CRS/HCS in Collaboration with East Hararghe Zone Irrigation Development Authority

Eastern
Hararghe
Irrigation
Development
Authority in
Collaboration
with
CRS/HCS
Organization

MAINTENANCE AND
REHABLITATION STUDY
DESIGN DOCUMENT OF
MELKA BELO DISTRICT April, 2018
Harar,
Burka Cello Irrigation Scheme
Ethiopia.
Maintenance/Rehabilitation Design Proposal
With BOQ Estimation Phone no: 0256667987

East Hararghe Zone Irrigation Development Authority, Scheme Administration, Burka Cello SSIP
 CRS/HCS In Collaboration With East Hararghe Zone Irrigation Development Authority Office

BURKA CELO IRRIGATION SCHEME

MAINTENANCE AND REHABLITATION
STUDY DOCUMENT

List of Study Team

ID Name Concern
1 Ibrahim Mohamed Team Leader
2 Medihin Shimelis Engineer
3 Debebe Belete Engineer
4 Iskedar Mulatu Socio Economist
5 Getachew Tsegaye Agronomist
6 Gadisa Bekele Surveyor

CRS/HCS irrigation scheme maintenance project site

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Table of Contents

List of Study Team ................................................................................................................................................... I

Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................................................... II

Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................................................1

1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................2

1.1 General ......................................................................................................................................................2

1.2 Background and Justification ....................................................................................................................4

1.3 Objective of the study ...............................................................................................................................4

2 Methodology .....................................................................................................................................................4

2.1 Description of the Project Area.................................................................................................................5

2.2 Data and Material......................................................................................................................................5

3 Situational Analysis ..........................................................................................................................................6

3.1 Agronomy .................................................................................................................................................6

3.1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................6

3.1.2 Study methodology ...........................................................................................................................7

3.1.3 Existing Agricultural practices in the project area ............................................................................8

3.1.4 Proposed Crops & cropping pattern. ...............................................................................................16

3.1.5 Improved Agricultural practices to be utilized ...............................................................................18

3.1.6 Crop Water Requirement. ...............................................................................................................21

3.1.7 Livestock population.......................................................................................................................23

3.1.8 Conclusion and Recommendations .................................................................................................25

3.2 Soil ..........................................................................................................................................................25

3.2.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................25

3.2.2 Methodology of the study ...............................................................................................................26

3.2.3 Description of soil physical and chemical characteristics ..............................................................27

3.2.4 Summary and Conclusion ...............................................................................................................32

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3.3 Socio economic characteristics ...............................................................................................................33

3.3.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................33

3.3.2 Methodology ...................................................................................................................................34

3.3.3 Economic activities and livelihood basis ........................................................................................38

3.3.4 Agriculture and crop production .....................................................................................................38

3.3.5 Market .............................................................................................................................................41

3.3.6 Road, Transport and Communication .............................................................................................43

3.3.7 Association, institutions and other service......................................................................................43

3.3.8 Basic social service and infrastructure ............................................................................................44

3.3.9 Organization and management set up of the scheme ......................................................................46

3.3.10 Future Organization and management set up ..................................................................................49

3.3.11 Conclusion and Recommendation. .................................................................................................49

3.3.12 Financial analysis ............................................................................................................................50

3.3.13 Sensitivity Analysis ........................................................................................................................51

4 Major problem of the projects.........................................................................................................................52

5 Alleviating Existing Problem ..........................................................................................................................53

6 Irrigation Water Planning ...............................................................................................................................54

6.1 Spring yield flow estimation ...................................................................................................................54

6.2 CANAL DESIGN ...................................................................................................................................55

6.2.1 Design parameter ............................................................................................................................55

6.2.2 Flooding Method Estimating the Discharge ...................................................................................56

6.2.3 Average flow velocity .....................................................................................................................57

6.2.4 Measuring the surface velocity .......................................................................................................58

6.2.5 Area of the wetted cross-section .....................................................................................................58

6.2.6 Small Night Storage or pond...........................................................................................................60

6.2.7 Pond (night storage) Capacity design .............................................................................................60

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6.2.8 Road crossing Culvert Design ........................................................................................................61

4. The plan of arrangement of reinforcing bar main distribution ..................................................................62

5. Calculation of unit stress.............................................................................................................................62

7 Effect of the problems.....................................................................................................................................63

8 Expected output ..............................................................................................................................................63

9 Conclusions and recommendations.................................................................................................................63

10 Community Attitude ...................................................................................................................................63

11 Bill of Quantity of Burka Cello Maintenance & Rehabilitation .................................................................65

Annex ......................................................................................................................................................................68

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Executive Summary

As many researchers and their findings justified, Small-scale irrigation has a role to play in agricultural and
economic development of developing countries like Ethiopia. Among states in Ethiopia, Oromia region is the
one in which small scale irrigation is widely practiced; particularly in East Hararghe development without small
scale irrigation is unthinkable. Burka Callo small scale irrigation project is found in this Zone, Malka Ballo
District, Tokkuma Jalala PA at a distance of 173km from Harar and 10km from the woreda town Malka Ballo,
which was constructed in 2003. The spring protection work is geographically located at 0758094N Latitude and
1010134E Longitude at an elevation of 1855m a.s.l. The scheme can irrigate 23ha and benefit 145HH with base
flow of 10l/s is design discharge 12.5l/s due to this it need pond and the project area is characterized by over
population, deforestation and malnutrition.

Burka Cello community used the spring source as the only source for both irrigation water demand and domestic
water demand. Due to its structural components uninstallation while constructed in its earlier period and the
service year, the system is exposed to many failure. The spring box’s cover slab is completely removed and the
domestic water demand has being fetched from this spring, which is closed canal. The Road culvert, Division
Box and Pond and highly vulnerable to much water loss. In addition, there exist one night water ponds storage to
collect the drained water from the spring source for further irrigation purpose; the existed pond are earthen.
Hence, high amount of irrigation water has been losing due to this structural existing situation. Due to this fact
currently around 0.3Km lined canal and the one earthen water ponds are must needs rehabilitation and
upgrading. Consequently, all beneficiaries and their house hold whose entire livelihood depends on these water
will be benefited and satisfied. This perhaps enables them to secure their food insecurity.

Thus, maintaining of this project is the only solution which hasn’t any alternatives. Due to this reason non-
governmental developmental institute; CRS/HCS in coordination with East Hararghe Irrigation Development
Authority have carried out the field investigation to prepare the rehabilitation project document. This project
study proposed, the total cost including VAT is 815,992.5Birr in which 10% will be contributed by the
community which is equal to 81,599.25birr.

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1 Introduction

1.1 General

Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the crops or plants when there is a shortage of rainfall and during
the dry period of the year.

Irrigation development has many potential benefits in efforts to reduce vulnerability and improve productivity.
The rationales for developing the irrigation sector in Ethiopia include:

 Increased productivity of land and labor, which is especially pertinent given future constraints from
population growth
 Reduced reliance on rainfall, thereby mitigating vulnerability to variability in rainfall
 Reduced degradation of natural resources
 Increased exports
 Increased job opportunities, and promotion of a dynamic economy with rural entrepreneurship.

Irrigation is the largest consumer of water supply. Around 40% of water supply all over the world is consumed
by irrigation practice.

Ethiopia comprises 112 million hectares (Mha) of land. Cultivable land area estimates vary between 30 to 70
Mha. Currently, high estimates show that only 15 Mha of land is under cultivation. For the existing cultivated
area, our estimate is that only about 4 to 5 percent is irrigated, with existing equipped irrigation schemes
covering about 640,000 hectares. This means that a significant portion of cultivated land in Ethiopia is currently
not irrigated due to its functionality rate and other reasons.

The total annual surface water potential of our country is 110 Billion m3, but we are using only 2.6 Billion m3.
Our potential of irrigable land is 5.3 million ha, but <3% of the land is irrigated now. Even this <3% of land is
not irrigated with proper operation and maintenance of scheme throughout the country.

Agriculture remains the dominant activity of the dry lands, though; the scope varies from capital-intensive
agribusiness to nomadic pastoralism. The rapidly increasing human population with its primitive way of
agricultural practices in developing countries aggravated the misuse of natural resources; this together with
natural inconveniences have led to repeated food self-insufficiency. To arrive at a sustainable and reliable
solution of food shortage problems in drought affected countries, like Ethiopia, particularly in Oromiya region
Eastern Hararghe,Malka Ballo District, tokkuma jelala PA is becoming an appropriate alternative to focus on
sustainable and efficient irrigation system.

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Advantages of irrigation

 Increase in food production

 Optimum benefit by optimum utilization of water and is achieved by Irrigation.
 Domestic water supply
 Facilities of communication
 Inland navigation
 Forestation

Disadvantages of irrigation

 Ground water pollution

 It results marshy lands suitable for mosquitoes breeding.
 Crop yield reduction due to over irrigation.
 Procuring and supplying irrigation water is complex and expensive

Small-scale irrigation has a role to play in agricultural and economic development of Oromia region
particularly in East Hararghe. water conservation activities have great positive impact on high yields
obtained in irrigation; coupled with other benefits such as increased incomes, food security, and
drought relief, savings and so on. All these are indication that irrigation can be a vehicle for the long
term agricultural and microeconomic development without affecting the environment. With water being
the scarcest resource especially in the smallholder sector, the need for irrigation development in this
sector is quite apparent.

At the same time, investments in infrastructure improvements may be ineffective in the absence of
continued maintenance, an outcome of weak institutions, inadequate funding, low operational and
maintenance charge and lack of sense of owner ships and commitment that members feel towards
operating, maintaining and sustaining the scheme. Thus, the decisive measure to be considered in the
improvement of irrigation development phases are water management, operation and maintenance of
the irrigation scheme. Maintenance includes all works necessary to keep the irrigation system operating
satisfactory.

With this respect, even if Burka Callo beneficiaries' needs to maintain and rehabilitate the scheme, their
financial capacity to do so is very less. This source has two function for the community as the source
for domestic water demand and irrigation water demand, and its importance is bold enough. However
at this moment the problem occurred at Burka Callo multi-function Project area is the existence of high
water loss while transported water to storage ponds, percolation loss in night storage pond and
unprotected spring water uses for domestic water demand. Due to these reason maintenance of the
scheme has been above the capacity of the community.

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Thus, maintaining of this project has not alternatives so that CRS/HCS in coordination with East
Hararghe Irrigation Development Authority have selected and carried out the field investigation in
order to prepare the rehabilitation project proposal.

1.2 Background and Justification

Burka Callo Small Scale irrigation project is situated in Tokkuma Jelala PA, District 173km from zonal office
town, Harar and 10km from the woreda town Malka Ballo. The head work/spring/ is geographically located at
0758094N Latitude and 1010134E Longitude at an elevation of 1855m a.s.l. The project construction is
completed in 2003 E.C to irrigate 23ha of farm land for 145 family house hold. However, currently half of this
command has been developed due to the revealed problems even if the water source, the spring, has providing
yield of 10lt/s.

The Project as part maintenance and upgrading of small- scale irrigation works in the zone with a view to
enhancing food security and improving the living standard of farmers through sustainable and managed irrigation
system. The CRS/HCS financing the project.

The source of water is the Burka Callo spring. Burka Callo spring flow increases during the rainy season, being
reduced to its base flow during dry season. In view of the foregoing, the reconnaissance observation it had
recommended to upgrade two night storage pond with cement masonry. The envisaged project components
include the upgrading of existing night storage ponds, conveyance main canals, and secondary canal. The study
assignment has the objective of preparing the project maintenance and upgrading documentation with detail
design. This was preceded by a site survey and investigation that included topography, soils, hydrology,
agronomy, socio economy, and environment studies.

This maintenance and upgrading work proposal survey result reveals that there is water management problem
and a need of operation and maintenance to handle the structures according to standards appropriate to the
scheme. Based on our analysis and finding the total cost required for maintaining and upgrading the scheme
including Vat is 815,992.5Birr.

1.3 Objective of the study

The general objective of this study was to identify the technical and mechanical problems (if any) and prepare
maintenances and upgrading proposal document for the remedy of the problem as well as prepare engineering
cost estimation (BOQ) to upgrade and maintain those damaged structures for its productivity and sustainability.

2 Methodology

We have incorporated both primary and secondary data as data type. Primary data has gathered via field
observation and measurement, Interview with farmers and discussion with the community and using other design
documents as secondary data were used.

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2.1 Description of the Project Area

Burka Callo Small Scale irrigation project is situated in Tokkuma Jelala PA District 173km from zonal town and
10km from the woreda town Malka Ballo. The spring/ head work is geographically located at 0758094N Latitude
and 1010134E Longitude at an elevation of 1855m a.s.l.

Figure 2.1 Study area location map

The project construction is completed in 2003 E.C to irrigate 23ha of farm land for 145family head. The water
source is Burka Callo spring with a total (base flow) discharge of 10li/sec.

The type of work is spring protection with irrigation water supply canal that conveyed irrigation water in to one
medium night water storage ponds. The command area 23ha of land has also 1 division box, 120m Rcc concrete
pipe 60cm dia, and 20m*10m*1.5m pond(night storage) .

2.2 Data and Material

Primary data like; canal profile, pond dimension, spring box dimension, spring yield, etc. collected using;

 Meter tap
 GPS Garmin 62
 Total station
 Android Mobile watch
 Piece of paper

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Secondary data like population, command area, construction history and the like were collected from Malka
Ballo district irrigation development authority and peasant association (PA) community and developmental
workers as well.

3 Situational Analysis

3.1 Agronomy

3.1.1 Introduction

3.1.1.1 Project Background

The lively hood of rural peoples is based on subsistence agriculture, most of the time, the farmers seek help from
external bodies for sustaining their livelihood due to the insufficiency of the productivity from both crop and
livestock, to support the food demand of the community, In addition there is also severe problem of malnutrition
as most of them produce one and rarely two types of crops used for food leading to be physically weak and
nonresistant to diseases. Mainly attributed as a result of mismanaging available water resources, an increase in
rural populations holding a very small tract of land per household, lack of effective and other agriculture in puts,
above all lack of uniform available moisture or precipitation that satisfies the evapo-transpiration of crops during
their developmental stage. East Hararghe has a comparative advantage in producing a number of horticultural
crops due to its favorable climate, proximity to market and cheap labor. However, the production of horticultural
crops is much less developed than the production of food grain. In this regard irrigation based integrated
development is found the best alternative to bring radical transformation.

The tradition of irrigation is not new for Melka-Belo district in particular the farmers embraced under Burka
Chalo irrigation project. They have been developed traditionally to their ability, the existing water resource for
irrigation purpose in order to boost up their agricultural output.Thus, considering all these issues and their
inability to properly and efficiently divert and convey the existing water resource to their farm land Burka-Chalo
irrigation project is studied in order to fill the gap, where farmers couldn’t proceed further.

