logy EDICAL ) NEVA ayHistory of Microbiology "The major reason why microbiology was slow to develop as science 1. aTENGENCY to explain natural phenomena with superstition ,magic and chance Many false theories existed before the Germ Theory(It states that certain iseases are caused by the invasion of the body by microorganisms or organisms to small to be seen except through a microscope t Romans and early Christians believed illness was punishment Christians believed it was for sin (isn't that what is said today by some when AIDS affected the homosexual community in the 1980's?) a Bad air 8 Evil spirits i Possessed by demonsHistory Of Microbiology 2.Region (a)Most knowledge was centered in church and scientific inquiry was some times in opposition with the church doctrine and teaching 3. Lack of professional organization essential to sharing information (a)No professional journals (b)No professional meetings (c)They where a few noted professional organization that developed in 1800's such asHistory Of Microbiology 4.Lack of microscope/lack of adequate microscopes to view the microscopic life 5.Lack of scientific methods and scientific observations 6.The existing of concept of spontaneous generation(abiogenesis)History Of Microbiology Progress | 1590 Hans and Zacharias Janssen a)lens maker-first compound microscopes 1665 Robert Hooke a)viewed and described fungi “1676 Anthony van Leeuwenhoek a)Observed first microscopic organism, now blood cells and protists were visiblepiston Of Microbiology The microscope raised a lot of media arguments to the scientist as to whether the animalcules were produced spontaneously which means creation of living from non-living(spontaneous generation) - People believed that mice, maggots and microorganisms arose spontaneously from nowhereHistory Of Microbiology -The argument resulted in experiments which gave conflicting results. Until his death in 1723 - Van Leeuwenhoek revealed the microscopic world to scientists of the day and is regarded as one of the first to provide accurate descriptions of protozoa, fungi, and bacteria.History Of Microbiology \ 1673:First microbes observed(Anton van Leeuwenhoek ) -Animalcules(a minute usually microscopic organism) -Father of microbiology “Francesco who lived from 1626-1697 -Through is experiments he discovered that maggots where not spontaneously formed in decomposed meat but the larvae were the maggots which came from flies—ES History Of Microbiology PSOE asHistory Of Microbiology “ Lazier Spallanzani-1776 -He was an Italian priest and the first person to cultivate bacteria in a sterilized media with and without air -He also demonstrated that boiling meat for a sufficient length of time and then seal the cooking utensil would not contain bacteria -The theory of spontaneous generation was finally thrown out and the idea of boiling as a means of sterilization was generally accepted.History Of Microbiology -His experiments excluded air from heated organic materials -By this time, it was becoming clear that air is the common source of microorganismCont -The theory of spontaneous generation was finally thrown out and the idea of boiling as a means of sterilization was generally accepted. | Edward Jenner- 1798 -He introduced a cowpox vaccine or vaccination \\ Fracastoro (An Italian physician)-1546 -wrote about “contagion”Cont -He first suggested that infection is the same for who received and who has given the infection (like other known living things animalcules arose from others like them) -Infection is caused by minute insensible particles and ais spread by means of them. He also introduced the idea of contagion vivum(a living germ of infectious disease either a bacteria or protozoa parasite)—ES Cont X Semmelewes-1847 -A Viennese obstetrician, he noted that pueriperal fever was transmitted from one patient to another through hands of attendants. He showed that infection could be reduced by hand washing in between patients using chlorinated lime as an antiseptic. This discovery made the foundation stone of modern antiseptic techniques being used in hospitals.Cont John Snow-1854 -John Snow was a scientist in London who demonstrated tial cholera was transmitted through drinking contaminated water. ‘| Loius Pasteur- (1822-1895) -He developed vaccines for cholera, anthrax and rabies. -He also introduced/invented pasteurization. -This is a method of sterilization by heat where milk is heated at a very high temperature and then cooled rapidly—ES Cont X Robert Koch- (1843-1910) He was a German doctor (physician) and his first investigation was into the case of anthrax, (he isolated anthrax bacteria). He developed the bacteriological techniques which form the basis of modern diagnostic bacteriology e.g. use of dyes to colour bacteria and so make them more easily visible under the microscope .Cont -He produced the first satisfactory solid media from blood agar for growth of bacteria. This enabled cultures of a single strain of bacterium to be obtained more readily. He also noted that organisms grew in clusters called colonies which were visible to naked eyes. He discovered the bacterial causes of many diseases including Tuberculosis in 1882 (isolated and described the Tubercle bacilli in 1882-TB/Koch’s disease)—ES Cont -He also discovered the substance tuberculin in the colonies of TB bacilli which when injected in the body; it causes antigen-antibody reaction. He defined a system for attributing an organism as the cause of a specific diseaseCont -Koch propounded his famous postulates which are that: a bacterium should always be found in association with its own particular disease -It should be isolated in pure growth from that disease and that; if then given to a suitable animal should reproduce the disease from which it was isolatedCont q Klebs and Fredrick Loeffler- (1852-1920) A German bacteriologist who with Klebs isolated the Diphtheria Bacilli which they named after themselves as Klebs Loeffler Bacilli (KLB) In 1888, they discovered that symptoms of diphtheria were not caused directly by bacteria but by a substance known as toxin produced by the bacteria, carried in the blood stream and able to produce tissue damageCont Emil Vanbehring -(1854-1917) He discovered Diphtheria antitoxin in 1890. He showed that diphtheria could be prevented and cured by the administration of serum from the horse convalescent from diphtheria. This was the discovery of antitoxins “Jenner -1749 -1823—ES Cont -The microbiologist was well known around the world for his innovative contribution to immunization and ultimate eradication