Study Guide for

By Stephen Sondheim
Book by James Lapine

Written by Rosie Dalling and Abbey Wright

Edited by Rosie Dalling
Rehearsal photography by Marc Brenner
Production photography by Johan Persson
This programme has been made possible by the generous support of
Noel Coward Foundation

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 Contents

Section 1 Cast and Creative Team

Section 2 Context
Introduction to PASSION by Michael Grandage
Biography of Stephen Sondheim
My Passion for Sondheim by Jamie Lloyd
Fosca
Unification of Italy
Plot Summary

Section 3 Inside the production process

The concept for the production
Interviews with the cast
Interview with Musical Director Alan Williams
Extracts from Assistant Director, Titas Halder’s Rehearsal Diary

Section 4 PASSION IN PERFORMANCE

Practical Exercises based on extracts from the musical

Section 5 Information on Noel Coward

Noel Coward timeline
Noel Coward Master Songwriter

Section 6 Ideas for further study

Bibliography
Endnotes

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 1
section
Cast and Creative Team

Cast

SCARLETT STRALLEN - Clara

A beautiful, young, bourgeois, Milanese woman, Clara is a
mother and a wife and when we meet her she is in the throes of
a passionate, adulterous affair with Giorgio with whom she is in
love, although she will not countenance abandoning her family
for him. Clara’s world changes when Giorgio is called on leave to
a provincial army outpost.

DAVID THAXTON - Giorgio

A handsome young soldier. Romantic and sensitive, he is not
like the other officers and feels out of place when he is called
to serve in a remote outpost. He is forced to leave behind
the woman he loves. They write to eachother but he quickly
becomes intrigued by the young invalid Fosca, who is the cousin
of a colonel in his regiment.

DAVID BIRRELL - Colonel Ricci

A colonel in the regiment, and cousin and guardian of Fosca.
Colonel Ricci and Giorgio form an easy friendship, particularly
when the colonel learns of Giorgio’s kindnesses to Fosca.
However he becomes concerned when he learns that Georgio
has taken advantage of his cousin.

SIMON BAILEY - Lieutenant Torasso

A lieutenant in the regiment, ‘a man often given to laughter
and opera singing’. He participates in gossip about Giorgio and
Fosca.

Ludovic
 osca’s first husband. A conman, who pretends to be an
F
Austrian count. He spends Fosca’s dowry on gambling. When
Fosca learns that Ludovic is also a fraud and a bigamist, it
precipitates her illness and her parents’ demise.

ALLAN CORDUNER - Doctor Tambourri

A distinguished senior officer, who acts as the doctor for the
regiment. Much of his time is spent looking after Fosca. The
doctor encourages Giorgio to develop his friendship with Fosca
because it is good for her. As a result, he acts as an unwitting
catalyst for the story.

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 HAYDN OAKLEY – Sergeant Lombardi
A sergeant in the regiment and cook for the soldiers who does
the best with what little ingredients he can use in the remote
outpost. The other soldiers tease him about the poor quality of
the food.

Mistress
 he mistress of Ludovic, who tells Fosca the truth about her
T
husband. She too was conned into thinking he was a count,
and she tells Fosca that the trips Ludovic took abroad were to
be with her. She also reveals that he has a wife and child in
Dalmatia.

ROSS DAWES – Lieutenant Barri

A lieutenant in the regiment ‘with a love of gambling and not
much else’. Barri leads the gossip about Fosca and Giorgio and
even goes so far as to suggest that Giorgio’s relationship with
Fosca is part of a bid for promotion.

Fosca’s mother
 osca’s doting mother told her she was beautiful and that she
F
must be careful not to be taken advantage of. She knew she
must marry young and encouraged the union with Ludovic.
When she learns of Ludovic’s betrayal, her health declines
rapidly.

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 TIM MORGAN – Major Rizzolli
A sober, straight-arrow type’ major. He is keen on billiards,
and of all the soldiers is the one to make the most disparaging
remarks about Giorgio and Fosca’s relationship.

Fosca’s father
 s doting on Fosca as his wife is, he is also keen to see Fosca
A
married. He is impressed by Ludovic, and believes that he is an
Austrian count. His shock and devastation at the revelations lead
to his death soon after Fosca returns.

IWAN LEWIS - Private Augenti

The youngest officer in the regiment.

ELENA ROGER - Fosca

An invalid and cousin of Colonel Ricci. Fosca suffers from a
number of maladies ‘a collection of many ills,’ which cause her
either to be confined to bed or to suffer from convulsive fits.
She is romantic and scholarly, taking pleasure from the escapism
that books allow her. Her life changes when Giorgio enters it.

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 Creative team

JAMIE LLOYD – Director

Jamie is an Associate Director of the Donmar
For the Donmar: Piaf (also Vaudeville, Teatro Liceo, Buenos Aires and Nuevo
Teatro Alcala, Madrid, in Argentina, ADEET Award for Best Production and Clarin
Award for Best Musical Production) and the forthcoming Passion, plus staged
readings of A House Not Meant To Stand and The Cocktail Party.
Theatre: includes Salome (Curve Leicester/Hampstead),The Little Dog Laughed
(Garrick), Three Days of Rain (Apollo), The Pride (Royal Court – Olivier award
for Outstanding Achievement), Eric’s (Liverpool Everyman), The Lover and The
Collection (Comedy), The Caretaker (Sheffield Crucible and Tricycle). Jamie will
soon direct Oscar Wilde’s Salome for Headlong.

CHRISTOPHER ORAM – Designer

For the Donmar: Red (also New York - Critics Circle Award, Tony Award) Hamlet
(also New York ), Madame de Sade, Twelfth Night, Ivanov, Othello, Parade (also
Los Angeles), Frost/Nixon (also Gielgud/New York/US tour), Guys and Dolls
(Piccadilly), Don Juan in Soho, Grand Hotel, Henry IV, World Music, Caligula
(Evening Standard Award), The Vortex, Privates on Parade, Merrily We Roll Along,
Passion Play, Good, The Bullet.
Theatre: includes Backbeat (Glasgow citz), A View from the Bridge (Duke of
York’s), King Lear/ The Seagull (RSC), Evita (Adelphi), Macbeth, The Jew of
Malta, The Embalmer (Almeida), Danton’s Death, Stuff Happens, Marriage Play/
Finding the Sun, Summerfolk, Power (Olivier Award) (NT), Oleanna (Garrick), Loyal
Women, Fucking Games (Royal Court), The Caretaker, All My Sons (Bristol Old
Vic). For Sheffield Crucible: Suddenly Last Summer (also Albery - Critics’ Circle
Award ), The Tempest (also Old Vic), Richard III, Don Juan, Edward II, The Country
Wife, Six Degrees of Separation, As You Like It (also Lyric Hammersmith).
Film: The Magic Flute.
Opera: Billy Budd (Glyndebourne)

NEIL AUSTIN – Lighting Designer

For the Donmar: The Prince of Homburg, Red (also Broadway-Drama Desk
Award, Tony Award), Life is a Dream, A Streetcar Named Desire, Hamlet (also
New York), Madame de Sade, Twelfth Night, Piaf (also Vaudeville/Buenos Aires/
Madrid), Parade (Knight of Illumination Award,also Los Angeles-Garland Award),
John Gabriel Borkman, Don Juan in Soho, The Cryptogram, Frost/Nixon (also
Gielgud/New York/US tour), The Wild Duck, The Cosmonaut’s Last Message to the
Woman He Once Loved in the Former Soviet Union, Henry IV, World Music, After
Miss Julie, Caligula.
Theatre: includes Welcome to Thebes, Women Beware Women, The White
Guard, London Assurance, The Observer, England People Very Nice, Mrs Affleck,
Oedipus, Her Naked Skin, Afterlife, The Emperor Jones, Philistines, The Man of
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 Mode, Thérèse Raquin, The Seafarer, Henry IV Parts 1 & 2, Fix Up, The Night
Season, A Prayer for Owen Meany, The Walls, Further than the Furthest Thing
(NT), King Lear, The Seagull, Much Ado About Nothing, Romeo and Juliet, King
John, Julius Caesar, Two Gentleman of Verona (RSC), The Priory, Tusk Tusk,
Flesh Wound, Trust (Royal Court), Mrs Klein, Judgment Day, The Homecoming,
Marianne Dreams, Dying for it, Tom & Viv, Romance, Macbeth (Almeida) No Man’s
Land (Duke of York’s)Dealer’s Choice (Trafalgar Studios) A Life in the Theatre
(Apollo), Japes (Haymarket).
Dance: includes As One, Rhapsody (Royal Ballet), The Soldier’s Tale (ROH2 &
Tokyo), The Canterville Ghost (ENB), Pineapple Poll (Birmingham Royal Ballet)

TERRY JARDINE – Sound Designer

For the Donmar: Grand Hotel, Guys and Dolls (also UK Tour), Parade
Theatre: includes Les Miserables (European, Asian and touring productions), Cats
(UK Tour/Zurich/Antwerp/ European Tour), The Music Man, Man of La Mancha, The
Pyjama Game (Canada), The Card (UK/Moscow), Candide (Copenhagen), The Lion,
The Witch and The Wardrobe (RSC), Follies and On Your Toes (Royal Festival Hall),
In the West End Peter Pan, The Pirates of Penzance, She Loves Me, Romance
Romance, Fame, Crazy for You, Stepping Out – The Musical, The Secret Garden,
Sinatra (Palladium/UK Tour), Cinderella (Old Vic), Imagine This, Spamalot (Uk tour).
Opera: includes Béatrice et Bénédict (Canadian Opera Company), Candide (ENO)

ALAN WILLIAMS – Musical Director

Musical Director: Monty Python’s Spamalot (Palace Theatre), The Go-Between
(Trafalgar Studios), Little Shop of Horrors (West Yorkshire Playhouse).
Musical Supervisor/Arranger: Eric’s (Liverpool Everyman).
Associate/Assistant Musical Director: Sister Act (London Palladium), Hairspray
(Shaftesbury Theatre), Guys and Dolls (Piccadilly Theatre), Grand Hotel (Donmar
Warehouse), Jerry Springer – the Opera (Cambridge Theatre), Babes in Arms
(Cardiff International Festival of Musical Theatre). He also worked on Anything
Goes (Theatre Royal, Drury Lane), Follies- in Concert (London Palladium), Billy Elliot
(Workshop), and Mamma Mia! (Film).
Forthcoming: Shrek (Theatre Royal).

