SOLID STATE
Solid state
Particles (atoms, ions or molecules)
are compactly closed to each other
sufficient to bind all these
constituent parts in solid
state. Therefore, solids have fixed
shape, size and volume.
Type of solid
1. Ionic solid
2. Covalent solid
3. Molecular solid
4. Metallic solid
Anisotropic substance :
The solid substances whose physical properties such as
mechanical strength, optical activity, electrical and thermal
conductivity, refractive index ,thermal expansion etc. are different in all
directions are called anisotropic substances and the phenomenon is
called anisotropy. The crystalline solids possess anisotropic nature . For
eg. NaCl , CuSO4 . 5H2 O ,
H2 C2 O4 . 2H2 O (oxalic acid crystal) etc.
Isotropic substance:
The solid substances whose physical properties such as mechanical
strength, optical activity, electrical and thermal conductivity, refractive index
,thermal expansion etc. are same in all directions are called isotropic
substances and the phenomenon is called isotropy. The amorphous solids have
isotropic nature . For eg plastic , glass , rubber etc.
**** Differentiate between isotropic and anisotropic substance.
*** Distinguish between crystalline and amorphous solid .
Crystalline solid Amorphous solid
The solid substance whose constituent The solid substance whose constituent
particles such as ions, atoms or molecules are particles such as ions, atoms or molecules are
arranged in regular repeating three not arranged in long range order and lack fixed
dimensional pattern geometry
Sharp melting and boiling point No Sharp melting and boiling point
anisotropic Isotropic
Crystalline solid are regarded as true solid Amorphous solid are not true solid, regarded
as super-cooled liduids
Crystalline solid are hard and rigid Amorphous solid are soft
Crystalline solid exhibit symmetry Amorphous solid have no symmetry
Example : NaCl, CuSO4.5H2O Example: Glass, plastics, rubber
*** Distuinguish between Crystal lattice(Space lattice) and Unit cell.
Water of crystallization : The water molecules associated with
crystals as an essential part of their constitution are called water of
crystallization. For eg, Blue vitriol (CuSO4 . 5H2 O). It contains 5
molecules of water of crystallization. Washing soda ( Na2 CO3 . 10H2
O) . It contains 10 molecules of water of crystallization.
Efflorescent substance: The hydrated crystals lose one or more
water of crystallization from their salts at ordinary temperature when
exposed to air is called efflorescent substance and this phenomenon is
called efflorescence.
For eg, Na2 CO3 .10H2 O ……………… Na2 CO3 . H2 O + 9H2 O
(washing soda)
FeSO4 . 7H2 O , Na2 SO4 . 10 H2 O , CuSO4 . 5H2 O etc. show
efflorescence phenomenon.
Hygroscopic substance : Any substance which absorbs
moisture(H2O) to form hydrated substance on exposure to air is
known as hygroscopic substance and this phenomenon is
Is called hygroscopy. For eg , anhydrous Na2 CO3 which it exposed
to atmosphere , absorbs moisture and forms hydrated salt.
H2 O
i.e. Na2 CO3 ………………………….. Na2 CO3 . H2 O
Anhydrous CuSO4 , Na2 SO4 , etc show hygroscopy phenomenon.
Deliquescent substance : The substance absorbs moisture till it changes to solution when
exposed to air is known as deliquescent substance and this phenomenon is called
deliquescence. For eg, anhy. CaCl2 , MgCl2 NaOH , ZnCl2 etc.
i.e. CaCl2 ( S ) ……………………… CaCl2 ( Solution)
