].The
namesoft hetreatieswer edet erminedbyt hev enuest he
negotiat
ionswer ehel [Link] henegotiat
ions
atPariswer etheBigThr eewhi chare-
a]USA- r
epresentedbyWoodr owWi lson
b]Brit
ain-r
epresentedbyLl oydGeor ge
c]France-r
epresentedbyGeor gesClemenceau
The peace set tlementwas i n accordance wi th Woodr ow
Wilson’s14 poi ntswhi ch wer eaccept ed ast hebasi sf or
[Link] l t
hedef eat
edpower swer enotrepresent
ed

THEPARI
SPEACESETTLEMENT/CONFERENCE
The defeat
ed power
s not r
epr
esent
ed at Par
is Peace
AftertheFi rstWor ldWar ,manyt r
eat i
eswer esignedfr
om Set
tlement
1919t o1923bet weent hev i
ctori
ousandt hedefeat
edpowers. -
Germany -Aust
ri
a
Thecol lecti
venamef oral lthesetreat i
eswasPar i
sPeace -
Hungary -Bul
gari
a
Settl
ement .Thespeci f
ictreat
ieswer e--
- -
Turkey
a]TreatyofVer sail
lessignedwi t
hGer many[1919]
b]TreatyofStGer mai nsignedwi t
hAust r
ia[1919] The v i
ctor i
ous power s r epresented at Par i
s Peace
c]TreatyofNeui ll
ysignedwi t
hBul garia[1919] Sett
lement
d]TreatyofTr i
anonsi gnedwi thHungar y[1920] a]USAr epr esent edbyWoodr owWi l
son
e]TreatyofSev ressignedwi thTurkey[ 1920] b]Brit
ainrepr esent edbyLloydGeorge
f]TreatyofLausannesi gnedwi thTur key[1923] c]Francer epr esentedbyGeor gesClemenceau
d]It
alyrepr esent edbyVitt
ori
oEmmanuel Orl
ando
TheTurki
shgov ernmenthadr ef
usedtorat
if
y[appr
oveand e]Japanr epr esentedbyIkhali
makeof f
ici
albysi gning]thet r
eatyofSevr
esand si
gned f]Greecerepr esent edbyVenizolos
anot
herone[ Lausanne].Lausannewastheonlyonewhich g]SouthAf r i
car epresent
edbyJanSmut s
JanChr i
stianSmut swast heonlyonewhosi gnedbothpeace

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set
tl
ement s,t
hatis,aft
erWorldWarOneandafterWorl
dWar 14]An inter
nat
ionalOrganisat
ion was to be f
ormed to
[Link] nin1870anddi edi
[Link]
me guar
antee t
he i
ndependence ofallstat
es,bot
h greatand
Mini
sterofSouthAf r
icafr
om 1939to1948. small
.

Woodr
owWi
lson’
s14poi
nts QN:To whatext
entwer
e Woodr
ow Wi
lson’
s 14 poi
nts
1]Ther ewast obeanendofsecr etdi plomacyandsecr et fol
lowed?
treaties.
2]Ther ewast obef reedom ofnav i
gationonseas. Poi
ntsfol
lowed
3]Ther ewast ober emov alofeconomi cbar rierstotrade.  -Pointsnumber7, 8,10,11and12wer eaccepted
4]Ther e was t o be reduct ion ofar mament stoal ev el  -Belgi
ansov er
eigntywasr estor
ed[7]
consi stentwit hdomest i
csaf ety.  -Alsace-
Lor r
ainewer ereturnedtoFrance[8]
5]Ther ewast obeset tl
ementofcol oni alclaimswi thproper  -Thesubj ectpeoplesunderAust ri
a-Hungaryweremade
regar dforthei nterestsofthei nhabitant s. i
ndependent[ 10]
6]Ger mant roopswer etoev acuat e[mov eoutof ]t
heRussi an  -Romani a,SerbiaandMont enegrower eevacuatedand
terri
tory. Serbi
awasgi venaccesst otheSea[ 11]
7]Ther ewast ober estorat
ionofBel giansov ereignty.  -Thepeopl eunderTur kishr ul
ewer egivenaut onomy
8]Al sace-Lorrainewast ober eturnedt oFr ance. [
12].
9]Italywast or ecoverherpr operboundar i
es[ fr
ont i
ers].
10]Thesubj ectpeopl esunderAust ria-Hungar ywer et obe Poi
ntsnotfoll
owed
i
ndependent .  -TheAl l
iedpower smeti nsecret[1].
11]Romani a,Ser biaandMont enegr ower et obeev acuated  -Bri
tainr efused t o giveup i t
sr i
ghtt o searchships
andSer biawast obegi venaccesst ot hesea. t
radi
ngwi t
hanenemydur i
ngwart i
me[ 2].
12]Thepeopl eunderTur ki
shr ulewer et obeaut onomousand  -Tari
ffbar r
ierswer er etainedandi ncreased[ 3].
theDar danell
eswer et obeopent oshi psandcommer ceofal l  -Therewasnor ealattemptatdi sar mament[ 4].
nations.  -Bri
tainandFr anceincr easedtheircol onialholdi
ngs[5]
.
13]An i ndependentPol and was t o be cr eat ed and given  -Theal l
i
essentt roopst oat t
ackt heBol shev i
ks[6].
accesst othesea.  -Theboundar yofI t
alywasnotset tl
ed[ 9]
.
 -PostwarPol andcont ainedmill
ionsofGer mans[ 13].

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 DEPARTMENTOFHUMANI
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STORY

 -TheLeagueofNat
ionsnev
erwor
ksasWi
l
sonhad  -TomakeGer manypayf ort hecostofdamage.
hoped[14]
.  -To puni sh Ger many f or the humi li
ati
on she had
i
nflictedonFr anceaf terdef eati
ngheri nt he1870-71
TheAims[
Views]oftheBi
gThreeatPar
isPeace FrancoPr ussianwar .
Set
tl
ement/Confer
enceof1919  -Toensur ethatGer manywoul dnev erbeabl etoat
tack
Franceagai n.
a]Davi
dLl oydGeor geofBr it
ain  -Tot akeawayGer manl ands.
 -Hewant edanendoft heGer mant hreattotheBr it
ish  -ToweakenGer mani ndust r
ies.
navyandempi re.  -Tor educeherar medf or ces.
 -TomakeGer manyanonaggr essivecount r
ywi thout  -ToweakenGer manymi l
itaril
yandeconomi cal
l
y.
colonies.  -Tohav eGer manydi videdi ntosmal lst
ate.
 -To pr eventGer many f r
om becomi ng economi call
y  -Tohangt heKai ser.
weaksot hatar eviv
alofEur opeanindust r
yandtradei s  -Ther eturnofAl sace-Lor rai
net oFrance.
nothinder ed.  -PreventionofUni onofGer manyandAust ri
a.
 -Topr eventGer manyf rom becomi ngv erypoorsuch
 -ReturnofFr enchf l
agst akenbyGer many .
thattheGer manswon’ tturntocommuni sm.
 -Germanywast oacceptt her esponsi
bili
tyofcausing
 -Toav oidhumi li
ati
ngGer manssot hatt heyhav eno
thewar
reasont oseekr evenge.
 -Tohel psecur eFr anceagai nstGer manybutpr event
c]WoodrowWi lsonofUSA
Francef r
om becomi ngtoopower ful
.
 - To establi
sh peace wi thout humil
iati
ng defeated
 -Tocreateabal anceofpowersot hatnooneEur opean
powers.
countrycant hreatenother s.
 - Toreducearmament s.
 -Tohangt heKaiser
 - TopreventGermanyf rom becomingaggressi
veagain.
 -TomakeGer manypayf orwardamages.
 - Toestabli
shlast
ingpeace.
 - Tohaveaf ai
rsettl
ement .
b]Geor
gesCl
emenceauofFr
ance
 - Toestabli
shaninternati
onalassoci
ati
onofnations.
 -
Tohav
erevengeonGer
manyf
orFr
ance’
ssuf
fer
ing.
 - Tobaset hepeacetreati
esont he14points.

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 DEPARTMENTOFHUMANI
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 -Tocreateawor l
dmadeofsaf edemocr acy. -Germanywasmadet opayr eparat
ions.
 -TopunishGermanyf orheraggr
ession. -TheSaarandRuhrcoalf ieldsweretobemanagedbyFr ance
 -Toavoidforci
ngGermanyt opayheav ydamages. whowoul dtakeprof
itsascompensat i
onforwardamages.
 -He wanted selfdeterminat
ion and to gi
ve nati
ons -Germanmi l
it
arystr
engthwasweakenedasherai rf
orcewas
democr at
icgovernmentsofthei
rchoice. disbanded.
*
NBAny oneofWoodr owWilson’
s14poi nt
sisaccepted. -TheRhinel
andwasdemi l
i
t ari
sed.
-Germanywasf or
cedt osignthewargui l
tycl
ause.
Towhatext
entwer
etheai
msofWi
lsonf
ulf
il
led?
Aimsnotfulfi
lled
Ai
msf ulfi
ll
ed -Germanysoughtr evenge whi ch the Fr
ench did notwant
-
Alsace-Lorr
ainewasgiventoFrance. becauseofthel ossofhert err
itory.
-
Ani nt
ernati
onalorgani
sat
ion[LeagueofNations]wasf
ormed. -Germanynev erpaidther eparationsinful
lbecauset heywer
e
-
Selfdeterminati
onwasgiventomi nor
it
ies. tooharsh.
-Bri
ti
shandAmer icanv i
ewswer eal soconsider
ed.
Ai
msnotf ulf
il
led -Germanywasnotdi v
idedintosmal l
erstat
esasCl emenceau
-
Reparationswer etoohigh. wanted.
-
Thedef eatedpower swer eexcl
udedfr
om theConf er
ence. Towhatext entwer etheai msofLl oydGeorgeful
fi
lled?
-
Disarmamentwasappl i
edonlytothedef
eatedpower s.
-
Selfdeterminati
onwasdeni edtoGermans,forexample,post Aimsf ul
fil
led
warPolandcont ainedmill
ionsofGermans. -Ger
manywasmadet opayreparat
ions.
-
Thetermsoft hetreat
ieswer et
ooharsh. -Ger
manyl ostcoloni
eswhichLloydGeorgewant
ed.
-The Rhineland was demil
it
ari
sed so as t
o make Fr
ance
Towhatextentweret
heaimsofGor
gesCl
emenceauf
ulf
il
led secure.
i
nthetr
eatyofVersai
ll
es? -Ger
man ar my was reduced so as to make hera non
aggressi
vest at
e.
Ai
msf ul
fil
led
-
Germanywasweakenedwhi chCl
emenceauwant
ed. Ai
msnotfulf
il
led
-
Alsace-
Lorrai
newentbackt
oFrance. -
Germanyneverpai
dther
epar
ati
onsi
nful
l
.

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STORY

-
FrenchandAmeri
canviewswerealsoconsider
ed. all
ow Pol and di rectaccess t ot he Sea t hough the
-
Germanysoughtr
evengebecauseofherlossofter
ri
tor
y. creat i
onoft hePol i
shCor ri
dorwhi chledt oDanzig.
 -Thecoalandr ichironofUpperSi lesi
awasagai ngiven
THESPECI
FICTREATI
ES toPol and.
 -Theuni onofGer manyandAust ri
a[ Anschluss]was
forbiddeny etAust r
iawasaGer manst ate.
1] Treat yofVer sai ll
es  -The Ki elCanalwas opened t ot he shipping ofall
Itwassi gnedwi t
hGer manyatVer sail
l
esi [Link] nations.
signedexactl
yfiv
ey earsaftertheSarajevoassassinati
[Link]  -TheBal t
icst atesofLi thuania,EstoniaandLat vi
awer e
Ger man delegat
es wer e nev er dir
ectl
yi nvolv
ed i n the grant edi ndependencef rom Ger many .
negotiat
[Link] ei nvit
ed onlyt o endorse[ si
gn]the  -Fi
nl andwasmadeani ndependentst ate.
treaty
.Thusitwasadi ktatsett
lement .  -Strasbour gandMet zwer egivent oFr ance.
 -AllGer manI sl
andsi nt hePaci fi
cOceanwer ediv i
ded
TheTerri
torialTer msoft heTr eatyofVer sai
lles amongstAust r
ali
a,NewZeal andandJapan.
 - Germanyl ostAlsace-Lorrai
net oFrance.  -Sout hEastAsi a[ SamoaI slands]wentt oNewZeal and.
 - TheSaarwast obeadmi nisteredbyt heLeagueof  -Car olineIslandswer egi ventoJapan.
Nationsf or15y ears.  -NewGui neawasgi vent oAust ral
ia.
 - Eupen, Mal medyandMor esnetwentt oBelgium.  -Tangany i
ka[ GermanEastAf ri
ca]wasgi ventoBr i
tai
n.
 - NorthSchl eswigwasgi vent oDenmar k.  -Ger manyl ostNami bia[ SouthWestAf r
ica]toSout h
 - ThePor tofMemelandsur r
oundi ngl andwaspl aced Africa.
underi nt
er nati
onalcont r
ol.  -RwandaandBur undi wentt oBr it
ain.
 - TheRhi nel andremai nedpar tofGer manybuti twas  -Camer oonandTogower egi vent oBr i
tainandFr ance
demi li
tar
isedper manent ly. whogov ernedt hem jointly.
 - Polandwasmadei ndependent .
 - ThePol i
shCor r
idorandPosenwer egiv entoPoland. Terri
tori
es lostby Ger
many i
n Eur
ope atthe Treat
y of
 - ThePor tofDanzi g, apredomi nantlyGer manarea, was Versail
les
madeani ndependentci tyundert heLeagueofNat i
ons. -
Alsace-Lorr
aine -
Eupen
Buti npract i
seitfellunderPol ishcont r
olast hi
swast o -
Mal medy -
UpperSi
l
esia

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 DEPARTMENTOFHUMANI
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STORY

-
Danzig -
Memel Ger
manst
ate.
-
NorthernSchleswi
g -
SaarBasi
n
-
Mor esnet -
Str
asbour
g Fai
rnessoft hetreatyofVer sail
les
-
Rhineland -
Posen  - Ther et
ur nofAl sace–Lor rainetoFrancewasf airas
-
EastPr ussi
a -
Estoni
a theybelongedt oher .
-
Lit
huani a -
Latvi
a  - Ther et
urnofNor thSchleswigt oDenmar kwasf airas
itbelonged.[Itwast akenbyGer manyi n1864]
.
Ter
ri
tories lostby Ger
many i
n Af
ri
ca att he Treat
y of  - Germany had t aken one t hir
d ofRussi an terr
itory
Ver
saill
es throught het r
eat yofBr estLitovsk,sotheseterri
tories
-
NewGui nea -Burundi hadt ogaini ndependence.
-
Namibia -Tangany i
ka  - Germanyhadcausedgr eatdest r
ucti
ont oFranceand
-
Rwanda -Camer oon Belgium.
-
Togoland  - Thedemi li
tarisedRhi nelandwast oactasabuf fer
zone[ abarrier]againstFrenchi nsecur
ity
.

QN:Wer
etheTerri
tor
ialTer
msoft
heTr
eat
yofVer
sai
ll
esf
air
NonTerr
it
or i
alTer
msoft
heTreatyofVersai
ll
es
t
otheGermans?
Thesei
ncludedthedi
sar
mamentclause/mi li
tar
ycl
ause,t
he
wargui
l
tyclauseandt
herepar
ati
onsclause.
Unfair
nessoft hetreatyofVersail
les
-Thetermswer edictatedtoGermany a]TheWarGui l
tyClause
-Germanywasgr eatlyreducedinsize.  -Ger
many wasf or
ced to accept responsibi
lit
y of
-Germanylostcolonieswhichwereasour ceofrawmaterial
s. causingallt
helossanddamagetowhi chtheall
iedand
-Germany was not al l
owed t o have col
onies yet other associat
ed power s have been subj ect
ed as a
countri
eswer eal
lowedt o. consequence ofa wari mposed upon them byt he
-Germansf oundt hemselvesasmi nori
ti
esinnewlycreat ed aggressi
onofGer manyandheral
l
ies.
stat
es.  -Ger
manywasgi v
entheentir
eblamef orcausingt
he
-Germanywasf orbiddentouni t
ewi thAustr
iawhichwasa war.
 -TheclauseaccusedGermanyofbeingawarcr i
minal

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who among ot hert hi

ngsv i
olated Belgi
an neutral
i
ty, theall
ies.
destroyed occupied terr
itor
ies,bombed ci vi
li
ansand  -Germanywas t o surrendert
he Saarcoalfi
elds t
o
sunkmer chantships[throught heU-boatcampai gnor Francefor15y ear
s.
submar inewarfare].  -German rail
way engi nes and wagons wer
et o be
 -Germanywasf orcedtoacceptal ltheseandwast o handedov ert
ot heall
ies.
sufferaheav ypenalty.
 -Frenchf l
agscapturedin1871wer etober et
urned. c]Di
sarmamentCl ause/Themi l
itaryClause
 -TheKai serandot heroffi
cialsweret obehandedov er  -Germanar mywasr educedt o 100000men[ i
twas
fortri
al. reducedt othesizeoft hear myofGr eece].
 -Conscr i
pti
onwasf [Link] dierswer etobe
b]Therepar ati
onsCl ause recrui
tedv ol
untaril
y.
 -Germanywas f orced to paycompensat i
on f ort he  -Germansol diersweret oser veforaper iodofl essthan
damagesshehadcausedt otheal l
i
edpower s. 12y ears.
 -Thecompensat ion wasal so to cov erthesuf f
ering  -The Ger man Gener alSt af fof1914 t o 1918 was
i
ncur redbyi ndivi
dualfamilymember s. dissolvedandwasnott ober eformed.
 -Germanywast opay6, 6mil
li
onpounds[ 132mi l
lion  -Germany was not al lowed t o hav e war ships or
goldmar ks]tothealli
edpower s. submar ines.
 -Thepay mentwast obedonei n30y ears.  -Germanywasal lowedt ohav eonly6bat tl
eships.
 -Francewast oget52%oft hetotalamount ,Bri
tain22%,  -Germanywasnotal l
owedt ohav et anks.
Ital
y10%, Belgi
um 8%andt herestoft heall
ieswer et o  -Germanywasnotal l
owedt ohav eanai rforce.
shar e8%.  -Germanywasal lowedt ohav e6cr uisers[vessels].
 -Partoft her eparati
onswast o bepai di nf orm of  -Germanywast ohav e12dest r
oyers.
war shipswhi chwer et obebuiltbyGer manyf orBr i
tain  -Germanywast ohav e12t or pedoboat s.
forthenext5y ears.  -Germanynav ywasr educedt o15000men.
 -Francewast obepai dwi thmi neralsli
kecoalf rom  -Germannav albaseatHel igolandwasdemol ished.
Ger many .  -Germany was banned f rom manuf acturi
ng heav y
 -Belgium wast obepai dwi t
hcattle. arti
ll
eryandheav yguns.
 -Germanywast osur renderpartofherf i
shingf l
eett o  -Germanywasnotal l
owedt ohav ear mour edcar s.

