EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL OF ESWATINI

Eswatini General Certificate of Secondary Education

CANDIDATE
NAME

CENTRE CANDIDATE
NUMBER NUMBER

GEOGRAPHY 6890/01
Paper 1 Geographical Themes October/November 2023
1 hour 45 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper

Additional materials: Ruler

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your name, Centre number and candidate number in the spaces provided.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.

Answer three questions.

Answer one question from each theme.

Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer.

The Insert contains Photograph A for Question 2 (b),

Photographs B and C for Question 3 (a), Photograph D for Question 3 (b) and
Photograph E for Question 6 (b).
For Examiner’s Use
The number of marks is given in [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
1

Total

This document consists of 20 printed pages and 4 blank pages.

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THEME 2: THE PHYSICAL WORLD

Answer one question.

1 (a) Study Fig. 1, which shows an active volcano.

poisonous
volcanic cloud gases emitted

ash
A
falling

L
lava flow

Earth’s surface

Fig. 1

(i) Define an active volcano.

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(ii) Name the parts of the volcano marked A and B shown in Fig. 1.

A ...............................................................................................................................

B ........................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Identify three volcanic hazards that are shown in Fig. 1.

1 ...............................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................

3 ........................................................................................................................... [3]

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(iv) State four ways in which people can limit the impacts of volcanic eruptions.

1 ...............................................................................................................................

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3 ...............................................................................................................................

4 ........................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) Study Fig. 2, which shows the distribution of major earthquakes.

Key:
earthquake activity
Fig. 2

(i) Describe the distribution of the earthquakes shown in Fig. 2.

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(ii) Explain two hazards associated with earthquakes.

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2 ...............................................................................................................................

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(c) Many people continue to live in areas affected by volcanoes.

For an area you have studied, explain three reasons why people continue to live in areas
affected by volcanoes.

Example ..........................................................................................................................

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[Total: 25 marks]

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2 (a) Study Fig. 3, which shows an instrument found at a weather station.

Minimum Maximum

˚C ˚C

-25 40
-20 35
-15 30
-10 25
20 Y
-5
0 15
5 10
10 5
15 0
20 -5
25 -10
X
30 -15
35 -20
40 -25

Fig. 3

(i) Name the instrument shown in Fig. 3.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Identify the features marked X and Y in Fig. 3.

Liquid X: ...................................................................................................................

Part Y: .................................................................................................................. [2]

(iii) Describe how the instrument shown in Fig. 3 measures temperature.

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(iv) Identify four factors that affect the climate of a place.

1 ...............................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................

3 ...............................................................................................................................

4 ........................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) Study Photograph A (Insert), which shows a weather instrument.

(i) Identify four features of the weather instrument shown in Photograph A.

1 ...............................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................

3 ...............................................................................................................................

4 ........................................................................................................................... [4]

(ii) Explain two reasons why this instrument is kept in a Stevenson screen.

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(c) The climate of an area has an impact on people and the environment.

For an area of hot desert you have studied, explain three negative impacts of the climate
on the people.

Example ...........................................................................................................................

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[Total: 25 marks]

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THEME 3:
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, UTILISATION AND MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES

Answer one question.

3 (a) Study Photographs B and C (Insert), which show two methods of irrigation used in
Eswatini.

(i) Define the term irrigation.

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.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Identify the methods of irrigation shown in Photographs B and C.

B ...............................................................................................................................

C ........................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Describe three advantages of using irrigation.

1 ...............................................................................................................................

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2 ...............................................................................................................................

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(iv) State four problems that can be encountered when attempting to increase the size
of an area under irrigation.

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4 ........................................................................................................................... [4]

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(b) Study Photograph D (Insert), which shows a method of preparing land for agriculture.

(i) With the aid of Photograph D and your own knowledge describe four ways by which
land is prepared for agriculture.

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(ii) Explain two problems encountered in the clearing and preparation of land for
agriculture.

1 ...............................................................................................................................

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2 ...............................................................................................................................

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(c) Sugar cane is one of the major cash crops grown in Eswatini.