Scott Ambler – Choreographer

A graduate of the Ballet Rambert School, Scott has worked for Matthew Bourne
since 1991, creating roles in all the company’s work including The Prince in Swan
Lake (LA Dramalogue Award).
Theatre: includes The Hostage (RSC), Mrs.Hartley and the Growth Centre (BBC),
Cha Cha Char (Middlesex University), I Giganti della Montagne and La Calisto
(Musica nel Chiostro, Batignano), Die Stein der Weisen (Garsington), Time and
the Conways (National Theatre), Enron (Chichester/Royal Court/West End) and
Earthquakes in London (National Theatre). Assisted Matthew Bourne on many
projects including Peer Gynt (Barbican), Oliver! (Palladium), staged the Swan Lake

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 section of Billy Elliot (Working Title), My Fair Lady (NT/Drury Lane) and South
Pacific (NT).
TV and film: includes The Car Man (CH4), Nutcracker!, Swan Lake, Mrs.Hartley
and the Growth Centre, Roald Dahl’s Red Riding Hood, Late Flowering Lust, Drip –
A Love Story and the series OK2 (all BBC).
Scott is an Associate Director of Matthew Bourne’s New Adventures

POPPY HALL – Costume Supervisor

For the Donmar: Red, Dimetos, Parade, Frost Nixon.
Theatre: includes La Bete (Comedy Theatre), Private Lives (Bath Theatre Royal/
Vauderville) Duet for One, Judgement Day (Almeida), London Assurance, The
Cat in The Hat, Every Good Boy Deserves Favour, Much Ado About Nothing,
Statement of Regret (NT), A Little Night Music (Menier Chocolate Factory/Garrick),
Measure for Measure (NT/Complicite/World tour), A Disappearing Number,
Noise of Time (Complicite), The Grainstore, As You Like it, Loves Labours Lost,
Richard II, Henry IV parts 1 & 2, The Histories, Winter’s Tale, Pericles, Speaking
Like Magpies, Believe What You Will, The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe
(RSC), Dealers Choice (Menier Chocolate Factory/Trafalgar Studios), Love Story,
The Music Man (Chichester), Ring Round the Moon (Playhouse), Macbeth, A
Midsummer’s Night Dream, Antony and Cleopatra, Coriolanus (Globe).
The King & I (Royal Albert Hall)

TITAS HALDER – Assistant Director

This is Titas’ fourth production under the Resident Assistant Director Bursary
Scheme at the Donmar. This scheme is supported by Jon and NoraLee Sedmak
and the Sedmak Wooten Family Foundation. Previously he assisted Jamie Lloyd
on Polar Bears, David Leveaux on The Late Middle Classes and Jonathan Munby
on The Prince of Homburg.
He was previously a Creative Associate at the Bush Theatre and Literary Associate
at the Finborough Theatre.
As Director: includes Write to Rock (Clwd Theatr Cymru), Painting a Wall
(Finborough).
As Assistant Director: includes Suddenlossofdignity.com (Bush / UK Tour),
Stovepipe (Hightide, Bush and NT), Sons of York (Finborough), Follow (Finborough),
The Constant Prince (Oxford Playhouse).
As Writer: he trained with the Royal Court Theatre’s Critical Mass programme.
Writing includes Jugantor (Finborough Vibrant Festival), Replica (Nabokov Present:
Tense), Feeding Me (Paines Plough Later), Fresh Prince (Oval House 33%
London).

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 2
section
Context

Introduction to PASSION by Michael Grandage.

The following is a transcript of Michael Grandage addressing the cast of PASSION
and company of the Donmar on the first day of rehearsals for PASSION.
This continues a long and strong collaboration with Stephen Sondheim. When
my predecessor Sam Mendes opened the Donmar as it is now in 1992, he opened
with a production of ASSASSINS. Since then, over the years we have gone on to
produce COMPANY, MERRILY WE ROLL ALONG, INTO THE WOODS,
PACIFIC OVERTURES and now PASSION. This is the first UK production of
PASSION since the original production in 1997. It’s a piece that our Associate
Director Jamie Lloyd when I first met him six years ago said he wanted to direct,
so it’s great that it’s all coming to fruition and in a very exciting way. We’ve got
a wonderful company and a wonderful production team. The other reason that
today is so special – other than it just being the beginning of rehearsals for this
production is that it’s also the start of the Donmar being able to honour this great
relationship with Stephen with a number of events. We’re going to put on a concert
performance of COMPANY and MERRILY WE ROLL ALONG, using as many
of the original cast as possible. Stephen’s coming back to talk on stage once the
production is up and running. Sam Mendes is returning since the first time he left
the Donmar to talk about producing Stephen’s work here. And the centrepiece of
all these events is this new production of PASSION. It’s a wonderful opportunity
to say thank you to Stephen for all the years that he has been with us and
particularly for being here with us today. I think any director will tell you that
when you’re working with writers, many of whom from the classic repertoire have
been dead for many years, we would always prefer to be working with a living
writer because you can ask them questions! It’s a great honour to have Stephen
here to kick off the proceedings! And happy 80th birthday!

Biography of Stephen Sondheim

Stephen Joshua Sondheim was born on the 22 March, 1930 in New York City to
a Jewish dress designer mother and dressmaker father who worked together,
dedicating themselves to ‘les artes de vivres’1. They were newly rich, and
Sondheim spent the early years of his childhood in the affluent, landmark San
Remo apartment block, with views over central park. However, in order to pay
for this lifestyle, his parents needed to work hard, and Sondheim spent much of
his time in the care of nannies and being looked after by the parents of various
friends. He went to school early and was a bright child who learned to read quickly
and loved to play games. He began taking piano lessons at the age of seven
and his parents used to ‘drag me out on my pyjamas to play The Flight of the
Bumblebee at cocktail parties.’ 2

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 At the age of twelve, his parents divorced when his father, Herbert Sondheim
fell in love with Alicia Babé, a glamorous young fashion promoter, whom he met
in Paris. Foxy, or Janet Fox, Sondheim’s mother took the divorce very badly and
Sondheim’s relationship with his mother began to become complex. It was at this
stage that Sondheim began his two year term at the New York Military Academy
on Hudson. A period which he describes as ‘terrific’ owing to the routine and the
joy of establishing himself within a new community.3
After Herbert Sondheim and Alicia Babé married following their respective
divorces, Foxy Sondheim moved out of the Hotel Pierre in Manhatten she was
living in and bought a farm in Bucks County, just a few miles down the road from
some newly made friends of hers, Oscar and Dorothy Hammerstein. Eleven
year old Sondheim quickly became friends with Jamie Hammerstein, Oscar and
Dorothy’s youngest son who was around the same age. Oscar Hammerstein was
a writer, producer and director and by the time he came into Sondheim’s life he
had already written Broadway musical hits such as Show Boat and Oklahoma! The
Hammersteins were a large family and Sondheim quickly began spending more
and more time at their home. He became ‘the boy who came to dinner’ 4 and as
time went by, he gradually became part of the family, participating in family meals
and games, even posing in family photographs. He shared Oscar Hammerstein’s
love of puzzles and conundrums. Although he didn’t continue his lessons on the

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 piano, Sondheim still played from ear and Richard Rogers’ daughter, Mary recalls
staying with the Hammerstein’s on their farm one weekend and hearing a fifteen
year old Sondheim playing Gershwin’s Rhasody in Blue and An American in Paris.
She remembers his ‘incredible musical sensitivity’ and describes him as ‘the
smartest person I had ever met in my whole life’. Sondheim traces his love of
music and word play back to the demise of his parents’ marriage. He described
the structure and form required to create a piece of music as ‘making order of the
chaos’.5 A motif that could sum up many of the themes within his work.
It is no surprise that his close relationship with a successful Broadway musical
writer and his own love of music should inspire Sondheim to follow in Oscar’s
footsteps. At the age of 14, when Sondheim was in his third year at the George
School, a private Quaker school in Pennsylvania, he joined forces with a classmate,
to write a musical set at none other than the George School. By George was a
three act musical with twenty songs and a cast of fifty. It was performed at the
school and was a major hit. Oscar Hammerstein however was unimpressed, and
gave Sondheim his honest opinion. It was through this candour that Sondheim
‘learned the importance of choosing every work with meticulous care, while at the
same time finding the right balance between saying too little and too much’. 6
‘Most poetry, which the eye could absorb at its own pace was too dense with
meaning to be appreciated by the ear alone. Lyrics needed to be more repetitious.
“Oh, what a beautiful mornin’! Oh, what a beautiful day!” looked silly on a page,
but was absolutely right for that particular melody. Oscar thought that a song
had to be singable... A song should be sincere, representing one’s own feelings and
experiences; listeners were not fooled and would reject false sentimentality.7
It was around this time that Oscar’s collaboration with Richard Rogers was at its
peak, and when Sondheim was fifteen, Oscar took Sondheim and his son Jimmy
to watch the first performance of Carousel in New Haven. Sondheim was so
moved that he ‘wept copious tears on Dorothy Hammerstein’s fur wrap.’8
Sondheim was hooked, and by this time knew that his career ahead lay in theatre.
He began work as an office boy on Hammerstein’s next project, the musical
Allegro. Thus began Oscar Hammerstein’s professional mentorship of Sondheim.
In 1950, Sondheim graduated from Williams College in Massachusetts. He
then went on to study composition with the composer Milton Babbitt where he
developed his dissonant, highly chromatic yet tonal style.
Sondheim went to Hollywood once he had left college and took advantage of
many of his mothers’ celebrity connections. He quickly set to work writing and
began on a musical called Saturday Night. It was in this musical that he initiated
his comic patter style that would go on to develop in his next big gig – West Side
Story.
It was in fact Mary Rogers who introduced Sondheim to Harold Prince, who
would become Sondheim’s greatest collaborator. Harold, or Hal as he was known
to his friends had just been signed up as the producer of West Side Story when
Sondheim bumped into the playwright Aurthur Laurents at a party. Laurents
told him about the project and that Leonard Bernstein was writing the music.
Sondheim asked who was writing the lyrics, and although he was keen to be both
a lyricist and composer, he agreed to take on the project in order to secure his goal
of having a hit show on Broadway by the time he was 30.

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 After the success of West Side Story, Sondheim agreed for one more time to
write the lyrics only to a Broadway musical – this time it was Gypsy. Gypsy
had a star attached in the form of Ethel Merman, and it was his old mentor
Hammerstein who convinced Sondheim that writing for a star would be an
invaluable experience. Hammerstein proved correct and Sondheim said that after
that he preferred to work on projects with a star attached. He wrote several roles
with particular stars in mind (including Sweeney Todd for Len Cariou and Mrs
Lovett for Angela Lansbury).
Gypsy proved another success, which allowed Sondheim to pursue his real
dream of being a composer and lyricist. This he achieved with mixed success:
after Gypsy he wrote A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Forum, which
one several Tony Awards and Anyone Can Whistle, which closed after nine
performances.
In the early seventies, Sondheim began his long-term collaboration with Hal
Prince, and together they produced the shows Company, A Little Night Music,
Sweeney Todd, Pacific Overtures and Merrily We Roll Along. The premiere of
Merrily We Roll Along was not a great success and it left Sondheim almost
completely disillusioned with Broadway. His collaboration with Hal Prince virtually
ended there, although they did reunite in 2003 with Bounce, which was also not a
success.

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 Sondheim’s response to what he considered was his failure was to develop
a more avant guard style and it was in 1984 that he began his collaborative
relationship with ‘artsy’ James Lapine, the librettist with whom he wrote Sunday
in the Park with George, Into the Woods, Passion and Assassins.
Sondheim wrote Passion in 1994. Alongside Sweeney Todd it was the only
musical for which he had the original idea and he took his inspiration from the
novel Fosca by Tarchetti. Lapine was equally interested by the film of the same
story Passione d’Amore, directed by Scola. It was while Sondheim was writing
Passion that he fell in love, so he thinks, for the first time with Peter Jones, a
musical director. As an anniversary gift, he gave Peter the title page of Passion,
reprinted, framed and dedicated to him, as a testimony to the effect that Peter had
had on him throughout his writing of Passion.
Following Passion Sondheim revived his collaboration with Hal Prince for Wise
Guys and Bounce and worked on a review show with James Lapine. He is
involved in most productions of his work and took an active role in the Donmar’s
production of PASSION, visiting rehearsals a number of times. He continues to
write and is publishing an annotation of his lyrics in 2010. He celebrates his 80th
birthday this year.

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 My Passion for Sondheim by Jamie Lloyd
“Love without reason, love without mercy,
Love without pride or shame.” –
Stephen Sondheim, Passion

Stephen Sondheim has tackled, with vigorous intelligence, many serious and
frequently uncomfortable subjects; anything from the assassination of his
country’s presidents to the unease and discontent of those living in a big city.
He has also created some of the most smart and complex characters in musical
theatre. As a result, some ill-judged critics have described his work as cold: “all
head and no heart,” they say. This is, of course, completely misguided, for if you
scratch the surface, under the wit, the irony and the virtuosic wordplay, you will
discover a volcanic well of emotion and compassion. Never is this more powerfully
felt than in Passion, his 1994, Tony-winning musical and his third collaboration
with book-writer James Lapine. Here is a lush, romantic score, a rich rhapsody of
recurring motifs and hypnotic melodies that draws you into a claustrophobic tale of
obsessive love.