3.1.1.2 Study objective

The general objective of the irrigation scheme study focused on the optimum use of the existing water and land
resource potential exhaustively for development of irrigation practices, on the other hand by implementing the
project new irrigation agronomic system would be introduced to support the farmers other than seeking external
body for help of grain every year.

The specific objectives of the agronomic study are,

 To assess and identify the existing crop production system, constraints and potentials
 To conduct a study on the suitability of land , soil and climate for irrigable crops
 To determine water requirements of the area and

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 To determine the best suited management system, irrigation crop and cropping pattern.

3.1.2 Study methodology

Due to the peculiar nature of irrigation projects the feasibility study was conducted in a detail investigation and
collection of available primary and secondary data and its analysis. Hence, upon primary source of information
person to person interview with the pertinent community members and concerned individuals was conducted
during site visit, among the secondary data source woreda Agricultural development office, Disaster and
preparedness office, extension Agent and reports and documents of irrigation development authority office are
the major ones.

3.1.2.1 Description of the scheme area.

3.1.2.1.1 Location and Accessibility

Burka-Chalo small-scale irrigation scheme is located in Oromiya administrative region of East Hararge zone
Melka Belo District. The geographical location of the project lies at-0758094N Latitude and 1010134E
Longitude at an elevation of 1855m a.s.l..the site is located at about 173 km from East Hararghe Irrigation
Development Authority office Harar and the site is assessable with all-weather road.

3.1.2.1.2 Agro-ecology of the area.

Based on the traditional climatic zone differentiation presented by the Ethiopian mapping agency (1995), on the
national Atlas map of Ethiopian the classification is based on altitude. The locality has an average altitude of
1854ma-s-l thus the study project area is located in Mid land Agro-ecological zone. There are two rainy seasons
one in mid Feb to April and the other July to September. The rainfall pattern in most cases is erratic and
unreliable; it exhibits notable variation from year to year in terms of onset, amount, distribution and withdrawals.
This phenomenon has been confirmed from discussions made with the local farmers and concerned
professionals.

3.1.2.1.3 Topography and soil

The command is located in undulate landscape with slope ranging from 10% to20% .The soil is deep well
drained, permeable clay Loam and Clay in texture which is ideal for irrigation. Detailed description of soil
profile and results of the physical and chemical analysis together with the soil map of the project area are given
in the soil study report.

3.1.2.1.4 Land use and farming system

Land use.

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The Woreda comprises about 114725 ha of land out of which 29591 ha is currently under cultivation, 27387ha
forest land 6087ha grazing land,10195ha Hillside,1048ha village,21501ha bush,16195ha shrubs,1508ha stony
and 1213ha is miscellaneous land. The total area of the command is 23 Ha.

Farming system.

Agricultural production is the main occupation of the area. The main farming system is dominated vegetable and
crop production where oxen hoe cultivation is practical. Livestock rearing is undertaken compliment to crop
production Nevertheless livestock husbandry differs from that of the highlands of Ethiopla in that cattle oxen
kept per household are few in numbers, the oxen are used as source of farm powers for few years and are then
fattened through stall- feeding for sale in the market .The type of farming practices are generally traditional and
the crop production is predominantly dependant on the onset and cessation of the rain dependency, of rainfall
often entails a degree of uncertainty and crop by the farmers does not follow a particular pattern under sowing
and intercropping of maize, onion and potato serve in maintaining soil fertility & erosion control and checking
various pest problems amounted with mono cropping,. Fallowing of farm lands is not practiced as a result of
shortage of land per household

3.1.2.1.5 Irrigation water source.

Burka Chalo Spring is selected with its development potential in Takuma -Jalala peasant Association as the
project Hydrologist information the minimum flow measured by floating method is 10l/sec.

3.1.3 Existing Agricultural practices in the project area

3.1.3.1 Existing rain fed Agriculture.

The pattern, distribution and intensity of rainfall affect the cropping pattern and yield highly, previously before
three to five years farmers produce twice a year. Nowadays they are obliged to use only the main rainy season As
a result farmers of the kebele are dependent on rainfall agriculture. But farmers of the project area produce once
or twice per year despite the problem of shortage of land.

According to FAO (1996), based on the length of growing period (LGP), which is defined as the period in days
during the year when rainfall available soil moisture is greater than half potential evapotranspiration (PET) a
month is regarded as adequate moisture month to sustain plant or crop when rainfall is greater than half PET.
Thus, in the highland areas of the Sub Basin there are eight moisture adequate months that can be employed for
double cropping purposes. Furthermore, extended moisture adequate months in the high land parts of the sub
basin shows the potential of the area for perennial crop cultivation such as Coffee in the highland areas.

3.1.3.2 Existing irrigation practice.

As observed during the site visit, the farmers make effort to construct diversion canal to convey the spring water
to their farm lands, however due to the topographic nature of the area farmers couldn’t be able to properly divert
the existing resources. The traditionally constructed irrigation structures face frequent destruction that forces the
farmers to commit much of their labor and time in maintaining the destructed irrigation structures.

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The area is selected for study referring to the population pressure and interest of the community to irrigation
development. As the beneficiaries farmers in formation rotational system has been used for the traditional
irrigation water distribution with about 17to 25 days of interval during the most drying period (Oct, Nov, Des
,Jan, Feb ) under project condition the irrigation interval will improve about 6-11 days during peak seasons for
maximum yield response.

The long existed agriculture system in the study area entirely characterized by the production of crops like,
maize, Sorghum, wheat, legumes and other small amount of vegetables like onion, pepper, Garlic, tomato e.t.c.
Therefore, the project proposes crops and new cropping pattern for both wet and dry seasons hence, the range of
cultivated crops is widening with project condition.

3.1.3.3 Irrigation interval

The demand for water by the crop must be met by the water in the soil, via the root system. The actual rate of
water uptake by the crop from the soil in relation to its maximum evapotranspiration (ETm) is determined by
whether the available water in the soil is adequate or whether the crop will suffer from stress inducing water
deficit.In order to determine actual evapotranspiration (ETa), the level of the available soil water must be
considered. Actual evapotranspiration (ETa) equals maximum evapotranspiration (ETm) when available soil
water to the crop is adequate, or ETa=ETm.However,ETa<ETm when available soil water is limited. Available
soil water can be defined as the fraction(p) to which the total available soil water can be depleted without causing
to become less than ETm.The magnitude of ETa can be quantified for periods b/n irrigation or heavy rain,and
for monthly periods.

Total available soil water (Sa) is defined here as the depth of water in mm/m soil depth b/n the soil water content
at field capacity (Sfc or at soil water tension of 0.1-0.2 Atmph) the soil water content at wilting pont(Sw or at
soil water tension of 15 Atmph). Total available soil water(Sa)can vary widely for soils having a similar
texture.Also,most soils are layered and integrated values of Sa over soil depth should be selected; dense layers
restrict water distribution. As a general indication,Sa mm/m for different soil textures is heavy textured soil 200
mm/m,medium textured soil 140mm/m and coarse textured soil 60mm/m. Local information on total available
soil water in the root zone will be required, the need for field measurement is evident.

Immediately following irrigation or heavy rain, the actual rate of evapotranspiration (ETa) equals maximum
evapotranspiration (ETm) where ETm for a given crop is dictated by the evaporative demand of the air. As the
available soil water is depleted,ETa at some point will become less than ETm. The proportion of the available
soil water that can be depleted without causing ETa to become less than ETm is defined by the fraction(p)of the
total available soil water(Sa).The value of the fraction(p)will depend on (i) the crop;(ii) the magnitude of
ETm;and(iii)the soil

(i) Some crops, such as most vegetables, continuously need relatively wet soils to maintain ETa=ETm;
others,such as Maize and Sorghum, can deplete soil water much further before ETa fails below
ETm. Crops can be grouped according to the fraction(p) to w/c the available soil water (Sa)can be
depleted while maintaining ETa=ETm.The tolerable range of the fraction(p) is narrow for crops
where the harvested part is in the fleshy or fresh form, such as fruit,vegetable or forage, but it is
wider for crops where the harvested part is in the dry form, such as cereals for dry grains,cotton and

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oil seeds.The value of (p) may vary with the growth period and in general will be greather during the
ripening period due to the low evapotranspiration(ETm) level caused by a low value of kc. In
general, lower depletion than calculated are required during the establishment period.
(ii) For conditions where ETm is high,(p)is smaller and the soil is comparatively wet when ETa becomes
less than ETm in comparison to when ETm is low. Consequently, the fraction (p) of available soil
water over w/c ETa=ETm varies with the level of ETm.
(iii) Soil water is more easily transmitted to and take up by the plant roots in light textured soil than heavy
textured soils. Somewhat higher values of (p)would seem to apply to light textured soils than to
heavy textured soils. However, considerations of soil texture would add little to accuracy.

Calculation procedures

 Total available soil water (D.Sa) from field data or general soil information determined
available water in soil(Sa in mm) over the root zone (D in m) or Sa mm/root depth in m.
 Soil water depletion (p.D.Sa) when ETa=ETm select soil water deplation(p) for a given crop
and ETm (available from Locl data and cropwat soft ware). Calculate available soil water
over root depth (D) or p.Sa.D in mm/m root depth when ETa=ETm in (mm/day).
 Calculate number of days irrigation interval (I)when ETa=ETm by I=p.Sa.D/ETm or I =
p.Sa.D/ETa.Irrigation interval days will be taken in to the nearest one digit number of days.

3.1.3.4 Yield Build-up patterns.

Estimation of ultimate yield was made based on previous experiences of research; on farm demonstration results.
The consensus is that a shift from rain fed irrigated agriculture could allow peasants to at least double their yields
through time. The maximum yield level of a crop(Ym) is primarily determined by its genetics characteristics and
how well the crop is adapted to its prevailing environment. Environmental requirement, climate, the soil and
water, for optimum growth and yield varies with crop and crop Varity. A careful selection of crop variety most
suited to a given environment is a paramount important for obtaining high and efficient production.

Maximum yield (Ym) is defined as a harvested yield of high producing variety well adapted to given
environment, including the time required to reach maturity, under condition where water, nutrient and pest and
diseases do not limit yield. Information on yield indicates the maximum yield that is obtained under actual
farming condition, with a high level of crop and water management.

Climatic factor w/c determine Maximum yield(Ym) are Temperature, radiation and length of growing season in
addition to any specific temperature and day length requirement. In general, temperature determine the rate of
crop development and consequently the length of total growing period of the crop to form yield; certain varieties
of Maize may take 100 days to mature at temperature 25-30 may take 150 days at temperature 20 or more at
temperature of 15 to reach maturity.

Some crops have specific temperature and/ or day length requirement for initiation of sustain growth and
development; for tuber initiation in potato night temperature below 15 degree centigrade is normaly required, in
some varieties of sorghum flowering is sensitive to short day length,while in winter wheat lowering requires
both cold period and long day, Furthermore, yield formation and the quality of fruits are determined by

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temperature Crop grown and yield formation depends on the total radiation received and converted to the total
yield during the growing period.

In addition to climatic requirement, the available growing season is also determined by duration of assured water
supply of good quality. Consideration must be given to available water supply and crop water requirement, using
cropping calendar in which demand for water is synchronized with water supply available; for example variation
with discharge from river and reservoir release. For some crops the total growing period required for maximum
yield(Ym) is manipulated by the level of water supply.Other factors such as socio economic condition,
market.labure and storage are considered in selection of crop and cropping season. Crop water requirement for
maximum yield (Ym) is calculated by assuming that maximum evapotranspiration (ETm) is equal to actual
evapotranspiration (ETa) is given crop water requirement as Annexed.

Maximum yield (Ym) can be calculated for different climatic condition, The method enables quantification of
production potentcial of a different areas and there by identify the suitable area for a given crop. The complexity
of the interrelationship b/n many parameter make the derivation of the method complicated. However, there use
is not, provided the essential data are available. Computation techniques is given for two selected methods; An
adaptation of the method evaluated by the International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement(ILRI)
Wageningen,w/c is based on earlier work by De wit,Bierhuizen, Rijetma and Feddes(1978).

Moreover, peasants could only get about 20-40% of ultimate yields during the first few years. When the full crop
water requirements are not met,water deficit in the plant can develop to a point where crop growth and yield are
affected. The manner in which water deficit affects crop growth and yield varies with the crop species and crop
growth period. To evaluate the effect of plant water stress on yield decrease through the quantification of relative
evapo transpiration (ETa/ETm),an analysis of research results shows that it is possible to determine relative yield
losses if information is available on actual yield(Ya) in relation to maximum yield(Ym) under different water
supply regimes.

Where economic conditions do not restrict production and in a constraint-free environment, Ya=Ym When full
water requirements are met, When full water requirements are not met by available water supply, Ya<Ym.In
order to quantify the effect of water stress it is necessary to derive the relationship b/n relativr yield decrease and
relative evapotranspiration deficit given by the empirically-derived yield response facters (Ky),or:

(1-Ya/Ym)=Ky(1-ETa/ETm)

Where: Ya = actual harvested yield

Ym = maximum harvested yield

Ky = yield response factor

ETa = actual evapotranspiration

ETm = maximum evapotranspiration

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The value of Ky for different crops is based on the evaluation of numerous research results, During yield
estimation no single factor was independently used. Rather collection of different parameters like level of
existing yield, farming skills and other wide range of growing conditions were considered.

Table 1:-Yield Build-up patterns and average crop yields with Burka Chalo project.

No crops yield by project years

year1 year2 year3 year4 year5-15

1 Maize 12 13 14 20 25
2 Tomato 65 70 85 95 110
3 Beetroot 85 90 110 120 150
4 Pepper 10 12 13 15 20

5 Garlic 70 75 80 85 95
6 Onion 85 110 120 130 150
7 Cabbage 85 110 120 150 160
8 Potato 90 110 120 150 180
9 Leek 90 110 120 130 140
10 Carrot 80 95 110 120 130
11 Coffee 4 8 10
12 Chat 60 65 85 90

Table 2:-Yield projection in the traditional irrigation

No Crop Yield projection by project years(Qt/ha)

1 2 3 4 5-15
1 Maize 8 9 10 11 12

2 Onion 20 25 30 45 60

3 Pepper 8 10 12 13 13
4 Tomato 20 25 30 40 60
5 potato 25 30 35 45 60
6 Carrot 45 50 60 70 80
7 Coffee 1 2 3 3 4
8 Chat 10 15 20 25 30

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3.1.3.5 Irrigation Practices.

The project will be more productive and profitable only when peasants adopt improved irrigation practices.
Currently, the irrigation skills of farmers in the area are not developed. Virtually, there is no any attempt made to
introduce farmers with improved irrigation practices. Hence, there should be strong and proper irrigation
agronomy training to the farmers including weed control, disease and insect control, soil fertility management
etc.

Table 3. Input requirements of crops .