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STORY

 -
Ger
manywasdemi
l
itar
isedont
heRhi
nel
and.  -Ger
manywasf orcedt osurrendertheSaarcoalfi
elds
yetshewast opaycoal asreparati
ons.
QN:Towhatext entdidthealli
edpower sweakenGer man  -Shehad t o buil
d war shi
psf oralli
esy etGermany ’
s
mili
tar
ypower? warshi
pswer edest royed.
-Germanyar
mywasl ef
[Link] eftwit
hasmallsi
zed  -Ger
manywasf orbiddentohav eanai rfor
ceyetother
armyandprohibitedtoconscri
pt. countr
iespossessedsome.
-Shewaslef
twi thoutanairf
orce.  -Ger
manywasnotal l
owedr earmy etothercount
ries
-Shewasfor
biddenf rom havi
ngsubmarines[U-
boat
s]. wereallowedt odoso.
-TheGermanHi ghCommandwasdi sbanded.  -The t
reaty punished i nnocentpeopl e ofGermany
i
nsteadofr ul
ers.
Otherside
-
Ger many ret
ained t
he capaci
tyt
orear
m because ofi
ts Fai
rness of t he non t er
rit
or i
alt erms of t he tr
eaty of
i
ndust r
ial
capacit
y. Ver
saill
es
-
Thedemor al
isedsoldi
ersweredi
sgr
unt
ledandwantedto  - Germanywasl argelyresponsi bleforcausingthewar.
r
ev enge.  - Shehadanaggr essivef oreignpol i
cy.
 - Shehadawarpl anshowi ngheraggr essivei
ntenti
ons.
QN:Wer ethe Non Ter
ri
tor
ialTer
ms of t
he Tr
eat
y of  - Germany ’
sar mywast o ber educed to preventher
Ver
sai
ll
esfai
rtot
heGermans? from start
inganot herwar .
 - Germanmi li
tar
ism neededt obecheckedhencet he
Unf
air
ness oft he non territ
ori
alterms oft he t
reat
y of needf ordisar
mament .
Ver
sai
lles  - France and Bel gi
um needed compensat ion for
 - Germanydidnotcauset hewaralone. destructi
on.
 - Reduct
ionofar myandnav yposedat hreatt
oGer man  - Demi l
it
ari
sationoft heRhi nelandwasmeantt ogive
securi
ty, Francesecur i
tyandsaf ety.
 - Theter
mswer edi
ctatedonGermany ,  - Thebanni ngofconscr ipti
oni nGer manywoul densure
 - Thereparat
ionswer etoohighforGer man’sabil
i
tyto securit
yandsaf etyofFr anceandBel gi
um.
pay.  - I
twasGer manywhi chhadf ory ear
spr epar
edf orwar

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througharmsandnav alrace.  -Aust

riawasmadeal andlockedcountryandhadt o
 -I
ft heGermanswant edaf ai
rtreatytheyshoul
dhav e makea100km journeyacrossI t
alyt
oreachthecoast.
shownt hi
sbyt reati
ngRussi af ai
rl
yatt hetreatyof  -Upto80% ofheri ndustr
ieswer enow underforeign
Brest-Li
tov
ski n1917. contr
olandmainl
yunderCzechcont r
ol.
 -Pay mentofreparati
onswasaEur opeanphenomenon,  -Thebestofheragr i
cul
turallandwaspl acedunder
forexampl e,Francewasaskedt opayr epar
ati
onsby Hungary.
Ger manyint het reatyofFr ankfurtaft
ertheFr anco-  -Herpopul
ati
onwasr educedf r
om about30mill
i
ont o6,
Prussianwar . 5mi l
li
on.

2]Tr
eat
yofStGer
mai
n[Sept
ember1919] QN:Wer
ethet
ermsoft
het
reat
yofStGer
mai
nfai
rtoAust
ri
a?
I
twassi
gnedbyAust
ri
aandal
l
iedpower
s.
Unf
air
nessoft het er msoft het r
eatyofStGermain
Termsoft het reatyofStGer mai n  - Theuni onofAust r
iaandGer many[ Anschl
uss]was
 -Theuni onofGer manyandAust ri
a[ Anschluss]was forbi
ddeny ett heAust ri
answereGer manyinor i
gin.
forbi
dden.  - Hert er
rit
orieswi th strong German populati
on were
 -Austr
iaandHungar ywer etobesepar ated. takenaway .
 -ShelostBohemi a,par tofSi l
esia,thel owerpartof  - Austr
iawasmadeal andlockedcountr
y.
Austri
aandMor aviatoCzechosl ovakia.  - 80%ofheri ndust r
ieswer enowi nCzechoslovakia.
 -BosniaandHer zegov inawer egivent oSerbia.  - Herbestagr icul
turallandwasnowi nHungary.
 -Bukovinawasgi v
ent oRomani a.  - Herpopul ation was r educed fr
om 30mi ll
i
on t o 6,
 -Gali
ciawasgi vent oPol and. 5mi l
l
ion.
 -SouthTy rol
,Trentino,Istr
ia,Tri
esteandDal mat i
awere
giventoI t
aly.
 -Austr
iawasmadear epubl i
c[Monar chwasbanned] . Fair
nessofthet r
eatyofStGermain
 -Herarmywasr educedt o30000men. -Aust
ri
ahadbeent ooambit
iousi
nBosniaandHerzegovi
na.
 -Austr
iawast opayr eparations. -Herul
ti
matum toSer bi
awascalcul
atedt
ocausewar .
 -Conscripti
onwasbannedi nAust r
ia. -Paymentofreparati
onswasaEuropeanPhenomenon.

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QN:How f
arwer ethet
ermsoft
hist
reat
yinf
luenced by -
Bulgari
ahadplay
edar el
ati
velysmal
lpar
tint
hewarandwas
Woodr
owWilson’
s14poi
nts? t
reatedleshar
shl
ythanit
sall
ies.

-Creat
ion ofnew st at
es l i
ke Pol
and and Czechoslovaki
a Unf
airnessofthetermsoft hetreat
yofNeui l
ly
sympat hisedwitht hepr
incipl
eofselfdeter
minati
on. -
Mil
li
onBul gar
swer eunderf orei
gnrule.
-Thebreakupoft heAust r
ianEmpirewasi nli
newi t
hWi l
son’
s -
Reductionofherarmyl eftt
hecount r
yinsecure.
14point s. -
Herpopulati
onwasr educed.
-Therest orat
ionofI tal
i
anf r
ont
ier
s[ boundar
ies]waspartof -
Shelostherresourcestoot herstat
es.
the14poi nt
s.
-Thecov enantoft heLeaguewaspar tofthe14points. Fair
nessofthet ermsofthet
reat
yofNeuill
y
-Paymentofreparati
onswasaEuropeanphenomenon.
Otherfactors -Shehadbeenpar tofthel
osi
ngside.
-
Thedesi ret opunisht hedefeat
edpowersandt
oweaken
t
hem wasal soastrongpoint
. 4]TheTr
eat
yofTr
ianon[
June1920]
-
Ther estorati
onofI tal
i
anf r
onti
ershadt
obematchedwi
th I
twassi
gnedbyHungar
yandt
heal
l
iedpower
s.
l
atersettl
ement s.
Termsoft hetreatyofTrianon
3]TheTr
eat
yofNeui
ll
y[Nov
ember1919]  -Hungar ybecamei ndependentfrom Austr
ia.
I
twassi
gnedbyBul
gar
iaandt
heal
l
iedpower
s.  -ShelostBosni a,Croati
a,SloveniaandpartofBanetto
Yugosl avia.
Termsoft heTr eatyofNeuil
ly  -ShelostTr enti
notoItal
y .
-
Bul
gari
alostWest er
nThr acet oGr eece.  -Burgenlandwaspassedt oAust r
ia.
-
Bul
gari
alostsomebor derareast oYugoslavi
a.  -Transylvaniawasgivent oRomani a.
-
Bul
gari
alostaccesst otheMedi t
erraneanSea.  -ShelostRut heniaandSlovakiatoCzechoslovaki
a.
-
Bul
gari
alostsomeofherAegeancoast li
ne.  -Shewast oacceptandr ecogniset henewlyformed
-
Herar
mywasr educedt o20000men. states.
-
Shehadtopayr eparati
onstot heal l
ies.  -Shel ostnear l
y66% ofherpr e-warter
rit
orytonew

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 DEPARTMENTOFHUMANI
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STORY

states.
 -Herpopul at
ion was r educed from 22mi l
li
on t
o8 Ter msoft heTr eatyofSev res
mi l
l
ion. -TurkeylostWest ernThr aceandpar tofAegeanI slandst o
 -Conscri
pti
onwasbannedi nHungar y. Greece.
 -Shewast opayawari ndemni t
y[reparat
ions]
. -ShelostSy r i
aandLebanont oFr ance.
 -Herarmywasr educedt o35000men. -ShelostTr ansjordanandI raqtoBr itain.
 -Shewast oobservet hecov enantoft heLeagueof -Armeniabecamei ndependent .
Nations. -Adali
aandRhodesI slandswer egi vent oItaly
.
-The States ofAr abi an peni nsula[ SaudiAr abia]became
Unf airnessoft hetreat
yofTr i
anon i
ndependent .
-
New f r
ont ier
s[ boundari
es]leftanumberofMagy arsunder -Pal
estinewasgi vent oBr i
tain.
foreignr ule,forexampl e,Romania,Czechoslov
aki
aandt he -Turki
shst rait
swer eputundert heLeagueofNat [Link]
l
ike. l
ostcont rol oftheBl ackSea.
-
Reduct ionoft hearmyleftt
hecountryinsecur
e. -Thecov enantoft heLeagueofNat ionswast obeaccept ed.
-
Shel ostr esour cestonewlycreat
edstates. -Anatol
ia[ Smy rna]wasgi vent oGr eece.
-
Herpopul at i
onwasr educed -Herarmywasr educed.
-Shewast opayr epar at i
onst ot heallies.
Fair
nessoft het r
eatyofTr ianon Turkswer eout ragedbyt [Link] r
eat yofSev reswas
-Hungarywasmadeani ndependentst
ate. neverrat i
fiedandi n1923i twasr eplacedbyt het r
eatyof
-Hungary couldf r
eely determine it
s own aff
air
s out
side [Link] reatyofSev r
esbecameadeadl etterwhena
Austri
aninfl
uence. nati
onalistr evolutionl edbyMust afarKemalbr okeoutagai nst
-Shehadf ailedt or ecognisethesov er
eignt
yoftheBalkan Turkeyandr eceiv edmi l
itaryassi stancef rom Sov ietUnion.
stat
es. Turkeydecl aredwaronGr eeksanddr ovethem outofSmy rna
-Paymentofr eparati
onswasaEur opeanphenomenon. [Anatol
ia].Theal l
iesmadeanewt reat yofLausanne.

5]TheTreat
yofSev r
es[August1920] Unf
airnessofthetreatyofSevres
I
twassi
gnedbyTur
keyandt
hevi
ctor
s. -
Shelosttoomanyt err
itori
es.
-
Thealli
esignoredTurkishnati
onalf
eel
i
ng.

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 DEPARTMENTOFHUMANI
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STORY

-
Occupati
onbyforei
gnt
roopswasunfair
.
-
Thetreat
ywasimposedonher.
-
Reducti
onofherarmyl
eftheri
nsecur
e.

Fair
nessofthet reatyofSev r
es
-PaymentofreparationswasaEur opeanphenomenon. CountrieswhichI
tal
ywant
edatPar
isPeaceConf er
encei
n
-Shehadbeenpar tofthelosi
ngside. 1919
-I
twasfairasitresultedintheopeningofthest
rai
ts. -
Sout hTyrol -Trent
ino
-NonTurki
sht er
ritori
eswer emadeindependent
. -
Ist
r i
a -Dalmatia
-Tur
keyhadaidedGer manydur i
ngthewar. -
Trieste -Fi
ume
-
Adal i
a -Rhodes
6]TheTr
eat
yofLausanne[
1923] -
Albania
-
ItwassignedbyTur
keyandt
hev
ict
ors.I
twasar
evi
sionof
t
hetreat
yofSevr
es. Weaknessesoft hepeacetreat
iessignedaf t
erworldwarone
-Thetreati
eswerejusti
mposed/di ct
ateduponcount ri
es.
Termsoft heTr eatyofLausanne -Thetreati
escreatedagroupofdiscontentedrevi
sioni
stsl
ike
-
Turkeyr ecoveredAnat olia/Smy rnaf r
om Greece. Hitl
erandMussol i
ni.
-
EasternThr acewasr etur nedt oTur key. -Russi
at ooknopar tatPari
speaceset tl
ementsoi twasnot
-
TheSt raitsandtheGr eco- Turkishf r
ontier
sweredemi
l
itar
ised. boundbyi t.
-
It
alykeptDodecaneseI slands. Thet r
eati
escreatedmanyweakunst ablegovernments.
-
Bri
tain’
spossessi onofCy pr
uswasconf ir
med.
-
RhodesI sl
andswer egiv entoI tal
y .
-
Adaliawasgi ventoI tal
y . THELEAGUEOFNATI
ONS
-
Turkeywast opayr epar ati
onst ot heall
ies.
-
Herar mywasr educed.
I
twassetupi n1920,i
nGeneva,i
nSwit
zerl
[Link]
brai
nchi
l
dofWoodrow Wil
son’
s14thpoi
nt.
Woodrow Wil
son
hadarguedt
hatEuropewasexhaust
[Link] er

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STORY

USAdi dnotbel ongt otheLeagueofNat

ions.
Leader sinvolvedi ntheformati
onoftheLeagueofNat
ions Permanentmember
soft
heCounci
loft
heLeagueofNat
ions
-Woodr owWi lsonofUSA before1930
-LloydGeor geofBr i
tai
n -
Br i
tai
n -France
-GeorgesCl emenceauofFr ance -
Ital
y -Japan
-Vitt
ori
oEmmanuel Orl
andoofItal
y -
Ger many
-JanSmut sofSout hAfri
ca Ai
msoft
heLeagueofNat
ions
-Ikhal
iofJapan  -Tomai ntai
nwor l
dpeaceandsecur ity.
-VenizolosofGr eece  -To encour age i nt
er nat i
onalcooper ati
on i n sol
vi
ng
social andeconomi cpr oblems.
Member soft
heLeagueofNat
ions  -Toguar anteefrontiers.
-
Bri
tai
n -
France  -Topr otectmemberst atesf r
om aggr ession.
-
Japan -
SouthAfr
ica  -Tosol vedi sputesbypeacef ulmeans.
-
Greece -
Aust r
ali
a  -To reduce ar mament st ot he lev elconsi stentwit
h
-
Canada -
Holland domest i
csaf ety.
-
Serbi
a -
Belgi
um  -Tosuper vi
semandat edt erri
tor
ies.
-
It
aly -
China  -Topr eventsecr etdi plomacyandsecr ettreati
es.
-
Spain -
Ethi
opi a  -Tosaf eguar dther i
ght sofmi nori
tiesandr ef
ugees.
-
Brazi
l -
Germany  -Toassi stneedycount rieseconomi cally.
-
Russia  -Respectandpr eservat i
onoft erri
torial i
ntegrit
y.
 -Toimposeeconomi csanct i
onsonaggr essors.
Member soft
heLeagueofNat
ionst
o1934  -Tohel pr ef
ugees.
-
Brit
ain -
It
aly  -Tocont rol
dr ugtrafficking.
-
Holland -
Japan  -Topr omot et heheal thofmanki nd.
-
France -
Belgi
um  -Toimpr ovel i
vingandwor ki
ngcondi tionsofpeoplein
-
China -
Spain allpartsoft hewor l
d.
-
Ethi
opia -
Brazi
l  -Tofightagai nstt hespr eadofdi seases.
-
Sout hAf
ri
ca -
Greece

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 DEPARTMENTOFHUMANI
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STORY

 -
Tost
opt
hesel
l
ingofgi
rl
saspr
ost
it
utes.  -
Itpr
oposedr
evi
sionofpeacet
reat
ies.

TheSt
ruct
ure/Or
gans/Or
ganisat
ionoft
heLeague QN:How successf
ulwastheLeagueAssembl
yincar
ryi
ng
ofNat
ions outt
heworkoftheLeagueofNat
ions?

Successes
Mai
nOr
gans
 -I
twassuccessf ul
inprepar
ingtheLeaguebudget.
1]TheGener al Assembl y
 -I
tadmittednewmember si
ntotheLeague,forexampl
e,
 -I
twast hemai nbodyoft heLeagueofNat ionsinwhich
Germanyi n1926andRussiain1934.
allstateshadr epresentatives.
 -I
tsucceededinappointi
ngtheSecret
aryGeneral.
 -I
n1920i thad42member s.In1924i thad55member s.
 -I
tdebatedissuesconcerni
ngtheworldpeace.
 -I
twast heLeague’ sdebat i
ngChamber .
 -I
tmetonceay ear
. Failures
 -Eachmemberhadonev ote. -Si
ncei tmetonceay ear,
itf
ail
edtodebatematter
sfull
ythus
 -Eachmemberhadequalr epresent
ation[3del egat
es referri
ngissuestothecouncil
.
from each] . -I
tf ail
edtostopt hewit
hdrawalofmembersfrom t
heLeague,
 -Allnat ionsi nthisbodywer e working on basisof forexampl e,Ger
many ,I
tal
yandJapan.
equal it
y. -I
tf ail
ed to stop Germany from withdr
awing fr
om t he
 -I
tdi scussed anymat tersr el
ati
ng tot he peace or Disar mamentConf er
enceorgani
sedbytheLeague.
welfar eoft hewor ldanddeci dedonappr opriat
ecourse
ofact i
on. 2]TheCouncil
 -Alldecisi onshadt obeunani mous.  -I
twast hesmal
lerbodyoff ourper manentmember s
 -I
tpr epar edt heLeaguebudget . whichbecamefi
veaftertheadmi ssionofGer manyin
 -I
telect ednonper manentmember softheCounci l
. 1926.
 -I
tadmi ttednewmember sandexpel ledmember s.  -Theper
manentmembersi ncl
udedBr it
ain,
France,
Ital
y,
 -I
twast heLeague’ sparli
ament . [Link]
nedt heLeaguei n1934
 -I
telect edt heSecr et
aryGener al. andbecameapermanentmembert o1939.