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 Passion derives from Fosca, a nineteenth-century Italian novel by Iginio Ugo
Tarchetti, and the film (Passione d’amore), directed by Ettore Scola, which was
based upon it. Tarchetti was a member of the Scapigliatura, a rebellious, bohemian
literary movement, who lived a life of anarchy, alcohol and drugs. Fosca is as
messy, peculiar and dangerous as its author’s own life. It tells the story of Giorgio
Bachetti, a brave and handsome soldier whose erotically-charged affair with
his beloved, the beautiful Clara, is cut short when he is transferred to a remote
outpost in northern Italy. There, he is thrown into contact with the cousin of his
Colonel, the strange and grotesque Fosca. She becomes obsessed with the
charismatic newcomer and pursues him with a frightening, frequently repellant,
sometimes blackly comic intensity that leads to devastating consequences. The
story is made all the more poignant because it is said to be autobiographical, based
upon Tarchetti’s cosy relationship with a pretty married woman and a distressing
one with the sickly relative of his own commanding officer. The author once told a
friend, “I have a terrible superstition: I feel as if this woman were dragging me to
the grave…” He died aged twenty-nine in 1869 of tuberculosis while completing
the novel, practically destitute.
Sondheim was inspired, instantly, by this stirring story when he sat in a cinema
opposite the Lincoln Center in New York, watching Scola’s haunting, atmospheric
film. Up on the screen, he saw a mysterious figure slowly descend a staircase,
shrouded and distorted, filmed through glass tiles, towards the young Captain. As
she enters the room, Scola cuts to a close-up to reveal Fosca’s graphically ugly
face, then jumps to a shot of Giorgio’s startled reaction as he meets his nemesis
(and his future lover?) for the first time. At this point, Sondheim knew “in an
instant he was going to fall for her and I just wept.”
“Love without reason, love without mercy.” The lyric must be one of Sondheim’s
most direct and heartfelt. Upon hearing it, we believe, wholeheartedly, that
Giorgio’s love for Fosca dramatically (in Sondheim’s words) “cracks him wide
open.” Fosca’s love is “something that destroys in order to rebuild you. Giorgio
gets destroyed by Fosca, and in doing so breaks through into something huge.”
Giorgio has never had to dissect the thing that we call Love, as he has been
blessed with a supposed “endless happiness” with Clara. Fosca forces him to
confront his ignorance, to examine the depth of his feelings and, crucially, her
own. As Charles Isherwood once wrote, “Giorgio is as physically ravaged as he is
spiritually ennobled.” This is a stirring, gut-wrenching story given a unique operatic
conviction. Indeed, it is the closest Sondheim gets to writing an opera. It has no
individual songs, with pause for applause, but rather an appropriately unrelenting
sweep, powered by the strength of the characters’ passion and Sondheim’s own
emotional response to Tarchetti’s heartfelt story via Scola’s imaginative film.
I, too, have enjoyed going back to Sondheim’s source material as inspiration
for our new production of Passion at the Donmar. When I worked with Michael
Grandage (as his associate director) on Guys and Dolls, we asked the cast to read
aloud Damon Runyon’s New York stories in rehearsal. These funny, boisterous
tales gave us instant access to the sweaty underbelly of Manhattan in the 1930s
and, therefore, Loesser’s sprightly musical comedy (which he based upon two
of Runyon’s stories), as imagined in the drenched streets and smoke-filled
dens of Christopher Oram’s brilliant designs. Here, Tarchetti’s odd novel and
Scola’s crepuscular film, have inspired Christopher and I to create a world of
claustrophobic intensity and Gothic atmosphere. I want the audience to be sucked
into a fevered dream, perhaps even to be as disorientated as Giorgio, or even

15
 Tarchetti, at every turn. At the same time, Christopher has created an exquisite
space of crumbling beauty that matches the lush, romantic splendour of the score;
the source material and Sondheim’s original take on it, therefore, collide. Above
all, Sondheim and Lapine, channeling their Italian counterparts by writing meaty,
sharply-drawn characters, demand rigorous, intelligent acting. We have cast actors
of the highest calibre, who can sing this demanding score magnificently. Leading
the company are three of the most exciting musical talents in the country, David
Thaxton, Scarlett Strallen and, of course, Elena Roger, who returns to the Donmar,
having reprised the role of Piaf (in my Donmar production of Pam Gems’ play) in
Buenos Aires and Madrid, to play the indomitable Fosca. Elena is quite simply
one of the most versatile, magnetic actors in the world. She has such incredible
wit and yet is not afraid to mine murkier, more dangerous emotional recesses. I
couldn’t be more excited to work with her again on this sensitive, unusual piece by
the undisputed master of musical theatre at his most open and vulnerable.

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 FOSCA by Igino Ugo Tarchetti
Sondheim and Lapine’s musical Passion is based on the Italian novel Fosca. The
novel is written in the first person and tells the story from Giorgio’s point of view.
The device of the novel is that it is instead a set of memoirs.
“Countless were the occasions when I set about to write these memoirs of
mine, but a strange sentiment – a mixture of terror and anguish – always
stopped me from carrying through. A profound doubt took possession of
me. I feared I would impoverish the value and appearance of my passions
in my endeavour to reveal them; I feared I would forget them by remaining
silent. For it is a rather simple thing to express what others feel – the echo of
their emotions resounds in our hearts without disquiet – but to express what
we ourselves feel, our affections, our passions, our sorrows, is a task that
transcends the power of language. We feel unable ever to touch the truth.”9
Tarchetti wrote the novel to be serialized in a periodical in Milan in 1869. This was
how the novel first appeared in print. 1869 was also the year of Tarchetti’s death,
aged just 29. Venuti explains in his introduction to his own translation of the novel;
“While Tarchetti was evoking the physical and psychological torments
of Giorgio’s obsessive love, he was himself suffering the feverish delirium
precipitated by his fatal diseases: he had contracted tuberculosis and
typhus.”10
In fact Tarchetti died before he could complete his work. The climactic chapter 48,
in which Giorgio and Fosca meet and Giorgio declares his love for Fosca, was in
fact written by Tarchetti’s friend Salvatore Farina, after Tarchetti’s death.
Many of the events in the novel were inspired by events in Tarchetti’s own life:
He served as an officer in the Italian Army. In 1864 he ended a mercurial affair and
was given extended sick leave in Milan. Here he met a woman named Clara, in
much the same way as Giorgio meets his Clara in the novel.
Many of the details of Giorgio and Clara’s courtship are taken from Tarchetti’s
own relationship; their trips into the countryside, Clara delivering a white kitten to
Giorgio in her muff.
In November 1865, Tarchetti was transferred to Parma. There he met Angiolina, the
cousin of the commanding officer. She suffered from epilepsy and this had almost
disfigured her. Tarchetti felt an intense pity for Angiolina. He wrote in a letter;
‘I suffer the torments of hell. That unhappy woman is hopelessly in love with
me. I would like to comfort her but I lack the courage; I would like to adorn
her last days with a wretched, fleeting happiness, but something in my nature
finds her repellent.’
Venuti writes, ‘Tarchetti’s fascination with Angiolina, like Giorgio’s with Fosca, was
erotic, morbid and highly literary, allowing him to romanticize his fears of illness
and death’11
Throughout the nineteenth century romantic writers challenged the notion of
female beauty by presenting a new model which associated sickness with
eroticism. Fosca is a macabre, romantic fairytale of a woman. Her illness began
in her heart and soul; it defies the doctors to understand it in terms of medical
science.
17
 Tarchetti is a part of the scapigliatura movement in Italy in the nineteenth century.
This movement rejected bourgeois values and presented provocative work
which violated ‘respectable behaviour’ and experimented with imported forms
which challenged the conventional art forms of the Italian establishment. The
movement emerged in part as a response to the Unification of Italy which had a
left a concentration of power in the Northern bourgeois metropolitan centres of
Milan and Turin. The imported realism from France in an attempt to democratize
literature. Tarchetti also experimented with the gothic in his work. He was unafraid
to give voice to the illicit or the nonconformist and Fosca centres on two forbidden
relationships; with a married woman and the mortally ill cousin of his commanding
officer.
Fosca was made into a film by Italian director Ettore Scola in 1891. The film
was entitled Passione d’amore and stars Bernard Giraudeau. It was distributed
in Italian, French and English. The film won a special award at the Cannes film
festival but received mixed reviews and below is an extract from one review of the
film in English;
“Professional soldier Bernard Giraudeau is enmeshed in an affair with the
beautiful but very much married Laura Antonelli. Transferred to a remote
outpost, Giraudeau discovers to his chagrin that the only woman in the region
(Valeria D’Obici) is about as appealing as a plate of pickles. Even so, Giraudeau
falls madly in love with the woman, utterly forgetting Antonelli. He also forgets
that he’s a human being at fade-out time, metamorphosing into an epileptic
bear! Perhaps Passion of Love made more sense in its original French-language
version, Passione D’Amore.”12
18
 The Unification of Italy.
This was the social and political movement which brought together the different
states of the Italian peninsula in the nineteenth century to form the single state of
Italy.

After Napoleon’s second defeat, the major European powers met at a conference
called The Congress of Vienna in 1815. The purpose of this conference was to
redraw the European map, establishing the boundaries of France and addressing
the issues which had arisen from the Napoleonic wars.
At the Congress, Italian territories were redistributed; and Austrian domination
over the Italian peninsula was restored. The Papal States were reinstated fully. The
Congress divided the territory among other European Nations and victors of the
Napoleonic Wars. The Kingdom of Sardinia recovered Piedmont, Nice, Savoy and
acquired Genoa. This division of power posed great obstacles to the Unification
process. Italy was fragmented and paralyzed. Each region was under a different
government.

19
 Giuseppe Mazzini led the revolutionary movement. He was a patriot and idealist
who believed in an independent Republic. During the first half of the nineteenth
century, it was only the upper middle class, aristocrats and bourgeoisie who
espoused the revolutionary cause, but by the 1840’s Mazzini was gathering
support from all sections of society.
Secret revolutionary societies were formed. The most influential of these was the
Carbonari. Revolutionary cells grew up all over the Italian peninsula.
The first successful revolution took place in the Kingdom of Sicilly. This resulted
in a constitution being brought in. In 1848, an uprising in Rome caused Pope Pius
IX to flee, whereupon a Republic was formed. King Charles Albert of Sardinia
mobilized his army and marched to the assistance of Lombardy. His army fought
to drive back the Austrians back from Italian soil. The Austrians defeated the
Piedmontese and Charles Albert was forced to abdicate. He was succeeded by his
son, Victor Emmanuel II.
By 1849 the revolution had a new inspiration, Giuseppe Garibaldi, but even he
couldn’t prevent the destruction of Rome by the French. Only Sardinia held firm to
their constitutional government. Count Camillo di Cavour became Prime Minister
of Sardinia in 1852. It was his leadership and spirit of compromise which lead to
the unification of Italy in little more than a decade.

20
 Cavour persuaded Napoleon to join in a war against Austria, which they planned
in secret. The Austrians were defeated in 1859 in two major battles at Magenta
and Solferino. The Austrians were forced to surrender Lombardy to Napoleon III.
Napoleon III handed Lombardy over to Victor Emmanuel II. Following elections in
1859 and 1860 all of the Northern states joined the kingdom of Sardinia, with the
exception of Venice which was still under Austrian rule.
Venice became part of Italy in 1866 after Prussia defeated Austria in the seven
weeks’ war, in which Austria had been allies with Prussia. In 1870 during the
Franco-Prussian war, Napoleon III withdrew his troops from Rome. Italian troops
moved in. In 1870 Rome voted for a union with Italy. In 1871 Rome became the
capital of a united Italy.