No Crops Seed Seed Fertilizer(kg/ha) Agro-chemical

Rate(kg/ha) cost(Birr/kg)

NPS UREA Insecticide Fungicide

(lt orkg/ha) (lt orkg/ha)

1 Maize 30 8 100 100

2 Onion 0.6 2100 100 75
3 Pepper 0.6 500 50 100
4 Potato 3000 4 100 100
5 Beetroot 0.6 600 100 75
6 Leek 0.6 650 100 100
7 Cabbage 0.35 600 75 100
8 Tomato 0.6 3600 75 100
9 Garlic 1200 40 75 100
10 Carrot 0.45 650 75 100
11 Coffee 2500Plants 5
12 Chat 3333 plants Not Soled

Table 4 Cost of agrochemicals and Fertilizer

No Item Unit Cost(Birr/Unit)

1 UREA Qt 915
2 NPS Qt 1357

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Table 5. Existing crop coverage and Its intensity

No Crops Area in Belg season Area in Meher Growing season

(Dry) season (Rainy)
Ha % Ha % Planting Date Harvesting Date

1 Maize I 2 8.7 Jan April

3 Onion 4 17.39 July Sep
4 Pepper 3 13.04 July Oct
5 Potato 2 8.7 Jan Mar
6 Tomato 3 13.04 Aug Oct
7 Maize II 5 21.74 June Oct
8 Carrot 2 8.7 July Sep
9 Coffee 2 8.7 2 8.7 Perennial Perennial
10 Chat 4 17.39 4 17.39 Perennial Perennial
Total 10 43.49 23 100

Note: Existing Annual cropping intensity to be 143.49%

Table 5. Proposed crop coverage and its intensity with Burka Chalo SSIP

No Crops Area in Belg season Area in Meher Growing season

(Dry) season (Rainy)
Ha % Ha % Planting Date Harvesting
Date
1 Maize I 1 4.35 Feb May
2 Leek 3 13.04 June Sep
3 Pepper 2 8.7 Sep Nov
4 Carrot 2 17.1 July Sep
5 Potato 3 13.04 June Aug
6 Onion 4 17.39 Oct Jan
7 Cabbage 2 8.7 Jan Apr
8 Garlic 2 8.7 Jan Apr
9 Tomato 3 13.04 Jan Apr
10 Beetroot 1 4.35 Feb May

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11 Maize II 3 13.04 June Sep

12 Coffee 4 17.39 4 17.39 Perennial Perennial
13 Chat 6 26.08 6 26.08 Perennial Perennial
Total 23 100 23 100

Note: proposed Annual cropping intensity to be 200%

3.1.3.6 Major constraints of crop production in the area.

The section describes some of the existing major production constraints in the area.

Environmental constraints.

Low and unreliable rain fall condition and Decline of soil fertility

Technical constraints.

Poor and traditional farming practice less availability of agricultural in puts & utilization Poor conveyance
system Luck of effective extension services.

Socio-Economic constraints.

Shortage of farm Land Shortage of farm implements & draught power, Lack of credit & marketing services and
Poor labor productivity.

3.1.3.7 Development Project

Agriculture is the major economic activity in the project area, the existing crop production have used back ward
and traditional farming skill and peasant currently relies on low-input low output production methodologies,
Hence the current production status become lower. In view of the presence of food shortage and within the
context of the available natural resource and inefficient utilization, this project is proposed to be implemented in
the area, in order to fulfill the following specific objectives. Improve crop yield per unit area Improve cropping
system & crop diversification Achieve reliable agriculture & crop intensification Improve farm income &
standard of living Achieve food security in the area.

3.1.3.8 Selection of crops and cropping pattern.

The crops and cropping pattern proposed for the scheme is based on the knowledge of the beneficiaries. Hence,
there is no problem of adoption and the range of cultivated crop is widen with project condition through
integration of new pulses and Horticultural crops, the selection of potential crops and anticipated cropping during
the feasibility study of this project has given due emphasis and critical attention to the following major issues
and condition.

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3.1.4 Proposed Crops & cropping pattern.

Jan Feb Mar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Des

Maize I

Beetroot

Onion

Pepper

Leek

Potato I

Garlic

Maize II

3.1.4.1 Proposed Cropping Pattern and Intensity.

TheCabbage
clear setting of cropping pattern over one calendar year has a considerable effect on the level setting of
cropping intensity. The objective is to maximize the utilization of the scarce land resource and given the
condition that water resource is not a limiting factor and also that all the beneficiaries are capable and willing to
implement
Tomato the proposed or recommended cropping program in supplying the labor and other inputs required so
that the anticipated yield would be produced every year.

The distinct season are considered for the year round cultivation. The period from early June to late November
Potato
is the II
relatively moist season when supplementary irrigation may be required. Only in the event of dry spells.
The dry period is from early January to the end of May during which time regular irrigation would be the only
means of water supply to the crops and the selected crops and cropping, patterns are presented as follow
Coffee

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3.1.4.2 Crop Rotation

Crop rotation may be defined as a system of growing different kinds of crops in recurrent succession on the same
land. However in both under rain fed or irrigation condition, crop rotation program is an integral part of the
scheme the main criteria of recommending crop rotation program area.Contribute in breaking the life cycle of
crop pest and diseases leading to yield losses in mono cropping practices. Aiming at utilization of the available
labor forces rather than wasting time and efficient water use.

Table 6. Model Crop Rotation for Burka Chalo SSIP.

First year Second year Third yeaS Fourth -fifteen years

Season 1 Season 2 Season 1 Season 2 Season 1 Season 2 Season 1 Season 2

Crop ha Crop ha Crop ha Crop ha Crop ha Crop ha Crop ha Crop ha

Beetroot 1 Maize II 3 Potato I 2 Leek 1 Beetroot 2 Onion 3 Tomato 3 Maize II 2

Onion 4 Garlic 3 Maize II 2 Potato I 3 Carrot 1 Leek 1 Cabbage 2
Cabbage 2 Carrot 2 Cabbage 2 Tomato 3 Leek 2 Cabbage 2 Carrot 2 Garlic 2
Tomato 3 Leek 3 Maize I 2 Potato II 3 Tomato 3 Maize II 3 Potato I 3 Potato II 2
Maize I 1 Potato 3 Onion 3 Pepper 2 Maize I 2 Garlic 2 Pepper 1 Beetroot 2
Garlic 2 Pepper 2 Carrot 1 Beetroot 2 Pepper 1 Potato II 2 Maize I 3 Onion 3
Coffee 4 Coffee 4 Coffee 4 Coffee 4 Coffee 4 Coffee 4 Coffee 4 Coffee 4
Chat 6 Chat 6 Chat 6 Chat 6 Chat 6 Chat 6 Chat 6 Chat 6
Total 23 23 Total 23 2 Total 2 23 Total 2 2
3 3 3 3

The basic purpose of irrigation agriculture and introduction new agronomic practices in any irrigation scheme is
inevitably to improve the yield per unit area, Therefore the following table shows the expected yield of each of
the proposed crops in the project area, The indicated yield data is a result of different parameters like level of
existing yield, farming skills and other support services were considered. Generally, it is envisaged that the
proposed yield levels for the project could be achieved through collective impacts of improved farming style.
Use of improved irrigation practices, adequate in puts supply, effective pest management practices and viable
technical and support services.

3.1.4.3 Input requirements

Crops in put requirement in terms of Labor, draught power, seeds, fertilizers and agrochemicals have been
estimated based on current practices in the country. Adequate and timely supply of inputs, particularly improved
seeds and fertilizers is very important to the sustainability and productivity of the project. The full application or
proper use of this in puts may not be attainable during the early years of the project life, but should be
implemented a gradual manner through vigorous extension work, farmers’ active participation, on farm
demonstration and trials. While there is no clear data of labor requirement per hectare of each crop in the area

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and the farmers do not yet adopt some of activities crucial for the production such as chemical and fertilizers
application.

3.1.5 Improved Agricultural practices to be utilized

3.1.5.1 Land preparation

Farmers should be preparing their farm land properly and frequently, the number and frequency of plaguing
should relay on the type of crop to be grown in the area. Generally, deep frequent early tillage with after the
opportunity to get early seeding establishment, reduce pest infestation and under take proper irrigation practices,
oxen drawn ridge could be used to prepare furrows and ridges

3.1.5.2 Seed and varieties

Farmers will be introduced with improved seeds, varieties and planting materials which could give better farm
returns. These planting materials need to be adoptive to the area, productive in terms of both growing and straw
yields, peasant will adopt and utilize effectively other productive materials and inputs like fertilizer, irrigation
water and varieties.

Table 7- potential varieties for the selected crops

No Crops Varieties Remark

1 Maize Katumani ,Guto,BH140,ECB6
2 Onion Adama-Red, Bombay Red
3 Pepper Mareko Fana, Bako local

3.1.5.3 Planting and plant population

Crop will be more productive if they are planted using improved planting method. To this effect, row planting
will be introduced and fully adopted by peasant farmers on most of the crops. Row plant allows getting optimum
plant population, reducing the excessive seed requirement, conducting effective irrigation, cultivation and pest
control practices.

3.1.5.4 Irrigation Practices.

The project will be more productive and profitable only when peasant adopts improved irrigation practices
currently, the irrigation skills of farmers in the area are not developed, hence there will be strong and proper
irrigation agronomy training services to farmers. Improved irrigation practices include the use of irrigation water
effectively and judiciously, Attention must be given to introducing and proper adoption of improved irrigation
methods.

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3.1.5.5 Labor requirement

There is no clear data of labor requirement per hectare of each crop available that can be found from the farmer
or development worker. The perception of the farmer to analyze cost remains question because they thought
every interviewer from Government office seem to impose tax on them and on the other side most of them are
illiterate to keep recording of their daily operating cost.

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Table 8 Labor(MD) and oxen(OD) requerd Per heactar

Activieties

Ploughing ploughing Fertilizer cultivation cultivation

1st 2nd planting Application Irrigation Weeding 1st 2st Harvesting Threshing Total
Crop MD
No type MD OD MD OD MD OD MD OD Md Md MD MD MD MD O
177
1 Maize 45 24 24 12 24 12 12 10 14 12 14 12 20 20 58
2 Garlic 48 24 24 14 14 12 16 12 20 173
3 Cabbage 42 24 24 14 14 12 15 12 16 173
4 Potato 45 34 30 14 18 12 15 12 19 199
5 Tomato 45 34 34 14 14 12 17 12 12 194
6 Onion 45 34 24 14 16 12 17 12 18 192
7 Leek 42 34 24 14 14 12 16 12 17 174
8 coffee 64 34 18 18 14 18 166
9 pepper 40 16 12 12 15 12 12 108

10 chat 65 24 18 18 14 14 153
Total 481 24 208 12 258 12 96 10 152 96 161 124 166 20

Cost of each MD 50 birr and OD is

150 Birr

Source:-From survey data -

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3.1.5.6 Crop pest, Disease and weed control

Crop disease and insects have to be timely and effectively controlled, before they are causing economic damages
to crops. Farmers need to adopt wide range of control methods such as physical, cultural, biological, chemical,
disease resistant varieties to reduce the impacts of these damaging pests. Regarding weed infestation will be
aggravated under irrigation system than rain fed condition unless weeds are effectively and timely controlled it is
quite certain that the ultimate crop yield will be substantially reduced both in quality & quantity. Integrated weed
controlling management should be introduce and adopted in the area. To this end, the development approach
needs to focus on prevention and eradication of weed infestation. The use of clean seeds, farm sanitation, use of
clean farm tool, eradication of weed through physical, cultural, biological and chemical methods need to be
applied with an integrated manner.

3.1.5.7 Harvesting and Threshing

Crops must be harvested when they are physiological matured. The practice of both too early and too late
harvesting must be avoided. Timely harvesting of crops allows to reduce crop losses due to pest, rodents and
shattering and untimely rain damage. Threshing follows soon after harvest using mainly human labor and at
times animal power, crops have to be threshed on clean, and preferably concrete made threshing fields.

3.1.6 Crop Water Requirement.

The crop water requirement is the consumptive use or Evapo- transpiration of a crop less other means of
recharging such as net precipitation ( effective rain fall ) that is evaporated from the soil and the amount of water
transpired by the crop the irrigation water requirement for Burka-Chalo SSIP is computed using the climatic
characteristic generated from the Computer soft wear program which is could Loclim(Local Climate Estimator)
observed monthly cycles at neighboring stations provided by SDRN of the Food and Agriculture Organization of
the UN. and for the computed water requirement is used.

The reference evapo-transpiration(ETO) and monthly crop water requirement of the study project is calculated
by taking station or near by using climatic data of the computer software program named LOCLIM .The water
duty calculated to the study project area to be 0.52l/s/ha with 24 hours of application time.

3.1.6.1 Crop Water Requirement Computation.

The modified penman method was used for analyzing the reference potential Evap-otranspiration (PET), the crop
coefficient (KC) developed for each selected crop was applied to compute the crop water evap-otranspiration. A
spreadsheet was used to compute the net project crop water requirement using the following data and the
summary of which is shown in table.

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Table -9. Crop Parameters for Water Demand Analysis.

Total
Planting date G. Days of growing stage Crop Coefficient Crop
No period
Month Days Days D1 D2 D3 D4 Kc1 Kc2 Kc3
1 Oct 5 120 25 35 35 25 0.45 1.15 0.75 Onion
2 Apr 10 130 20 40 40 30 0.45 1.0 0.7 cabbage
3 May 5 120 25 35 40 20 0.45 1.2 0.8 potato
4 Feb 5 120 25 35 40 20 0.4 1.1 0.7 maize
5 July 5 120 25 35 40 25 0. 4 1.1 0.8 Pepper
6 June 5 120 25 35 40 25 .35 1.15 .35 Garlic
7 Mar 10 120 20 35 45 20 .4 1.05 .7 Tomato
8 June 10 120 20 40 35 25 .4 1.15 .7 Leek

3.1.6.2 Effective Rain fall

Effective rain fall is the part of the rain fall that satisfies the Evapo-transpiration demand of the crops the
effective rainfall is determined based on the empirical formula given below.

Peff = 0.6pm-10 for pm, <75mm and

Pef f= 0.8pm-25 for pm >. 75mm

Where pm = monthly rainfall

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Peff = Effective rain fall.

3.1.6.3 Irrigation Efficiency.

The determination of irrigation water requirement should also account for losses of water including during
conveyance and application of the field. These losses are expressed as a fraction of efficiencies. The following
irrigation efficiencies have been considered for the scheme.

Conveyance Efficiency = 0.9

Field canal Efficiency = 0.8

Application Efficiency = 0.7

Overall irrigation efficiency=0.5

Water duty =0.52 l/s/ha

3.1.7 Livestock population

The huge areas of District is occupied by Agro-pastoralist communities represent one of the most important
economic, cultural and natural resources of the Woreda. However, for many years the district have faced
repeated droughts and experienced emergency Interventions which have often undermined development
programmes. Most recently the severity and frequency of drought in some areas has increased, creating an urgent
need to improve drought risk management and support development policies in which drought is anticipated and
properly managed From a livelihoods perspective, Agro-pastoralist of the district possess relatively high
financial assets in the form of livestock. It is also increasingly recognized that extensive, livestock production
systems are a rational and efficient use of natural resources in non-equilibrium rainfall environments, and can
outperform more modern ranching systems. Increasingly, Agro-pastoralist areas are contributing to domestic and
export markets in livestock and livestock products, and becoming more integrated into Zonal economy.