For an area you have studied, explain three physical factors that favour the growth of
sugar cane.

Example ...........................................................................................................................

1 .......................................................................................................................................

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[Total: 25 marks]

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BLANK PAGE

PLEASE TURN OVER FOR QUESTION 4

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4 (a) Study Fig. 4, which shows the number of tourists visiting five African countries between
1980 and 2010.

350

300

250
tourist numbers in thousands

200

Key

150 Zimbabwe

South Africa
100
Namibia

50 Tanzania

Lesotho

1980 1990 2000 2010

years

Fig. 4

(i) What was the total number of tourists in the year 1990?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Identify the country which:

A had 65 thousand tourists in 2000.

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B doubled its number of tourists from 2000 to 2010.

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(iii) Describe the trend or pattern of total tourist numbers from 1980 to 2010 shown
in Fig. 4.

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(iv) Suggest four reasons for the trend in international tourism between 2000 and 2010.

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(b) Study Fig. 5, which shows the location of the Royal Science and Technology Park in
Eswatini.

N
University of Eswatini
Kwaluseni Campus
Kwaluseni

MR3
Mbabane
MR3
MR9

MR3
Matsapha
Industrial site
Royal Science &

Nha
Technology Park
Manzini

nga
City

no
MR9
Reserved land
Matsapha
Airport

0 1.5

Fig. 5 km

(i) Using Fig. 5, describe four factors that might have influenced the location of the
Royal Science and Technology Park.

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(ii) Explain two benefits of science and business parks for a country.

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(c) Tourism has advantages and disadvantages for a country.

For an area you have studied, explain three economic advantages brought by tourism.

Example ...........................................................................................................................

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[Total: 25 marks]

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THEME 4: POPULATION AND SETTLEMENTS

Answer one question.

5 (a) Study Fig. 6, which shows part of a city in an LEDC.

Key
low-income housing

middle-income housing

high-income housing

industrial area

sugar plantations
CBD
railway

roads
river
swamp

thick dense forest

rocky highland
N
0 1

km
Fig. 6

(i) What does CBD stand for?

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(ii) State two characteristic features of buildings in the CBD.

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(iii) Using Fig. 6, give three reasons for the location of the area of low-income housing.

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3 ........................................................................................................................... [3]

(iv) State four features shown in Fig. 6, which prevented the city from expanding
northwards.

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4 ........................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) Study Fig. 7, which shows the Burgess concentric model of a city.

5
4
3
2
1

Fig. 7

(i) Using Fig. 7, identify the land use zones labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4.

1 ...............................................................................................................................

2 ...............................................................................................................................

3 ...............................................................................................................................

4 ........................................................................................................................... [4]

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(ii) Explain two reasons for the development of concentric land use zones in a city.

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(c) The growth of squatter settlements results in problems.

For an area you have studied, explain three problems resulting from the growth of
squatter settlements.

Example ...........................................................................................................................

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[Total: 25 marks]

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BLANK PAGE

PLEASE TURN OVER FOR QUESTION 6

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6 (a) Study Fig. 8, which shows a model of population change over time.

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5

birth
40
rate

30 total
births and population
deaths
per thousand 20
death
per year rate
10

0
Time

Fig. 8

(i) What is the name of the model shown as Fig. 8?

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii) Using Fig. 8, state two stages that experience a decline in the total population.

Stage ........................................................................................................................

Stage .................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Describe the changes that take place in the birth rate, death rate and total population
in Stage 2.

Birth rate ...................................................................................................................

Death rate .................................................................................................................

Total population .................................................................................................... [3]

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(iv) Suggest four reasons for the low birth rate in Stage 4.

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(b) Study Photograph E (Insert), which shows an urban area.

(i) Using Photograph E (Insert), identify four reasons for rural to urban migration.

1 ...............................................................................................................................

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(ii) Explain two problems encountered in urban areas as a result of high immigration.

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(c) An ageing population is a problem for many MEDCs.

For an area you have studied, explain three reasons why some MEDCs are worried
about having a large ageing population.

Example ...........................................................................................................................

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[Total: 25 marks]

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