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 DEPARTMENTOFHUMANI
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 -I
tal sohadnon-per manentmember s,r ai
sedt o6i n
1926, t
o9i n1929andt o11i n1936. Fail
ures
 -Eachoft heper manentmember softhecounci lhada -I
tfail
edt ostopJapanesei nvasi
onofManchur ia.
[Link] smeantoneper manentmembercanst opt he -I
tf ai
led to stop Hitl
er’
sact sofaggression,t hati
s,ov
er
counci lfr
om act i
ngev eni fal
l othermember sagreed. Austria,Swi
tzerland,Czechosl
ovaki
aandPol and.
 -I
tmetmor eoften,atl east3t i
mesay earorwhenev er -I
tfail
edt ostopI t
ali
aninvasi
onAbyssi
nia[Ethiopi
a.
i
twasnecessar y. -I
tfailedtopr eventtheoutbreakofanotherwor l
dwar[worl
d
 -Decisions wer et o be unani mous justl ike int he wart wo].
Assembl ytoprev entgr eatpower sfrom imposi ngt hei
r
willonsmal l
erstates. 3]TheSecr etariat
 -I
tdeal twi t
hpr oblemswhent heAssembl ywasnoti n -TheLeaguewasser v i
cedbyaper manentSecr etari
atthat
sessi on. wor ked at t he League’ s headquar ters in Genev a, in
 -I
tor ganisedsanct i
onsagai nstaggr essors. Swi tzer land.
 -I
traisedpeacekeepi ngf orces. -I
twasasor tofaci vilservice.I
twasmadeupofci v
ilser
vants
 -I
tmedi atedbetweenconf li
cti
ngmember s. from memberst at es.
 -I
tenf orceddecisionsoft heAssembl y. -I
tdi spat chedinf ormat ionorr eportstomemberst ates.
-I
twasaper manentbodyofof fi
cial
sdrawnf r
om allmember
QN:Howsuccessf
ulwast
heCounci
linmai
ntai
ningpeaceup stat esandel ect edbyt heSecr etaryGener al
.
t
o1939? -The f irstSecr et ar y Gener alwas an Engl i
shman,Si rEric
Dr ummond.
Successes -I
ti mpl ement edt hedeci si
onsf rom thecouncil.
-
Itsol
vedtheprobl
em ofVil
na. -I
tdi dmostoft hewor koft heLeague.
-
Itsett
ledt
hedisput
ebetweenGr eeceandBul gari
a. -I
tl ookedaf t
eral lpaperwor koftheLeague.
-
Itsett
ledadi
sputebetweenPeruandColumbi a. -I
tcar r
iedoutal l admi nistrati
vefunct i
ons.
-
Itsett
ledadi
sputebetweenTurkeyandIraq. -I
twr otedownr esol uti
onsoft heLeague.
-
Itsett
ledadi
sputebetweenSwedenandFi nland. -I
tpr epar edrepor t sf ort heCounci landAssembl y.
-
Itsett
ledadi
sputebetweenGermanyandPol and. -I
tkeptr ecordsofl eaguemeet i
ngsanddebat es.
-
Itsett
ledadi
sputebetweenSer
bi aandAlbania. -I
twr otedownmi nut esdur ingmeet i
ngs.

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-i
tcarriedoutdayt odayacti
v i
ti
esoftheleague. throughoutt hewor ld.
-I
tprepar edtheleagueagendas. -I
t col l
ect ed st at i
stics and i nformat i
on about wor king
-I
thad speci al
istsecti
ons coveri
ng areas such as heal
th, condi ti
onsandi tt riedt oper suademembercount r
iest oadopt
disarmamentandeconomi cmat ter
s. i
t ssuggest ions.
-I
ttranslatedlanguages[i
torgani
sedtranslat
ors]
. -Eachmemberwast osend4r epresentat i
vest oi t
sAnnual
-I
tcollectedinformati
on. Conf erence[ 2from gov er nment ,1empl oy erand1wor ker]
.
-I
tspur posewast odealwi thwor kers’pl i
ght,forexampl e,
l
iv i
ngcondi tions,wor kinghour sandcompensat i
on.
4]Internat i
onalCour tofJusti
ce[CIJ] -I
tr egulatedwor ki nghour s.
-Thisbodywasmeantt obeakeypar toft heLeague’jobof -I
tdeal twi thi ndust r i
alandeconomi cprobl emsoft hewor kers
settl
ingdi sputesbet weencountri
espeacef ul
ly. oft hewor ld.
-I
tcompr i
sedof15Judgesf r
om diff
erentcount ri
esatHague -I
tsmaj ort askwast of rameandappl yi nternati
onalr ulesthat
i
n Hol l
and [ Netherl
ands]who wer et o deci de alldi
sputes gov ernedcondi tionsofl abour.
submi ttedt othem. -I
twasconcer nedwi t
hsuchi ssuesaschi ldlabour ,women
-I
tor i
gi nall
yhadf ourJudgesandel evendeput i
eswhower e l
abourandr ightsofagr icult
ural l
abour ers.
chosenf rom vari
ousnat i
ons. -I
tdi scussedwagesandwor kindi ffer
entpar t
soft hewor l
d.
-Thejudgeswer eappoi ntedbythecouncilandassembl y. -Wher et hecondi tionswer ebadt heI LO ur gedt henat ions
-I
tdeal twi t
hcasesr eferr
edtoit. concer nedt opassl awst oimpr ovethem butcoul dappl yno
-I
thadnowayofmaki ngsurethatcountri
esf oll
owitsrul
ings. pressur ei fthegov ernmentconcer nedr efused.
-I
tadv isedt heassembl yandcountryifasked. -I
twast ocr eateint er nationallabourst andar ds.
-I
n pr act i
se only 32 cases wer e heardi n 22 y ear
s as -I
tal so aimed atenhanci ng empl oymentoppor tuniti
esf or
gover nment swer enotwi ll
i
ng to havej udgement sagainst wor kers.
them. -I
tdi scour agedf or cedl abourandmoni toredt hesituation.
-I
thel ped t o br ing cooper ation bet ween empl oyers and
5]Inter
nati
onalLabourOrgani
sati
on[ I
LO] empl oyees.
-
Thi sbodycameintobeingin1919.
-
Itdistr
ibut
edinf
ormationonworkingconditi
ons. How successf
ulwas t
he I
LO inimpr
ovi
ng t
he wor
king
-
Its aim was t oi mprove working condi
tions of peopl
e condi
ti
onsamongmemberst
ates?

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8]DrugsCommi ssion 9]
Successes RefugeesCommi ssion
-I
twassuccessf uli n bringing aboutcooper ation bet
ween 10]Di sarmamentCommi ssi on 11]
worker sandempl oy ersacrossf rontier
s. HealthCommi ssion
-I
tcreatedt he8hourwor kingday . 12]WomenRi ghtsCommi ssion 13]
-Conditi
ons of women i ncreased [ It brought mat erni
ty SlaveryCommi ssion
protecti
onf orwomen] . 14]Undev el
opedNat i
onsCommi ssi
on 15]
-There was abol it
ion ofchi ldl abourand many count ri
es Poli
ticalAsy l
umists
stoppedi t. 16]Mi li
taryAffai
rsCommi ssion 17]
-I
thel pedi nadopt i
onofequalpayandbenef itforworkof Transpor t&communi cation
equal value. 18]LabourCommi ssion 19]
-I
thelpedi ncraf
tingsaf etylawsatt hewor kplace. Chil
dWel far
eCommi ssion
-I
tcalledf ort
heintroductionofmi nimum wages. 20]Repar ati
onsCommi ssion
-Mostmembercount r
iesincreasedwagesofwor kers. 21]Economi candFi nance
-I
trecommendedasy st
em ofi nternati
onalst andardsinal l
workr elatedmatters. Weaknessesoft heLeagueofNat i
ons/Pr obl
emsf acedby
theLeagueofNat i
onsi nmai ntainingwor l
dpeaceupt o1939
Fail
ures  - I
tlackedast andingarmyt oenf orceitsdecisi
ons.
-Useofchi
ldlabourconti
nuedinsomecount ri
es.  - Thesanct i
onswer enotef fectiveandwer edif
fi
cultto
-Wagescontinuedtobelowf ormostworkers. enforce.
-Someempl oyeesweresti
llnotal
l
owedtof ormtradeunions. -I
thadmember shippr oblem,fori nstance,
-I
t had no mechani sm tof or
ce desiref or change on a]USA[ amaj orpower ]neverjoinedtheLeague.
governmentandempl oy
ers. b]Russiawasnotamemberunt i
l1934andl efti
n1939.
c]Germanyj oinedi n1926butl eftin1933.
Commi ssi
ons /Subsi
diar
y Or
gans /Commi t
tees ofthe d]It
alyandJapanl eftt heLeaguet hemomenti tcri
ti
cised
LeagueofNati
ons/Agenci
esoftheLeagueofNations thei
ract i
onsin1935.
6]MandatesCommissi
on 7] e]Britain and Fr ance wer et he onl y greatpower s which
Minori
ti
esCommissi
on remained member s cont i
nuousl ythr oughoutt he 20 years

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[
fr
om 1920t o1939] . Gr eecer eceivedmuchf avourdur ingt he1920s.
 - Themember ssi gnedt r
eatiesout sidet heLeague,f or  -TheLeagueat temptatgener al disar mamentf ailed.
exampl e, Angl o-German Nav al t reaty [ 1935] and  -TheLeaguewasv iewedasacl ubofv i
ctors.I t
swor k
StressaFr ont. was bi ased t owar ds t he interest s oft he v ictorious
 - TheLeaguewasassoci atedwi thhat edt reatiesl i
ke power s and t heiral l
[Link] def eat ed power s wer e
Ver saill
[Link] eat edpower sf el tt heLeaguewasan obl i
gednott or especti t
.
i
nst rumentt ooppr esst hem.  -There was al so t he pr oblem oft he Angl o-French
 - TheGr eatDepr essionof1929- 1939hi nder edi t
swor k. differencesont her oleoft [Link] it
aindi dnot
 - TheLeaguewasdomi natedbyEur opeanpower s.I ts wantt ogivet heLeaguer ealaut hor ityandpowerwhi l
e
policywasmai nl ydet erminedbyBr itainandFr ance Francewant edi ttoenf orcet het ermsoft hepeace
thoughcount riesacr osst hewor ldbel ongedt oit. treati
es.
 - TheLeagueAssembl ydi dnothav eenought i
met o  -TheLeaguehadl i
mi tedf i
nancial resour ces.
resolv econf l
ictswhi chpi l
edbecausei tmetonceper  -The r i
se of di ctators l i
ke Hi tler and Mussol ini
year . hamper edi t
swor [Link] edet ermi nedt or everse
 - Ther ewasl ackofcooper at i
onamongmember s,f or thepeacet reat i
es.
i
nst ance,Br i
tain and Fr ance f oll
owed t he pol i
cyof  -I
talydi dnotsuppor ttheLeaguef ullybecausei tdidnot
appeasement . gai nmuchf rom t hepeaceset tl
ement .
 - Theact sofaggr essioncommi ttedbyGer many ,Italy  -Theconst itutionaldef ectsoft heLeaguehamper ed
andJapanmadet heLeaguet of ailtomai ntainpeace. i
tswor [Link] nstance,
 - Themember swer emai nlyi nterest edi npur suingt heir a]TheLeagueAssembl ymetonceay ear .
ownnat i
onali nt erestsandwer enotcommi tt
edt ot he b]Vet opowermadei timpossi blet omake
[Link] r i
eswer econcer nedwi t
hev ent s deci si
ons.
affect i
ngt hem,f orexampl e,nocount rywaspr epared c]Many count ri
es di sagreed wi tht he
toi mposesanct ionsonJapanbecauset heyf eltsuch const itution oft he League whi ch gav e
sanct ionswoul d dest royt heireconomi [Link] so hal f ev eryst ateonev oteonl [Link] nawi th
hear ted sanct ions wer ei mposed on I taly because 500 mi lli
on peopl e car r
ied t he same
somecount ri
esl ikeBr i
tainwant edt obenef it. wei ghtwi thLat vi
awi th2mi ll
ionpeopl e.
 - Ther e was f av ouri
tism,f or exampl e,Pol and and Br i
tainwi thitsgreati ndust ri
alpowerhad

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 DEPARTMENTOFHUMANI
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STORY

thesamev ot
ewi thEthiopi
a. -Thewit
hdrawalofsomepower
ssuchasGer
many
,It
alyand
d]Theneedf orunanimi t
yonal lCounci
l Japan.
andAssemblydeci si
onsmadet heLeague -Thepol
icyofappeasement
.
i
neffi
cientini mplement i
ng deci
sions.I
t
wasimpossibleforal lmember stoagree Successesoft heLeagueofNat i
ons[1920-1939]
onthesamei ssue. TheLeaguewasl argel ysuccessf ulwhendealingwithsmal l
er
st
atesandmi nordi sput es.
QN:To whatext entdi dt he structur
e oft he League of  -I
tset t
ledadi sputebet weenSwedenandFi nl
andi n
Nat
ionscont ri
butetoitsfailuretomai nt
ainwor l
dpeace? 1920 ov ert he Aal and [Link] i
nf avourof
 - I
thadl imit
edf undsast herewasnopr ovi
sionf orthi
s Finland.
i
nt heconst i
tuti
onoft heLeague.  -I
tset tl
edadi sput ebetweenTur keyandIraqi n1921
 - TheAssembl ymetonl yoneay earandt hi
swasnot overMosul .
suffi
cienttodeal wit
hpr oblems.  -I
t set tled a di spute bet ween Hungar y and
 - TheLeaguehadnoar myt oenf or
ceit
sdeci sions. Czechosl ovakiai n1921.
 - TheLeaguewascl oselytiedwithhatedt r
eatiesli
ke  -I
tset tl
edadi sput ebetweenGuat emalaandHondur as.
Versaill
esandsuchi twasv iewedastheVi ctors’cl
ub.  -I
tset t
led a boundar ydi sputebet ween Albania and
 - Theunani mityclausemeantt hateachmemberhada Yugosl av i
a.
vetoov eranydecisions.  -I
tset tl
edadi sput ebetweenSer biaandAlbaniain1921.
 -I
tset tl
edadi sput ebetweenPer uandCol umbia.
 - I
talsodependedt oomuchongoodwi llandgoodf ait
h
 -I
tset tl
edadi sput ebetweenPar aguayandBol i
v i
a.
ofitsmember s.
 -I
tset tl
edadi sput ebetweenCol umbiaandVenezuel a
in1922.
Otherf act
orswhichcont r
ibutedtoi
tsfail
ure
 -I
tpr evented a pot entialwarbet ween Greece and
-Ther i
seofdictat
orsli
keHi tl
erandMussolini.
Bul gari
ai n1925.
-Fail
ureofdisarmament.
 -I
tset tl
edadi sput ebetweenChi l
eandPer uin1925.
-DisagreementsbetweenFr anceandBr
itain.
 -I
tset tl
edadi sput ebet weenPol andandLithuaniaover
-Absence ofUSA,whi ch was one oft he League’
s key
Vilna[ t
hr ought heConf erenceofAmbassador swhi ch
archit
ects.
gav eittoPol and] .

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STORY

 -I
tset tledadi sputebet weenGer manyandPol and.I t  - Itst oppedgi rl
sf rom bei ngt radedaspr ostit
utes.
conf i
rmedt hedi vi
sionofUpperSi lesi
abet weent he Fail
ur esoft heLeagueofNat ions
two. TheLeaguewasl argel yaf ailurewhendeal ingwi t
hmaj or
 -I
tadmi nister edmandat edt errit
oriesl i
keDanzi gand power sandmaj ordi sput es.
Saar . -I
tfailedt ost opt heRusso- Pol i
shwar .
 -When t he Aust ri
an economywas on t he ver ge of -I
tfailedt ost opt hePol i
sh- Lithuani anconf l
ictwhi chitref erred
col lapsei n1922t heLeaguer escuedher .Itgav el oans totheConf er enceofambassador s.
toAust riat ohel pheri ndust ri
al dev elopment . -I
tfailedt ot akeadeci si veact ionagai nstMussol i
ni’
ssei zure
 -I
thel pedwi thr eset t
lementofpr isoner sofwarand oftheGr eekI slandofCor fuin1923.
ref [Link] ef oundf orwhi t
eRussi answho -I
tfailedt odeal wi thJapanesei nvasionofManchur i
ai n1931.
fledaf tert heBol shev i
kr evolution. -I
tf ailed t o st op Hi tler f rom wi thdr awi ng f rom t he
 -I
tgav e assi stance t o needy st ates and pr ov i
ded DisarmamentConf er ence1933.
fami ner eliefs. -I
tfailedt opuni shHi tl
erf rom r ear mi ngGer manysi nce1933.
 -Theheal thcommi ssioncombat edt hetyphusdi sease -I
tfailedt ost opHi tlerf rom wi thdrawingf rom t heLeagueof
i
nRussi a. Nationsi n1933.
 -Val uabl ewor kwasdonedur ingt heepi demi cst hat -I
tfailedt ost opHi tlerfr om i nvadi ngAust r
iai n1934; insteadi t
str uckmanki ndint hepostwary ear s. wasMussol i
ni whoi nter cept edGer mansol diers.
 -TheI LO i mpr ov edonwages,unempl oymentbenef it
s -I
tf ailed t o dealef fect ively wi th Mussol ini’
si nvasion of
andwor kinghour sthroughoutt hewor l
d. Abyssi nia/Et hiopiai n1935.
 -I
tensur ed t hatmi nor i
tyr i
ght s wer er espected,f or -I
tf ail
edt opuni shHi tlerf orr emi l
itar
isingt heRhi nelandi n
exampl e,Ger mansi nCzechosl ovaki agott her i
ghtt o 1936.
pr act i
set hei rownr eligionandt osuppor ttheirown -I
tfailedt opuni shHi tl
erf orsei zingMemel f rom Li t
huani a.
l
anguage. -I
tf ailed t o st op Hi tlerf rom annexi ng Sudet enland f rom
 -I
test abl i
shed i nternat i
onalcont rolov eropi um and Czechosl ov aki ain1938.
ot herdanger ousdr ugs. -I
tfailedt ost opHi tlerf rom i nv adingAust ri
aandcompl eting
 -I
twor kedt oabol i
shal lformsofsl av ery. theAnschl uss[ uni onofGer manyandAust ria]in1938.
 -I
tr oset hemi nimum ageatwhi chchi l
drencoul dbe -I
tf ail
ed t o st op Hi tler f rom i nv
adi ng t he whol e of
empl oy ed. Czechosl ov aki ain1939.