However, Agro-pastoralist areas are still characterized by constraints such as low levels of infrastructure
development, and weak social services such as health and education. Melka-Belo woreda also face human
population growth and recurrent drought, with some indications that the frequency and severity of drought is
increasing. These features of the district mean that despite their wealth in livestock assets, the communities
remain highly vulnerable and subject to repeated episodes of short-term humanitarian assistance. It is part of the
overall strategy of the oromiya irrigation development authority to promote livestock development through
irrigation development in agro-pastoralist areas, and to encourage long-term thinking which views natural events
such as droughts and floods as predictable rather than unexpected shocks. Within mind Mislii spring will be
diverted for Livestock development and crop production.

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3.1.7.1 Livestock population of the district

Mulisa Haqa PA possess the smaller livestock population in the district, with an estimated population 469906
livestock of which 11657 sheep and 112847 goats. Small ruminants play a significant role in household stability
by providing meat, milk, skin and wool, generate cash income and play traditional social and religious roles.
However, Vast numbers of parasitic diseases are incriminated to pose a serious health threat and limit the
productivity of due to the associated morbidity and mortality play a detrimental role in hampering small
ruminant maintaining production leading to serious economic loss. Gastro-intestinal helminthosis is considered
as one of the major parasitic problem that constrained livestock production in the area.

Table 10 a Livestock population of Melka-Balo woreda

No Types of livestock General name Specific name population

1 Bovine ox 79176
cow 57169
Sub-total 136345
2 Caprine Sheep 11657
Goat 112847
Sub-total 124504
3 Equine Donkey 12968
Camel 4092
Mule 491
Horses 855
Sub-total 18406
4 poultry Hen and Rooster 190651
Grand-total 469906

Table 10 b Livestock population of Takuma-JalalaPA

No T Specific name Population

1 Bovine Ox 1260
Cow 1322
Heifer 458
Sub-total 3040
2 Coprine Goat 845
Sheep 745
Sub-total 1590
3 Equine Horse and mule 18
Donkey 160
Camel 45
Sub-total 223
4 poultry Hen and Rooster 3756
Grand-total 8609

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3.1.8 Conclusion and Recommendations

3.1.8.1 CONCLUSIONS

The increasing population and land pressure has worsened the status of poverty and household security in the
farming community of the locality. The potential for increasing crop production and income from traditional rain
fed cropping is very limited, exacerbated by the erratic nature of the rainfall pattern and land degradation. The
proposed project conforms to the objectives of improving the household economy by addition of improved
technology to increase agricultural productivity. It addresses the pressing needs of the area by adequately
responding to food security problem of the local population. It will widen social and economic benefits including
employment and better living standards.Farmers are well aware of the prevailing problems of the area (drought,
low crop productivity, etc.) and their attitudes are favorable towards the implementation of the project.

3.1.8.2 RECOMMENDATIONS

The Sustainability of the project is very much dependent on the full participation of the beneficiaries in all
aspects of the project implementation. The participatory approach will create a sense of responsibility and
ownership and greatly contributes to the success of the project.The objectives of the scheme will only be
achievable when:The beneficiaries are encouraged to organize themselves for operation, input provision and
marketing of products. Provision of credit for inputs and other needs is effected, the extension service is
effectively established, and Periodical training provided to both extension field staff and beneficiary farmers.

The cropping pattern proposed for the scheme is based on the current knowledge of the beneficiaries and as such
does not pose any problem of adoption. However, the production of vegetables and other cash crops in most part
is dictated by the prevailing market demands. Planning of vegetable crop production, therefore, requires adequate
market information to be parted to the farmers. Moreover, continuous adaptive research in vegetables and other
cash crops need to be supported by regional research institute.

3.2 Soil

3.2.1 Introduction

The variations in soils type nature and properties (both physical and chemical) arise from the variation in the soil
forming factors such as parent materials, topography, climate, vegetation (flora and fauna.), time and human
activities.

Soils developed on a very steep land and soils developed on flat lands are not the same because of the variation
in topography. The soil of Project area are found in Ramis sub basin and are mixed with
Vertisols,Luvisols,Cambisols and Leptosols.A very shallow soil or Leptosol is obviously expected on a very
steep land because of the low interaction of the parent material with rain fall or moisture. Because of the
steepness water runs off over the surface and will not get a chance to infiltrate. As a result chemical weathering
is limited making the soil poorly developed. To the contrary, soils on flat lands are usually well developed and
deeper.

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The parent materials from which the soils are originated also play their role in governing the type, the nature and
properties of the soils.

 Soil developed from basic volcanic rock (basalt) which is fine grained and soil developed from parent
material of sand stone will not have the same chemical and physical properties such as texture, color, soil
reaction etc if the other soil forming factors are kept the same.
 Soils developed in arid areas of scarce vegetation and moisture is quite different from soils of humid areas of
good vegetation. With this in mind the soil of the project is described below

3.2.1.1 General

Burka-Chalo Small Scale Irrigation Project Site is found in M/Balo woreda East Hararghe Zone of Oromiya
Administrative region. Burka-Chalo Irrigation project is being planned to intensify irrigated agricultural
development with 23 Ha of command area; the soil Survey at a feasibility Level Identify the available and
suitability assessment of the area for its suitability to Irrigated Agricultural Development using surface systems
based on different climatically adapted crops Such as Maize, Leek, Onion, Tomato, Potato, Cabbage, Chat,
Sugarcanes,coffee, Banana etc.

3.2.1.2 Objectives

 To optimize the Agricultural produce from available land and water resources
 To evolve most appropriate and suitable techniques for Irrigated Agricultural farming with
appropriate remedial measurement to improve the deficiencies, if any.
 To avoid the risk of farmer’s crop failures due to shortage of rainfall, by helping farmers to develop
and improved irrigated agriculture in the area in view of prevailing soil and Land characteristics.
 To enable formers to produce relatively higher quality of yield per unit area, with sustainable market
outlet.

3.2.2 Methodology of the study

The methodologies adopted to undertake this study in this project site are:

A. Auger holes observation; a total of 10 auger holes having 1x1x1m dimension have been observed and
the soil properties described. The auger hole bored at 250m interval at the variability line along the
stream course. Meanwhile, the soils grouped in to two groups so as to represent it by the main mapping
unite.
B. profile Description; Two (2) profile pits were dug so as to represent the auger hole observation of the
main mapping unit and from these profile pits the soil horizon identified and soil sample has taken for
the determination of the soils physical and chemical properties of the command area. The dimension of
the profile pits in this case taken to be 2x2x2m.
C. Sampling: 10 soil samples has taken from the pits and submitted to the national soil laboratory for the
analysis of the physical and chemical properties of the soils of the command area.
D. Following the laboratory result and physical observation made, the data interpreted and analysed.

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3.2.2.1 The project area soil

The regional geology of the site revealed that the parent material is Limestone formation. The soil formed from
the weathering action of these rocks has resulted calcite and dolomite soil forming minerals and with Clay Loam,
Clay and Silt Clay Loamy Texture with Clay Loam dominating. With Eutric cambisols,Luvisols and Calsic
vertisols of the sub basin are distributed evenly on the project area on level lands with the slope of 3-18 per cent
and has moderately well drained drainage,

3.2.2.2 Description of Soil mapping units

Identification of soil mapping unit was based on landform/Topography, effective soil depth slope, soil texture,
land suitability etc. The soil of the project area is excellent with no limitations. They are deep on where the land
slope does not exceed 3-18 percent. They are moderately permeable to water.

Mapping unit A

This unit refers well to moderately well drained soils that occur on flat to undulating and gently sloping slope
ranges (3-6% ), it is mainly used for cultivation of Maize, vegetables and Chat the soil of this unit area is deep
(>1.5m) Dark brown, in colour. A mixture of loam, silty loam, Silty clay loam in texture and the structure is
granular and moderately developed sub angular blocky.

Mapping unit B

This unit refers to well drained soils that occur on flat and undulating land having slope that ranges (6-18%
slope), it is mainly used for cultivation of Maize, Legumes and Chat. soils of the unit are deep (>110cm) and
brown to Black in colour, clay loam and Clay in texture, this soil have granular and angular blocky structure
and a consistency that is slightly hard when dry, friable when moist and slightly sticky-plastic when wet.

In general, the study result has shown that the project area has got varying rage of soil resources with good
potential for agriculture and with limited constraints that can be corrected with intermediate level of management
measures. Thus, with regard to soils we can say some 95 per cent of the study area is suitable for agricultural
crop cultivation.

3.2.3 Description of soil physical and chemical characteristics

3.2.3.1 Soil Physical Characteristics

Climate:

The climate of the study area is sub-Humid and is highly favourable for irrigation development. However, now a
day the climatic changes and due to uneven distribution of rainfall in the area requires frequent application of
adequate amount of irrigation water using appropriate water saving technologies to meet crop water requirement.

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Topography:

The flat to very gently sloping topography of the study area makes it suitable for irrigation, some gently sloping
(3-18% slope) areas at the foot of hills and mountains are not suitable for surface irrigation due to the very
shallow soil depth. They can, however, be used for infrastructure placement or for pasture development by
pressurized irrigation systems.

Vegetation:

The area is characterized by open shrub and bushes which implies that it have been some clearing activities. As
most of the vegetation is of the acacia species, leaving some of the stands for shading against the blazing sun
heat, as wind break and also for their nitrogen fixing ability is beneficial.

Effective Soil Depth:

The dominant part of the study area (95%) has soil depth greater than 100 cm and this indicates that soil depth is
not a critical limitation for root development and soil moisture storage even for some perennial crops that require
very deep profiles. Even the areas with shallow soils appear to be utilizable given the very soft and porous nature
of the under lying bedrock.

Texture and Drainage:

Soil texture is one of the most basic characteristics for consideration in irrigation. It influences such complex soil
qualities as infiltration, moisture and nutrient retention, drainage, tilth and susceptibility to erosion. The soil
texture varies from very fine sandy loam to silty loam or silty clay loams which are not adversely affected by soil
salinity and alkalinity or erosion. They possess a moderate to high available water holding capacity(>140mm).
Land are nearly level lands with deep, well drained soils of a satisfactory texture and structure. free from the
harmful effects of salinity and alkalinity Suitable for growing varieties of crops by adopting ordinary good
farming practices. Respond to managing and possess high moisture and nutrient retention capacity

Soil Structure and Compaction:

The soils in the study area have granular and moderately developed sub angular blocky structure. The presence
of some amount of carbonates in the study area has favoured the development of blocky structure, which is
favourable for irrigation development. There is no compaction and cementing agent.

3.2.3.2 Soil Chemical Characteristics

Soil Reaction:

The pH of the soils in the study area ranges from 7.2-7.7, this indicates that the soils of the study area are
predominantly neutral to slightly basic and is very suitable for most type of irrigated crop production.

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Cation Exchange Capacity:

Cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soils is a measure of the nutrient retention capacity of soils and is a good
indicator of soil fertility status. CEC greater than 20 cmolc kg-1 of soil is considered to be high. The cation
exchange capacity of the soils in the study area ranges from 28-49 Cmol (+)Kg-1, indicating that the nutrient
retention capacity of the soils is high.

Base Saturation Percentage and Cationic Balance:

Base saturation (BS) is the proportion of the CEC accounted by the basic exchangeable cations (Ca, Mg, K and
Na) and is considered as an index of soil fertility based on the cationic balance the proportion of cations are(2.5-
52,1.27-4.43,013-0.44,0.3-1.39) for Ca,Mg,K andNa respectively taken from the sample soil of the project area.
Soils with base saturation of greater than 50% are considered to be fertile. There for,the % Base saturation of the
soil in the project site is 62-109% as indicated from lab reports was considered to be moderate to fertile.

Sodicity:

The presence of relatively higher amount of exchangeable Na in soils is known to have a deleterious effect on the
physical soil condition. The level of the deleterious effect of Na is measured by the exchangeable sodium
percentage (ESP), the proportion of the CEC accounted by the exchangeable Na. The ESP of the soils in the
study area is 0.37-1.47% indicating the low level of Na Cmol(+)Kg-1 the land can be used for irrigation
Agricultur with minimum soil manageme.nt practice

Salinity:

The electrical conductivity (ECe) measurement of the soil solution is an indicator of the amount of soluble salts
present in the soil. Excess amounts of soluble salts in soils cause moisture stress and nutrient imbalance to plants.
ECe values greater than 4 dS/m are considered very restrictive to the growth and development of most field
crops. However, experience in the semi-arid and arid regions of the world indicates that sustainable crop
production can take place under high salinity and sodicity conditions, provided appropriate soil management
practices are taken. The ECe values of the soils in the study area is 0.16-0.22dS/m. This indicates that the salinity
status of the soils in the study area is very low and is also do not have a potential limitation for irrigation
development.

Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen:

The organic carbon and total nitrogen content of the soils in the study area is 0.4-2.7% O.C,0.63-
3.75%O.M,0.07-0.19%T.N and 8-9 C/N. This indicates that fertility status of the soils is not sufficient and
application of organic and inorganic fertilizers are required for higher yields.

Available Phosphorus:

Phosphorus (P) is one of the most important elements to plant growth. Available P content less than 10 mg/kg is
considered low. The available P content of the soils in the study area is 0.9-5PPM and requires application of P

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fertilizers for higher yield. The low available P content of the soils is in agreement with the high pH and the
presence of free calcium carbonate in the soils.

Carbonates:

Calcium carbonate affects both physical and chemical characteristics of soils. Moderate amount of calcium
carbonate is known to encourage favorable soil structure and improve soil moisture characteristics. Excessive
amount of carbonate, however, restricts root development and induce P, Fe and micronutrient deficiencies. The
calcium carbonate content of the soils in the study area ranges 54.9%-67%. from the soil sample taken for lab
analysis other minerals (2.5-52,1.27-4.43,013-0.44,0.3-1.39) for Ca,Mg,K andNa respectively taken from the
sample soil indicating 60.9% inorganic mineral content there for the soil of the study area must have to be
supported with soil amendement practice such us addition of OM and other Agronomic practice.