of small pox. This made the foundation for immunology. He discovered vaccination against small pox. \ Theillers-1927—ES Cont -He was a microbiologist who used chicken eggs to culture the yellow fever virus and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1951. He discovered the vaccine for yellow fever Salk and Sabin -They discovered the vaccine for poliomyelitis—ES Cont -From the presentation of the scientists who made significant contributions to the study of micro-biology, we note that the progress in the study of microbiology became extremely rapid in the latter part of the 19th century -The following years saw much of the knowledge confirmed. Scientists investigated the detailed structure and physiology of bacteriaCont -The ways in which animals become immune to infectious diseases, and latter it became possible to cultivate and examine viruses.Other advances are the advent and development of substances which kill bacteria in the tissues and so cure many infections, antibiotics and chemotherapy—ES Cont -Antibiotic- is a substance produced by a micro-organism which, in high dilution, kills or inhibits the growth of other micro-organisms. -Chemotherapeutical agents - are substances which have similar effect, but which are synthesized or made in the laboratory.Cont -Examples of chemotherapeutical agents are sulphonimides. The first was sulphanilamide, the active compound of prontosil shown by Domagk in Germany in 1935. The best known antibiotic, penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1929. This was further developed by Florey and Chain in Oxford in 1940. Penicillin is produced by the mould penicillium notatum. It was called the magicalbullet which cured anything at that timeCont K KIYOSHI SHIGA- (1870-1959) He discovered the dysentery bacilli known as shingella shiga Albert Neisser- (1855-1916) He discovered the gonococco organism which causes Gonorrhoea, It was named after him and called it Neisseria Gonorrhoea—ES Cont Edward Klein- (1844-1925) He identified streptococcus as the cause of scarlet fever. Angus Von Wasserman- (1866-1925) He introduced the first use for diagnosis of syphilis which is known as Wassermann’s Reaction—ES Cont X Leon Calmette - (1863-1933) Together with Camille Guren, they introduced a BCG vaccine (Bacillus Camille Guren) against tuberculosis William Welchi- (1850-1935) He discovered and described the organism that causes GAS GANGRENE as Clostridium Welchi—ES Cont X Sir William Alexander Flemming -(1891 1955) A British bacteriologist who in 1929 discovered the antibiotic penicillin Prince Charles Chamberland- (1857-1908) He discovered an instrument called an Autoclave used in the sterilization of surgical instruments. -End of history for microbiology.RATORY | OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES A microbiology laboratory pee a critical role in dieanosing infectious diseases by analysing patient samples accurately in order to identify the specific microorganisms causing an infection, which allows healthcare providers to select the most appropriate treatment based on the identified pathogen and its susceptibility to antibiotics; essentially, it provides evidence for the diagnosis and management of infectious diseases by detecting the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in clinical specimens. Prognosis Speciating of infectious microorganism using molecular techniques And that is achieved by utilizing laboratory diagnostic techniques such as microscopy, gram stain technique, molecular techniques(PCR),culture, biochemical tests and antigen antibody assaysPrcmples of how Tone is used in diagnosis > Bacterial infections § Identifying the type of bacteria causing pneumonia, urinary tract infections, or wound infections through culture and susceptibility testing. Viral infections: Detecting viruses like HIV, hepatitis B and C, or influenza using PCR or antigen tests. Fungal infections Diagnosing fungal infections like candidiasis or aspergillosis through culture and microscopic examination. 22) ay,Prcmples of how Tone is used in diagnosis > Parasitological infections § Identifying parasites like malaria or intestinal worms through microscopic examination of blood and stool samples."EXAMPLE OFA DIAGNOS ! IC TECHNIQUE > Gram stain § Gram staining is a technique that classifies bacteria into two groups: gram-positive and gram-negative. It can also be used to diagnose fungal infections > Gram stain procedure 1. Prepare a smear to be examined 2. flood the slide with crystal violet stain for 60 seconds 3. Wash off with tap water Flood the slide with lugol’s iodine solution for c aa ee aProcedure for Gram stain 6. Flood the slide with acetone-iodine solution for 3 seconds or until the blue color stops running off 7. Wash toughly with water 8. Counterstain with 10% dilute carbol fuschin or any other appropriate couterstain 9. Wash and air dry or blot dry. With filter paper 10 Examine the slide under oil emmersionPe ractical Procedure Cram StainStep 1 Application of crystal visit Step 2 Application of Saine. Step 3 Wash with Alconol Step 4sitive And Gram ive Bacteria ADAM.e of microbiolog treatment of infectious diseases > Susceptibility testing, § also known as antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), is a laboratory test that determines which antibiotics or antimicrobials are effective against a specific infectious . The results of this test help clinicians choose the best drugs to treat and manage infectious diseases. Susceptibility testing will give a conclusive answer if the infectious pathogenic microorganism at hand is either resistance or sensitive, hence helping clinician in proper and accurate antibiotic treatmentExample of susceptibility testing"Role of microbiology aBeratory in control of infectious diseases > Microbiology laboratory plays a crucial role in accurately identifying pathogens from patients’ samples, enabling timely diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases hence preventing further spread It is also involved in outbreak monitoring Tracking antimicrobial resistance Provide crucial data to inform treatment decisions and public health interventions Microbiology laboratory will aid in identifying the source of infection or epidemiological distribution of a diseases hence measures will be taken to prevent further spread Vv mM wm wm—ES reference Microbiology 3/11/11www//htp.en.wikipedia.com Larson, E.(1984) Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, London: Blackwell Scientific Publications http://wiki.amswers.com www.answers.yahoo.com