21
 Passion – Plot Summary.

Scene One:
Clara and Giorgio are having an affair. Clara is married and has a young son but
they are deeply in love and very happy. They both live in Milan. Giorgio is a soldier.
He tells Clara that he has received orders and has been transferred to the Fourth
Brigade at their outpost far away. He has to leave in five days. They decide to
make the most of the time they have together.

Scene Two:
The dinner table at the military outpost. Colonel Ricci, Lieutenant Torasso, Major
Rizzolli, Lieutennat Barri, and Doctor Tambourri are being served by the Cook,
Sergeant Lombardi. They are chatting about the opera and military operations
when Giorgio enters. He is a military hero and his reputation precedes him. The
Colonel in particular is impressed by his military exploits. While seated at the table
Giorgio hears music and the Doctor explains it is Signora Fosca, the Colonel’s
cousin, who plays.
Giorgio hears a scream as he sits at dinner. He is alarmed but nobody else reacts
very much. The Colonel explains that it was his cousin who screamed and that
although she is ill, they are all accustomed to her outbursts.
Giorgio writes to Clara to tell her how hard it is to be away from her and how
strange and hellish his new post is.
The Doctor bumps into Giorgio and tells him that Fosca suffers from an illness
which defies medical diagnosis and that while she suffers from hysteria and a
collection of other illnesses, he believes her life isn’t at risk.
Giorgio sits down to breakfast alone the next morning. The officers are out on
manoeuvres. Fosca enters and sits at the table and is served coffee. She thanks
Giorgio for the books he has sent her. They agree to visit the ruined castle nearby
together. Giorgio says he hasn’t seen a flower since he arrived and Fosca leaves
and immediately returns with a posy of flowers for him. Giorgio writes to Clara of
Fosca’s wretchedness.

Scene Three:
The Colonel, Doctor, Fosca and Giorgio are strolling through the garden. The
Colonel asks Doctor Tambourri for a word and they leave Fosca and Giorgio alone
together. Giorgio speaks to Fosca about the pleasures life can offer; helping
others, things which suggest beauty such as trees and flowers, the happiness
of love. Fosca is sceptical to begin with, but her interest is piqued as Giorgio
mentions love. As he speaks of love, his mind fills with images of Clara, and he
becomes more and more lucid and passionate. Fosca becomes more and more
tormented. She tells him he has been cruel. She becomes upset and asks him for
his friendship. He obliges. The Colonel and Doctor return and by this time Fosca
has a fever so they head back.

22
 Scene Four:
Giorgio writes to Clara for advice. He is anxious about the promise of friendship
he has made to Giorgio. Clara reassures him that he must think of his career and
behave kindly to the Colonel’s cousin but be sure to be unromantic and distant.
Giorgio avoids Fosca for three days. Fosca writes to Giorgio that the past three
days have been the most painful of her life; she has sought him in the dining hall
and cannot understand his absence. Fosca places the letter under Giorgio’s dinner
setting.
Giorgio joins the soldiers for dinner that evening to find Fosca sitting at a place
laid next to his. She tells him, you must read my letter. She tries to hold his hand
under the table. Giorgio tells the Colonel that he requires three days’ urgent leave
in Milan. The Colonel grants it.

Scene Five:
Fosca corners Giorgio early in the morning to ask him when he will be back. He
tells her to stop her unwanted attentions to him. She tells him she adores him and
kneels and weeps. She elicits a promise from him to write to her as soon as he
arrives in Milan.
Giorgio and Clara have a passionate and happy reunion in Milan. Giorgio writes to
Fosca to tell her he is in love with another woman who loves him in return. He
tells her it would be impossible for them to be together and asks that she behave
with tact.

23
 Scene Six:
Fosca is in a courtyard when Giorgio enters. She thanks him for the letter and asks
that they still take hands. She finds Giorgio’s attempts at friendship patronising
and is sarcastic with him. She questions Giorgio on his affection for Clara, then
dismisses him coldly.
Giorgio writes to Clara that he hasn’t seen Fosca for three weeks and it has been a
blessing for him.
One night the Doctor summons Giorgio to him. He tells Giorgio that Fosca is
mortally ill, and that it is because of him. The Doctor asks Giorgio to go and visit
Fosca and give her kind words; only he can save her life.

Scene Seven:
Late that night Giorgio enters Fosca’s bedchamber. Fosca is in bed. She is
overjoyed to see him and kisses his hand convulsively. He tells her he has come
because he chose to. He sits next to her on the bed. She holds a candle next to
his face so that she can see him. She tells him she loves him, and he tells her that
he loves her too, in whatever way she wishes tonight. They close their eyes and
Fosca says they will dream together.
Meanwhile Clara is dreaming faraway of Giorgio, and wishing she was by his side.
Fosca asks Giorgio to write a letter for her before he goes. She dictates the letter
and it is a letter from Giorgio to herself. The letter is very knowing on Fosca’s part
and shows she understands Giorgio’s predicament. She expresses Giorgio’s wish
to forget Fosca, his regret that he’s been unkind, and his compassion for her in
spite of himself, ‘And though I cannot love you/I wish that I can love you.’
When Giorgio has finished writing Fosca asks him to kiss her like a sister, which
he does, but she seizes him and embraces him. Then Giorgio runs from the
chamber. Fosca screams.

Scene Eight:
The next morning the Soliders are playing pool. They are discussing the almighty
scream they heard last night. They also discuss Giorgio; they find him aloof and
dislike the favouritism the Colonel shows to him.
Meanwhile Giorgio meets the Doctor and asks the Doctor if it was truly necessary
for him to visit Fosca in that manner the previous night. The Doctor tells him he
has done a brave thing.
The Colonel finds Giorgio and thanks him for the friendship he has shown his
cousin. The Colonel begins to tell Giorgio about Fosca’s past; Fosca also writes to
Giorgio to describe her past.
As a child she was happy with doting parents. They told her she was beautiful, so
she thought she was. When she was seventeen she met this nice young man,
Count Ludovic of Austria, who tipped his hat to her. One evening the Colonel
invited him to Fosca’s family home. Fosca was enchanted by him, as were her
parents. Fosca was suspicious but was thrilled by his beauty and danger and
overlooked her suspicion.
Once they married he received Fosca’s father’s dowry and began to travel a great
deal. He spent all of their money. Fosca was forced to borrow more money from
her parents’ savings.
24
 One day in the market she met a woman who told her that her husband wasn’t
really called Count Ludovic, and that he has a wife and child in Dalmatia, as well
being her lover. When Fosca confronted Count Ludovic he didn’t deny it. He told
her they should separate and that they hadn’t paid the rent since July!
Fosca returned to her parents, in poor health. First her father died, then her
mother. Fosca was heartbroken and couldn’t leave her bed. Her cousin, the
Colonel, looked after her. He felt in some way responsible.

25
 Scene Nine:
Clara writes to Giorgio. She is beginning to wonder how their love can survive
such separation. She pulls out a grey hair and sends it to him.
Giorgio is reading this letter outside walking, when Fosca ambushes him. Giorgio
asks Fosca to leave him alone.
Fosca asks him for a kiss. Then says she will kiss him. He has an outpouring of
everything he feels, being pursued by her. He tells her that what she feels isn’t
love but obsession and he wishes she’d go and leave him alone. He says, ‘I’ve
begun to fear for my soul…’
There is a storm and Fosca falls. Giorgio can’t abandon her and reluctantly carries
her back to the house.

Scene Ten:
The Soldiers are gossiping about what happened between Giorgio and Fosca on
the cliff in the rain the night before.
Giorgio is in a fever and having a nightmare: Fosca as a monster is chasing him.
When he awakes the vision hasn’t quite left him but the Doctor is there with
him. The Doctor tells him he became ill two days ago after the storm. The Doctor
decides to put Giorgio on sick leave; as soon as he is well enough he will go to
Milan.

26
 Scene Eleven:
Clara receives word that Giorgio will be with her for forty days’ leave! She begins
to make plans and put flowers in the room where they meet.
Giorgio is waiting for the train. Just as the train is about to set out Fosca jumps out
to meet Giorgio. Giorgio is furious but Fosca says she can’t help herself, she loves
him. She says that in the end Giorgio will see what is beautiful about her. He says
they are getting off at the next stop and he is taking her back.
On their return Giorgio meets the Doctor, who is amused by Fosca’ ploy. Giorgio is
only taking four days of his sick leave in Milan. The Doctor warns Giorgio of what
Fosca is doing to Giorgio’s mental state. He urges him to take his full sick leave, or
to be transferred away from her. Giorgio says he doesn’t wish to go.
The Soldiers gossip about how lucky Giorgio is getting forty days’ sick leave.

Scene Twelve:
Giorgio returns to Milan. Clara is extremely excited to see him and has lots of
plans for the coming weeks. Giorgio has to tell her that he isn’t going to take the
sick leave. Clara surmises it is because of Fosca. Giorgio confesses he feels he
has a responsibility to Fosca. Giorgio tries to force Clara’s hand, by asking her to
leave her husband and child and come and make a life with him. She says she
can’t do that. She says she doesn’t think she’ll see him again. He reassures her
and says, of course she will.

Scene Thirteen:
It is the Christmas party at the outpost. Giorgio arrives and tells Fosca that she
looks charming in front of the other Soliders. The Colonel tells Giorgio he has been
transferred back to headquarters and he’s to report immediately. Fosca screams
his name, and throws herself into his arms. Everyone is shocked by this blatant
display. The Colonel takes everyone out of the room and tells Giorgio to wait there
for him.
Giorgio reads his letter from Clara. The letter seems to him to be an ultimatum.
She writes that he has changed, and though she has obligations with her son
while he is still young, perhaps once he is at school, there would be a chance
for them to be together. She asks Giorgio if he will wait for her. Giorgio finds this
letter repellent as it is so practical and logical and seemingly devoid of passion.
Colonel Ricci enters with the letter Fosca requested Giorgio to write in her
bedchamber. Giorgio admits he wrote it. The Colonel challenges Giorgio to a duel.
The Doctor enters and begs Giorgio to tell the truth about how he was coerced.
Giorgio refuses. Giorgio asks the Doctor to take him to Fosca one last time.

Scene Fourteen:
Giorgio enters Fosca’s bedchamber. He tells her he didn’t know about the transfer,
that all is over with Clara. He says no one has ever loved him as truly as she has
and that he loves her in return. Fosca tells him to die loved is to have lived and
they make love.
The next morning Giorgio and the Colonel keep their appointment for the duel.
Giorgio shoots the Colonel and screams.

27
 Scene Fifteen:
Some time later, Giorgio wakes up and receives a letter from the Doctor. The
Doctor explains that Fosca died three days after the night Giorgio last saw her.
The Colonel’s wound was serious but not mortal and he has now recovered. The
Doctor encloses a letter from Fosca written just before her death.
Fosca writes to Giorgio about the feeling of being loved that he has given her. She
says that now she is loved, life makes sense and she wants to live. However, she
knows that when she dies her love will live in Giorgio.

28
 3
section
Inside the production process

The concept for the production with Jamie

Lloyd, Director of PASSION

Can you tell me a little bit about your concept for the production? What is
the world you are trying to conjure and what is your inspiration for it.
The idea is, as has often been done with musicals at the Donmar such as GRAND
HOTEL and even under Sam [Mendes’] regime when we did CABARET, to go back
to the source material. PASSION is based on a book by Tarchetti, called Fosca,
which is an amazing nineteenth century gothic novel. It has the atmosphere of
something like Jane Eyre, for example, with the mad woman in the attic. And it’s
full of a sense of covert conversations in dark corridors, candelabras and thunder,
open fields and mountainous terrain and that sort of atmosphere. Also there is
a film Passione d’amore, which is directed by Scola and this is what inspired
Sondheim in the first place.