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STORY

-
Itf
ail
edtost
opHitl
erf
rom i
nvadi
ngPolandi
n1939. -Fi
fteenci v
il
ianswer ekill
edandmanywounded.
-
Itf
ail
edtostopt
heoutbr
eakofanotherwor
ldwar[
wor
ldwar -TheI tal
ianmar ineslandedandt ookpossessi onoft heport
t
wo]in1939. [Cor f
u].
-Greeceappeal edt otheLeaguef orhelp.
TheI nvasi onofCor fubyMussol ini[1923] -TheLeaguef ail
edt otakedeci siveactionagainstMussol i
ni’
s
-Ther eoccur redabor derdisput ebet weenGr eeceandAl bania. seizureofCor fu.
-Asar esul tani nter
nat i
onalcommi ssionhadbeensentt othe -I
tcoul ddonot hingbecauseI talywasamaj orpower .
Balkanst oset tl
et heGr eece-Albanianboundar yli
ne. -TheLeaguel efttheissuet otheConf erenceofAmbassador s
-Duringt hecour seofi tswor kanI tali
anGener al,Tel l
inand whi ch persuaded t he Gr eeks t o apologise and pay t he
fourofhi sst affwer eambushedandshotdeadwhi lemappi ng 50mi ll
ionLirawhi chMussol i
nidemandedwi thi
namont h.
theGr eek- Albani anf ronti
eronbehal foft heConf erenceof -Theamountwaspai dandI t
ali
anf orceswithdrewfrom Cor f
u.
Ambassador s.
-Theywer ekilledbyunknownGr eekassai l
ant s. QN:How successf ulwast heLeagueofNat i
onsi ndealing
-Mussol i
ni resor tedtor evenget hisinsult. withtheCor f
ui ncident?
-Hei mmedi atel yissuedanul t
imat um t oGr eecedemandi ng -Confronted by t hi
s def i
ance t he League t urned t ot he
apol ogyandasal utet otheI t
alianf lag,anenqui rybyGr eece Commi t
teeofAmbassador s,anonLeaguebody .
witht heassi stanceofanI tali
anof ficialandt hepay mentofa -Thisbodyor der edaCommi ssionofenqui r
yt oinvestigatethe
l
arger epar ation. i
ncident.
-Greecer efusedt oacceptt hedemandsort hetermsoft he -I
nSept ember1923 i tpresented itsr eportwi thouthav ing
ult
imat um,denounci ngt hem asout rageousandv iolati
ngt he discoveredwhowasgui l
tyofthemur ders.
sov ereignt yofGr eece. -TheCounci lofAmbassador sthenor deredGr eecet opay50
-Mussol i
niwhohadbeent heI tali
andi ctatorf orlesst hana mi l
li
onLi r
a.
yearsaw anoppor t
uni t
yt o obt ai
ngl oryandt riumphofa -Theamountwaspai dandI t
ali
anf orceswi thdrewf rom Corfu.
Fasci str egime. *Howev erwarwasav ert
edbutmanymember swer eindignant
-Mussol i
nii nt urn,orderedanI tal
iannav alsquadr ont ot he overthehandl ingoft hewhol eaffair
.
GreekI slandofCor f
ut obombar dt hehar bour . -Somef elttheLeaguehadal lowedI talytodef ythebody .
-Thiswasadi r
ectcont r
aventionoft heLeagueofNat ionsand -Othersfelttheev idenceobt ai
nedbyt heCommi ssiondidnot
thePar isPeaceSet tl
ement . war r
antimposi tion.

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 DEPARTMENTOFHUMANI
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STORY

-
TheLeaguetookt
oolongt
osolv
etheinci
dent
. -
TheLeaguet hensentaCommi ssi
onenderLordLytt
ont o
-
TheCommi ssi
oni
ncl
udedanI
tal
ian[
Itwasunfai
r]
. i
nvest
igat
etheaffai
r.
-
TheCommi ssionsuggest
edthatManchuri
abegov er
nedby
TheJapaneseI nvasionofManchur ia[ 1931] t
heLeague.
-I
n1931Japani nvadedandannexedt heChi nesepr ovi
nceof -
Japandisagr
eedwi ththi
sverdi
ctandlat
erlefttheLeague
Manchur i
a. [
1935]
.
-Theeconomi char dshipsofJapanhadcausedt hi
si nvasi
on. -
HencetheLeaguefail
edtoef
fect
ivel
ydeal
withJapan.
-Thisresul tedf rom thet ought ariff
swhi chwer ei mposedby
ChinaandUSAagai nstJapan. WastheLeaguesuccessf ulinsett
li
ngt hisdisput
e?
-Thiseconomi ccr i
siswascausedbyt hecl osur eoft heUS -
TheLeagueaccusedJapanast heaggr essor.
mar kets. -
TheLeaguecondemnedt heinvasi
on.
-Japanar myl eadersrecommendedt heat t
ackonManchur i
a -
Itor
der
edJapant owithdr
awf r
om Manchur i
a.
ast hesol utiont oobtainweal thf rom her . -
Japanref
usedt owithdrawfrom China.
-TheJapanesear mycont roll
edt heSout hManchur i
anRai l
way -
TheLeaguef ai
ledtoremoveJapanf r
om China.
whichwassabot agedbyt heChi neseascl aimedbyJapan. -
Japan refused to accept t he decision by t he Lyt
ton
-I
nr etali
ation/r evengeJapani nv adedManchur i
a,annexedit CommissionthatManchuriabegov ernedbyt heLeague.
and est abl ished a puppet gov ernment and r enamed it -
Japanlat
erwi t
hdrewfrom theLeague.
Manchukuo.
-Thisinv asionwasadi r
ectcont r
av entionoft heLeagueof TheItali
anI nvasionofAby ssinia/ Ethiopi
a[1935]
Nations. -I
nOct ober1935I tal
yinvadedAby ssi ni
a.
-Chinaappeal edt otheLeaguef orhel p. -Et
hiopiawasal soamemberoft heLeagueofNat i
onsjust
-Japancl aimedi twasnoti nvadingasanaggr essorbuti twas l
ikeItal
y.
simplyset tlingal ocaldispute. -Mussolinii
nv adedEthi
opiaf orv ari
ousr easons.
-TheCommi tt
eesentbyt heLeaguer eportedt hatJapanwas -MussolinithoughtthatAby ssiniawasr ichinraw mat er
ial
s
theaggr essor . andwoul dbecomeamar ketf orItaliangoods.
-TheLeaguecondemnedt hei nv asionandor deredJapant o -Mussolinialsowantedtoav enget hedef eatofI
tal
yin1896at
withdraw buti trefused t o wi t
h dr aw f r
om t he Chinese thebattl
eofAdowabyEt hiopians.
prov i
nce. -Mussolinialsowantedtoset tlesur plusIt
ali
anpopulati
on.

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STORY

-Heal sowant edt ocr eat eanempi ref orI tal

y . -
USAandGermanycont inuedt ot
radewithIt
alyasusual
.They
-Mussol inial sowant edt odemonst ratet hathewast hetrue wer
eoutsi
detheLeague.
Caesar . -
InMay1936Italycompletedherconquest.
-Mussol inialsowant edt ocov erupf ort hepasthumi l
iat
ions -
TheLeaguewithdrewsanctionsandfai
ledtostopMussoli
ni.
andf ailur esandt oenhanceI taliani mageandpr estige.
-I
n1935, Italydemandedcompensat ionf rom Aby ssi ni
aaf tera Wast heLeaguesuccessf ulinsettl
ingthisdispute?
frontier i ncident on t he bor der bet ween Aby ssinia and -
TheLeagueaccusedI talyast heaggressor.
Somal i
land. -
ItaskedMussol i
nitowithdrawf r
om Ethiopia.
-Aby ssi nianpr esidentHai l
eSel asi eappeal edt ot heLeague -
Mussol i
niref
usedtowi thdr
awhi stroopsf r
om Et hi
opi
a.
forhel p. -
TheLeagueaskedmember st oimposesanct ionsonItal
y.
-Mussol inipour ed t r
oopsi nI t
alian Somal il
and and Er i
trea -
Thesanct i
onswer ehalfhearted.
pr epar ingt oi nv adeEt hiopia. -
USAandGer manywhower enotmember soft heLeagueof
-I
nOct ober1935Mussol iniat tackedAby ssinia. Nati
onscont i
nuedtotradewi thIt
alyagainpointingtof
ail
ure.
-Hai l
eSel asiewasr emov edf rom powerandf l
edt oBr it
ain.
-TheLeaguecondemnedI talyast heaggr essorandasked
Mussol ini towi thdr awt roopsf rom Aby ssinia. DI
CTATORSHI
PINI
TALY
-Mussol ini r
ef usedt owi thdr awt roopsf rom Et hi
opia.
-I
nst ead, Mussol ini wi
thdr ewI talyf rom t heLeague.
-TheLeagueor der edmemberst atest oi mposesanct ionson Pr
oblemsfacedbyItal
ybetween1919and1922
I
t aly. Al
thoughI
tal
yemer gedonthewinni
ngsideoftheFi
rstWorl
d
-Thesanct ionswer emeantt ost arv eI t
al yofnecessi ti
es. War,sheexperi
encedser
iouseconomic,soci
alandpoli
ti
cal
-Howev er ,BritainandFr ancei mposedhal fhear t
edsanct ions pr
oblemsbetween1919and1922.
onI taly .
-The sanct i
ons wer ei nef fect i
ve as t hey excl uded v i
tal EconomicproblemsfacedbyI t
alybetween1919and1922
resour ces l i
ke coal ,oi land st eel,t he v ery commodi ti
es -
Therewaslowi ndust
ri
alproduct
ioninItal
y.
Mussol ini neededdesper ately[ forwar ]. -
Lowagricul
turalpr
oducti
on
-Romani aandot heroi lpr oduci ngcount ri
eswer er eadyt o -
Unemploymentespecial
lyintheindust
ri
alNort
h.
i
mposesanct ionsbutt hiswasi nv ain. -
Ahugewardebt

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 DEPARTMENTOFHUMANI
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STORY

-Inf
lati
on,forexampl e,al oafofbreadwhi chcost120Li
ra -The I tal
ians wer e di sappoint ed wi th the Paris Peace
beforethewarwasby1919cost i
ng600Li
ra. Set tl
ement .Thisi sbecauseI talyhadnotbeengi vensome
-Stri
keswer erampant pr omi sed terri
toriesl ikeAl bania,Fi umeand someAegean
-Therewasl ackofcapital Islands.
-Shortageoff ood -Weakgov ernment s/gov er
nment swer eunpopular
-Lackofr awmat eri
als -Pol i
ti
calv i
olence[ Fascistsf r
equent l
yattackedsocial
ist
s/
-Closureofbanks communi sts].
-Decli
neint r
ade -Toomanypol i
ticalpar ti
es
-Therewer elockout
sofwor ker
sbyemployees. -Unst ablecoal i
ti
ongov ernments
-Hightaxati
on -St r
ikesanddemonst rati
onswer er ampant
-Useofout datedmachi ner
y -Clashbet weent heChur chandt heSt ate
-Ineffici
entandcor r
uptci vil
service
Socialproblemsf acedbyItal
ybetween1919and1922 -Fearofcommuni sm / Communi stthreat
-Alotofcor r
uptioninsomepl ace -Pov er
ty * All t
hesepr oblemsl edt other i
seofMussol init
opower.
-Hunger -Domest ic v iolence
wast heorderoft heday Towhatext entdi dthepol i
ti
calproblemscont ributetothe
-Thestandardofl ivi
ngwasl ow -Less advanced riseofMussol init
opoweri n1922?
education[78%i ll
i
teracy] -Mussol i
nit ook adv ant
age of pol i
ticalpr oblems t o win
-Stri
keswer erampant -
The South suppor t
.
waspr imiti
veandpoor -Therewasar unni
ngquarrelbetweent hegov ernmentandt he
-I
ncreaseincr i
mer ates -Brigandage or Pope.
l
awl essness -There wer et oo many polit
icalparties which l ed t
ot he
-Prosti
tut
ionbecamet heorderoftheday -
Crit
ical format i
onofweakandunst ablecoal
it
iongov ernment s.
shortageoff ood -The politi
cians and gov ernments wer e noti nter
ested i
n
-Demonst rat
ionswer erampant -Diseases solvi
ngt hepr oblemsinIt
aly.
-Therewasnosecur ityi
nindustr
ies -Weaknessesoft hegovernmentmadei ttof ailtodealwi t
h
polit
icalvi
olencecausedbyFasci st
sandCommuni sts.
Pol
it
icalPr
obl
emsf
acedbyI
tal
ybet
ween1919and1922 -FearofCommuni sm madet hegov ernmentt or el
yont he

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 DEPARTMENTOFHUMANI
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STORY

Blackshirt
s[Fascists]
to suppr
esscommuni
stst
husgivi
ng -
GiovanniGioll
it
i-
[June1920toJul
y1921]
Mussolini
popul
arit
y . -
IvanoeBonomi -[
July1921toFebr
uary1922]
-Dangerofacivilwarf or
cedt heki
ngtoi
nvi
teMussol
i
nito -
LuigiFact
a-[February1922t
oOctober1922]
becomePr i
meMi ni
st er
.
Fact
orswhi chl edt other iseofMussol initopower
Otherf act
or swhichledtotheri
seofMussoli
ni  -Fearofcommuni sm l edt ot her iseofMussol i
[Link]
-I
nflati
onwhi chaffectedthemiddlecl
assandwor
ker
swhose i
ndust rialistsandl andowner sf ear edcommuni sm and
savingswer ewipedout . began t o suppor tMussol i
niwho was al so agai nst
-Unempl oymentwhi chsweptthewholecount
ry communi [Link] ear edt hati ft hecommuni stssei ze
-Mussol i
ni’
sabil
it
yt ousepropaganda power ,t hei rpr opertywoul dbenat [Link] hey
-Pov er
ty suppor tedMussol inif orpr otect [Link] holi
cswer e
-Hunger prepar edt osuppor tMussol i
niwhowasast ronghand
-Str
ikes tof i
ghtt hecommuni [Link] sm madet he
-Foodshor tages gov er nment t or ely on Bl ack shi rts[ Fasci st
s]t o
-Wardebt s suppr esscommuni sm t husgi v i
ngMussol ini populari
ty.
 -PropagandamadeMussol init or iset opower .Heused
Polit
icalparti
esi nItal
y propagandat oappealt oal ldi scont entedgr [Link]
-FascistParty[Blackshir
ts] -
Nat
ional
i
st knewt hedemandsofal lsect ionsi nItalyandheused
Party[Blueshirts] propaganda t o wint [Link] del iberately distorted
-PopulariParty[Cathol
icpart
y] -
Soci
ali
stPar
ty[
Red i
nf ormat ion t o discr editt he gov ernmentand ot her
Guards] political par t
ies.
-Communi stParty[Redshir
ts] -
Liber
al Par
ty[
Grey  -Orat oryl edt oMussol ini’
sr i
set opower .Hi sor atory
shirt
s] conv incedmanypeopl ei nItal [Link] omi sedast r
ong
-RepublicanPar ty gov er nment ,touni tet hechur chandt hest ate,lawand
order ,adopt ion an adv ent urous f oreign pol i
cy t hat
I
tal
ianleader
sbef or
eMussolini woul d makeI tal
yf ear ed and r espect [Link] sor atory
-
Vitt
ori
oEmmanuel Orl
ando-[
October1917t
oJune1919] attract edmanypeopl e.
-
Franci
scoNitti
-[
June1919toJune1920]  -Failureofsoci ali
standcommuni stpar ti
es[ whichwer e

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 DEPARTMENTOFHUMANI
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STORY

antiFascist]t o uni
te agai nstt he Fascist
s enabled  -These i ncl uded a weak gov ernment , a gener al
Mussol i
nitorisetopower . atmospher eofdi si l
lusionmentandf rustrat i
on,aweak
 -Mussolini
’sv i
olentsermonsagai nstthegov ernment economyandsoon.
receivedmuchsy mpathy.  -I
n1919Mussol inil aunchedanor gani sationthatwas
 -Useofi nt
imidati
onsledt ohi srisetopower . tobecomet heFasci stpar tywi thint henex ttwoy ears.
 -Mussolinimade conci li
at ory speeches about t he  -Thushef or medt heFasci stpar tyi n1921.
RomanCat holi
cs.  -TheFasci stpar tymember swor ebl ackshi r
[Link]
 -Personalabil
iti
esofMussol inil
edtohi sr
ise. wer enamedaf tert heiruni form /shi rt
s.
 -The dangerofa ci vi
lwarmade t he king t
oi nvi
te  -The Fasci stpar ty was aggr essi ve and bel ieved in
Mussol i
nitobecomePr i
meMi nist
er. action.
 -Useofat t
ractiv
eparades
 -As l eaderoft he Fasci stpar ty,Mussol iniiniti
ally
 -A gener al at mospher e of di si
l
lusi
onment and participatedi ntheel ectionsofMay1921.
frustr
ati
on
 -Theywon35outof535seat s.
-
Aweakeconomy
 -Event uall
yMussol i
nif eltt hatpar li
ament arymet hods
-
Unempl oyment
wer einef f
ect i
veagai nstt het hreatofsoci ali
sm.
-
Infl
ation
 -Heembar kedont heuseoff or [Link] herwor dshis
-
Pov erty
partyadopt edapol i
cyofv iolence.
-
Hunger
 -Meet ingsofsoci al i
stsandcommuni st swer eat tacked
-
Diseases
byt heFasci sts.
-
Social unrest
-
Foodshor tages  -Wor kers’mov ement s wer e br oken byt he Fasci sts,
-
Wardebt s weal thy i ndust r
ialists and l and owner s suppor ted
Mussol i
[Link] banks al one gav e hi m 1,5 mi l
li
on
St
agesi nther i
seofMussol i
nitopower/St epst
akenby pounds.
Mussoli
nii
nhi sri
setopowerupt o1922  -Hispr ivatear my[ Blackshi rt
s]wentr oundbeat ingand
 - Mussoli
ni’
srisetopowerwasf aci
l
itat
edbyv ar
ious i
ntimi datingopponent s,att imesf or
ci ngt hem t oeat
soci
al,economicandpol
it
icalf
act
ors. l
ivet oadsandt odr inkcast oroi l
.
 -Somet i
mest heybeatt hem wi t hr ubberhoses.