Table1: Summery of physical and chemical properties of the project soil

MAP A B

UNIT
Soil unit FAO 1988 EutricCambisols Calcic Vertisols
Slope% 3-6 6-17
Effective soil >150 >110

Depth Cm
Drainage Well Moderate
Ph 7.2 7.7
Ec ds/m 0.16 0.19
CEC% 28 49
O.C% 0.40 2.5
T.N% 0.07 0.17
ESP % 0.46 0.50
Texture class Silt clay loam Clay loam

F.C %
P.W.P %
B.DGm/cm3
C/N 9/10 8/9
BEP%
CaCo3 65.9 55.9
AVP 1.70 1.80
Area Ha 13 10

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Table 2: Land Use Requirements and Land Qualities for Surface Irrigation

a) Land use requirement and suitability classes

Land Quality Unit
S1 S2 S3 N1 N2
Slopes % 0-2 2-4 4-6 6 - 10 >10
Drainage Well Moderately imperfect Excessive V.
well , poor poor
Depth cm >120 80-100 50-80 30-50 <30
Soil texture Silty loam Clay, sandy Loamy sand, Coarse sand
& clay clay loam heavy clay loamy
loam sand
Salinity dS/m <4 4-8 8-15 12-16 >16
ESP % <10 10-15 15-20 >20 >20
Salinity & dS/m & 0-8/0-15, 0-8/>15, 8- 8-16/>30, 16-
Sodicity % 16/15-30, 16- 30/>30,
(EC/ESP) 8-16/0-8 30/0-15, 16-30/15-30, >30/>15
>30/0-8 >30/8-15
CEC Meq/10 >20 5-20 <5
0g
OM % 3-5 1-3 <1 <1
N % >0.5 0.2-0.5 0.1-0.2 <0.1
P mg/kg >15 5-15 <5 <2
C/N 10-12 6-10 <6 <6
Structure SAB SAB Platy Massive
Consistence Slightly Sticky, plastic Very st. Very st.
sticky,
St.pl Very pl Very p1.
Infiltration cm/hr 3.5-6.5 6.5-12.5 12.5-25 or >25or<0.
0.2-0.5 2
Permeability m/day 0.5-1.4 0.2-0.5 <0.2
Erosion status None Medium/slight Severe Very Extre
severe me
Stoniness % <0.1 1-3 3-15 15-50 >50

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Table3: Results of land suitability Evaluation for surface irrigation

Soil characteristic Unit Mapping Unit

A B
Slope % S2 S1
depth cm >120 >150
Drainage S1 S1
Texture S1 S2
Presence of Surface stone % S1 S1

Erosion S1 S1
CE
CEC
O.M S2 S2
PH S1 S1

3.2.4 Summary and Conclusion

The soil survey study have investigated 2 (Two) soil mapping units, 4 (four) major soils, and six associated soils.
The major soils are Calcic Vertisols, Luvisols, Eutric Cambisols and Leptosols.The soil survey result carried out
at the scale of 1:50,000 showed that the soils of the basin have got very good agricultural potential for varieties
of different annual and perennial crops with some identified constraints. Most of the constraints identified can be
corrected or minimized by minimum irrigation Agronomic management actions at intermediate management
level and individual farmers.

The soil survey of the Burka-Chalo Irrigation Based Development project is conducted at feasibility level to use
of the information obtained as a basis for confirming the irrigation potential, crop selections, irrigation designs
and agricultural input requirements.

There are opportunities from agricultural research and technologies which can contribute to development, such
as the use of improved seed varieties, agrochemicals and other improved agronomic practices (appropriate
planting date, seeding rate, etc.). This could result in substantive yield increases, as current production is often
characterized by low input and management levels. Therefore, there is a need to intensify agriculture in the sub
basin by introducing modern agricultural technologies through appropriate extension package Access to
improved technology in the sub basin is minimal where the average rate of fertilizer (nutrient) application per
hectare of cultivated land is very low. lack of access to improved agricultural inputs, inefficient markets,
increasing land fragmentation and unreliable weather have been cited as contributing to the declining crop yield
of smallholder farmers.

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Integrated land-use planning is an essential tool and defines an approach to land resources management. It
introduces mechanisms and incentives for bringing about change in land allocation as well as for identifying
suitable biophysical and economic uses, and it prescribes appropriate management practices and options to
ensure that land resources are conserved.

The soils w/c is identified have got varying constraints such as very low OM, shortage of available phosphorous
and imperfect drainage. The units with the low available phosphorous should be treated by application of
phosphate fertilizers and improved agronomic practice. Moreover, the crops most suitable on such types of land
should be selected for the units.

3.3 Socio economic characteristics

3.3.1 Introduction

This socio-economic study report is one of the components of the Rehabitasion study to identify basic socio-
economic features of the project area. The socio-economic report was prepared based on field assessment, data
collected at project sites and different stakeholder consultations to depict general socio-economic overview of
the intended project area.

3.3.1.1 Objectives

The main objectives of the socio economic study is to reveal socio economic overview of existing situations,
socio economic characteristics of the beneficiaries, identify basic economic and social problems/constraints,
development potentials and opportunities, and project impacts in alleviating the social and economic problems of
the project area.

3.3.1.2 Scope of the study

The study deals all about demographic features of the project area, examining the existing economic activities,
economic and livelihood basis, existing basic social infrastructure and social services, and identifying major
economic and social problems, development priorities of the project area. Further, the study investigates positive
and adverse social impacts of the project. Stipulate recommendations to intensify the positive aspect and mitigate
the possible adverse social impacts due to the project.

In general, the report tried to verify the underlying situations, population and demographic features, economic
and social conditions, potentials, problems, priorities, opportunities and challenges and assessed farmers
perceptions and likely response to the project opportunities, demand and attitude toward implementation of the
project. Generally, the scope of task include, but limited to;; Asses and identify existing socio economic
problems, constraints and social mitigation measures

Asses gender relations and gender disaggregated data with respect to land access, control over resource,
capital and income.

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Assess the status of house hold economy

Asses conflicting and or competing demand if any

Assess social impacts of the projects

Asses and evaluate farmers attitude toward the project and

Asses existing social structures and recommended social structure for sustainable use and operation of the
irrigation system.

Extent of farmers’ interest in the project and its implications for project planning

3.3.2 Methodology

The socioeconomic study report was prepared based on field assessment, site visits as well as primary and
secondary data collected at woreda and kebele levels.

Review of available data and report: Relevant primary and secondary data and information required for the study
was collected at woreda and kebele levels. Pertinent documents on policy issues and development strategy were
reviewed within the framework of the project objective. Primary data required for this study were generated
through field assessment and site visits during which discussion were held with different stakeholders and focal
groups including interview with individual informants.

Key informant group Interview: Consultation and communication made with District officials, PA officials,
DA‟s and farmers in the project area both individually as well as in group as appropriate and discussed on
specific issues related to the proposed irrigation development, existing socio-economic constraints and future
plan of the project.

Public consultation was held with community representatives and different segments of the society. The public
consultation was facilitated by woreda experts to coordinate the assessment. The participants were drawn from
different groups of the society (leaders& elders, Women, Youth, beneficiary Farmers and Kebele executives).

3.3.2.1 Location and physical features

Burka Chelo irrigation project is located in East Hararghe zone, Melka belo woreda, Burka Chelo kebele about
10km from Woreda town, Melka belo. The irrigation water source is Burka Chelo spring. The project is expected
to serve communities in the indicated kebele

Development intervention project intended to contribute to human and socioeconomic improvements of the
target people. Understanding of population and demographic dynamics is paramount important in development
project planning. Population and demographic structures is highly interrelated to agricultural production and
planning, food security and market potentials, food supply and demand and it was found important to look the

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population dynamics widely. Accordingly, population features at zone, woreda and project area presented in the
following sections.

3.3.2.2 The project and beneficiaries

The proposed irrigation project needs to be planned with update design system to ensure sustainability of the
schemes. It is spring water and expected to serve a total of 145 household from which 137 male and 8 female
beneficiaries in Burka Chelo kebele.

3.3.2.3 Population and demographic structures

3.3.2.3.1 Population and sex composition

According to available data at project area, total population of Burka Chelo kebele population is 1210. With
regards to sex composition female accounts about 51 % population.

3.3.2.3.2 Age structure and labor availability

Age structure is one important variable in determining working age population availability of active labour force
at the project area. One important implication of the age structure is the concept of dependency and unproductive
labor. Conventionally, those aged between 15-64 years are considered as the productive age and the other two
extreme below 14 year and above 64 years are unproductive labor.

According to age structure at project kebele people below 14 years age; age between 15-64 years, and above 65
years accounts 47%, 51.5% and 0.5% in respective order.

3.3.2.3.3 Family size

Many factors determine a given community family size and demographic structures. Among these includes
religion, marriage structure, household economic status, educational level as well as economic and social
importance for children. Household’s family size is large in most rural Ethiopia in general and same as at
proposed irrigation project area.

In terms of religion most of the community at project kebele and command area belongs to Muslim religion
affairs small amount of them are Orthodox. With regards to marriage structures, polygamy marriage structures
widely practiced, however, at decreasing trend due to economic problem as explained on group discussion
sessions.

With regards to family size estimated based on queries made to focus group participants and about 60% of the
household indicated to have 5-10 family, about 32% below 5 and about 18% above 10 family sizes. Based on the
assessment study, maximum family size is up to 15 and the average of 6 family sizes. This indicates high family
size compared to the national average of five family sizes that mainly attributed due to cultural, religious, low
education level and low awareness in family planning.

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High average household size of the study population appears to be partly indicative of the fact that, they are still
characterized by traditional extended and nuclear family system, whereby women were more exposed to early
marriage at their young age and the community’s perception to have more children.

However, this view has been changing among the young age population, particularly women changed their
attitude and to use family planning with birth control. Both males and females also changed the religious view
and believed in family planning and socio cultural change observed through education and extension work.

3.3.2.3.4 Family Planning Awareness and Practice

There is health extension worker assigned at project kebele and family planning is practically defused and
community attitude changed. Perception to have many children changed may be due to two factors, economic
constraints and health education. As observed during discussion, male groups used to resist family planning in
the context of religion and importance attached to have more number of children as economic asset. However,
the view gradually changed among males and women that comes to well understand the burden and problem
with having more children and changed their attitude. Despite the resistant from male as husband counterpart,
there are some women that started and using birth control and in relative terms women have good awareness to
practice family planning.

3.3.2.3.5 Population Density

Population density and land holding are important factors in determining economic activities and looked to it
from different perspectives. According to central statistical abstract (2011), average population density in
Oromia region is 106.8 person/km2 and the average population density for east Hararghe zone is 170.6
person/km2 and 271 person/km2 in Melka belo woreda that clearly shows that project woreda is characterized
highly populated compared to the national (110.7 person/km2) and Oromia regional average of
106.8person/km2.

3.3.2.3.6 Settlement, housing and township

Acquaintance of settlement pattern of a community is very important in project identification and planning
processes. The population density and settlement pattern also has significant implication on the socioeconomic
impacts of Irrigation project particularly with activities related to displacement effects and mitigation measures.

Generally, Burka Chelo kebele is characterized as low rainfall and majority of the land area is used for open and
communal grazing land. The vast land area surrounding the irrigation command area is rugged bush and with
highly degraded environment.

The settlement pattern of Burka Chelo SSIP command area has quite different nature. The settlement is formed
as rural village at the hill side and outside the irrigable command area that engaged in crop agriculture as major
economic activities. The settlement pattern formed small

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As is the case for most rural areas, the types of housing unit vary in their style associated with purpose, types of
construction materials and type of community (Urban or Rural). In view of this, mix of the housing units
observed that cover roof constructed from corrugated iron sheet and local thatched roof.

However, majority of the dwelling units have houses made from corrugated iron sheet, mud wall and wood.
Housing units made from wood and thatched roof are rarely observed in the project area, where as majority of
houses have roof made of corrugated iron sheet and wood.

3.3.2.3.7 Ethnic composition

The communities in project area are all Oromo ethnic group and population migration to the project area is less
observed that shows the project area has the low ethnic diffusion and intact with other socio cultural practice.
Generally, ethnic composition is characterized as homogeneous tied to family kinship.

3.3.2.3.8 Religion

Consistent with the religious pattern, almost all of the households residing in and around the project area are
belong to followers of the Muslim religion and existing religion is intact with others religion outlook.

3.3.2.3.9 Social and Cultural Features

With regards to food intake, chat is widely used as stimulant. Their staple food is sort of porridge usually
prepared from the flour of sorghum or maize, which are the major crops produced within and around the project
area. Livestock product also serves as supplementary food source.

In terms of religion and social values of the community, a man can marry more than one wife (Polygamy)
depending on his economic situation and male’s interest. The marriage structure is quite different from the
neighbour lowland area.

Wealth and economic status like livestock possession, ox and land is not determinant factors to engage for
marriage. There is no prior consideration as prestige and it is girl‟s preference to select male counterpart as
couple and girls are free to decide themselves. Parent involvement in marriage arrangement is very less and there
is no requirement like providing cattle or others and enough with simple enjoyment with chat as explained by
communities. The community further shared as there change in culture due to economic, girls education and
awareness raising at all level.

Social conflict is not observed as homogeneous community of Oromo ethnic group and no ethnic tension sin the
project area. However, high competing demand for water from the proposed project but solved based on mutual
understanding and less likely to cause conflict. Except such circumstance, the community at project area is
sedentary agriculturalists and no significant conflict to be mentioned as problem.

Some social cultural change has been made as observed and the change expected with implementation of the
irrigation project with increased market link, skill and knowledge transfer mainly in agriculture and irrigation
development.

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3.3.3 Economic activities and livelihood basis

3.3.3.1 Economic and livelihood base

In general, agriculture (crop production and livestock) is the economic and livelihood bases of the community
and crop production contributes the major share and mainstay of the household economy at project area. Crop
production contributes the major livelihood basis and food source.

3.3.3.2 Estimated income and income source

About 95% of the household economy depends on crop production activities and the remaining 5% derived from
livestock as supplementary economic activities. Livestock husbandry activity is limited mainly due to shortage of
grazing land available in the area. Income from off farm activities like apiculture, fishery is insignificant to be
mentioned.

3.3.4 Agriculture and crop production

3.3.4.1 Land use

The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1995) on article 40.3 states the public
ownership of both rural and urban land as well as all natural resources. It further states that land is common
property of the Ethiopian people and cannot be subject to sale or to other means of exchange.

Nonetheless, in Burka Chelo kebele land is owned by smallholders that mainly used for crop production and the
bush and rugged land open for communal grazing. The proposed project area was intensively cultivated by
individual farmer household, land holding entitlement is inherited from family. The project area is dry moisture
and availability of Burka Chelo spring and suitable land topography in the catchment is an opportunity for the
envisaged irrigation project to be feasible to attain the objectives of food security and rural development policy
of the country.

3.3.4.2 Land holding size and beneficiaries

Land holding size determines production and productivity in agriculture and land access and important to give
overview of land access and land holding size at project area. According to the assessment result, land holding
size ranges minimum of 0.125 hectare to maximum of 0.625hectare and the average land holding size is below
one hectare and the average is 0.3hecatre per household.