29
 Sondheim didn’t know the book at all, but he saw the movie at a tiny independent
cinema opposite the Lincoln Centre in New York. The film is really gothic and
quite weird, and it’s dark and strange. There’s a great moment where Fosca walks
down the stairs. It’s filmed through frosted glass windows and she walks down, a
shadowy figure in the dark. She comes in through the door and steps into the light
and she is hideous. There’s a really tight close-up on her face, followed by a close-
up on his face, which is amazingly handsome and dashing – he’s a beautiful young
man - and Sondheim describes that in this moment, he knew that Giorgio would
end up falling in love with Fosca and this is why he wanted to write the score for
it.
That was how Sondheim conceived Passion – just from that moment in the film.
However, when he took it to James Lapine who wrote the libretto, Lapine wanted
to go back to the book, Fosca. So I always think it’s really interesting to go back to
the source material. And this applies to anything really. So for example, if you are
doing POLAR BEARS, you would want to hear how Mark Haddon started, why he
wrote it, what was the first thing he wrote? If you’re an interpretative director, you
want to go back to the root of a piece – it’s what got the writers going in the first
place.
I think in the past there have been successful productions of Passion but they
have been overblown and presented, almost like tableaux, or operetta: people
come on and stand and sing or sit and sing – there’s no movement, no life – the
stakes aren’t high. And as a result going back to the gothic novel, the stakes are
so high, the passion is so great and the emotions are high.

How do you work with the designer to create your vision for the production?
I asked Christopher [Oram, the Designer] if there was some way that we could
infuse the design with some kind of gothic fever-dream, which is when he came
up with this mural. And as you can see in the photos, there are these naked,
writhing figures, and you’ve got capability for people to skulk in the darkness in
corridors and make appearances from the dark into the light. The piece is always
really about what is in the full light and what is in the half light, so it starts off
of course in a dark room that’s erotically charged; there’s a rendezvous taking
place between two young people and later in the scene, you learn that it’s in
the afternoon, so when Clara opens the door a big shaft of light that comes in
and splices through the room – so what you would think is an evening setting
is actually in the afternoon because of course Clara is married and they can only
have these secret, snatched moments. They can’t sleep with eachother overnight
because she has to go back to her husband.
One important thing for me about Clara is that, back in Milan she is always at one
remove from the other characters. So in other productions when Giorgio leaves
Milan to go to the outpost, she is always stuck at the back, often behind a gauze,
often with a parasol – a sort of weird figure. For me, in order to make sense of
the story, Clara and Fosca have got to be amazing rivals – Fosca even refers to
Clara as her rival. The only way to do that is to have Clara in the action. So Clara
and Fosca are often sharing one space but they are in different locations. So for
example, when Giorgio and Fosca are in the castle garden, Clara is in Milan but
also within the same space. Clara might be in a follow-spot in a different quality
light, so that we know she’s not in the castle garden, she’s back in Milan but she’s
able to share the action with them. It’s a very simple devise that I think is actually
opening the piece up to more possibilities. So the space enables us to have Clara
30
 sharing the world very vividly. Also, because Sondheim writes these transitions
for us, we go from one place to the next in typical Donmar style very fluidly and
very simply – if we need a part of the furniture we try to make it a part of the
action – we don’t want stage management coming on to bring them, we want the
continuation of the soldiers lives to infuse those transitions. So what I’ve said to
both the cast and the creative team is that no moment should be wasted – every
moment should tell a bit of the story. As far as the set and lighting go we don’t
want it to be so crepuscular and weird and cold that it serves as a counterpoint
to the score. The score is lush, romantic, sometimes very light but always very
sumptuous , gorgeous and heartfelt, personal so I wanted the set to have a sense
of the rhapsody too. It’s not just a sheer gothic plastered wall, for instance – it’s
got a life and an energy and a beauty about it and warmth – for example through
the terracotta floor.

31
 The piece has the energy and atmosphere of a fever-dream or a nightmare, and
all this I wanted to get into the design and the staging - and that’s why we go
off on various flights of fancy, for example, the nightmare which is a big gothic
event. In the past the nightmare scene has been a spinning bed or something like
that, but for me it’s always about giving it a choreography, right down to the fact
that the men have their own physical language – the monotony or the boredom
of the drill. They’re always talking about military madness - going insane with the
boredom of it in this remote, claustrophobic outpost, so even their comic songs
which serve as a counterpoint for the rest of the rhapsody, we’ve choreographed
in a way that’s never been done before. Normally they wheel on a billiard table for
instance, for when they play pool and it’s all a little bit twee. What we’ve done is
abstracted them – so I just asked Scott [Ambler, the choreographer] if we could
play billiards but through the language of the drill – so we get their daily life and
the continuation of the journey and the feel of the place but also the wit of it, so
that it’s not just static. In terms of the soldiers it was about giving them a full life.
We worked a lot on back histories because again in other productions, I think the
soldiers have been a kind of amorphous, faceless group, almost like a chorus,
whereas I wanted to see individuals which I think we’ve done successfully.
They’ve all done a lot of work on their full character histories and I wanted to make
sure that the world was populated with very real people so that at least the three
main characters then inhabit that world – in that respect it is a complete ensemble.

You’re now at the end of rehearsals, about to enter tech week. Can you talk a
little bit about the shape of your rehearsal process. How do you like to work?
It’s different on every play. I very often do three or four days around the table and
do a lot of discursive table work.
Then I like to get it up on its feet and work in some more detail. This is where
we find the shape and work on the psychology. In a musical it’s slightly different
because you’ve got to hand over to the musical director to learn the song. You’ve
got to do note bashing and until people know the music you can’t continue with
anything else. So although brilliantly Alan [Williams the Musical Director] had
managed to work with David and Scarlett before rehearsals so they knew a lot of
it already, nobody else did. What you normally do on a musical and what indeed
we did this time is to hand over to the musical director and the choreographer for
the first couple of days. We didn’t do movement calls as part of casting because
we had to prioritise singing and acting, (and it’s just a fluke that virtually everyone
in the cast can move brilliantly) so it was important for Scott to investigate and
try out different exercises and steps to see who could pick up what and how
quickly. And he also needed to form the language of the drill and look at how we
might bring tables on (it’s a nightmare trying to bring on a fully made up dining
table, with chairs, plates, vegetables, veal and cutlery etc). What we’ve had to
do with all of this is to drill it so that it’s fluid. Once we’ve learned the score it’s
about working scene by scene, so everyone’s called only when they need to be
called, at this stage we’re not going into a lot of detail in terms of the thoughts or
the intent – it’s just about blocking it and asking some very early questions about
where each character has just come from, how many days is it since we last saw
them and what is it that they want in this scene. Do they want to befriend another
character? To rile them? Do they want to get some information from them? We
ask all those sorts of questions. And from that comes a shape, and at this stage
we’re also trying to work out transitions which take many hours. For example,
those transitions which last around thirty seconds which you see in the production,
32
 took a day each to create in the first instance and have taken the majority of the
hours of the rehearsal period to get right – to be that fluid.
I always try and push through to get the play staged, and in this case we had
done that by the end of the second week. By then we’d also learned all the
music and had got most of the choreography and transitions down in the first
shape. Then we just went back over it again, adding more detail, asking more
questions, doing more psychological analysis, and adding more layers to the
story-telling. For example in the scene where we first see the soldiers eating
together, I said to the soldiers, ‘if you’ve got the narrative information like “it’s
different to grow vegetables in this mountain soil” we need to hear “mountain
soil” so that it gives us an idea and a feel for the place. Another example, “I hear
the King is about to sign a treaty with the French” or “We’ve heard about your
heroic actions against the Austrian infantry”’ all of those give us a sense of setting
and time and character history. I asked them all to go away, research, come up
with character histories and backstories, for example, how long had they been
at this outpost? How long had they known eachother? Who is new to it? Who is
older? Why had they come here? Do they have any specialities, so for example
Haydn, who plays the cook – Sergeant Lombardi, is able to talk thoroughly about
his recipe specialities. By the time we got into the fourth week, we started to
share these histories with the group, so everyone began to see how they could
use eachothers’ stories. For example if we know that one character is an equine
specialist, then when another character has a certain line that may pertain to
horses, he may choose to give the other character a certain look. The audience
might not know that a certain actor has decided that their character was shot in
the arm in 1859, but the actor knows and the other people in the play know and
it informs the richness of the scene. I do that for every play that I do. Once we’ve
done the character backstories we start to get into more and more detail until we
run the whole piece over a period of three days, with a full company call, and then
we try to get it down to a day, and then we run single sections, so that the first
run-through isn’t as daunting, and then you get into a first run and keep going.
33
 Tell me a little bit about the character of Fosca. Why is she so compelling?
I think probably because Sondheim and Lapine probably both think that they’re
Fosca, so therefore there’s a connection from the writers to that character. And
I think it’s the surprising nature of her behaviour, so that nothing’s predictable,
you’re always on the edge of your seat as an audience member; you don’t know
what she’s going to do from one moment to the next. The work that I’ve done
with Elena is about her committing to each mood change, to each different
situation: not to allow them to even out, but always to catch us off guard. There’s
a rich emotional centre to the character which probably comes from a very
heartfelt personal experience – particually from Sondheim I think, who when he
was writing it, fell in love, so he claims, for the first time. He’s always been an
outsider: if you look at his other pieces he’s always been on the outside as a social
commentator, it’s as if he’s the witty guy at the party who’s looking at the others,
and he hides behind that wit and that rhyme, whereas very little of PASSION
rhymes, although some of it is has a lovely lightlness of touch. It’s very rarely witty
– it’s often joyous and fun but not cynical and I think as a result there is a well of
emotion which is underneath it all that makes it so compelling and in this case he’s
on the inside.
34
 During preview performances for the original Broadway production
of PASSION the audience laughed because they couldn’t believe the
sentimentality of it. How to you maintain the fine line between an incredibly
moving drama and sentimentality?
A lot of work was done during the preview period for the premier of PASSION in
New York, so when the audience laughed it was very early on in the process of
the piece, and I think it just seemed a little bit too ridiculous. However, there are
moments in Fosca’s behaviour that are unpredictable and so crazy and that the
audience might still laugh but that’s ok. However, in the original version, there was
one bit where Fosca used to cut off her hair, and in the bedroom scene she said
‘when I die I’ll leave you my brains’. At the very end when Giorgio gets handed the
final letter from her, it came with the box and inside that box were Fosca’s brains.
And that is ridiculous! So the fact that this isn’t in the piece now means that
Lapine and Sondheim did a lot of learning. With the Donmar I think it also helps
because the nature of the space means that we can be more true, more detailed,
we don’t have to present it out to a big auditorium. Creating full lives for each of
the characters so that it’s a complete ensemble of ten creates a really rich world
and therefore rescues it from a melodrama or sentimentality.