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 -Occasi onal l
yt heymur deredt heiropponent si npubl ic. Emmanuel II
I,theItalianarmyandt hepolice.
 -He al so adj ust ed his pr opaganda t o appealt o al l  -Thegov ernmentappear edpower lesstot akeact ion
discont ent edgr oups. againstMussol i
ni.
 -Hegotsuppor tfrom al mostev erydi r
ect i
on,f rom t he  -Neit
hert her oyalf amilynort hear myandt hepolice
rich and poor ,monar chists and soci alists,liber al tookanyef fectiveact i
ont opr eventt heent ryoft he
i
deal i
stsandt hugs, anti-cl
er i
cal sandpr iest s. Fascistcolumni ntoRome.
 -Agener alst r
ikei nt hesummerof1922gav eFasci st s  -ThusMussol i
ni metl i
tt
leresistancei fany.
theoppor tunityt orestor eor der .  -On29 Oct ober1922,t heki ng,Vi ctorEmmanuelI II
 -Thegov ernmenthadbeenunabl etoprev entt hestrike. askedMussol initof orm agov ernmentwi t
hot heranti-
 -Ast hegov ernmentwast ooweakt odealwi t
ht he Sociali
stgroups.
st r
ike,t hei l
legalact i
onsoft heFasci stswon t hem  -A coalit
ion gov ernmentwas f or med and Mussol ini
popul arsuppor t. tookt hepostofPr imeMi ni
ster,For eignMi nist
erand
 -Landl ords and i ndust ri
alists sy mpat hised wi t
h a MinisterofHomeAf fair
s[ I
nteri
or ]atthesamet ime.
mov ementwhi ch st ood f orst r
ike br eaking,l ower
wagesandhost il
it
yt ocommuni sm. Towhatextentdidtheuseofv i
olenceassistMussol
ini
’sr
ise
 -Event ual l
yMussol i
niwas br oughtt o powerbyt he topower?
Mar chonRome, October1922. -
Viol
enceforcedopponentstosupporttheFascistmovement
 -InOct ober1922Mussol inidemandedr epr esentat i
on toaver
tdeat
handi nj
ury
.
i
nt hegov ernment . -
Viol
encewasonet heseveralmethodsusedt ogai
npower.
 -Thegov ernmentr efusedt oacceptt hi
sdemand. -
Forceevent
uall
yprevai
ledoverothermethodsin1922
 -Thi s r efusal was one f actor whi ch det ermi ned
Otherfact
or s
Mussol init omakeashowoff or ce.
-
Useofpr opaganda
 -Mussol inihaddemandedt hatt hecount ryshoul dbe
-
Useofat tr
activ
eparades
givenast ronggov ernmentcapabl eofrest oringorder .
-
Parli
ament arymethodsl
ikeparti
cipati
ngi
nel
ecti
ons
 -On28Oct ober1922,t heFasci stsstagedt hef amous
-
Agener alatmosphereofdisi
l
lusi
onmentandfrust
rat
ion
‘
Mar chonRome’ f
rom v ariouspar t
soft hecount ry
.
-
Aweakeconomyandaweakgov ernment
 -Thi s posed a ser i
ous di lemma f ort he ki ng Vict or

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Mussoli
ni’sDomest icPol i
cyfrom 1923t o1939
Gov ernmentPost sheldbyMussoli
nii
nIt
aly  - Mussol i
niest ablisheddi ct
atorshipi nItaly.
-
PrimeMi ni
ster -
Mini
ster of  - Hebannedal lopposi ti
onpol i
ticalpar t
[Link]
theInt er
ior[HomeAf fairs] It
alyaonepar tyst ate.
-
Mi nisterofFor ei
gnAf fair
s -
Mini
ster of  - Her uledbydecr ee[ command]st arti
ngf r
om 1926.
Corpor ati
ons  - Mussol i
niwas opposed t o democr acy.I n 1928 he
-
Mi nisterofAr my,Nav yandAi
rfor
ce -
Commander bannedv oti
ngandmember sofpar l
iamentwer et obe
i
nChi efoftheMi li
ti
a chosenbyt heFasci stGrandCounci lwhichwasheaded
-
Head/Pr esidentoftheFasci
stGr
andCouncil byMussol i
ni.
 - Mussol i
nimadeI talyatotali
tarianst [Link] laspect sof
Ai
msofMussol
ini
’
sDomest
icPol
icy l
ifewer econt rolledbyt hestate.
-Tocr eateav eryst r
onggov ernment -To  - I
n1927Mussol i
niformedasecr etpol i
cecal l
edOVRA.
makeI tal
ypol it
icallystable OVRA hunt ed f oropponent si n publ i
c pl aces l i
ke
-Tocr eateast r
ongeconomy -To cinemas,f uner als,weddi ngcer emoni es,beerhal lsand
establishdi ct
atorshi pinItal
y play i
ng gr [Link] was t hus meantt o silence
-Tocr eateat otalitari
anstate -To do enmi ty.
awaywi thdemocr acy  - I
n1929Mussol i
nibr i
dgedthegapbet weent hechur ch
-TomakeI tal
yagr eatpoweroncemor e -
To increase andt hest atet hrought heLat eranTr [Link] ought hi
s
thepopul at i
on treaty,Italyr ecogni sedt heVat icanCi tyinRomeasa
-TomakeI tal
ysel fsuffici
ent[Autarky] -
To pr ovide sov ereignst [Link] holicChur chwasmadea
empl oy ment stater eli
[Link] igiouseducat ionwassur renderedt o
-Toest ablishf r
iendlyrelati
onswi ththechur
ch -
Tobanstrikes thechur ch.I nr eturn,thePopegav ehi sbl essingt o
-Tost opt hespr eadofcommuni sm -Toban Fasci stdictator ship.
tradeuni ons  - Allopponent swer ekill
edorexi ledont heLi puriIslands
-Tobanel ecti
ons -
To revalue i
nt heMedi [Link] e,GiacomoMat teotti
Ital
iancur rency wasmur deredaf teraccusingt heFasci stsofcor ruption
andv i
olence.
 - Mussol i
niwasa mal e chauv [Link] l ooked down

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 DEPARTMENTOFHUMANI
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upon [Link] m,women wer et o begood at [Link] r adeuni onshadbeenbui l

tmai nl yunder
homewher et heywer eencour agedt obearasmany communi standsoci alistleader shi [Link] swasf ol l
owed
chi l
dr enaspossi ble,about12chi ldr enperf ami l
yon byt heest ablishmentofasy st em of‘ Cor por ati
ons’i n
av erage. whi ch wor ker s, empl oy er s and t he st at e wer e
 -Mussol inii naugur at ed the bat tlef orbi r
t [Link] e repr esent ed. The cor por ations wer et o set t l
e al l
wer eencour agedt obearmanychi [Link] mposeda mat tersr el ati
ngt ocondi t
ionsofwor [Link] nistryof
taxon chi ldless mar ri
ages and bachel [Link] gav e Cor por ations was i nt roduced t o super vise t hese
i
ncent i
vest owomensot hattheybearmanychi ldren. cor por [Link] ai m oft his was t o make bot h
Div or cewasf orbidden. wor ker sandempl oy erssuppor tt hei nter estsoft he
 -Ther e was educat ion f or al land t his was f r ee st at ebef or et hei rown.
educat [Link] eacher swer et ot akeanoat hof  -Lockout sofwor kersbyempl oy erswer ef orbidden.
allegi ancet oMussol iniandhi sFasci str egime.I n1931  -Mussol inicr eat ed empl oy menti nI [Link] di d so
thesamewasr equi redofUni versityl [Link] thr oughl aunchi nganumberofpubl i
cwor kssuchas
wer et opr omi set hatt heywoul dt eachaccor dingt othe dr aini ng mar shes l i
ke Pont ine Mar shes near Rome,
Fasci stpr i
nci [Link] spupi lswer eencour aged elect rif
icat ion,const ruct i
on ofr oads,r ai l
way l ines,
tocr iti
ciset heirteacher sandwer et aughtt or epeatthe br idges,r ailwayst ations,damsandspor t
sst adiums.
TenCommandment sofFasci sm,i ncl uding’Mussol ini He al so cr eat ed empl oy ment t hrough l aunchi ng
i
sal way sr ight’.Ther ewasi ndoct rinat ionofchi ldren. i
ndust r
ieswhi chmanuf actur edai rcraft,mot orv ehi cl
es
Teachi ngwast obeFasci standj ust ifyt heet hi
csof andweaponsf orhi sf or eignv ent ures.
violence, obedi ence and i ntellect ual uni formi ty.  -In1926Mussol i
niinaugur atedt hebat t
leofwheat .He
Teacher shadt owearuni [Link] t extbookswer e encour aged f ar mers t o concent rate on wheat
wr it
t ent oconf orm wi thFasci sm. pr oduct ionai medatsel fsuf ficiencywhi chhecl aimed
 -Ther ewasst ri
ctcensor [Link] i
-Fasci stnewspaper s tohav ebeenachi evedi n1932.
andmagazi neswer eei therbannedorhadt hei redit
or s  -Iron, sil
kandst eelpr oduct ioni ncr eased.
repl acedbyFasci stsuppor t
ers.  -Mussol inii naugur atedt hebat tleofl i
[Link] rency
 -Elect edt owncounci lsandmay or swer eabol ishedand wasr evalued.
townswer er unbyof fici
alsappoi nt edf rom Rome.  -Hy dr oelect ri
ci tywasdoubl ed.
 -Trade uni ons wer e banned and t hei rof fi
ces wer e  -Indust rywasencour agedwi thgov ernmentsubsi dies.

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-Censorshipoft hepr essledtol ackoff r

eedom ofexpr ession.
To whatext
entdi
d Mussol
ini
’
s Domest
ic Pol
icy benef
it -I
tal
iansl ostt heirr i
ghttov oteasmember sofpar liament
I
tal
ians? weret obeel ectedbyt heFasci stGr andCounci lheadedby
Mussol i
ni.
Benefits/Posi t
iveeffects -I
tal
ianslostthei rfreedom andnowl ivedinf ear.
-Banningt radeuni onsbr oughtaboutor derandpr ogressi n -The education sy stem was bl [Link] l
s were bei ng
i
ndust ri
es. i
ndoct r
inatedinst eadofbei ngeducat ed.
-Law and or derwas r estored inItalysi nce brigands who -Thebat t
leofwheatwascount er
-product i
veandst r
ainedt he
terr
orisedt hepeopl einst r
eetshaddi sappear ed. budget.
-Alargenumberofpeopl ewer eempl oyedt hrought hepubl i
c -Alt
houghMussol inirest
oredl awandor der,howev er
,t hislaw
works. andor derappl iedonl ytononFasci [Link] stshadt he
-Thebat tl
eofwheatmadeI talysel
fsuf f
icienti ntermsoff ood. l
iberty[f
reedom]t odowhatt heywant edwi tht hei
ropponent s.
-Therewaspr ov i
si
onofgoodaccommodat i
ont hroughf l
at
construction.
-Therewasi mprovedt ransportforthepeopl efrom onepl ace
toanot her.
-Thedr ainingofmar shesl edt othei ncr easei nagr icult
ur al
l
and.
-TheItaliannat i
onwhi chhadbeenf orl ongdi vi
dedi ntot wo, Economi
cPol
ici
esofMussol
ini
thesuppor tersoft hest ateandsuppor ter soft hePopewas  -Industr
ywasencour agedwi thgovernmentsubsidi
es.
unit
edbyMussol ini
.  -Mussol i
nii
ntroducedt hebat t
leofwheat.
-Thecr eati
onofempl oy menti mprovedt hest andardofl i
ving.  -Landr ecl
amat i
onwasl aunched,forexampl e,dr
aini
ng
ofmar shesandpl antingtrees.
Nonbenef i
ts/Negat
iveEff
ects  -Public wor ks wer e i ntr
oduced, f or exampl e,
-The aboli
ti
on oftr
ade unions l
ed tothe expl
oit
ati
on of const r
ucti
on ofr oads,br i
dges,rail
way s,stadi
ums,
workers who l
osttheirri
ghtto str
ike f
orbet t
erwor ki
ng damsandsoon.
condit
ions.  -Mussol i
nii
ntroducedt hebat t
leoftheli
ra.
-Unemploymentwasnotcomplet
elywi
pedout.

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 DEPARTMENTOFHUMANI
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 -Strikeswer eout l
awed[ banned] . -I
ronandsteelproducti
ondoubl
ed.
 -Tradeuni onswer ebanned. -Draini
ngPont
ineMar shespr
ovidedhundr
edsofthousandsof
 -Ther ewasexpansi onofsi lk,i
ronandst eelproduct
ion. acresofnewfarmlandanderadicatedMal
ari
a.
 -Hydr oelectr
icpowerwasdoubl ed. -Thepubli
cworkscr eat
edemployment.
 -Ther ewascr eationofacor poratest at
et o control -Banningofst
ri
kesledt oani
ncreaseinpr
oduct
ion.
product i
on,pricesandwor kingcondi ti
ons. -I
nflati
onwasreduced.
 -Lockout sofwor ker swer eout lawed.
 -Ther e was hi gh taxat ion,especi allyf orsingle and Negat i
veEf fect
sofMussol ini
’sEconomi cPol i
cy
unmar r
iedwor kers. -Unemploy mentwasnotcompl etel
yaddr essed.
 -Pricecont r
olswer et omakepubl iclifeeasy. -Therewasshor t
ageofbasi cgoods.
 -Transpor twasdev elopedwi thgov ernmentsubsi di
es. -Therewasr ampantcor ruptionandi nef
fi
ciency.
 -Railway swer eelect rif
ied. -Wheat pr oduction damaged ot her forms of agr i
cul
tur
al
 -Anei ghthourwor kingdaywasenact ed. [Link] mersconcent ratedonwheatatt heexpenseof
 -Wor kers wer e assur ed of such benef i
ts as free othercrops.
Sunday s,annualhol i
day s wi th pay ,socialsecur i
ty, -Overval
uingoft heli
ramadeexpor tsmor eexpensive.
spor tsand t heatret o compensat ef ortheirlossof -Alt
houghpr iceswerest able,t
heyhowev err emainedhi
gh.
freedom. -I
tal
ywasst i
llnotselfsuffi
cienti
nf oodsuppl i
es.
 -Thet exti
leindustrywasexpanded. -Motorway s[ Austr
ada]wer eplanned butonl ya few were
 -Ther ewasdev el
opmentofsy ntheticrubber. actuall
ystarted.

Benefit
sofMussol ini’
sEconomi cPolicy Mussol
ini
’
sSoci
alPol
icy
-Ther
ewasst abil
ityinpr i
cest hroughl ower
ingwagesand -
Heencouragedhighbir
thrates.
suppressionofst rikesandTr adeUnions. -
Therewasstri
ctcensorshi
pofthepress.
-Thegov ernmentf ixedrentsandcont r
oll
edfoodpr
icest
hus -
Heintr
oducedtheYouthLeague.
makingupf orlowwages. -
Educat
ionwasmadeFasci standwasf oral
l.
-Theli
rawasr evalued. -
HesignedtheLater
antreatywit
hthePope.
-Ther
ewasdev elopmentofi nfrast
ructure. -
RomanCat hol
i
cChur chwasmadet hestaterel
i
gion.
-Hydr
oel ectri
cpr oduct i
onincreased.

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-Helookeddownuponwomen.  -Sl
oganeer i
ngandi ndoct ri
nat ionoft heyouthpromoted
-Mussoli
nicreatedempl oymentinItal
y. thenot ionthatt heDucei sal way sr ight.
-Hegav ewor kerssomebenef i
ts,forexample,fr
eeSunday
s,  -Educat i
onwasbr oughtunderst at econtrolandwas
annualholi
day swithpay,soci
alsecur i
ty,
sportsandt
heat
reto meantt oglorifyFasci sm.
compensatef ortheirl
ossoffreedom.  -He banned t rade uni ons, st rikes, lockouts and
-Hebannedst ri
kes. demonst rati
ons.
-Teacher
swer et owearunifor
ms.  -Hecont roll
ed keymi nistriesl i
keHomeAf f
airsand
-Pupil
swereencour agedtocrit
icisethei
rteacher
s. For eignAf f
airs.
 -Hecr eatedt heYout hLeague.
Measur est akenbyMussol init oi ntroducedi ct at
orshi
pi n
 -Heest abli
shedacor por atest ateandMussol iniwas
It
aly/Measur est akenbyMussol initoconsol idatehispower
theMi nisterofCor porat i
ons.
i
nI taly/Measur est aken byMussol i
nito est abli
sh total
 -Headopt edt het i
tl
et heI I-Duce[ thel eader].
controlinItal
y
 -Her ul edbydecr ee[ command] .
 - Hepassedt heAr cebol aw[ 1923]whi chenabl edhimt o
 -Hecr eatedat otali
tarianst at e.
getmaj orityseat sinPar liament .
 -Hesuppr esseddemocr acy ,f orinst ance,peoplewere
 - He el i
mi nat ed opponent s,f or exampl e,i n 1924
deni edt ov otef orMember sofpar l
iament .
Giacomo Mat t
eot t
i and Gi ov anni Amenda wer e
 -The Bl ack Shi rt
s per pet rated t error
,f or example,
mur dered.
beat ingopponent swi thr ubberhoses,f orci
ngthem to
 - I
n 1925 he i ntr
oduced censor ship as radios,fi
lms;
drinkcast oroi landt oswal lowl i
vet oads.
newspaper sandt heatrewer eputunderst rictcontr
ol.
 - I
n 1926 Mussol inibanned al lopposi tion poli
tical
BenefitsofMussol ini’
sdictatorshipt
oItali
ans
parti
es.
-Dict
atorshipensur edpeace, orderandstabili
tyi
nItal
y.
 - I
n1927hecr eatedasecr etpol i
ce[OVRA]whi chhe
-Banningofst rikes, lockoutsanddemonst rat
ionspromoteda
usedt osilenceal l enemi es.
peaceful envi
ronmentf oreconomi cdevelopment.
 - I
n 1928,t he Fasci stGr and Counci lwas setup t o -I
tpromot edasenseofnat ionalism.
choosemember sofPar li
ament .El ect
ionswer ebanned. -TheLat erantreat yendedt hel ongstandi
ngmi sunderst
andi
ng
 - I
n1929t her ewast hesigni ngoft heLat er
anTr eaty. betweent hechur chandt hestate.

