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FGOu 4 N 6 D3 B

Calculus is a mathematical discipline focused on change and motion, divided into differential and integral calculus. Key concepts include limits, continuity, differentiation, and integration, each with specific rules and applications in various fields. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus connects differentiation and integration, highlighting their importance in understanding dynamic systems.

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14 views11 pages

FGOu 4 N 6 D3 B

Calculus is a mathematical discipline focused on change and motion, divided into differential and integral calculus. Key concepts include limits, continuity, differentiation, and integration, each with specific rules and applications in various fields. The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus connects differentiation and integration, highlighting their importance in understanding dynamic systems.

Uploaded by

ayushkumar22067
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Calculus Class Notes

1. Introduction to Calculus

Calculus is a branch of mathematics focused on change and motion. It is divided into two main branches:

Differential Calculus: Concerned with rates of change and slopes of curves.

Integral Calculus: Concerned with accumulation of quantities and areas under curves.
2. Limits and Continuity

2.1 Limits

The limit of a function describes the behavior of the function as it approaches a particular point.

Definition: means that as approaches , approaches .

Properties:
2.2 Continuity

A function is continuous at if:

1. is defined.
2. exists.

3. .

3. Differentiation

3.1 Definition of Derivative


The derivative of measures the rate of change:

3.2 Rules of Differentiation

1. Power Rule:

2. Product Rule:
3. Quotient Rule:

4. Chain Rule:

3.3 Applications of Derivatives

Finding Slopes and Tangents: The derivative represents the slope of the tangent line to a curve.
Maxima and Minima: Used to determine local maxima and minima by setting .

Rate of Change: Used in physics and engineering to model dynamic systems.

4. Integration

4.1 Definition of Integral

The integral is the inverse of differentiation and represents the accumulation of quantities.
Indefinite Integral:

Definite Integral: represents the area under the curve from to .

4.2 Rules of Integration

1. Power Rule:

2. Sum Rule:
3. Integration by Parts:

4. Substitution Rule: Used for complex functions by setting , then .

4.3 Applications of Integration


Finding Areas: Used to calculate areas under curves.

Solving Differential Equations: Used in physics and engineering to solve dynamic systems.

Finding Volumes: Used in computing volumes of 3D objects via integration techniques.

5. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

First Part: If is the antiderivative of , then .


Second Part: If is an antiderivative of , then .

6. Conclusion

Calculus is a powerful tool in mathematics that helps in understanding change, motion, and accumulation. Mastery

of differentiation and integration is crucial for applications in physics, engineering, and economics.

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