This is your third play at the Donmar – your second this year. You directed
POLAR BEARS by Mark Haddon in the spring and PIAF in Autumn 2008. How
do you go about creating a piece especially for the Donmar and what’s so
special about it?
At the Donmar, you can’t do big sets or big set pieces – it’s all about the acting
ultimately. And the more you can create images and tell stories through bodies
in a space and the connection between individual actors, the better, because
that’s the most thrilling. When we did POLAR BEARS there are so many different
locations that should demand furniture, but if you’d wheeled on a bed, and then
a telephone box and then tables and chairs it would have been a disaster. The
play had to move at the speed of turning a page. That is why we jump cut and
cinematically dissolved from one scene to another. PASSION demands tables and
chairs and beds etc and of course you have the ritual of the Italian family meal as
it were and the place settings. You can’t have a musical called PASSION without
and beds – that’s where many of the key scenes take place. But the good news is
that you go back to these places more than once, so you can either bring on that
furniture again and the audience doesn’t think anything of it – as long as you do it
cinematically, fluidly and in a brilliantly choreographed interesting way or you can
do what we do which is a bit different. But if you notice we actually go to Fosca’s
bedroom twice and we only create it once. We go back to the Milan room twice
and we only bring on the bed at the beginning. And that’s because I think at the
Donmar you accept that simplicity is the key. And if you set up the convention that
in Milan there is a bed there, then next time you go, if you’ve got the same doors
and the same quality of light, your mind has the imprint of that bed so you don’t
need to recreate it. It’s about finding the simplest possible option that enables us
to tell the story and put the emphasis on the acting, and that’s why I think we’ve
always found the best actors at the Donmar which is why we’ve got this ideal cast
for PASSION. It’s also important when you cast it to make sure that you’ve got
the right people, because the minute you haven’t, you’re relying on a bit of set or
a good costume to save it. But I think it is without a doubt the best stage in the
world that I’ve seen, because it allows for pockets of intimacy. It’s incredible when
you’re sitting over there in the corner and you’re so close to Fosca in her bed, but
35
 the experience is no less intimate for the audience on the other side, because
over there, they’re seeing something completely different. I think the joy of seeing
something at the Donmar more than once in different places is so exciting. But it
means that it’s really tricky to stage it, because nothing can be static. I keep calling
it ‘Donmar craft’ because you’ve got to be aware at all times of the people on the
sides because of course the combined number of those side seats is more than
those in the centre. And that’s all a part of your thinking right from the beginning
of rehearsals, but I think it means that you’re able to be quite poetic. As a director,
for me it’s all about simplicity. It’s all about thinking – what is the most simple,
delicate way of expressing something. I love it – I wish I could do everything at the
Donmar.

36
 Interviews with the cast

Elena Roger plays Fosca.

Would you tell us a bit about your first encounter with the piece?
About five years ago a friend of mine told me about this play and she gave me
the film and also the novel Fosca in Italian. I watched the film and thought it was
hilarious! and that the character of Fosca was incredible. I thought it was very
funny and very emotional. But then, last year when I was doing ‘Piaf’ in Buenos
Aires Jamie called me and he said that he was going to direct PASSION and asked
me if I would like to be Fosca. I thought at that moment it was a great opportunity
to work again with Jamie and at The Donmar. I have Italian ancestors and so things
that are connected with Italy make me feel happy. I didn’t know the play so I didn’t
know there were so many scenes and there would be so much acting. When I
realized that I thought it would be another new step for me, to improve my acting.

37
 How does the story in the novel translate into the musical?
When we started rehearsing I read the novel which helped me to understand the
character. The novel is amazing. It talks about love and the many ways you can
love someone – positively, unconditionally, with pity – there are so many different
ways and we call them all by the same word, ‘love’. We can hurt with love, or
we can make someone very happy with love. I admired Tarchetti’s sensitivity.
The film is great but of course, when you read a novel, you go deeper. I think that
Sondheim and Lapine understood perfectly how to tell the story. Their songs and
melodies are constantly helping all of the emotion of the story to be understood.
“Love, the most complex and most powerful of all passions, is at the same
time born in the most easy and simple manner. A man and a woman meet,
look at each other, see each other – and that suffices. What was so moving
in that look? What did it contain? No one knows. Nonetheless, every affair
begins with a look.”13
In the Donmar space which is so small and so intimate, everything gets a new
sense. It is so truthful, and the audience are completely connected with the story.

What was it like working with Sondheim himself?

I had a session with him on the Friday of the first week and I sang all of the songs
for him and he gave me some notes on diction and tempi. Because he wrote it,
he knows exactly what he wants it to say. It was very useful. We were so lucky
to have Sondheim telling us how to do it. He is a very wise man. I loved him and I
loved working with him. Although it was only one day, it was enough.

You collaborated with Jamie on PIAF. What is it about that relationship that
works?
I don’t know. It’s like falling in love or finding a best friend. It works in the same
way with a director. Before PIAF I didn’t know his work, but then I saw his Pinter
productions and I thought they were incredible! He is so detailed. He knows that
my weakness is the language and he knows how to direct me and teach me. I feel
very confident with him. We play together; we are like kids. We connect very well.
I don’t know if you can understand that but it’s something that happens in the
universe. Our energy works very together. He is a good person and he wants to
enjoy the process.

The character of Fosca.

She is a very lonely person. She was an only child. She had a very good life. She
was always very sensitive. She loved to be loved and gave love to all creatures;
animals and plants. Then she had a very bad moment when she got married to a
guy who destroyed her. He was with her only for her money. He left her ruined
with no money. Her parents died. She didn’t eat because she was depressed and
she begun to have these nervous attacks because she’s so sensitive. She lives
surrounded by the military men who aren’t very cultured people.
“She is like an exposed nerve”14
She loves to read and has a very deep inside world. She dreams about meeting
a prince and him falling in love with her. When she reads, she lives in that novel.
When Giorgio appears, he’s so handsome, so sensitive, and like a prince. She
thinks she could have that novel with Giorgio.
38
 ““I fly above books […] as I have flown above life … I read neither to learn
nor to think – I abhor works of morality and metaphysics – I read to forget,
to acquaint myself with joys that the world dispenses to the happy, and to
delight in their echo, as it were. That is the only joy I take in my existence:
flight from reality, oblivion, dream.’”15
Giorgio and Fosca do connect but because Fosca is so needy their relationship
can’t work to begin with. But ultimately things develop between them and she
makes him realize what life is about.
This play talks about all of the rules that society puts in our heads then as now.
Everyone in the play tries to intellectualize instead of feeling and doing. Fosca is
the only one who does what she wants. She doesn’t care what anyone thinks.
She just lives. Because she knows she will die soon. She’s going to get Giorgio’s
love, or she’s not going to keep it inside. She can give him an unconditional love
which Clara is unable to give.
It’s a very psychological play. Maybe we don’t realize but often, as human beings,
we try not to be happy, instead of trying to be happy. Sometimes we look for that
lover that is not able to be with us. Because we are romantic maybe.

How does it feel to perform the piece night after night?

I don’t know yet! Once we open I’ll be able to tell you more. There are so many
deep moments. Maybe it’s going to be wonderful…

David Thaxton plays Giorgio.

The character of Giorgio.

He’s a soldier. He’s a Captain. And something of a military celebrity. He rescued a
man in the midst of fire and carried him back to his battalion on horseback and this
has gained him a certain fame within the army. He has a certain film star quality.
Everyone has heard of him.
He’s got a girlfriend. She’s called Clara. She’s married. They’re having an affair.
Because he’s been ill, he hasn’t been working. But he’s recovered by the time the
play starts, so he gets transferred off to an outpost near Parma. This is a six hour
train journey from Milan and Clara. At the outpost he meets the Colonel, and the
Doctor and all of the other Soldiers and he also meets Fosca.
Fosca proceeds to fall horrifically, Bunny-boiler in love with Giorgio! And takes
Giorgio on a journey of self re-discovery, and teaches him what love really is, but
does it the hard way.

Can you describe Giorgio’s journey in detail?

He’s blissed out with Clara and very much in love. He thinks he’s found it and that
he knows exactly what love is. He’s a great soldier but he’s also a poet and he’s
got left-wing spirit in him. He’s very intellectual and romantic and loves all the
beautiful fine things in life. He meets Fosca and has a natural compassion for her
and wants to help her. She’s very troubled and he wants to show her all of these
39
 beautiful things in life. In doing so, he makes her love him even more. She stalks
him. And is completely relentless in her attempts to win him over. On the one
hand you could see it as constant selfishness and insensitivity but it’s not that, she
just loves him so deeply. By the end of the piece he’s come to realize that the kind
of love Fosca has for him is so far beyond his wildest dreams; he had no idea such
love even existed. He sees Fosca’s love is the most beautiful kind of love. The last
song I sing is about ‘Love without mercy, without pride or shame’.
“Fosca alone merited my love, she alone had loved me, she who braved
ridicule, scorn, anger, she who renounced her woman’s pride, imploring, for
pity’s sake, what other women give out of weakness, vanity or vice.”16

Is the play a tragedy?

It certainly could be viewed in that way. It’s a very emotional ending. It’s very
high stakes and very tense. He’s a broken man by the end: Fosca dies; he’s shot
the Colonel who he has a great affection and love for; he’s become completely
ostracized. So it could be seen as a tragedy. But it’s not. I think the overwhelming
feeling that one should get at the end of the evening comes from the letter
Fosca writes at the end. She says she knows she’s going to die and that’s fine
because now she has been loved and everywhere she looks things seem different
because of all the things Giorgio has taught her. She writes, ‘Everything seems
right, possible, every moment bursts with feeling’ – she’s finally come alive in the
moment before her death - and her love will live on in Giorgio, so it’s a hopeful and
a beautiful ending – but it’s pretty teary as well I think!

40
 What are the particular challenges of performing Sondheim?
He’s an actual living genius. He thinks outside of the box. Because he thinks
differently, his compositions tend to be harder; time signatures might be harder
or the melodies might be more complicated. I love music like this, not just in the
theatre. I love bands like Radiohead or Elbow or Sigur Ros where you have to
really invest yourself in what you’re listening to. Sondheim is exactly like that, I
think. You have to give yourself over to it.
And when you’re performing it as well. The music takes you there. It gets you into
a headspace. And helps you to create your journey through the piece. When I hear
Fosca’s song, ‘All the time I watched from my room’, it’s beautiful but I can feel it
swimming around my head.
What I love about PASSION is that from the minute Giorgio leaves Clara, I think
everyone is to some degree mentally unstable. And everything is around him
so strange, it’s a kind of brainwashing that happens to him. And Sondheim’s
music creates that feeling. Because we don’t have an interval, we can just grab
an audience and take them with us for an hour and forty minutes into this fever
dream but it’s not possible without music as subtle, but as complex, as beautiful,
as dark, and as witty as Steve’s is.

Scarlett Strallen plays Clara.

What drew you to the project?

Jamie Lloyd the director was a big draw for me. People I knew who’d worked with
him before had said working with him had just been a completely joyous, positive
and uplifting experience. That is what we do it for; to grow and create. Jamie is a
master at creating an atmosphere which makes you flourish. I’ve never worked
with anyone like him. I didn’t know anything about the piece. They sent me a lot
of material for the audition. I had a very good picture of what I thought Clara might
need.

The character of Clara.

She’s an interesting character because she’s having an illicit affair. She’s not a
goody two shoes. Having just played Mary Poppins for the last few years, the idea
of playing a character who has complicated ideas and an interesting life and was a
real flesh and blood woman was something I hadn’t really explored before.
“I knocked at a door on the first floor, and a beautiful young woman came to
open it. She seemed to be struck in some peculiar fashion by my demeanour;
I myself was not less struck by the contrast that I formed with her. She was
so serene, so young, so blooming; and the world had apparently treated her
so benignly thus far that I beheld her for a moment without speaking, awed
by that sweet and profound marvel.”17

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 Can you describe Clara’s journey?
When you meet her she’s having this blissful, unbelievable, wondrous affair with
this man who she’s deeply in love with. But I think that she ultimately knows
it’s slightly doomed, that it’s built on sand like lots of affairs are. So she’s just
living for the moment. Then within about a minute of the piece we hear that he’s
going away. Immediately their relationship is put under pressure. Then they start
this lovely letter writing and they get another bout of loving through that. Then
that becomes more and more tense when Clara feels Giorgio has met this other
woman, who is a strange character. Giorgio is intrigued by this woman and Clara
knows that he is intrigued. Eventually Giorgio tells Clara that he’s drawn to Fosca
and needs to help her and Clara understands that, being a mother. And then it all
just sort of dissipates at the end. Really tragic, Clara’s story I think. She doesn’t
die. But that part of her dies. The part of her that’s alive and has found a love and
has found life. She’s seen life in colour for the first time. She’s back in her cage.
She couldn’t ever have left it. That’s the problem.