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-
Banningofopposi
ti
onpol
iti
cal
par
ti
es -
Nati
onal prest
ige
Negati
veeff
ectsofMussol i
ni’
sdictatorshi
ptoItal
ians -
Glor
if
icat
ionofthel
eader -
Suppression of
-
Civi
landpoli
ti
call
i
ber ti
eswer esuppressed. womenr i
ghts
-
Peoplewereli
vi
nginper petualfear.
-
Peoplecoul
dnolongerf r
eel
yexpr essthemselves. Ai
msofMussol
ini
’
sFor
eignPol
i
cy
-
Somepeoplelosttheirpropert
yandl ifeduetoviol
ence.  -Tomakeanamef orhi mselfandhi scount ry
-
Workerswereexpl
oitedundert hecor porat
estate.  -Topursueanadv entur ousforeignpol i
cy
-
Parl
iamentwasturnedi ntoafarce.  -ToputItal
yont hewor ldmap
-
Therewasnomor edemocr acy.  -TomakeI tal
ygr eat,fearedandr espected
 -Togainpresti
ge
FeaturesofFasci
sm i
nItaly  -Tomakeupf orthel ostpastoppor tuni
tiesonearl
ier
-Total i
tarianism -Glori
fi
cation of decades
violence  -Tocivi
li
seAfricaandgai nr
awmat eri
als
-Extensi vepr opaganda -Aboli
tion of  -Torevi
vethegr eatnessoft heanci entRomanEmpi re
elections  -Tomakeupf orthepasthumi l
iations
-Dictator ship -Banning of t r
ade  -Tocreateanempi reasi nthet i
meoft heCaesars
unions  -TomakeI tal
yabul war kagainstBol shevi
sm inEur
ope
-Rulebydecr ee[ command] -Milit
ari
sm  -Tocreateenoughl ivi
ngspacef ortheItal
ians
-OnePar tyState -Corporatestate
-Extremenat ionalism -
A
Mussol
ini
’
sFor
eignPol
icy[
1922t
o1939]
strongeconomy
 -
In1923Mussol ini i
nvadedtheGreekIsl
andofCor f
u.
-Suspensi onofhumanr ight
s -Economi cself
 -
In 1923 Mussol inirecognised t
he Union ofSov i
et
-suffici
ency
Social
istRepubl
ic.
-Stri
ctcensor shi
p -Absence of
 -
In 1924 Mussol inicame t o an agreement with
democr acy
Yugoslavi
abywhi chI t
alygainedFi
ume.
-Eli
mi nat ionofal l opponents -Banning of
 -
In1924Mussol iniestabli
shedf r
iendl
yrelat
ionswith
stri
kes
Greece,HungaryandAl bania.
-Ant i
-Semi t
ism -Anti
-Communi sm

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 DEPARTMENTOFHUMANI
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 -I
n1925Mussol inisignedt heLocar noPactwi t
hBr it
ain,  -
In1937Mussoli
nisignedtheRome- Ber
li
n-TokyoAxis
France,Ger manyandBel [Link] st r eatywasmeant [
Pact]wit
hGermany[ Hit
ler
]andJapan[ Tojo]agai
nst
to pr omot easpi ri
tofcooper ation.I twasGer many i
nter
nati
onal
communi sm.
whi chi nit
iat
edt his.  -
In1938Mussol
iniat
tendedtheMunichConference.
 -I
n1928Mussol inisignedt heBr i
and- Kel loggPact .  -
In1939Mussol
inii
nvadedandannexedAlbania.
 -I
n1933Mussol i
nisi gnedaNonAggr essi onPactwi th  -
In1939Mussoli
nisi
gnedt hePactofSteelwithHit
ler
.
Russi a. Theyagr
eedtohel
peachot heri
ntheeventofawar .
 -I
n 1933 Mussol ini at tended t he Di sarmament
Conf erenceatGenev a.
 -I
n 1934 Mussol i
nii nt
er cept ed Ger man f orces at
[Link] manf orceswant edt oi nvade QN:Towhatextentdi
dtheI
tal
iansBenef
itf
rom Mussol
ini
’
s
Aust r i
a. For
eignPol
icy
?
 -I
n1935Mussol iniinvadedAby ssini a[Et hiopia].
Benef its/Posi tiveEf fects
 -I
n 1935 Mussol i
niwi thdr ew f rom t he League of
-Ital
iant r
adepr osper edandhercr editstoodhi
gh.I nhisear l
y
Nat ions.
day sMussol i
nicr eatedf ri
endlyr elat
ionswithothercountries
 -I
n1935Mussol inisignedt heSt r
essaFr ontwi thBr i
tain
l
ikeBr i
tain,FranceandGer manybyent er
ingLocarnoPact .
and Fr anceguar anteeing t heEast ern Fr ench border
-Ital
y’s pr estige was st rengthened at home af ter Corfu
agai nstGer managgr ession.
Incident .
 -I
n1936Mussol inisi gnedt heRome- BerlinAxi swi th
-Ital
y became mor e secur e by ent eri
ng agreement s with
Hitl
er .Mussoli
nicamecl osert oHi tlerbecauseHi tler
power fulcount riesl i
keJapanandGer many .
had r efused t
oi mposesanct i
onsonI talyaftershe
-Mussol i
nii mpr ov edr elati
onswi thAlbaniawhichbecamean
i
nv adedAby ssinia.
Itali
ansat el l
i
tei n1926.
 -I
n1936Mussol inient eredi ntot heSpani shCi vilWar
-Mussol i
nir educed popul ation pressurei nIt
alybyset tl
i
ng
ont hesi deofGer manyandGener alFr anciscoFr anco
someI taliansi nAby ssiniaandAl bania.
agai nstt heSpani sh Republ ican gov ernment .Fr anco
-TheI tali
ansal sobegant osel l
theirgoodst oAlbania[market]
.
wasant i-
communi stjustlikeI talyandGer many .
-Ther ewascr eat ionofempl oymentespeci al
lyi
nt hearmy .
 -I
n1937Mussol inisignedt heant i-Comi nternpactwi th
-Ther ewer esomet erri
torialgains.
Japan.

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 DEPARTMENTOFHUMANI
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STORY

-
For
eignpol
i
cyi
ngener
albr
oughtpr
est
ige. st
rongl
yopposedbyMussol
i
ni.

NonBenef i
ts/Negat i
veEf f
ect s Othersi de
-Mussolini
’sforeignpol i
cycreat edmor eenemiesthanfri
ends. -Aftert heRome- Berl
i
nAxi sMussol inibecameapr otégéof
-Mussolini t ended t o i gnor e domest ic issues and Hitler.
concentrated on f oreign [Link] nst
ance,t her
e was -There was now mut ualcooperat i
on between the two
misall
ocationofr esourcesinIt aly. count ri
es[ ItalyandGer many ]l
eadingt othesigni
ngoft he
-ManyI t
ali
ansl osttheirli
vesdur ingbattl
es foll
owi ngt r
eat ies--
-
-Manychi l
drenwer eor phaned. -Rome- Berl
in-Toky oAxis[1937]
-Manywomenbecamewi dows. -Ant i
-Comi nt ernPact[1937]
-Cr
eationofanal l
iancewi thGer manyandJapanl edtot he -Pactofst eel [
1939]
upset of bal ance of power and t ot he breakdown of -Alsot hetwoent er
edintotheSpanishCi vi
lWaronthesideof
i
nternati
onal peace. Gener al Fr
anco[ 1936].
-MussoliniplungedI t
alyintot heSecondWor l
dWar[ 1939] DI
CTATORSHI
PINGERMANY[
1919-
1939]
unpreparedandl ostmanyhumanl ives.

Towhatext entwasMussol ini’

sFor eignPoli
cyi nfl
uencedby TheWei marRepubl ic[
1919-1933]
thatofHi t
ler? Germanyaf tertheFi r
stWor ldWarwascal l
edt heWei mar
-I
nit
iall
yMussol ini’
sf or
eignpol i
cywasdet er
mi nedbyI tal
ian [Link] soknownast heSecondGer manRei ch.A
i
nterestsandai ms. republi
c i s a st ate compl etel
y gov erned by el ect
ed
-The Cor f
ui ncident was desi gned t o advance nat i
onal representati
[Link]
soanat i
onr ul
edbyapr esidentandnot
greatnessinfor eignpolicy. byaki [Link] manEmpirewhi chwascr eatedbyBi smarck
-TheFiumei ncidentandAl banianinv asi
onbyItalywasai med i
n1871anddest royedduri
ngt heFirstWor l
dWari n1918was
atshowi ngItali
angr eat
nessandt osecur econtroloverent ry knownast heFirstGermanRei [Link]
er’
sGer manyf rom 1933
i
ntot heAdr i
ati
c. to1945wasknownast heThi r
dGer manRei chort heNazi
-I
nvasionofAby ssiniaandAl baniawasmeantt of ul
fi
lcolonial [Link] chisaGer manst at
e.
i
nterests.
-Germany ’
sat tempt edAnschl usswi thAustri
ai n1934was Pr
obl
ems f
aced byt
he Wei
marRepubl
ic[
Ger
many
]fr
om

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 DEPARTMENTOFHUMANI
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STORY

1919to1933 standar ds
The Weimar Republi
c had seri
ous probl
ems from the -Streetf ight s -Bur glary
begi
nni
[Link] probl
ems hel
ped in dest
roy
ing i
thence -Brigandage/Lawl essness -Prost it
uti
on
l
eadi
ngtotheri
seofAdolfHi
tl
ertopower. -Demonst rati
ons -Strikes and
foodr i
ot s
Economi cPr oblemsf acedbyt heWei marRepubl ic[Ger many ] -Sitins -
-Pay mentofr epar ations Lockout s
-Hy perinf l
ati
[Link] nstance,1bi l
li
onmar ksboughtal oafof -Unempl oy ment -Star vati
on
bread. I n Nov ember 1923, US $1 was equi valent t o -Hunger -
High
4200000000000mar ks. crimer ates
-Unempl oyment .Thiswasl argel
yduet otheGr eatDepr ession -Diseasesl iketuber culosis -Thef t
[
1929- 1939] .
The popul ati
on oft he unempl oyed rose f rom -Lowwages -Domest ic
2258000i n1928t o6000000i n1932. violence
-Closur eoff actor i
es. -Homel essness
-TheGr eatDepr essionof1929t o1939whi chfurthercaused Polit
icalPr oblemsoft heWei marRepubl ic
manypr oblemsl i
keunempl oyment ,
infl
ati
onandsoon. -TheWei margov ernmentwasunpopul ar
-Shor tageoff ood -Social i
storCommuni stv i
[Link] edt osei zepower .
-Lowagr icult
ur alproduct i
on -Unst abl e coal iti
on gov ernment [Link] Febr uary 1919 t o
-Lowi ndustrialproduct i
on Januar y1933t heGer manswer eruledby21gov ernments,
-Strikeswer et heor deroft heday ,forexampl e,t he1920 eachl ast edanav erageofabout7mont hs.
Gener alstri
kei nBer lin. -Imposeddemocr acy[ i
nexperiencedindemocr acy ]
-Bankr uptcyespeci allyduet opaymentofr eparati
ons -Attempt edcoups, forinstance, t
he1919Spar tacistr evol
t,t
he
-Wardebt s 1920KappPut schandt he1923Muni chPut sch.
-Shor tageofr awmat eri
als -Politi
calassassi nations [1920 t o 1922].Vict i
ms ofsuch
-Lowwagesandsal ar i
es assassi nat ionsi ncludedt heJewi shForeignmi nister,Walter
Rat henanandGust avEr zberger.
Soci
alProbl
emsoft
heWei
marRepubli
c -Nazi v i
ol ence
-
Cri
ti
cal
shor
tageoffood -
Low l
i
ving -Disappoi nt mentwi ththetreatyofVer sai
l
les

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-Parl
iament ar
yparal
ysis
-Str
ikesanddemonst rat
ions QN:Towhatext entdi dt hepolit
icalpr oblemsi nGermany
-ThreatofCommuni sm l
eadt ot her i
seofHi tlerandt hecol lapseoft heWeimar
*NBAl ltheseprobl
emsl edt
othecol
l
apseofWei
marRepubl
i
c republi
c?
andt otheriseofHit
ler. -Democracygav e wayt othe formation ofmanypol i
ti
cal
parti
es.
QN:To whatext entdi dt he Economi c problems ofthe -Too many pol i
ticalpar t
ies l
ed t ot he cr eat
ion ofweak
Wei marRepubl i
cl eadt othecol lapseoft heWei marRepublic coali
ti
ongov er
nment s.
andt ot her i
seofHi tler? -Nazivi
olenceforcedopponent stosuppor tHitl
er.
-I
nflationmadet hemi ddleclasst ol oseconf i
denceinthe -The people resent ed the unpopul arity of t he Weimar
gover nmentandbegant osuppor textremistparti
esli
keNazi. government.
-Many of t he unempl oy ed joined t he Nazipar ty whi
ch -Att
empt stooverthrowthegov er
nmental socont ri
buted.
promi sedt hem j
obs.
-TheGr eatDepr essioncausedpeopl et ot urnt oext
remist
partieslikeNazi. Otherfactors
-Naziandcommuni stsuppor ti
ncr easeddur i
ngthet i
meofthe -
Unempl oyment
economi ccrisi
s. -
Hunger
-TheGr eatDepr essionmadet hepar li
amentt obeunst able -
Starvati
on
resulti
ngi nchancel l
or sresigni
ng, forexample,VonPapenand -
Hitl
er’spersonal
i
ty
VonSchl ei
cher. -
Infl
ati
on

Otherfactors Towhatextentdidt hesocialproblemsi nGermanyledtot

he
-
Hitl
er’
sabi l
it
ytousepr opaganda ri
seofHit
lert
opower ?
-
Oratory -
Peopler
esentedt heunrestduet oclosureoffact
ori
es.
-
Nazi v
iolence -
Unemploymentledt odiscontentinGer many.
-
Parli
ament aryparal
ysi
s -
TheWeimarr epubli
cpromot edt heftandbri
gandage.
-
Fearofcommuni sm byi ndust
ri
ali
sts -
Hungerandst ar
vati
onal soledtodi scont
ent.
-
Toomanypol it
icalpar
ties

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 DEPARTMENTOFHUMANI
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STORY

Otherfactors Schl
eicher
-
Infl
ati
on -
AdolfHitl
er
-
Toomanypol it
ical
par
ti
es
-
Nazi v
iolence Att
emptsto over
thr
ow t
he Wei
margov
ernmentbet
ween
-
Oratory 1919and1923

Poli
ticalPar t
iesi nGer manybet ween1919and1933 a]TheSpar t
acistRi sing[ 1919]
-
Soci alDemocr ati
cPar ty[
Sociali
sts] -This was t he f i
rstofal lt he att
empt st o overt
hrow the
-
GermanNat i
onal istPeopl
e’sPar t
y[Nat
ional
i
sts] gov ernment .
-
Cathol icCentrePar t
y[Cathol
ics] -RosaLuxembur g[ RedRosa]andKar lLiebknechtmadean
-
Communi stPar ty[Communi sts] at t
emptt oov er
throwt hegov ernment.
-
Liber alPart
y[ Liberal
s] -Theupr i
singwascent redinBer l
i
n.
-
Bav ar i
anPeopl e’sPar t
y -Itwasi nspiredbyt heBol shevikRevolut
ion.
-
Nazi Part
y -Theysei zedpoweri nBer li
nandmaj orciti
esinGer many.
-Theupr i
singwasputdownbyonl ybytheaidoft heFrei
korps
Chancell
orsofGermanyfrom 1918to1933 [ex-soldiers]
.
-
Ebert[Soci
alDemocrat1918] -
Gust
av -Howev erbot hleader s[ RosaLuxembur gandKar lLi
ebknecht
Str
esemann wer emur deredbef orecomi ngfortri
al.
-
FranzVonPapen[ Nati
onali
st] -
Her
man
Muell
er b]Bavari
anUpri
sing[1919]
-
Heinri
chBruning[
Catholi
cCentrePar
ty] -
Von -
Communi stEi
sneralsotr
iedtoseizepower.
Schl
eicher -
Hewasal sodetect
edbyt heFrei
korps.
-
AdolfHitl
er[
Nazi] -
Eisnerwasmurderedbypolit
ical
opponents.

Chancell
orsofGermanyf
rom 1923t
o1933 c]TheKappPut sch[1920]
-
GustavStresemann - -I
nMar ch1920Wol f
gangKapp,arightwingeratt
emptedto
Hei
nrichBruning seizepowerinBerl
in[Rev
olti
nBer
li
n].
-
VonPapen -
Von -Her evol
ted when t
hegov er
nmentwished to di
sband t
he

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 DEPARTMENTOFHUMANI
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STORY

Frei
korps. -I
n Nov ember 1923,Hi tler hijacked a l ocalgov ernment
-Thearmyr ef
usedtot
akeact
ion. meet ingi nMuni chandannouncedt hathewasgoi ngt ot ake
-A generalstr
ikepar
aly
sedthecapi
talbutt
hegov
ernment overt hegov er nmentofBav ar
ia.
managedt ogaincont
rol
. -TheSt orm Tr ooper s[SA]begant otakeov erof ficialbui l
dings.
-Ont henextdayt heWei margov ernmentpol icehi tback.
d]TheMuni chPut sch/Beerhal lPut sch[ 8Nov ember1923] -Theysur r
oundedt heNazi andkilled16oft hem.
-I
n 1923 Hi tler at tempt ed t o ov erthrow t he Wei mar -These 16 Nazipeopl e wer er egarded as t he f ir
stbl ood
governmentt hr ought heabor ti
v eMuni chPut sch. mar tyrsandwer er emember edbyHi t
lerint hef orewor dof
-Hewasai dedbyGener alLudendor ff[theol dwarher o]. MeinKampf .
-Theyaimedt ot akeov erthest ateofBav ari
aandt henmar ch -Hit
lerhadmi scal culat edt hemoodofGer mansast heydi d
toBerli
nt oov erthrowt hegov er nment . notr i
seupt osuppor thi m.
-Thi
sPut sch[ coup]t ookpl aceatt hepeakofi nfl
ation. -Bavar i
annat ional istswi thdrew t hesuppor tt heyhadear l
i
er
-I
twasaf ailedat temptatr evolution. promi sed.
-TheFr enchandBel gianshadoccupi edt heRuhrandt his -Hit
lerescapedi nacarwi thadi slocat edshoul der .
angeredmostGer mans. -HermanGoer ingbadl ywoundedescapedt oAust r
[Link]
-I
n1923[ Sept ember ]bot htheChancel lorGust avSt r
esemann shoti nt hegr oin.
and thePr esi dentEber thad cal led f orGer many ’spassive -ScheubnerRi chterwaski lledbyabul let.
resi
stancei nt heRuhr . -Ther estoft heNazi scat t
er edorwer ear r
ested.
-Hit
lert houghtt hati twas now t he t ime t ot opplet he -Hit
lerandhi sf ol l
ower swer edispersedbyf ewar medpol ice.
government of Bav ar i
a in Muni ch [ i
t was a r egi
onal -Hit
lerandot herl eader swer ear rested,triedandi mpr i
soned
government ]. fortreason.
-Thi
swast obeapr eludet ot het akeov eroft henat i
onal -Hewasgi venf ivey ear si nprisonandwasf ined500Ri ch
governmenti nBer l
in. mar ks.
-Thusaf tert hemar chonMuni ch, theNaziwer etoembar kon -Heonl yserved9mont hsbecausehei mpressedt hej udgesat
themar chonBer l
i
ni nasi mi l
argest uret othemar chonRome. hist rialand al so because ofi nfl
uence f r om wel lplaced
-Thus the Put sch was i nspired byMussol ini
’s successf ul Bavar i
answhosy mpat hisedwi t
hhi srightwi ngpol i
ti
cs.
mar chonRome. -Atthet ri
alHi tlercondemnedt heWei margov er nmentf ori t
s
-Howev er, theconsequenceswer edi f
ferentf rom thosei nI
taly. weaknesses.