Based on the inquiries made to selected households and for the group discussion, majority of the household
(50%) land holding size is below 0.3hectare and about 37% of household landholding size ranges0.3-0-
5.5hecatre and 13% of the household landholding size is above 0.3hecatre. Moreover, except the irrigable
command area, adjoining land topography is covered mountain bush and forest and is not suitable for rain fed
agriculture and livelihood and crop production largely depend on intensive cultivation of the river side. As a
result, land access for the youth limited and some youth have no access to farm plots on the irrigable area.

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Farm access and possession of land is mainly through family inheritance and there was no land redistribution.
However, key informants indicate sharecropping and cash rentals are optional sources to access land for
cultivation. Destitute households those unable to cultivate their land goes for out sources their land for others

The project area is surrounded by hills, rugged mountains and bush forest at left and right side which is difficult
for cultivation. The only suitable topography for cultivation is the proposed project area of Burka Chelo spring
side. Land fragmentation would have an increasing trend in due course due to increasing family size, limited
irrigable land area and combined with scarcity of farmland.

The project area has limited agricultural land for expansion due to difficult topography, hills and mountain. The
livelihood of the people depends on intensive cultivation at the side of Burka Chelo spring. Considering food
shortage and vulnerability of the people in the project area, the government and concerned bodies should duly act
on through appropriate measures, which are directed towards improving efficient utilization of water and land
resource in the area to improve food security.

3.3.4.3 Rain fed crop production

Major economic base of the project area derived from crop production (95%) and livestock (5%). Maize, sweet
potato, sorghum, pepper and chat are dominant crops to the project area. As farmers indicates among other crops
that can adopt the area includes, coffee, tomato, onion and other fruits like Banana, mango and Avocado that
recently introduced to the area. Maize and sweet potatoes are used mainly for food consumption whereas chat
and coffee either exchanged for food crops or sold to generate income source to meet family financial needs.

In general, at existing condition, maize and sweet potato are the most important crops to meet the family food
demand and the intended cropping patterns with development of the irrigation project require giving priority for
local food crops as well as high market value crops that meet local market demand to generate household
income.

3.3.4.4 Irrigation condition

Existing irrigation practice was assessed at woreda and project area situation. There are also considerable
numbers of farmers who are practicing irrigation farming at the area.

There are more than 4 traditional irrigation canals in Burka Chelo kebele respectively. The traditional irrigation
built by community.

With regards to attitudes of direct and indirect beneficiaries of the proposed project towards its implementation,
community expressed high interest and desire. The positive attitude towards the project implementation is highly
related to traditional irrigation experience and understanding of benefit and contribution from irrigation and
expectation to achieve improved irrigation system.

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3.3.4.5 Agricultural input supply and accessibility

Input supply and utilization unlike other rural farming areas characterized in low input supply, the situation at the
project area of Burka Chelo is quite different. As farmers witnessed there is excess supply of commercial
fertilizer above the demand and forced to take the quota amount allocated for the kebele. As one of the farmer
indicates fertilizer is stocked at every farmers house like a food crops and loaded by force to take by spending
meager resource up to sale of ox or other asset. Farmers apply fertilizer for chat, sorghum, maize and all other
crops as required, but the area is water deficits and fertilizer is less important as farmers view. Improved seeds
mainly maize and peas are provided for farmers. Farmers at the project area have access for improved seed and
commercial fertilizer. However, not widely used due to different reasons mainly water stress and less demand for
commercial fertilizer, high price and risk of crop failure

Generally farmers are risk avert and agricultural inputs supply should be based on farmers interest rather
compulsory force and needs to improve the extension approach so that the irrigation project to attain project
objectives.

3.3.4.6 Input price trend

Increasing price of fertilizer and agricultural input indicated as major problems as to majority of the farmers
view. Main challenge in input use includes increasing price of agricultural input, knowledge and skills in
fertilizer application.

3.3.4.7 Livestock development

Livestock contributes supplementary livelihood source and used as supplementary food and income source.

Livestock rearing is limited due to shortage grazing land and animal feed Feeding is practiced at home stead as
well as on open grazing bush land in mountain areas. Cattle, goats and poultry are the dominant domestic
animals in the area. As key informants indicates camelsare getting expensive and less likely available by few
household and considered as wealth prestige. Livestock population at woreda and kebele are shown in table
below.

The existing land is highly degraded/ eroded and some occupied as area closure and shortage of fodder is one of
the critical problems for livestock.

Grazing land and animal feed

The project kebeles surrounded by hill, mountain bush land that used as grazing land. However, animal fodder is
not available as required and stiff competition on natural bush land with livestock from neighbor woreda areas,
and majority of the household rear and fatten their livestock at home stead. There is no improved fodder type and
animal feed use natural forest and crop residue.

In general, Hararghe and surrounding is known for potential livestock, but constraints in livestock feed and low
yielding livestock breed and livestock disease like foot and mouth disease.

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With regards to animal health, there exist one animal health clinic that serve 5 neighbor kebeles and only one
animal health experts and a lot of animal dies in his absence and community indicated shortage of animal health
expert as a problem next to livestock feeding as major problem. With regards to livestock feeding households
were reported that, they are willing to conserve livestock feeds if they are provided with necessary trainings and
materials and willingness to receive improved breeds, if there is an opportunity to do so. In general, the
constraints in livestock development include shortage of grazing land, shortage of animal health experts, animal
health disease mainly “Aba senga” and “Aba Gorba”.

3.3.4.8 Off-farm activities

In some rural area, off-farm income generation activity contributes supplementary income and employment for
the rural household. However, it depends on various factors mainly resource availability, urban-rural
linkage…etc.

As observed, less opportunity for off-farm economic activities at the project kebele. Activities like beekeeping
has high potential and high consumption in the market but limited resource base and less attention given by
extension providers.

The opportunities for of off-farm activities such as, handcrafting, petty trading of agricultural and industrial
products, promotion of services, and development of wage employment…etc is not observed to be mentioned.

In any case, it could be recognized that off-farm activities could potentially contribute towards rural disguised
unemployment, supplement households‟ income, even reduce the pressure on land through creating support
service like artisans, blacksmiths for agricultural mechanizations, thereby improving the farming practice. In
general, participation of community in off-farm income generating activities has been observed very low.

Therefore, off-farm income generating sector appears to be an area of concern to be focused for the generation of
productive employment through the devised rural development strategy. Thus, intervention programs planned by
development partners like NGOs should be geared highly towards introducing skills/cottage industries through
strategic linkage and integrating it with agricultural technologies of at least producing farm tools and others at
local area.

Other off farm activities like at least sale of firewood/forest products as supplementary livelihood and income
source not observed as elsewhere since urban/township is far from the area and characterized low urban
population and less to influence market demand for such product.

3.3.5 Market

3.3.5.1 Urban- rural market linkage

Market is very essential for local producers to sell their products and buy other food items and consumable
commodities needed for family consumptions. Markets provide facilities for trade, sale and purchase of goods
and opportunity to access market information.

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As to the case of the project area, market accessibility is at reasonable distance to arrive the primary market
place. There alternative urban and town on development and the project area also closer to Kobo town and Melka
belo town with poor road accessibility in all directions. Market partnership can create opportunities for urban -
rural linkage and other off farm activities and high market prospect to develop in short and medium term period.

Products like chat sold on farm by local traders from Harer and other towns and negotiate in cheap price with
farmers. Farmer’s cooperatives should be organized and strengthened to manage marketing of farm products.

3.3.5.2 Market place and market access

The project area has alternative market out let and optional urban center for sale of their product.

Traders and market agents collects and assemble chat product and there are local assembled market place found
closer to the project and access to attend at least village markets as primary or second market. Thus, farmers can
attend alternative market place as primary and secondary markets. Generally, market access is with high
prospect. Households were also asked to identify main market related problems in the study area and
consequently local traders and cheap price of product were reported as some of the market related problems in
the area.

3.3.5.3 Agricultural output Marketing

Price of the agricultural product at project kebele shows increasing trend as data collected at project area
indicates;

No Type of crops Unit of Price per Quintals

measurement
1 Chat Quintal 750birr
2 Maize >> 550birr
3 Potato >> 200birr
4 Tomato >> 400birr
5 Pepper >> 900birr
6 Onion >> 400birr
7 Carrot >> 250birr
8 Coffee >> 1200birr

Source: - From DA secondary data

Market infrastructure and market system is very traditional in that unit measurement made in estimates and
sometimes use local unit called “Koba‟ a king of cup and there are also other engaged in barter trade type of
marketing where maize exchanged for crops.

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3.3.6 Road, Transport and Communication

Road, transport and communication services are fundamental factors in determining development endeavors
being undertaken in a given locality. Since they provide services to other sectors of the economy, it would be
impossible to conceive of social and economic development in the absences of adequate transport and
communication infrastructure and services.

The project area is located about 173 km far from Harar. From Harar to kobo town located at the main asphalt
93km. The rest 80km is all weather road and difficult for the community to get road transport. In addition,
mobile telephone service is also accessible at project area and relatively better served.

3.3.7 Association, institutions and other service

3.3.7.1 Water Users Associations

Irrigation water user’s cooperatives/associations primarily important for efficient management of irrigation
schemes and sustainable operation of the system. In project kebele, traditional irrigation has long years’
experience and there is traditional water management system and possible to organize functional water user
associations (WUA).

The existing traditional irrigation system is guided by elected leaders on each canal. Existing institution and
irrigation water management is through local leaders locally called “Malaka Bishani” that distributes water in
schedule. Existing Water management is traditional where one or two person manages water distribution.
Organizing Water users associations (WUA) is on progress and agreement reached to establish strong water user
association.

3.3.7.2 Agricultural Cooperatives

Agricultural cooperatives primarily important to meet farmers priority agricultural needs of input supply and
market arrangement of their agricultural product output.

Irrigation usually tends to increase farm product output and in the absence cooperative associations and/or water
users association less likely to achieve intended objective of input and output marketing and increased incentives
for increased production and income and wellbeing improvement. Wereda agriculture office needs to work hard
in developing institutions required to support the irrigation system and agriculture development in general.

The community of Burka Chelo kebele is established some union by the local community but it is not that much
functional. The union was established with the objective of providing agricultural input and output marketing.
However, it is not in a position to meet intended objective.

As deduced from farmers‟ group discussion, membership in any of existing cooperative remained low, mainly
due to lack of initiatives and committed cooperatives that meet farmer’s interest. However, farmer’s view of the
future also assessed and all indicated interest to be a member in the future irrigation cooperatives and existing
observed gaps needs to be covered in order to bring meaningful economic benefit to the people.

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3.3.8 Basic social service and infrastructure

The development of basic social service education, health and water supply interventions are important
investment sectors for the attainment of social service development in a given district/area. Nonetheless, owing
to project location at closer distance from zone and woreda towns, basic social service development is relatively
better served.

3.3.8.1 Education and school infrastructures

Education plays a crucial role in the process of social and economic transformation. In its broader social
objectives of increasing the stock of knowledge and outlook of the population, raising output and productivity,
education stands out as a key factor for poverty reduction. It is also argued that, when farmers are able to acquire
basic education, it becomes easy for them to adopt new technology. Cognizant of this fact, education service at
project area assessed. At woreda level there exist 4 satellite school, two primary (1-4th; 1-8)

There is one primary school (1-8) for project area located at Burka Chelo PA, total enrolment of 837 of which
393 are female. It takes a little time to arrive school. However it’s difficult for girls and children to attend school
because of family problems. School dropout is about 15- 20%. The community at project area has settlement as
rural village and the community required additional satellite and one primary school (1-4) school. As informed
by woreda education office, there was a plan to construct school at Burka Chelo, but shortage of land for
construction.

3.3.8.2 Health and health related disease

Health infrastructures Status of health has a direct relationship with development in that it can negatively affect
the human element or labor productivity. Project kebele health infrastructure is not adequate and Melka belo
hospital has a long distance from project area.

There is no health post near the project. Health centre is accessible at Deder woreda a minimum distance of
Melka belo hospital. Human disease Malaria and water related problems are the major health related disease as
to the communities at project area. Malria was one of the top disease in previous years, but DDT and TTI
(Agober) widely used and under control. Vaccination is given at village center and health extensions assigned
and health problem greatly improved as farmers witnessed.

High malaria infection and outbreak used to exist for 3-4 month beginning from July-October, but put under
control. As indicated by the key informants at the health centre, irrigation could aggravate the situation and needs
prevention intervention to avoid the related health risk from malaria infection.

As observed from the ten top disease of the project area, malaria and other water related health observed among
the ten top diseases and needs proper prevention options. Currently, prevention and malaria control is through
ITN, DDT, Quartem treatment, and draining of swampy area by community mobilization and the effort should
further strengthen with implementation of the project.

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3.3.8.3 Water supply

The majority of the people use water for drinking from unprotected sources mainly river. Water is scarce at the
project area and existing water resource needs to be planned, harmonized and prioritized for efficient allocation
of available water source. Water supply coverage in the woreda is 62% where as there is no water supply scheme
at project area and with zero converge as explained by woreda water resource development office. There is no
any water supply schemes and people use traditional water source mainly river.

As explained by woreda water development office, due to sandy soil high seepage and water is very scarce and
community at the project area gives priority for irrigation to produce chat than to drink.

Animal and human use from the same river source and the proposed irrigation is also from this source and needs
adequate allocation of water for human, livestock and irrigation use. It is also recommended to improve the water
supply for human consumption and cattle trough for livestock.

3.3.8.4 Source of Energy

Despite the low forest potential of the project area, existing forest and wood resource used as energy source for
cooking; and kerosene also used in most better-off household unit. Crop residue is used as animal feed and no
longer available as fuel.

In general, energy and livelihood depend on natural resource with increasing agricultural expansion at the
expense of wood and shrubs, deforestation and less practice for forestation; the direct consequence of this in the
long run inevitably to impact and ends up negative agro ecology of the area and influence food security
situation unless proper water, land and natural resource management is in place.

The community expressed that electric power supply pass over their village and requested for access to electric
power and their problem not yet solved. It is recommended to solve this problem under the rural electrification
program of the government and concerned woreda administration and other stake holders should make possible
effort for integrated rural development.

3.3.8.5 Gender issues

Gender is seen as a social construct that determines the way in which social relations are structured between men
and women. Major gender issue observed at project area are summarized as follows.

1) Women are the most overloaded in all household chores water fetching, firewood collecting, cooking,
marketing and also other farm activities as required.

2) Biologically are to give birth and have no saying in family planning and involve in giving child care rearing
and child care besides the house chores and most vulnerable to work overload.

3) Women involve in farm activities in addition to child care, cook and other all house chores.

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Girl dropout is low as opposed to the previous time. However, the economic and social status of women is as
miserable as ever. Women are still subordinate to men in all spheres of life, and economically dependent. On the
other hand traditional practices that violate the legal and human rights of women are on improvement. Among
the harmful traditional practices prevalent in the area, early marriage, female genital mutilation is highly
reduced. However, the legally acknowledged entitlement of women to own land equally with men since the land
reform proclamation, traditionally, they are neither entitled to inherit the wealth of their parents, but take their
share during divorce.