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 “I could have sworn that I had already heard her voice many times, heard
it as a child, in my dreams… I peered at her as though I might recognize
her… Having reached the landing, I turned, and saw that she had remained
motionless at the door, accompanying me with her gaze, apparently stirred
and pensive. Did she comprehend that I was unfortunate?”18

What is PASSION like to perform?

Incredibly intense. Both Elena and I laugh so hard in the dressing room, and the
boys provide a lot of laughter. But we’ve needed that balance. PASSION is like a
rhapsody. Playing it, you feel like you’re just disappearing down a well.

Is it liberating to play a character freed from naturalism in the staging (eg;

walking across the table while the officers eat)?
It’s a challenge for the imagination. She’s not in the naturalistic world. She’s in her
own bubble. I have to bring on my own reality with that. I have to bring on my own
history and location. So I’m not literally standing on a table, I’m climbing a hill or
I’m standing on the bed in my mind.

After three previews what are you discovering about the Donmar stage and
the audience?
I’m finding it much more of a challenge to be so close. I love it once I’m in it. The
immediate feeling once I get on is terror because you can see them listening.
You can see every rustle, every cough, every look. You can feel it. They are in the
world with you. To begin with it is the biggest shock. The level of concentration is
greater than I’ve ever needed before. But when you feel the energy working, it is
unbelievable. When you get it, there’s nothing like it.

What was it like working with Sondheim?

He came on the very first day. We had to sing our entire score for him on the very
first day which was amazing. He stood behind the piano. We didn’t really know it
but had vaguely done our own homework on it, thankfully. And I was just thinking,
wow, when does this happen that you actually sing for a living composer? And we
got to ask him, ‘Why did you choose to go up on this note?’ ‘Why did you choose
a rest here?’ And he was so open to questions and it was wonderful. And he came
on the second preview and he loved it. He was weeping! He’s so pleased we’re
putting it on because it doesn’t an airing that often because it is so curious. He
loved it in the space.

43
 David Birrell, Allan Corduner, Ross Dawes, Iwan Lewis, Tim
Morgan, Haydn Oakley talk about playing Sondheim’s military
men.

Can you describe the rehearsal process?

David Birrell: The process has been like a play as opposed to like a musical, going
back to the book and back to the source material rather than a musical where we
would work with what we’ve got on the page and don’t go beyond that.
Simon Bailey: One of the first things Jamie said to us was there’s no such thing
as a stupid question. And that is so great for an actor to hear. It sets you free to
ask whatever you want.
Iwan Lewis: Even with my part, which is the smallest in the play, Jamie was so
encouraging. He said there’s no small parts, only small actors. And I’ve never gone
into so much depth working on any character.
Ross Dawes: It’s been an amazing company; Jamie and Alan and Scott have been
such an amazing team and it’s been an entirely positive process. It’s something
we’re really proud of and have put a huge amount of work in collectively, and we
hope that shows.

What research did you do and how did it feed into the production?
David Birrell: Tarchetti was a soldier himself so we all went back to the
novel ‘Fosca’ and a lot of the detail he gives in the book is really valuable. We
researched elsewhere and pieced it all together to create individual backstories
and biographies for our characters. We also gave them Christian names.

44
 Ross Dawes: We used the research and selected what worked for us to create
character biographies which was great. It’s a very creative way of using research.
We didn’t feel tied to the research but used it to serve our performances.
David Birrell: Jamie said to us, the only way this will work is if we all have depth
to our stories. Sondheim said he’s never seen the soldiers so well-drawn in
performance.
Allan Corduner: Sondheim said it was like he’d never seen it before. He said it
was the definitive production.
Iwan Lewis: He said that for the first time in his whole career (which is a long
career, apparently) he had no notes for any of the actors.
Allan Corduner: He cried on Jamie’s shoulder.
David Birell: We do adlib in the dinner scenes and Jamie pushed that because
he wanted us to bring all of the detailed work of rehearsal to life in performance.
We’ve got a private and a colonel – two opposite ends of the rankings but they’re
still quite familiar. And we’re not English. We’re Italian soldiers and it’s a less
structured army we’re in than we would think of today.
Ross Dawes: A lot of the scenes we have are relatively short and so the audience
needs to see the relationships from the off. The level of detail we’ve brought
means that we don’t just open a scene laughing, we know why we’re laughing
and what’s been said before. There is a history and the scenes emerge out of that.
The moments of humour come from specific moments within the history we’ve
built together as a company.
Allan Corduner: The play is so distilled from the book. There’s no run-up in any
scene. And that’s a challenge. There’s so much going on from the novel and yet it
has to be achieved in a single page.
Tim Morgan: Each scene is a riotous slice of life.
David Birrell: Bearing in mind the Donmar space, and the fact you’re never that
far away from the audience, Jamie was very keen that everything onstage looked
real. The costumes look real, not like something from musical theatre. Jamie
treated the piece throughout as a play rather than a musical. On a proscenium
arch stage you could have a group of soldiers in the background talking about their
lunch or the film they saw last night but because of the audience proximity we
had to work in more detail. It had to be real. And as Jamie said very early on, in the
Donmar, there’s nowhere to hide.
Simon Bailey: What you find when you’re in the audience at the Donmar is that
you’re not always looking at the players delivering the dialogue. You can be looking
at the other characters onstage and thinking about their stories. We had to have
individuality to our characters. We weren’t just a bunch of people. If you look at
someone who isn’t speaking and they’ve still got a story going on, it creates a
whole world.

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 Meet the Soldiers:

Lieutenant Giovanni Torasso – Simon Bailey

My character was born into a military family. His father was a Major. His mother
loved the opera. Torasso is an extrovert. He likes to laugh a lot, and he bursts into
opera singing in the play. That was borne through his mother’s love of the opera.
She would take him to the opera quite a lot because he had a fractious relationship
with his father. Tim (Morgan) plays a Major and Torasso sees a nicer side of his
father in Major Rizzolli and so they have a good bond.

Sergeant Bono Lombardi, The Cook – Haydn Oakley

He is the youngest of three brothers. He’s from a middling background. His father
has a farm in a place called Medicano which is about 15 km from Parma where we
decided the outpost is. He doesn’t get on very well with his older brother or with
his father. He gets into a fight when he’s 12 and breaks his arm in 3 places. That
means he spends more time in the kitchens with his mum. When his father dies
and his older brother inherits the farm, he joins the army as a Cook so he can stay
close to his mum and continue to cook, which he loves. He hasn’t come from a
privileged background like many of the other officers and he’s only a sergeant. He
started in the outpost cooking for everyday soldiers and through a couple of years’
hardwork gets moved up to the officers’ mess.
In his position he maybe gets more access to Fosca than some of the others
would. Lombardi would take plates of food to her room and leave them outside
and never quite see this faceless woman. Then in the play we see him serve her
coffee for the first time, and it’s so unusual.

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 Private Cristofano Augenti – Iwan Lewis
I am the lowest ranking soldier in the whole crew (and I’m also the youngest in the
whole cast as well!) I was brought up in a town just outside Parma. My mother
worked with horses. My father was a shoemaker. They provided services for the
military; making boots and working in the stables. My parents died when I was
quite young. I had helped my father out in his business before he died and when
I was orphaned a soldier friend of my father’s introduced me to Lieutenant Barri
at the stables. He took me under his wing and helped me to get my place in the
officers’ mess. I have been there about 2 or 3 months when the story starts.

Lieutenant Barri – Ross Dawes

I was born in Milan. I had wealthy parents who owned quite a lot of land. I am
well-educated. I decided to train in medicine. I had been around horses from
a young age. I was a very natural rider and good with horses. So I decided
to be a veterinary surgeon. My older brother served in the first Italian War of
Independence and died leaving behind a wife and a child that was one year-old.
My character never married. He found that very difficult seeing his brother leave
his wife and child behind. They went to live with my parents. I absolutely doted
on my brother’s daughter who by this time is 16. They are my only family. I have
traveled a lot with the military and worked in many different stables. For my
friends, I’m a rod of iron, very loyal. But I wouldn’t think twice about going to the
brothels in town or staying up late playing cards.
I have some sympathy for Fosca but I never show it to the men. The softer side of
my character is never shown.

Tim Morgan – Major Ricardo Rizzolli

I am from a military background, my father was in the military. I went to a military
academy in Milan. A couple of years below me at the military school was Colonel
Ricci. Our Fathers knew each other and fought together. I landed at the outpost
after several years in the Italian army about three years ago. I helped to set it
up as a military post. After 3 years, Colonel Ricci came and joined us which put
my nose out of joint because I assumed that I would be taking over. We are still
friends and I am his side-kick, his second in command. I am very much a military
man; a great rider, a superb shot, great with the sabre, a frontline soldier. I see
a younger version of myself in Torasso. I get on very well with Lieutenant Barri.
We go gambling and drinking in town in Parma together. He doesn’t have much
time for the cook because of the dreadful cooking; he’s used to fine dining. He’s
disillusioned with the institution of the army and so any notch he can have against
them he thinks is brilliant. He doesn’t like newcomers so when Giorgio arrives, the
decorated war hero, he’s very annoyed with the preferential treatment he seems
to receive from the Colonel. He helps Colonel Ricci to run operations but isn’t very
hands-on himself. He barks out the orders to other people. He doesn’t see eye-to-
eye with the Doctor.
I’ve been there 4 years - Fosca has been there 3 years – and I’ve seen all the little
games she plays with all of us. Every Christmas or every gathering she tries her
tantrums or tries to gain affection from us.

47
 Colonel Antonio Ricci – David Birrell
Of all the chaps, I’ve had the easiest job in creating a biography as there’s so much
detail about my character in the novel and the musical. We know he’s Fosca’s
uncle, he’s an only child, his parents died when he was a very young man. He was
directly involved in what happened to Fosca, in her meeting Count Ludovic, and
him feeling responsible for that.
“On the following morning, I went to visit the Colonel, the commanding
officer to whom I was assigned. He was about sixty, slender and short
of stature. His temperament was devoid of any strength or masculinity,
although the routine of command and discipline left a frankly energetic,
military stamp on his demeanour. As in many weak natures, the absence of
strength was compensated by a greater sweetness of spirit, and by a species
of naivety that approached ignorance, so extraordinary in a man of that
age and profession. His disposition was cheerful and vivacious. You could
call him a terrible soldier, yet he was an able mathematician, an excellent
draughtsman, highly skilled in all the sciences pertaining to war; and, what is
unusual in every class of humankind, doubly unusual in the military, he was
an exceptionally honest man.”19
I have had to dig deep to find those connections that aren’t there already, and
flesh out my sense of who Colonel Ricci is. I arrived 3 years ago with Fosca in tow
and at that point I said, there needs to be a very good doctor on the base and I
was responsible for bringing him there. I trust the doctor.
I have a tiny scene with the doctor where we’re walking in the garden, some time
after Giorgio’s arrival. I say we’ll go off and leave Fosca and Giorgio alone together
and I think I’ve been prompted to do so by the doctor.