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-TheNazi Partyheadquarterswererai
ded. -KlausvonPape -
Theodor v
on
-It
snewspaper[ thePeople’sobserv
er]wasbanned. derPf or
dten
-Whi l
ei n pri
son Hitl
erwr ot
e his book Mein Kampf[ My -JohannRickmers -
Max Er
win
Struggl e]i
nwhi chheair
edouthi spoli
ti
calandraci
alideas. vonScheubner-Ri
cht
er
Leader s and Commander s who parti
cipat
ed in Muni ch -LorenzRitt
erv
onStransky -
Wil
hel
m Wol
f
Put sch
-AdolfHi tl
er -
Eri
ch Von Cont ri
butionoft heMuni chPut schtot her i
seofHi t
lert o
Ludendor f
f power
-ErnstRohm -
Herman -I
tconv i
ncedHi t
lert hatt hebestwayt oseizepowerwas
Goer ing throughlegal means.
-ErnstHanf s -
Alf
red -Hitl
erusedhi st r
ialasanoppor t
uni
tyf
orpr opagandaagai nst
Rosenber g thegov ernment .
-Rudol fHess -
Ulr
ichGr af -Whi l
ei npr i
sonhewr ot
eabookMei nKampfwhi chl ater
-JohannAi gner -
MaxAmman becamet heNazi Bible.
-AdolfLenk -
Wil
helm -Heusedhi stri
alasanoppor tuni
tyt
ospreadhisideas.
Adam -Everywor dhespokewasr eport
edint
henewspapert henext
-Ludwi gMaxi mili
anErwinVonScheubner -
Richt
er day .
-Atthet r
ialhegainedpubl i
ci t
yforhi
mselfandhisideashence
Peoplewhodieddur
ingt
heMuni
chPut
sch[
mart
yrs] gainingpopul ari
ty.
-
Feli
xAlfar
th -
Andreas OtherFact ors
Bauri
edl -Oratory
-
TheodorCasella -
Will
iam -Weimarpol it
icalsuicide
Ehrl
i
ch -I
nflati
on
-
Mar t
inFaust -
Anton -Toomanypol i
ti
calpar t
ies
Hechenberger -Unempl oyment
-
OskarKorner -
KarlKuhn
-
KarlLafor
ce -
Kurt Fact
orswhi
chl
edt
other
iseofHi
tl
ert
opower
Neubauer

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 -The Communi stdanger .The men ofpr operty,the favourofHi tl

er.I tishi ghlypr obabl et hatthef ir
ewas
i
ndust rial
istsandl andl ordsaswel last her estoft he causedi ntentionallybyt heNazi agent s.
Germanar i
st ocr acysuppor tedHi tlerwhowasast r
ong  -Mist akebyt heWei marpol it
icianst oappointHi tleras
handagai nstcommuni sts. Chancel l
or[ Weimarpol iti
calsui cide] .In1932t heNazi
 -Unpopul arityoft heWei margov er nment hadwon230seat si nt heRei chst ag.I thadnomaj orit
y
 -Hit
ler ’sabi lit
yt ousepr opagandal edt ohi sr i
[Link] seat s.I thadt wot hirdsoutof577seat s,butther ewas
deli
ber atelydi stor tedt het r
ut honav astscal esoast o nosi ngl epar t
ywi thasmanyseat [Link]
gainsuppor t . chancel lorbutt heRei chstagwi thsuchanumberof
 -Hit
ler ’s or atory .He pr omi sed ev ery sect oroft he Naziseat swasbecomi ngungov er [Link] alVon
German communi ty what ev er needed most . He Schl eicher appr oached Pr esident Hi ndenbur g and
promi sedsecur ityt omenofpr oper ty
,empl oymentt o stressed t hatt her e was a dangerofci vi
lwari n
the unempl oy ed,gl ory,pr aise and honour t ot he Ger manyi fVonPapencont i
nuedasChancel lor .The
gener als and ar my ,r econst ruct i
on and r evi
valof Presi dent r emov ed Von Papen f rom power and
Germanyi nt ot hemi ght i
estnat ioni nEur opeandt he replaced hi m wi th Von Schl eicher .Soon af terhi s
wor ldt ot henat i
onal i
[Link] smadehi mt odi scredit remov al from power ,VonPapenbegant oconspi rewi th
thegov ernmentandr i
valpar ties,posi ngast heonl y Hitlerandhesuggest edt oHitlert hatheandhi sfr i
ends
saviouroft henat ion. woul d be pr epar ed t o suppor thi s appointmentas
 -The Rei chst ag f ire.I n Mar ch 1933,t he Rei chstag Chancel l
orpr ovidedt hathehi msel fbecamehi sdeput y
buildingwasbur ntj ustaweekbef oret heel ections. Chancel l
or. He t hen t urned t o t he Pr esident ,
TheNazil ai dt hebl ameont hecommuni stsinor derto Hindenbur g, maki ng t he same pr oposals. The
discr editt [Link] tlerdecl aredt hatt hef ir
ewast he assumpt ionwast hat, asHi tl
erwasnotanexper ienced
begi nning ofa communi stupr [Link] demanded politician,hewoul dnotsucceedaschancel lor.I nt he
speci alemer gencepower st odealwi tht hesi tuati
on eventoff ail
ure,t he count ry woul d cryf orHi tler’
s
andwasgi v ent hem byPr esidentHi ndenbur [Link] remov aland Von Papen woul d become Chancel l
or
used t hesepower st o ar restcommuni sts,br eakup agai [Link] tht heseassur ances,Hi ndenbur gappoi nted
meet ingsandf ri
ght enedv [Link] esultHi t
lerwon HitlerasChancel l
oron30Januar [Link] tl
erhowev er,
themaj orityv oteshewant [Link] ev ot edin didnotf ailandSchl eicherwast ol osehi sheadi n1934.

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STORY

In1934Hi ndenbur gdi edandHi tl

erbecamebot hthe  -Thebook, MySt ruggl
e,whichbecamet heNazi
bibl
e
Chancel l
orandPr esidentwi t
ht het i
tleFuhr ermeani ng  -Hit
ler’
sper sonal
ity
l
eader .Thus t he Wei marpol it
icians had commi t
ted  -Hit
lerhadext raordi
narypoli
ti
calabi
l
iti
es
pol i
ti
calsui cidebyassi stingHi tlertocomet opower .  -Homel essness
OnceHi tl
erwasChancel lor,hecal l
edforel ectionsso *
NBAl lpr
oblemsf acedbyt heWei marRepubl i
cledtothe
ast ocompl eteNazi t
akeov er. r
iseofHi
tl
er.
 -Impotence[ weaknesses]oft heWei margov er nment
 -Nazi vi
olence I
deas expr essed by Hi t
lerin his book Mein Kampf[My
 -Lowwages Str
uggl e]
 -Useoff or ce/coer cion -
Tobr ingbackalllostGer mant err
it
ories
 -TheGr eatDepr ession -
Touni fyallGermans
 -Infl
ati
on -
Touni fyGermanyandAust r
ia
 -Hungerandst arvati
on -
ToexpandGer manyEast wards
 -Parli
ament arypar alysi
[Link] eatDepr essi onmade -
Toexpel Jewsfrom Ger many
the par liament t o become unst abl
e r esul ting in -
Tost oppay mentofr eparati
ons
Chancel l
or sresigning. -
Toexpandt err
it
orialboundariesofGer many
 -TheSt or m Tr ooper s[ SA] ,Hitl
er ’
spr i
vatear mywas -
Tosecur eenoughl i
vi
ngspacef ortheGermans
at t
racti
vet oy oungpeopl eoutofwor k. -
Tor estoreGermanyt oherdomi nantplaceinEur
ope
-
Hecondemnedt hedi sar
mamentpr ovisi
onsofthetr
eat
yof
 -Parades
Versai
lles[100000sol dier
s]
 -Unempl oy ment
 -Electi
ons[ Manoeuv ri
ngofel ections]
TheriseofHi t
lert opoweri nGer manybet ween1920and
 -Ralli
es
1933/Stagesint heriseofHitlert
opoweri n1933
 -General discontentwi t
htheTr eatyofVer sailles -I
n1920Hi t
lerjoinedt heGermanWor ker
sPar t
ywhichlat
er
 -TheMuni chPut sch becametheNat ionalSociali
stGermanWor kers’Par
ty[
Nazi]
.
 -Industr
ial unrest Nazii
stheGermanpr onunciat
ionofthelet
tersNS.
 -Inexperi
enceddemocr ats -I
n1921Hitl
erbecamet heleaderoftheNazi Party
.

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 DEPARTMENTOFHUMANI
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STORY

-I
n1921t heSt orm Tr ooper s[ SA]wascr eatedasapr ivate -
In July1932,t heNaz iwon 230 seat soutof577 i nt he
armyt odeal withopponent s. Reichstag,makingNazit helargestpart
ybutwi t
hnoov eral
l
-I
n1923att hepeakofi nflat i
on, Hitleratt
empt edtoov erthrow maj or
ity.
theWei margov er nmentt hr ought heMuni chPut schorBeer -
Hitlerdemandedt obeappoi ntedChancell
orbutHi ndenburg
hallPutsch. ref
used.
-Hit
lerwasar rest edandsent encedt ofivey earsinj ailbuthe -
TheNazi won196seat si ntheNov ember1932electi
ons.
served9mont hs. -
Nazi terr
orincr
eased.
-Whileinpr i
sonhewr ot ehi sbook, Mei nKampf[ MySt r
uggl e] . -
Von Papen per suaded Hi ndenburg to appoint Hi tl
er
-I
n1924Hi t
lerre-foundedt heNazi . Chancel l
orhopi
ngthatt heywoul dusehim.
-Hit
lercreatedhi sper sonalbodyguar ds[theSchut zstaffel]SS -
In Januar y1933 Hi t
lerwas appoi nt
ed Chancell
oroft he
headedbyHei nrichHi mml er. By1933t herewer e5200of Wei marRepubli
c.
them.
-Hit
lersetuppar t
ybr anchesnat ionwi de. Ai
msofHi
tl
er’
sDomest
icpol
icy
-I
nt he1924gener alel ections,t heNaziwon14seat si nt he -Tocreateempl oy ment -
To expel
Reichstag. Jewsf rom Germany
-Nazipopul ari
ty decl ined dur ing t he age ofpr osper i
t yi n -Toassembl ethest rongestarmyi
nEurope -
To
Germany[ 1924t o1929] . createatotal
itari
anst ate
-I
n1928t heNazi wononl y12seat s. -Tocreateast rongeconomy ] -
To
-TheGr eatDepr essi ont il
tedt hescal esinfav ourofHi tler. restor
eorderi nGer many
-Hit
ler’
sor atoryappeal edt omanyGer mansandNazisuppor t -TomakeGer manyagr eatpoweroncemore -
To
grew. establi
shdictatorshi
pi nGermany
-I
nt he1930gener alel ectionsNaziseat sr osef rom 12t o107 -Tocreateaonepar tystate -
Toban
maki ngNaziPar tyt hesecondl argestpol i
ti
calpar tyi nt he stri
kes
Reichstag. -Tobant r
adeuni ons
-I
nt heMar ch1932pr esident ialel ecti
ons,Hi tl
erchal l
enged
Hindenbur g. Hi
tl
er’
sDomest
icPol
icyf
rom 1933t
o1939
-Hit
ler’
spol iti
calposi t i
onwasst rengt henedashewon13,4 -
Hit
lercr
eat
edempl
oymenti
nGer
many
,forexampl
e,t
hrough
mill
ionv otesagai nstHi ndenbur g’s19, 4mi ll
ion.

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 DEPARTMENTOFHUMANI
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STORY

conscr iption. Hi ndenbur g.

-Hei ntroducedanumberofpubl i
cwor ksl iket heconstruction -Ther ewasnor uleofl awi nGer many .Hi t
lerhi msel fwast he
ofmot or way s,roads, bridges, hospi t
al sandsoon. l
aw.
-Rear mamentpr ogr ammeswer eputi npl ace. -Hi t
lerbannedt radeuni onsi nMay1933. Thei rof f
iceswer e
-Hitl
eri ntroducedconscr ipt
ionanddev el opedt heGermanai r raidedbyt heSA andt [Link] lGer manwor kerswer et o
force[ Luf twaffe]. bel ongt ot heNazir unGer manLabourFr ont .Tr adeuni ons
-Armamenti ndust r
ieswer eincept ed. wer ebanned becauset heyconsi stentlyopposed t heNazi
-Educat ionwasputunderNazicont rolandi tbecameNazii n par ty .
orientat i
[Link] books,especi ally,hi stor y books wer er e- -I
n1933Hi tlerpassedt heEnabl ingActi nMar chwhi chmade
wr i
ttent osui tNazi ideol ogy .Chi ldrenwer ei ndoctri
nated. Ger manycompl etelyunderhi scont rolandf orcedVonPapen
-Boy swer etoj oinHi tler’sYout hLeagueatt heageof14. tor [Link] sgav ehi m powert ogov ernwi thoutconsul ti
ng
-Girl
swer et ojoint heLeagueofGer manmai densandchant ed thepar li
ament .
slogans, l
ike, ‘
TheFuhr eri sal way sr i
ght ’. -Hi t
lerbannedel ectionsi nGer many .
-Concent rati
on camps wer e est ablished f oral lthose who -Hi t
lerbannedst rikesi nGer many .
opposedort ri
edt ocr i
ticiset heNazi gov ernment . -Hi t
leropposeddemocr acy.I nJanuar y1934t hePar l
i
ament
-Hitl
ermadeGer manysel f-suff i
cientt hroughhi sFourYear wasdi ssolv edandt heRei chratwasabol i
shed.
Plans[ Aut arky]. -In1934,Hi tlerembar kedont heNi ghtoft heLongKni ves
-Hitl
erest abli
shedNazi dictat orshi pasher uledbydecr ee. wher ehewaski lli
ngopponent swi thi nthepar ty,forexampl e,
-Hebannedal lopposi ti
onpol iti
calpar tiesi nGer manyand Rohm andot herSAl eader swhower ehomosexual .
arrestedopposi tionl eader [Link] manyaonepar ty -Joyor gani sat ionswer ef ormedandhol idayswer esubsi di
sed.
state. -Allenemi eswer esi lenced,usual lyt hrought heuseoft hugs,
-I
n Apr il1933,t he ci v i
lser vice came underNazicont rol. Gest apoandsoon.
Officialswhower enotpol iti
cal lyr eli
abl eorwhocoul dnot -Hi t
lerf ormedhi ssecr etpol icecal ledGest apowhi chhunt ed
prov et heywer eofpur eAr yanr ace[ descent ]weredismi ssed. forenemi esi npubl icpl acesl ikeci nemas,beerhal ls,soccer
Judgeswer eexpect edt oobeypar tyi nst [Link] e fields, andweddi ngcer emoni esunderHi mml er.
toignor ecr i
mescommi ttedbyNazi agent s. -Hi t
lercr eat edat otalitar i
anst at e.
-I
n1934Hi tl
ercombi nedt hepostofPr esi dentandChancel lor -Chi ldrenwer eencour agedt obet raypar entst oGest apo.
and became t he Fuhr er af ter t he deat h of Pr esident -Massr all
ieswer eor gani sedt hr oughoutt hecount ryand‘ Hai l

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 DEPARTMENTOFHUMANI
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STORY

Hitler’becamet hecompul sor yGermangr eeti

ng. -Rearmamentcr eatedempl oymentf ormany ,forexampl e,in
-Hitlerwasamal echauv i
nist .Helookeddownuponwomen. armamenti ndustri
es.
-Ther ewasst r
ictcensor shipi nGer many .Thepr ess,radios, -I
nflati
onwasr educed.
newspaper sandf il
mswer eputunderst r
ictcensorship. -Wor kersbenefit
edf rom l
uxuri
oushol i
day s.
-Ther e was el iminati
on ofopponent st hrough pur ges and -Thecount rydev el
opedduet oconst ructi
onofr oads,br i
dges,
mur der s. hospi t
alsandschool s.
-Ger manywasmadeapol i
cest ate. -Creationofempl oymenti mprov edthest andardoflivi
ng.
-Propaganda was i ncreased and Goebbel s was appoi nted -Rearmamentmadet hecountrysecur e.
Mi nisterofpr [Link] s worked t o perpetrate and -Wageswer eimpr ov edpart
icularl
yinst rategicindust
riesl i
ke
exagger atethegoodnessoft heNazigovernment . engineer i
ngandbui ldingby30%.
-Religionwasputunderst at econt r
ol. -Factories werer eopened and st eelmi ll
s and coalmi nes
-Hitlersi gned the Concor datwi t
h Roman Cat holic Church resumed pr oduction as new sol dier
s needed uni forms,
whi chpr omi sedt okeepoutofpol i
ti
cs. equipmentandweapons.
-Hitleradopt edt hepoli
cyofAnt i-
Semiti
sm, adeliberatepolicy -Adegr eeofnat i
onal i
sm wasasser ted.
toext ermi natetheJews.
-Local gov ernmentwasbr oughtundert hecontroloft heNazi . NonBenef it
s/Negat i
veEf f
ectsofHi t
ler’sDomest i
cPol i
cy
-Ther ewascont roloffoodpr ices. toGer mans
-TheJewsdi dnotbenef itast heywer eslaught er
ed,removed
Benef i
tsofGer mansf rom Hit l
er’sDomest icPol
icy from j
obsanddi scri
minatedagai nst.
-Hitl
ercreatedempl oy mentwhi chpleasedmanyGer mans. -EducationstandardsfellbecauseofNazi f
ication.
-Germany ’sdependenceoni mpor tswasr educedbyimprov i
ng -Womendi dnotbenef itast heywer elookeddownuponand
productioninf armsandi ndustries. denied empl oyment oppor t
uniti
es ev en i f they had
-Businessmen wer e happy as t hey wer e making pr of
it
s qualif
icati
ons.
becausewor kerswer ewel ldiscipli
ned. -Peoplelosttheirfr
eedom ofspeechandexpr essi
on.
-Expulsi
on ofJews and ant iNazi sfrom t he ci
vilservi
ce -Propertyandweal thoftheJewswast aken.
createdjobsf orordinaryGer mans. -Workerswer edeniedtheirrighttostri
kef orbet t
erwages.
-Productionofst eelincreasedt herebyreducingimportat
ionof -Educationsystem oftheJewswasdest roy ed.
steel. -Peoplewer edepr i
vedoft heirci
vilandpol it
icalri
ght
st hr
ough

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banning of opposi ti
on par ti
es, trade uni
ons, pr
ess, -
Jewswereputint
oexil
e.
i
ntroducti
onofviol
enceandmur der. -
TheJewswereputintogaschambers.
-ManyGer mansliv
edinper pet
ual f
ear. -
TheJewswer eblamedf ort
hedefeatofGer
manyi
nworl
d
-Churchleader
swer ealsocr i
ti
caloftheNaziasrel
igi
onwas warone.
broughtunderstat
econt r
ol. -
By1939about6000000Jewslostt
heirl
iv
esi
nGer
many.