As viewed from the group discussion with women group, decision making power of women also greatly
improved and women have decision-making power in family planning at household and other community
levels.

4) Women are also well organized for micro- finance service and about 19 groups with 180 members served
from credit and saving. It should be noted that, poverty and economic dependence of women on men is one
obstacle in the realization of women’s improvement. Thus, women’s economic liberation could be seen as a step
towards other social and cultural liberations and their ultimate empowerment.

5) Generally, the situation of women in the study area is on improvement as the realities in the ground reveals.

6) The project expected to further improve the lives of women positively

3.3.9 Organization and management set up of the scheme

3.3.9.1 The need of organization and management

Development of any irrigation scheme belongs to the organized community. Organization and management is
intended to show which entity or entities will be responsible for the various aspects of project study and design,
execution, and operation and how these entities will carry out their responsibilities.

The major bottleneck in sustainability of irrigation project schemes is water management and infrastructure
maintenance. The whole responsibility of project management is laid on the beneficiaries.

To carry out each activity of the project from early stage of project identification up to its operation the
community need to be organized. It is the organized community who carry out the operation, maintenance
coordination and management of the scheme.

There for, government, community and different scrotal bureaus integrately will carry out study and design and
construction of the scheme. Operation and minor maintenance (canal and drain cleaning, repairing farm
structures) of the project will be carried out by the beneficiaries of the project and major maintenance, which is
beyond farmer capacities, will be carried out by the government (irrigation Bureau).

3.3.9.2 Support institutions

The sustainability of the irrigation scheme is very much dependent up on the existence and strength of the
provision of the support service. These services include:-

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3.3.9.3 Extension /Research

As the moment there is no any development agent (DA) and strong linkage with irrigation research and
agricultural extension service is weak.

The district irrigation development irrigation development disk provides technical support to the irrigation
beneficiaries of the district.

Therefore, strong linkage with agricultural extension service and research establishment should be formed to
carry out adaptive trials in the scheme. The most important aspects include irrigation method, irrigation interval,
water and fertilizer use efficiency, water consumption and irrigation water management.

3.3.9.4 Supply of input and credit administration.

Currently agricultural inputs and credits are provided by district input supply and credit Desk, which is less
efficient in input supply, credits administrative capability internal organization, and staffing and financial status.
More over the capability of the district inputs supply and credit Desk to operate timely and in effective manner in
the project area is also weak.

However, provision of fertilizer, improved seed, and agro – chemicals are very important to the success of any
irrigation project under takings. Therefore, these inputs must be provided adequately, timely and credit
requirement of the farmers should also be fulfilled. So that, to fulfill such demand the district input and credit
supply Desk should take arrangements for administration improvement, input supply, procedures for loan
appraisals, disbursement staff requirement and staff training.

3.3.9.5 Marketing structure

Marketing of irrigated from products in general and vegetables in particulars require well organized marketing
infrastructures. However, currently there is no as such organizational arrangement, in both public and private, for
marketing of farm production. Therefore, in the project area a well – organized marketing infrastructure such as
all – weather roads, efficient transport system, market centers and networks and storage facilities must be
fulfilled.

Land reform

Land holding in the project area is not uniform. Native farmers to the area possess more farmland while migrants
do have less. Therefore, to create equitable landowner ship in the area change in land tenure or distribution of
land must be carried out before the operation of the project. Rural land use management and natural resource and
environmental protection office will be the responsible body for this matters and particular attention should be
paid to the timing and implementation of land reform measures.

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3.3.9.6 Farmer organization, institution and participation

Farmers of the project area do have strong traditional cooperation such as Affosha, “Debo” or “Gusa”. These
cooperation and participation have been effected during bad time and peak period of farm activities such as
harvesting and weeding of major annual crops.

Moreover, currently the Burka Chelo peasants organized in five to one working groups and each group do have
its own team leader. Their working groups have linkage and organizational structure of chain with the peasant
association and each team leader has legal and adequate power to manage, control and coordinate the member of
the group in mass mobilization works which have been proved in the Burka Chelo traditional canal excavation
and site clearance of Burka Chelo feasibility study project stage.

Therefore, such mass mobilization trend will have more contribution to the future proposed irrigation project
execution, encourage farmers’ participation in the project and ensure good relations between farmers and the
project administration.

3.3.9.7 The need and Mode of community participation.

Identifying community willingness, decision and participation in project study and design of the scheme is one
of the major tasks. During the general meeting that hilled in 1/7/2010 the communities of the project area have
promised to participate and contribute their free labor and local materials at the time of project implementation
and these were confirmed in the petition that they have signed.

In general meeting the scheme user’s committee having five (5) persons were also established which includes the
following.

No Name of committee Job description

1 Chair man
2 Vice chair man
3 Secretary
4 casher
5 Member

6 member
7

The committee was elected from the beneficiaries to organize, Manage, Coordinate, to maximize
community participation and operate the scheme in accordance with the established by laws of the
association.

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3.3.10 Future Organization and management set up

Burka Chelo people attitude towards irrigation is totally positive. However, currently there is no responsible
organized association for the scheme and capacities of supporting institutions are weak.

The whole responsibility of project management is laid on the beneficiaries. In preparation of this document, it
has been recognized that organizing of the legal body for the management operation and maintenance of the
scheme is the crucial issue, which needs serious attention. Hence, for effective water management, operation and
infrastructure maintenance, water users association (WUN) shall be established.

3.3.11 Conclusion and Recommendation.

The existing socio-economic characteristics, the agricultural production bottle necks, environmental hazards, the
inefficient utilization of water resources, inherent problems of the traditional irrigation practices, and the
repeated occurrence of grain shortage in and around the project area calls for the implementation of a sustainable
development project.

The result of the Socio-economic survey shows that farmers, for confronting the problems of agricultural
productivity have started to practice irrigation many years ago. However, due to lack of capital and skill, they
could not fulfill their desire. Hence, they have confirmed that the implementation of a modern irrigation scheme
is their primary interest and top priority. They have revealed a positive attitude towards the project and also fully
agreed to cover 10% of the project construction cost through labor participation during project implementation.

Furthermore, the result of the financial analysis of the project clearly indicates a significant improvement in the
financial status of project participants. The results of the sensitivity analysis also show the financial strength of
the project.

All concerned organizations via; beneficiary communities with their functional groups, P.A administrations,
woreda level concerned organizations and above all the implementing organizations are all in place to ensure the
smooth and efficient implementation of the envisaged project which is believed to benefit 145

Therefore, it is concluded that the implementation of small scale irrigation project is feasible taking in to
consideration the following recommendations:

a. A strong extension and support system should be established so as to achieve the desired benefit
b. community participation has to be ensured at all stages of project development i.e.; during and
after project implementation
c. More effort needs to be exerted to improve the existing socio economic infrastructures especially
the road, education and health services.
d. Establishment of strong water user association (cooperative) should be in place and close
strengthening and follow up by all concerned bodies including stake holders are needed.

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3.3.12 Financial analysis

3.3.12.1Methodology for financial Analysis

For judging the financial performance and viability of the project from beneficiaries’ point of view, the analysis
follows the method of “with” and “without” project comparison which takes all relevant aspects of the existing
traditional irrigation and the recommended future agronomic and management practices.

In the analysis, the two major discounted measures of project worth i.e.; the Net present value (NPV) and the
internal rate of return (IRR) and B/C ratio are employed using appropriate cost of capital.

Furthermore, in the financial analysis, all relevant aspects of costs and benefits of the existing and future
irrigation practices are included.

3.3.12.2 Marketing and prices of inputs and out puts

It was reported by farmers that their major market place are Harwacha town and Jaja towns Hence, for the
purchase of agricultural inputs and consumption items farmers use Harwacha and Jaja Markets which are about
20km &10km away from the project area. For the sale of agricultural products, they use the same markets.
Purchase and prices of inputs and outputs are by and large governed by the demand and supply conditions of the
market. Farmers have also pointed out that the rise in the price of agricultural inputs and industrial outputs has
become a general marketing trend and lower price for their outputs especially at the time of harvest is one of
their major market problems. It was also observed that farmers use donkey, human back and Isuzu truck for
transport purpose.

The prices of inputs and outputs used in the financial analysis are current market prices which intern reflects
farm gate prices based on the assumption that the supply of agricultural inputs and sell of outputs at the farm gate
is operational. In addition all prices are assumed to be constant throughout project period.

3.3.12.3 Project cost and financial return

3.3.12.3.1 Investment (capital) costs.

The investment cost, used for the financial analysis of the project comprises three cost components. The
preliminary cost component includes costs like access road, camping and site construction and account for 5% of
the total construction cost. The second cost item is the head work which accounts for 14.7% of the construction
cost. The third cost component includes costs of main canals and farm structure which together make-up 81.3%
of the construction cost.

The financial cost of the project is, however taken to be the total construction cost required to implement the
project i.e. Birr 815,992.5

3.3.12.3.2 Other investment costs

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In the financial analysis, a separate cost item entitled other investment cost is incorporated which mainly
includes costs of farm implements and materials.

The cost estimates made for each of the cost items in the financial analysis are reflections of actual market prices
under current conditions.

3.3.12.3.3 Operating costs

The operating cost items used in the financial analysis are real cost estimates made taking in to account the
nature and characteristics of the existing peasant farming system. Hence, for the “without” project case only the
cost of seed is considered while the “with” project condition incorporates all cost items associated with improved
agronomic and farm management practices. Almost all of the operating cost estimates used in the analysis is
results of market survey and farmers estimates made during the feasibility study. Some cost estimates are
obtained from the cost estimates indicated in the agronomic study report.

The annual operation and maintenance cost is assumed to be incurred starting from year 3 of the project period
and from year 3 up to year 15, the cost is taken to be 5% of the initial investment cost. The total net incremental
benefit of the project is known to be birr 21477.253 and the annual net incremental benefit per participant farmer
becomes birr 6,973

A computation for testing the financial viability of the project shows that at 10% cost of capital the project earns
a NPV of birr 8,905.98 at the end of project life i.e.; 15th year. The IRR of the project was found to be 430% and
B/C ratio birr 7.5

The values obtained for both measures of project worth indicate the financial viability of the envisaged project.

3.3.13 Sensitivity Analysis

The sensitivity of the project was tasted based on assumed changes on some basic variables against the project.
The selected variables are project cost and gross value or benefit. In the analysis a 10% increment on project cost
and 10% decline in benefit, were assumed. The results obtained for both measures of project worth shows that
the project is financially strong enough to resist the impacts of change on a 10% increment on project cost while
it is found to be sensitive for a proportional decline in benefit.

The following assumptions are used for computation in the financial and sensitivity analysis:

1. All production is sold in the market at farm gate prices.

2. The size of beneficiary farmers and command area remains constant throughout the project period.
3. The project life time is taken to be 20 years and 3% of initial cost is considered for annual operation and
maintenance starting from year 3.
4. The country’s fiscal and monetary policies remain constant and a cost of capital (interest rate) of 10% is
employed in the analysis.

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Table 1:- Summary Of Financial, And Sensitivity Analysis Results

(BURKA CHELO Small Scale Irrigation Project )
FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
Ser. FNPV Appraisal FIRR Appraisal Appraisal
No. Conditions (Birr) Decision (%) Decision B/C Ratio Decision
1 Base Values 8,905.98 Acceptable 430% Acceptable 7.6Birr Acceptable

Cost increased by
20%
while other variables
2 remain constant 7,892.49 Acceptable 197% Acceptable 4.6Birr Acceptable
Degree Of
2.1 Sensitivity
Benefit decreased by
20% while other
variables remain
3 constant 2,588.89 Acceptable 108% Acceptable 0.10 Birr Acceptable
Degree Of
3.1 Sensitivity

4 Major problem of the projects.

From the spring head work

 Spring protection retain wall just above the spring box not enough to protect spring eye from flood

Irrigation Canal

 Rcc concrete pipe 30cm dia from existing spring cap to half circle concrete canal which across river
having length of 70m is demolished by flood.
 30cm dia Rcc concrete pipe not enough during rainy season
 Manhole or D.Box is not constricted during construction
 1(one) rod crossing culvert needs along canal crossing the Road.

Water storage pond

 High water leakage and loss due to earthen pond/traditional/unpaved floor and wall surface.
 Base flow or lean flow discharge less than Design discharge

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 Huge amount of silt accumulated inside the pond.

 Due to closed canal demolished by flood the pond has filled with silt frequently and susceptible to high
water loss.

Figure 4.1 vulnerable spring protection (spring cap & Protection).

5 Alleviating Existing Problem

On the spring head work

 Construct Spring protection to protect external flood from spring eye detail design according to drawing

On Irrigation Canal

 Replace the Rcc concrete pipe(30cm dia pipe) by 60cm dia Rcc concrete Pipe b/c flood is very
high during Rainy Season

 Construct or supply & install Rcc concrete pipe 60cm dia from existing spring cap upto river border it
need 50m length Rcc concrete pipe and additionally it need 70m length for crossing river.
 Construct Manhole or Division Box
 Construct 1(one) road crossing culvert along canal crossing the Road.

Water storage pond

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Construct Lined or modern pond due to:

 To delate or stop High water leakage and loss due to earthen pond/traditional pond
 Base flow or lean flow discharge less than Design discharge

Existing traditional pond with dimension of (W=10m both side, L=20m both side and average depth
=1.5m & River crossing Closed canal

6 Irrigation Water Planning

6.1 Spring yield flow estimation

There are different methods of flow measurement, but the most widely used flow measurement for small spring
yield is float method. The selected site for flow measurement using floating method should fulfil the following
requirements.

 It should be a straight section

 It should be away from bridges or other water regulating structures
 It should have uniform width and depth
 The flow at that section should not have high velocity
 Don’t conduct measurement during windy time
Steps for rough estimation of base flow: - the activities to be carried out for flow measurement are measuring
the average width, depth and bottom width of the water flow channel and measuring the average velocity. The
detail procedure is presented as follows.

a. Identify some straight portion of a river with a minimum length of 3-10 meter between two points A and
B.
b. Release a floating material on a flow at point A and allow it to move to point B.
c. Register the time taken by the float when it moves from point A to point B.
d. Repeat step 2 and 3 as many times as possible to have average time.
e. Calculate the velocity (V) of water flowing in the river by dividing the length in meter in to the time
taken in seconds.
f. The calculated velocity is a surface velocity, so correction factor needed to estimate the actual velocity.
The correction factor depends on the depth of flow, 0.60m for depths below 30cm, 0.8 for depths above
60cm and 0.70 for depths b/n the two can be used.
g. Measure the average width and depth of water in the river within the identified length. Accuracy will
increase as the number of measurements increase.

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Figure 1,2 and 3 shows method of measuring surface flow

h. Measure the average wetted cross sectional area (A) of the river by multiplying the average width by
depth.
i. Calculate Q by:- Q = V x A

For the design of conveyance canal, the design discharge Q will be 100% of the above calculated value of Q (in
our case).

If the available Q is not sufficient to the available command area, we can further design and construct night
storage reservoir to increase the irrigable area.

Calculate Base flow or Lean Flow

6.2 CANAL DESIGN

6.2.1 Design parameter

Duty:-it is the capacity of water to irrigate the land. It is the ratio of the area of the land to be irrigated to the
quantity of water required the field water supply of the project estimated 0.52l/s/ha.

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Time factor: - it is the ratio of the number of days the canal actually runs during a watering period to the total
number of days of the watering take 8hr working time out of the 24hr of the day the remaining time store into
pond.

Slop: - is fixed by the design discharge and silt factor or velocity. Steeper slope with maximum permissible
velocity will be more economical, but the FSL will be lower. Additionally, the design slop is flatter than the
natural available slop.

Design discharge: - discharge capacity of canal is fixed by considering the irrigation area, duty, application or
working time and efficiency of conveyance and application. The design capacity of main canal is to irrigate 23ha
at time, by assuming rotational water application.

6.2.2 Flooding Method Estimating the Discharge

The aim of good irrigation management is to obtain a correct flow division within the canal network
and over the fields. This means that discharges in canals should meet the demand for water from the
farms. A poor flow division may result in discharges being too high in some canals and too low in
others, and could lead to water disputes between farmers. To achieve sufficient and equitable delivery
of water to the fields it is useful to know the discharge in the river. The discharge in a river can be
measured with or without a discharge measurement structure. A method that does not require a
structure is described below, and the flow measurement method described here is called the floating
method. This method is a quick and cheap way to estimate discharge in a river. However, this method
is not very accurate and errors of at least 10% can be expected.

The method consists of estimating the average flow velocity (V), and measuring the area of the cross-
section, called the ‘wetted cross-section’ (A). The discharge (Q) can be calculated by the following
formula:

Q=VA

Where: - Q is the Discharge in m3/s;

V- is the Average Flow Velocity in m/s; and

A- is the area in m2 of the Wetted Cross-section.

If one wants to know the discharge in l/s instead of m3/s, the formula to use is:

Q = 1000 x V A

Where Q is the Discharge in l/s;

1000 is a factor to convert m3 to l [1 m3 = 1000 l]; and

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V and A are as before.

Floating method

Measurement date 16 / 2 / 2018

Area Velocity Discharge
Position Measurement point Measuring L(m) t(s) Velocity V(m/s) Q(m3/s)
W(m) D(m) A(m2) line coefficient
Left side of - - - No.1 3 20.25 0.6 0.09 0.010
river bank
1 0.26 0.07 0.0091 No.2 20.63
2 0.28 0.05 0.0168 No.3 20.18
3 0.3 0.06 0.0165 No.4 20.01
4 0.26 0.08 0.0182 No.5 20.96
5 0.35 0.09 0.02975 21.05
6 0.33 0.056 0.02409
Total 1.78 0.11444 Ave. 20.51

Therefore base flow or lean flow discharge Q=10 l/se

6.2.3 Average flow velocity

To estimate the average flow velocity, the flow velocity of the water at the surface, the Surface
velocity, Vs, is first determined. The surface velocity is determined by measuring the time it takes for a
floating object, such as a stick, a bottle or a coconut, to travel through a previously measured distance
of, say, 3 or 10 meters along the traditional canal. The floating object should be placed in the center of a
canal and the time measurement should be repeated several times to avoid mistakes. The stretch of river
used for measurement should be straight and uniform, in order to avoid changes in the velocity and in
the area of the cross-section, because any such variation reduces the accuracy of the velocity
estimation. See Figure 10.

Measuring the surface velocity

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To compute the surface velocity, Vs, the selected length, L, is divided by the travel time, t:

Vs = L / t

where: Vs is the Surface Velocity in meters per second (m/s); L is the distance in meters between points
A and B; and t is the Travel time in seconds between point A and B.

The surface velocity must be reduced in order to obtain the average velocity, because surface water
flows faster than subsurface water. For most irrigation canals this reduction factor is about 0.75. The
average velocity is therefore found from:

V = 0.75 Vs

Where: V is the Average Flow Velocity in m/s; 0.75 is a constant, the Reduction Factor; and Vs is the
surface velocity in m/s found from the previous calculation.

6.2.4 Measuring the surface velocity

The measured length within a straight and uniform portion of the water way was 3 m [L = 3 m], and the
time needed for a stick to travel along the measured length was 20.51seconds [Tav. = 20.51s].

Solution:-

The surface velocity, Vs. Vs = L / t = 3/ 20.51 = 0.146 m/s.

The average velocity, V. V = 0.75 * Vs = 0.75 * 0.146 = 0.109 m/s

6.2.5 Area of the wetted cross-section

General

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To transport the canal discharge, various shapes and sizes of canal can be used, but the most commonly used
shape is a trapezoidal cross-section. It can be used for every type of and whether the channel surface is covered
with water proof material.

Area A = Width b x Depth h

Then from our measurement

W average =0.296m

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D average =0.0670m

A=0.067m x0.296m=0.02 m2

Estimated Discharge Q

Q=VA

From the above calculation

V= 0.109m/s

A= 0.02m2

Q =0.02m/s X 0.109m2 = 0.022m3/s

For 50% efficiency of Q= 0.022m3/s x 0.5 = 0.011m3/s

The final designed canal

6.2.6 Small Night Storage or pond

As the name directly tells that night storage that store water during night hour and on closure day as the
irrigation is done mostly during day time. This structure can be designed when there is a limited source
of water in scheme and there is a suitable condition in the irrigation scheme. This structure consists
with two main regulating inlet structure & Outlet structure.

6.2.7 Pond (night storage) Capacity design

Volume of a Rectangular Pond can be calculated by multiplying average area of the pond by its depth.

A1 = Surface area

A2 = Area at bottom of pond

A1 = W1xLl

Aav = is average area of the rectangular pond, m2

Vav = Aav * d

6.2.7.1 Selection of Geometry of the Pond

The optimum pond geometry is selected based on the following criteria

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 Maximum storage capacity per unit excavated soil

 Minimum wetted surface area per unit storage capacity (minimum seepage loose)

 Minimum surface area per unit storage capacity (minimum evaporation loose)

 Minimum construction cost per unit volume of stored water

Depending on traditional pond from actual on site it fixes dimension of pond according to drawing.

Therefore, width 10m, length 20m and depth 1.5 with 0.5m freeboard.

Hence the total pond depth including the freeboard height =d+h = 1+0.5 = 1.5m

6.2.8 Road crossing Culvert Design

On this project one road crossing culvert is required to cross the canal. Box culvert with 6m wide with 14mm
diameter double reinforced bar @ 75mm spacing concrete slab should be constructed. The detail design is
shown in the following tables.

1. Design condition
Thickness of Unit weight of
Length, L Live load, P Dead load, Wd
Slab, t RCC
(m) (KN) (KN)
(m) (KN/m3)
6 0.25 50 24.5 36.75

2. Shearing force and Bending moment due to external force

Sharing forces (s) Bending Moment due to external force
M2=1/8*Wd*L M=M1+M2
S1=P S2=Wd*1/2 S=S1+S2 Unit M1=1/4*P*L (KN.m)
(KN.m) (KN.m)
50 18.3750 68.375 KN 75.0000 27.5625 102.5625

3. Calculation of necessary cross sectional area of reinforcing bar

Bottom
Thickness Cross Upper
Cover d1 σca σsa n
(m) Section (m) cover, d (m)
(m)
0.25 2.2 0.05 0.2 8 137 15

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M S τa τ0a k0 j0 AS AS/m
102.56 68.375 0.85 1.5 0.46692607 0.844357977 0.00443 0.00202

4. The plan of arrangement of reinforcing bar main distribution

Pitch
Diameter Radius Area Span
Type (spacing)
(m) (m) (m2) (m)
(m)
D14 0.014 0.007 0.000154 6.00 0.075
Covering depth Total Area of bar Total Area per m
Total Area per mm Necessary area
Pease As' (m2) As'/m (m2/m)
As'/mm As/mm Condition
d1(m) (m2/mm) (mm2/m)
0.05 79.66667 0.01226373 0.002043955 2043.955 > 2015.064 OK

5. Calculation of unit stress

P k j U
0.01022 0.421240678 0.844358 0.583987168
σc 6553.586078 KN/m2 = 6.55 N/mm2 < 8 N/mm2 (σca) OK
σs 135063.4885 KN/m2 = 135.06 N/mm2 < 137 N/mm2 (σsa) OK
τ 184.0424696 KN/m2 = 0.18 N/mm2 < 0.85 N/mm2 (τa) OK
τ0 693.3259078 KN/m2 = 0.69 N/mm2 < 1.5 N/mm2 (τ0a) OK

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7 Effect of the problems

The damage of the structures costs and increase work load on the farmers to maintain the structures
every year. Due to decreased flow in to the canal and ponds conflict between beneficiaries start to
emerge and the water is unable to reach the end command area which will probably create another
conflicts among the rest beneficiaries.

8 Expected output

 The maintenance of this project will ensure the durability, workability and sustainability of the
project.
 More than 75% of water lost through infiltration, percolation and evaporation will be conserved
 Will increase irrigated farm area by 10ha and the number of beneficiaries will also increase,
hence productivity and production will expected to increase.

9 Conclusions and recommendations.

There is a need to implement integrated watershed management at the upstream and on farm soil and
water conservation in the area as soon as possible to protect the environment and the society.

The support from CRS/HCS at this time must be continued in a way that participate women and the
poor and also possible market linkage must be created for these group. At the same time saving culture
should be encouraged. Strengthening the WUA of the area is a must.

After the maintenance/upgrade has been completed the overall responsibilities should be given to the
water user association committee of the beneficiaries and to the district development agent. Burka Callo
SSIP beneficiaries are organized and have a registered WUA. Hence we recommend support to the
water user association capacity building training on the management aspects of the scheme.

10 Community Attitude

According to the community attitude during discussion, they said that the problem were above their
capacity and they need support whereas still they said we are ready to stand in contributing what they
can as a community to overcome the indicated problems.

It is known that community has a leading role in driving sustainable developmental activities in order to
eradicate vulnerability to food insecurity and poverty.

Likewise, Burka Callo small scale irrigation scheme beneficiaries have appreciable initiation to
contribute their share for maintenance of the scheme.

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Therefore, any activities that can be done at the community level will be executed with the
beneficiaries. Maintenance works like excavation of canal, protection works and other similar activities
will be executed by the beneficiaries as 10 %( ten percent) of the total labor cost required to accomplish
the whole maintenance activities.

It has to be clear that the living standard of these beneficiaries cannot allow them signed to contribute
other than their labor like money and construction material, thus governmental and nongovernmental
organization has to contribute the rest investment cost.

Additionally all the project beneficiaries promised to keep the scheme in sustainable way after the
proposed maintenance work will be executed.

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11 Bill of Quantity of Burka Cello Maintenance & Rehabilitation

Burka cello total project cost 815,992.50Birr.

PROJECT: BURKA CALLESSO SMALL SCALE

- IRRIGATION PROJECT
CLIENT:- M/BALLO WOREDA IDA
LOCATIO
EAST HARARGHE ZONEM/BALLO WOREDA TOKKUMA JALALA PA
N:-

Total Rema
No. Types of work Unit Quantity U. Price
Cost(Birr) rk

1 Head work

1.1 Spring protection

1.1.1 Excavation of Soil M3 70 75

5,250.00

1.1.2 Hard coring 20cmThick(1:4 mix ratio ) M3 30 400.00

12,000.00

1.1.3 Masonry(1:3 mix ratio) M3 38 1300.00

49,400.00

1.1.4 Concrete (1:3:6) " 3 2580.08

7,740.24

1.1.5 Plastering(3cm thick) (1:2 mix ratio) M2 48 110.00

5,280.00

1.1.6 Pointing(1:3) " 40 105.74

4,229.60

Sub total
83,899.84
Spring protection 2(on left side)
1.2

1.2.1 Excavation of Soil M3 8.4 55

462.00

1.2.2 Hard coring 20cmThick(1:4 mix ratio ) M3 21 400.00

8,400.00

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1.2.3 Masonry(1:3 mix ratio) M3 38 1300.00

49,400.00

1.2.4 Plastering(3cm thick) (1:2 mix ratio) M2 48 110.00

5,280.00

1.2.5 Pointing(1:3) " 33 105.74

3,489.42

Sub total
67,031.42
Right Main Canal from spring cap
2 m 120
to canal across river by Rcc pipe

2.1 Excavation of Soil m3 105 55

5,775.00

2.2 Excavation of coble &boulder m3 168 78

13,104.00

2.3 Hard core (1:4 mix ratio) m3 30 400.00

12,000.00

2.4 Masonry(1:3 mix ratio) m3 6 1300.00

7,800.00

2.5 Plastering(1:2 mix ratio) m2 23.4 110.00

2,574.00
Supply & installation of Rcc pipe by
2.6 m 120 900.00
50cm dia 108,000.00

2.7 Back fill m3 210 65

13,650.00

Sub-total
162,903.00
3 Road Crossing Culvert #1 NO

3.1 Soil excavation m3 24 55

1,320.00

3.2 Hard core m3 6.48 400.00

2,592.00

3.3 Masonry with mix ratio 1.3) m3 19.68 1300.00

25,584.00

3.4 Plastering (with mix ratio 1.2) m2 143.6 110.00

15,796.00

3.5 Rip Rap m3 4.8 188

902.40
Rcc concrete work(1:3:6) by 14mm dia
3.6 m3 4.56 5600.00
bar 25,536.00

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3.7 pointing with mix ratio 1.3) m2 22.4 105.74

2,368.58

3.8 form work m2 14.16 80

1,132.80

3.9 Back fill & Compaction m3 12 45

540.00

Sub Total
75,771.78
4 Pond (night Storage)

4.1 Excavation of Soil m3 75

55.0 4,125.00

4.2 Hard core (1:4 mix ratio) m3 66

400.0 26,400.00

4.3 Masonry(1:3 mix ratio) m3 72

1,300.0 93,600.00

4.4 Plastering(1:2 mix ratio) m2 153.6

110.0 16,896.00

4.5 Rcc for (by 10mm dia steel bar ) m3 28

5,600.0 156,800.00

4.6 Pointing(1:4 mix ratio) m2 104

105.7 10,996.96

4.7 Back fill m3 39

157.3 6,134.70
sliding gate of pond on outlet 0f
4.8 pond(0.5*1.5)m pcs 1
5,000.0 5,000.00

Sub total
319,952.66

Total of cost of project

709,558.70

VAT 15%
106,433.80

Grand total Project

815,992.50

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Annex

Figure A1 Nigh storage designed pond

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Figure A1 View of road crossing culvert

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