Di
dtheGer
mansbenef
itf
rom Hi
tl
er’
spol
icyt
owar
dsJews?
Hitl
er ’
sPol i
cytowardsJewsi nGer manyupt o1939
-Hit
lerwasagai [Link] edtheJews. Benef i
ts
-Persecut ionofJewswasapol icywi thmanyGer mansinit
iall
y. -Germansf ill
edupv acanciesi nempl oymentl ef tbytheJews,
-Jewswer emember soft heSemi ti
crace[ Semi t
es]. atuni versit
ies,i
nschools,intheJudi ciaryandsoon.
-TheJewswer eusedasascapegoatf orev eryt
hingfrom -Germanst ookov erenterpri
sesandbusi nessesabandoned
Versai l
lesonwar ds[ depression,unempl oy ment ,communi sm byt heJewsasar esultofHitl
er ’
spolicy.
andsoon] . -Nationalist feeli
ngs wer e sat iat
ed especi allyt hose of
-Theant i
-Jewishcampai gnwasgi venl egalst atusbyt he1935 Ger manswhobl amedev eryt
hingonJews.
Nurember gLaws. Othersi de
-Thesel awsdepr i
vedJewsofGer manci tizenshi p. -Germanyl ostseveralskil
l
edJewssuchast eacher s,doct
ors,
-I
tfor badet hem tomar rynonJews. l
awy ersandsoon.
-I
truledt hataper sonwi thev enoneJewi shgr andparentmust -Citi
zenshi p of some i nnocent Ger mans and ot her
becl assifiedasaJew. oppor tuniti
eswer elostasar esultoft heNur ember glaws.
-Jewswer eharassedinev erypossi bl
eway . -Fami li
eswer esepar at
ed.
-Theirpr opertywasat t
ackedandbur nt. Groupsofpeopl ethatwerev icti
msofHi tleri nGer many
-Theirshopswer elooted. -Jews -Communi sts
-Theirhomeswer edestroyed. -Tradeuni onists -Women
-Anumberoft hem wer esentt oconcent rationcamps. -Yout hs -Lesbi ans
-Theywer enotal l
owedt ojoinfor mal school sanduni versi
ties. -Homosexual s -Gy psies
-Jewswer enotall
owedt ojoi
nt heci vi
lserv i
ce. -Blacks -Indust ri
ali
sts
-Theywer eexcludedf r
om speci alpubl i
cpl acesl ikehotel
s. -Cathol i
cs -Disabl ed

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-
Jehovah’
sWi t
ness[Watchtower
] -
Prof
essi
onal
s taxal lowancesf ordependentchi ldrenandot herbenefit
sf or
[
teacher
s,doct
ors,
lawyers] mot her s.
-Ther ewasst rictcensor shi pofthepr ess.
Hi
tl
er’
sEconomi
cPol
icyi
nGer
many -He i nt roduced t he Hi tlerYout h Or ganisation whi ch was
-Hei ntr
oducedpubl icwor kslikeconst r
uctionofr oads,bri
dge compul sor yforthosebet ween10and18y ears.
andsoon. -They out hwer eindoctrinat ed.
-I
ndust rywasexpandedt omeett heneedsofr earmament . -Childrenspi edont heirteacher sandpar ents.
-Product i
onofsy ntheticfuel,rubberandot herpr oduct
swas -Educat ionwasbr oughtunderNazi control.
i
ncr eased. -Stri
keswer ebanned.
-Wageswer est ri
ctlycontrol
led. -Tradeuni onswer ebanned.
-Pri
ceswer ealsocont roll
ed. -The1935Nur embur gl awswer epassedwhi chdeni edJews
-Peasant s’debtsamount ingt o12bi l
li
onwer esuspendedi n theirci vilrights.
Oct ober1933. -Jewswer est r
ippedof ft heirGermannat ionali
ty.
-I
mpor t
edf oodst affsweresubj ect edtohi ght arif
fs. -Mar ri
agebet weenJewsandGer manswasf orbidden.
-The Her editaryf arm Law ofOct ober1933 gav e smaller -Boyswer et oj oi
nHi tl
er’sYout hatt heageof14.
farmer s securityoft enure byf orbidding conf iscati
on and -Girl
swer et ojoint heLeagueofGer manmai densandchant ed
divi
[Link] er,thel aw mi l
itat
edagai nstt hedev el
opment slogansl i
ke, ‘
TheFuhr eri salwaysr i
ght’.
oflargerf ar
m uni tsandev enagai nstnewf armi ngmet hods. -Joyor gani sationswer ef ormedandhol i
day swer esubsi
dised.
-Hecr eatedempl oy mentt hr
oughconscr i
pt ion. -Theci v ilservicewasbr oughtunderNazi control.
-HemadeGer manysel fsuffi
cientt hroughhi sFourYearPl an. -Hitl
erwasamal echauv i
[Link].
-Hebannedt radeuni onsinGer many . -Reli
gi onwasputunderst atecontrol.
-Stri
kesf orbetterwageswer eout lawed. -Hitl
ersi gnedt heconcor datwiththeRomanCat holicChurch.
-Hecr eatedtheGer manLabourFr ont. -Hitl
eradopt ed a pol icyofant i
-Semi ti
sm di r
ected against
-Factori
eswer ereopened. Jews.
-Peopl el ostt heirrighttov ote.
Hi
tl
er’
sSoci
alPol
icyi
nGer
many
Measur
es t
aken by Hi
tl
ert
o consol
idat
e hi
s poweri n
-
Hit
lerencour
agedhi
ghbi
rt
hrat
esbyof
fer
ingmar
ri
agel
oans,
Ger
many/StepstakenbyHi
tl
ert
oachievetot
alcont
rolor

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establ i
shdi ctat orshi pi nGer many -Hemadeuseofpost ersandr allies.
-He passed t he Enabl i
ng Law [ 1933]whi ch made him a -HeappointedNazi l
eader st ot oppost s, f
orexampl e,Goering.
compl et edi ctator . -HeappointedNazi governor si nal lstates.
-Hef orcedVonPapent or esign. -Heembar kedont heNi ghtoft heLongKni ves[ 1934]wher e
-Hecr eat edat ot ali
tar i
anst ate. hekill
edenemi eswithinthepar t
y .
-Hebannedal lopposi ti
onpol it
icalpart
iesinGermany . -Hecombi nedt hepostofpr esidentandchancel lortobecome
-Hebannedel ect ions. theFuhrerafterthedeat hofpr esident ,
Hi ndenburg.
-Hepur gedt heci vi
lser viceandal lJewsandot hersuspected -Schoolt
extbookswer er e-wr i
ttent osui twithNazi ideol
ogy .
enemi eswer er emov edf rom ci vi
lservi
ce. SuccessesofHi tl
erinconsol i
dat inghispoweri nGer many
-Heabol ishedt radeuni ons. -Hebecameacompl etedi ctator.
-Reli
gionwasputunderst atecontrol. -Noonecoul dopposehi m.
-Hebannedst rikes. -Heremainedi npowerf or12y ear s[1933- 1945]
.
-Heabol ishedt hepar liament . -Naziwast heonl ypol iticalpar tyr emai ni
[Link] lopposition
-Educat ion was putunderNazicont roland chil
dren were poli
ti
calpartieswer esuccessf ullysuppr essed.
i
ndoct rinat ed. -Useofv i
olencebyGest apo and SS enabl ed Ger manst o
-Teacher s,lectur ersandpr ofessorswer ecl
oselywatched. submittoHi tl
er’sdemands.
-Hecr eat edt heHi tler’sYout h. -Jews,Hit
ler’spotentialchal lenger swer ecompl etelysil
enced,
-Hecr eat edt heLeagueofGer manmai dens. exil
edormur dered.
-Heencour agedchi ldrent obet r
ayt hei
rparentstoGestapo. -Communi stswer esuppr essed.
-He i ntroduced st rictcensor ship on newspaper s,radios,
magazi nesandsoon. Fail
uresofHitl
erinconsolidati
nghi srulei
nGermany
-There wasi ntimi dat ion ofopponent s,forex ample,kil
l
ing -Hisrul
econtinuedt oberesistedbyt heCatholi
cChurch,for
them i npubl i
c. example,Bonheofferandsomemember softhearmedforces.
-Hemadeuseofspi est oi dent i
fyandreportopponents. -Somey oungpeopledidnotjoint heHitl
erYout
hMov ement.
-Propagandawasi ncr eased. -Somenat i
onali
stsresi
stedhisrule.
-Heusedt hesecr etpol ice[ Gestapo]t ohuntforenemi esin -Soci
ali
stsandcommuni st
scont inuedtoexi
st.
publicpl aces. -Opposi
tion was dr i
ven under ground and notcompletely
-Heusedv iolentser mons. eroded.

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-
Itwasnott hatpeopl
esubmi
ttedtoHit
lerbut,t
hatpeopl
e -Ant
i-women -
Uni
ti
ng al
lGer
man-
l
ivedinfear. speaki
ngpeopl
e
-
Notal lcommuni st
swerekil
l
edont heNi ghtoftheLong
Knives. NaziLeaders
-
Hi t
leri
nfr
ingedonthehumanr
ight
soft
heGer mans. -
AdolfHitl
er -
HermanGoeri
ng
-
JosephGoebbel
s -
Heinr
ichHimml
er
Featur esofNazi sm i
nGer
many -
RudolfHess -
Marti
nBormann
-Tot ali
tarianism -
Dictatorship -
ErnstRohm -
Ludendor
ff
-Economi csel f
-suff
iciency -
Glorifi
cation of -
AlbertSpeer -
Rommel
violence
-Strictcensor ship -
Extensive Ai
msofHi
tl
er’
sFor
eignPol
icy
propaganda -
Tocr eateenoughl iv i
ngspacef ortheGer mans[ Lebensraum]
-Absenceofdemocr acy -
Abol i
ti
on of -
Tost oppay mentofr eparat
ions
elect i
ons -
Tobr ingbackal l
lostGer mant erri
tori
es
-Eli
mi nat i
onofal lopponent s -Glori
ficati
on -
Toassembl ethest rongestar myi nEur ope
oft hel eader -
Tobr ingbackal l
lostGer manswhol ivedout si
de,forexampl e,
-Banni ngt radeuni ons -Banning i
nPol andandMemel
stri
kes -
ToconquerRussi aasawayofdest r
oy i
ngcommuni sm there
-Rulebydecr eeorcommand -AntiSemi ti
sm -
ToputGer manyont hewor ldmap
-Militari
sm -
Anti Communi sm -
TomakeGer manyagr eatpoweroncemor e
-OnePar tySt ate -
Extremenat i
onal i
sm Hitl
er’
sForeignPol icy[ 1933t o1939]
-Ast rongeconomy -
National prestige *Hitl
er’
sforeignpol icywast hemaj orcauseofwor l
dwart wo
-Suppr essi onofwomenr i
ghts -
Suppr ession of of1939t o1945.
humanr ights -
In 1933 Hi t
ler pul led Germany out of t he Genev a
-Banni ngofopposi t
ionpol i
ti
calparti
es -
PurityofAr yanr ace DisarmamentConf er ence.
-Rev ersingt het reat
yofVer sail
les -
Creat i
on ofenough -
In1933Hi tl
erwi t
hdr ewGer manyf rom t heLeagueofNat ions.
l
ivingspace -
In1933Hi tl
erv i
ol at edt heTreatyofVer sail
l
esbyor dering
-Supr emacyoft hest ate -
Imper i
alism

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Germanr earmamentandt hecr eationoft heGer manai rf orce -I

n 1939 Hi tlerand St ali
n[ ofRussi a]signed t heMol otov
-
[Luftwaffe]
. Ribbent ropTr eat
y/Nonaggr essionpact .Hitl
erhadseent he
-In1934Hi t
lermadeaf ailedat temptt oinvadeAust [Link] dangerofwarbr eakingouti n1939andGer manybei ngf orced
wast hwar t
edbyMussol i
ni. tofightont wof r
ontsaswhathappenedi nt heFirstWor l
dWar .
-In1934Hi tl
ersi gnedaNonAggr essionPactwi thPol and. Sot het wocount ri
esagr eednott oresortt owaragai nsteach
Polandwast oremai nneut ralwhenGer manywast oat tack [Link] so agreed toi nvade Pol and and par ti
ti
on it
Aust r
iaandCzechosl ovakia. between t hemsel v
[Link] hi
s al l
iance and t he i nvasi
on of
-In1935Hi t
lersignedasecr etnav alagr eementwi thBr i
tai
n. PolandGer manywant edt of ri
ghtenBr itai
nandFr ancef r
om
Germanywasal lowedt or ebui l
dhernav yasl ongasi twas comi ng t ot heai d ofPol [Link] so int heev entofawar
mai ntai
nedatabout35%t hesi zeoft heBr i
tishnav y
. betweenFr anceandGer many ,Russi awoul dkeepoutoft he
-In1935Hi tl
erpubl i
clyannouncedGer manr earmament . warsot hatGer manywoul ddef eatFr ance.
-In1935t heSaarwasr euni f
iedwi thGer many .90% oft he -On1Sept ember1939,Ger manyi nvadedPol [Link] i
tainand
Saar l
andersv ot
edf orreuni ficationwi thGer many . Franceknockedi ntotheconf li
ctont hesideofPol andast hey
-In1936Hi tl
erremi l
it
ar i
sedt heRhi nel and. hadpr omi [Link] heSecondWor ldWarbr okeout .
-In1936Hi tl
erandMussol i
nient eredi ntot heSpani shCi vi
l Count riesoccupi edbyGer manybet ween1935and1939
Waront hesideofGener al Fr anco. -Rhi
nel and -Sudetenland
-In1936Hi tl
erandMussol ini signedt heRome- Berli
nAxi s. -Aust r
ia -Czechosl ovakia
-In1937Hi tl
ersignedt heAnt i
-Comi nternPactwi thJapan. -Poland -Memel
-In1937Hi tl
er[Ger many ],Mussol ini[ I
tal
y ]andToj o[ Japan] -Mor avia -Bohemi a
signed the Rome- Berli
n-Toky o Axi s orPact .Thi s alliance
becamemor epower fulthant heLeaguei t
self. BenefitsofGer mansf rom Hi t
ler’
sForei
gnPoli
cy
-In1938Hi tl
erannexedt heSudet enl andf r
om Czechosl ov aki
a. -Germanybecameapower fulstateoncemor
e.
-In1938Hi tl
erattendedt heMuni chConf erence. -There was cr eati
on ofempl oymentdue to conscript
ion,
-In1938Hi t
leri
nv adedAust riaandcompl etedt heAnschl uss rearmamentandi nvasi
ons.
[UnionofAust ri
aandGer many ] -Hit
lercreated enough l i
ving space forthe Germans by
-In1939Hi t
lersignedt hePactofSt eelwi thMussol [Link] annexingstateslikeCzechosl ovakia,
Memelandotherstates.
agreedt ohelpeachot hermi lit
ar i
ly
. -Securi
ty oft he Ger mans was enhanced as a r esultof
-In1939Hi tl
erseizedMemel fr
om Li thuania. rearmamentandconscr i
pti
on.

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-Germansol diersbecameexper i
encedduet oinvasions.
-Hit
leruni t
ed al lGermanswho wer e previ
ouslynotunder
Germany ,forexampl e,somewer einAust ri
aandSudet enland.
-Thehumi li
ationsthatGer manyhadsuf feredduet othet reaty
ofVer sail
leswer eremov ed,f orexampl e,disarmamentand
paymentofr eparati
ons.
-Theirpr i
de was r estored by v iol
ati
on oft he t r
eat y of
Versail
les.
-I
ndustryobt ainedrawmat eri
alsfrom occupiedt er
rit
orieslike
Saarbasi nandCzechosl ovakia.
NonBenef it
s/Negat i
veEf fectsofHitl
er’sFor ei
gnPol icyto

Germans
-ManyGer mansol diersdieddur i
ngwar sori nvasions.
-Germansol dier
sdi dnothav etimet orestbecauseofendl ess
campai gns.
-Bothhumanandmat eri
alresour
ceswer ewast ed.
-Hit
lercr eated mor e enemi es than friends,f orexampl e,
France,Br i
tain,PolandandUSAwhi chcombi nedt hei
rfor
ces
againstGer manydur ingwor l
dwart wo.
-Manychi ldrenwer eor phaned.
-Manywomenbecamewi dowsduet oinvasions.
-Germany ’
saggr essionsledt otheoutbreakofwor ldwartwo
whichwascost l
yt otheGer mans.

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