Bruno Tambourri, The Doctor – Allan Corduner

I was born into a wealthy, upper-middle class family with land. My father was an
army doctor too. Before Bruno was born he had an older sister called Alessandra.
She was named after her father Alessandro. Before that there had been two dead
babies. Bruno goes into the family business and sees a lot of frontline combat. His
nextdoor neighbour when he was young was his childhood sweetheart and they
married and had a child. But mother and child both died in childbirth at Christmas
and it completely finished Bruno off in terms of other relationships. Nowadays we
might have said that Bruno had leanings towards homosexuality and he possibly
knew that himself, but in 1863 he never expressed that and so after his wife died,
he never went anywhere at all sexually and became a sort of ascetic. He turned to
the tarot, which was invented in Northern Italy 500 years previously.
““Here are my friends,” said the Doctor, pointing to the skulls on the
mantelpiece and passing the candle flame before them. “They will keep you
company while I sit outside playing my game of tarot; they will not disturb
you, they are quiet souls.””20
He has this dark, spiritual side. He’s also very interested in research about germs
which was beginning in the mid-nineteenth century. He’s a beekeeper and spends
time watching the bees on flowers. He’s a solitary man. He very much likes Barri
and Torasso. He has a small degree of sympathy for the cook!

48
 The Doctor’s Plot – Why does he act in the way that he does?
The Doctor feels a great affinity with Fosca but also an irritation. So he’s very
conflicted about her. He spends a lot of time trying to help her. They have a bond
and talk well into the night together. In the novel it says that the minute Giorgio
walks in, the doctor knows that this is the man who is going to be able to help
him to help her. And likewise, Giorgio says, the doctor is the man to whom he
is drawn immediately. The Doctor sees in Giorgio a kindred spirit either with
Fosca or with himself, or with both. There’s also a possibility the doctor rather
fancies Giorgio. When he asks Giorgio to help Fosca, he means it. But also, he’s
sort of playing. He’s at an outpost; he’s seen so much active service. We asked
Sondheim why we thought the doctor did all he did and Sondheim said, ‘because
he’s bored’. I think that’s an ingredient but I think it’s more than that. He goes
behind the Colonel’s back to put Fosca and Giorgio together, and some degree of
it is genuine. But it gets out of control. There seems something almost voyeuristic
there in his motives. It’s complex and multi-layered and you never quite know.
He certainly doesn’t want to unhinge either of them and when he sees Giorgio
becoming unhinged he gets completely freaked out and desperate and sends
Giorgio away.

49
 Interview with Alan Williams, Musical Director of PASSION

Can you tell me what the role of an MD entails?

The MD is responsible for everything musical in the production. That includes the
casting, teaching the music to the cast, putting the orchestra together, rehearsing
the orchestra and then conducting the performance every night to keep it all
together. It starts very early on with the casting. Jamie and I have worked together
a lot before, so we got together and talked through our vision for the production
to make sure that we are in tune with each other and we know what we want the
production to be.
Once we get into the rehearsal room we start every day with a warm-up and that’s
my job too. And then my role changes depending on what stage we are at with
rehearsals. The first week is usually spent teaching the score. There would be
ensemble calls for the soldiers who all need to sing together and then the three
main leads would have individual calls. After that it’s more about being in the
rehearsal room and keeping an eye on what’s going on when they’re staging the
scenes – working on them together with Jamie to make sure they work musically.
Together we work on the musical interpretation and the acting at the same time.
Once we get in to the run-through stage, I conduct that and take notes during it.
It’s important for me to make sure that the diction is clear and that musically we
are ok, because I’ve got in the back of my mind that once we get into the theatre,
rather than just having the piano in the rehearsal room, we will suddenly have a
nine piece orchestra and I will have nine people to communicate with. So what the
cast is doing has to be robust enough for the orchestra to just slot in.
During this production I also have to play as well as conduct. And I see it very
much as my responsibility to pace the show musically. So it’s not just a case of
on a certain word cue - we go - and then we play it at that tempo. On this show,
particularly because it moves about so much musically, you’ve got to feel the
whole evening, and determine how the show is paced. On some nights it will go
quicker than others, but it’s a matter of judging the audience, and judging how the
actors are feeling, how it’s going on a particular night, being able to be sensitive
to that and then calculating what you need to do to respond. I’ve also got to listen
out for things too because I will be noting the show.

Why did you want to work on PASSION?

I saw the original production with Maria Friedman and Michael Ball in 1996 and I
really liked it but I knew that there was more to it. So I went out and I bought the
CD and then I really began to get into it. I went back to see the production again
and it was one of the most important nights of my life in the theatre. So when I
was asked to work on this production there really wasn’t any question of it for me
– to add to that working with Jamie and at the Donmar which is the best space for
this production it is really the best job!

How does your role fit in with the director and other people in the rehearsal
room? Who do you have to work closely with? What are the challenges of
lots of different people being in control of different parts of the action?
It can differ on different shows. On this show for example, it’s not a big dance
show so it’s more about the score, the music and the acting, whereas in some
shows the choreographer would have more responsibility and it would be my role

50
 to support them. The production always starts with the director and then I came
on board with the casting because in this case it was most important that we had
the right actors and the right singers.

Can you tell us a bit about PASSION as a musical – what’s special or unusual
about it?
The score for PASSION is very irregular – it’s not like you’ve got a drum beat that
just pulls you along – it pulls about all over the place. You’ll have a 7/4 bar and
then a 3/4 bar and there are never an equal amount of beats in the bar because
Sondheim wrote it to be as you would speak it, so all the music tends to fall in
speech rhythms. So that in itself means that it’s irregular and therefore very hard
to keep together. A lot of the actors find it hard to learn to start with, but once
they get it, it goes straight in and it feels completely natural to them. It’s just about
finding a way in to the way he’s written it which is very naturalistic. We’re now
trained to sing in regular beats, with four beats in a bar and we expect every song
to have an equal time signature so this feels unusual at first.
There are no big songs in PASSION. You could pick some out such as Loving
You or No One Has Ever Loved Me, but Sondheim wrote it from start to finish
almost like a Wagner opera, in such a way that it doesn’t ever let you in – the
momentum just keeps going which makes it very intense. There are never any
applause moments, there are never any moments where you let the air out – it
just keeps going and going, and in a way it is the closest thing he has ever written
to an opera for that reason. Sweeney Todd is another of Sondheim’s musicals that
is very operatic, but with Sweeney there are individual songs that you can pick
out – with PASSION it’s not a musical with songs that can act as a hook – that the
audience will hum the tunes to, but it pays off in another respect because it’s such
an intense theatrical experience and it’s such a sophisticated score.
And there are also motifs that Sondheim uses within this piece – there are
leitmotifs associated with certain characters – so you’ll hear a certain tune
happening in the orchestra and the audience will know that it’s Fosca’s theme.
The music for PASSION is not surprisingly very passionate and romantic and as
Sondheim described when he was here, it’s very rhapsodic and that’s how he likes
to think of it.

What are the skills required for a performer in a musical like PASSION?
Sondheim himself always says that he wants actors rather than singers – so it’s
always the acting that comes first, but I don’t think he really means that! Because
then he goes ahead and writes really tricky music. It’s true that we needed to
have a cast who could really act but then with the vocal demands it needed to be
people who could really sing as well. So this casting process was very difficult
– harder than most musicals, particularly for the three leads and particularly for
the role of Giorgio, because he is the character who has to sing throughout but
he also has a journey from start to finish – he’s really got to be able to act. When
David came along to auditions there wasn’t anyone else that was so obviously this
character.

51
 You’ve worked on big musicals, such as Spamalot, Sister Act and Hairspray.
How does being an MD for the Donmar differ from doing the job for a
production in a West End Theatre?
One of the ways in which it is different is that there are not as many people
involved in the process. This includes management, producers and even creatives.
In the music department for instance, on this production there is myself, there’s
Mark who is my assistant and then there’s the band. On a big show like Sister Act
there is the composer, the orchestrator, the musical supervisor, the dance music
arranger, the musical director. This is a much nicer way to work because I have
more control - musically I’m responsible for everything, and I’m the one who has
to make it work on a nightly basis.
As far as performance goes, the intimacy of the space at the Donmar means that
you have to be much more precise, everything has to be so much more detailed
than doing things on a big scale and that’s why it does become more about the
acting, so everyone’s thoughts and everyone’s musical phrasing absolutely has to
complement that acting. In a way you can get away with much broader strokes on
a pros arch stage, because it’s about the lights and the effects. On a big West End
show you have a bigger orchestra which is just loud so as an audience member
you’re wowed by the fact that you’re hit with an amazing sound, whereas in the
Donmar, particularly with PASSION, it’s very subtle. We do have a nine piece
orchestra but for some of the time it will just be the violin and cello playing. This
means that the players have got to be of an amazing standard because they’re so
much more exposed and because of that it makes it more rewarding.

Stephen Sondheim’s principals for song

writing.
I have three principals for writing, which are all classical principals that have been
applied to art throughout many [years, although] some of them have only been
articulated in the Twentieth Century:
• Less is more
• Content dictates form
• God is in the details
In terms of lyric writing, I know that clarity is the most important principal. Clarity
of thought, clarity of words, clarity for the singer, clarity of intention but I think that
those three principals will serve any art form and particularly song writing.
Stephen Sondheim in conversation with Terry Gross on Fresh Air

52
 Extracts from Resident Assistant Director,
Titas Halder’s Rehearsal Diary

Week 1

Dear All,
A great start to rehearsals on PASSION at the Jerwood Space. After the meet-and-greet, Christopher
and Jamie presented the model box to the full company and discussed the concept for the production.
We were also joined by Stephen Sondheim, who spoke to the company about the genesis of the piece and
answered any questions that the company had. We then split into two rooms. Mark Etherington worked
with the actors playing the soldiers on the Gossip music sections while Elena, Scarlett and David worked
with Jamie, Alan and Stephen on the Clara/Giorgio/Fosca sections. Scott Ambler also worked with
the full company on movement setting up exercises which would serve as a foundation for the Military
Madness section and the scene Transitions a start on what will be an integral part of the production’s
fluid style.
Through the week, Jamie started to work chronologically through the scenes, while Alan ran simultaneous
music calls in anticipation of the next scene to be worked on. As we read and begin to stage each scene,
Jamie makes sure that the actors read through their dialogue and their lyrics in order to ensure that
all lines, sung and spoken, have concrete thoughts and intentions supporting them. Jamie has also been
careful to build in the research undertaken on Italian Unification to make sure that all the actors have a
thorough understanding of the contextual world of the piece.
We have managed to cover a substantial amount of ground, having worked through the text to Scene
Four, and we aim to have found a shape for the whole piece in the third week. Scott has been doing great
work in finding a language for the tricky dining-table transitions and scenes. The singing is sounding
fantastic, and Alan is working meticulously to make sure that everyone is working to the highest standard
on the music. Penny Dyer joined at the end of the week to work through vocal clarity with individual
actors. The company have all been getting on brilliantly so far, are in high spirits, and everyone is eager
to continue the good work.
All best,
Titas

Week 2
ay, and are
ab ou t tw o thirds of the pl
Dear All, to co ve r the week
t pr og re ss . W e have managed e th ir d we ek . The early part of
of grea play once during
th
It’s been a week rk ed through the rent music sect
ions.
to ha ve wo n co nc ur
well on trac k ils t A la n ra working on
sc en e wo rk with Jamie , wh
en t th e wh ole of Thursday
consisted of d Scot t sp l in order
th e Fl as hback. Jamie an ct io n fr om Tarchetti’s nove
breakthrou gh on pondin g se ic section.
We made a real th e co m pa ny read the corres in g a tr ic ky m ovement and mus
the morning ,
elling before ap
proach eaking in
this section. In t an d st or yt th e co nc ep t of the actors br
nd the subt ex cilitat e a’s past.
to fully understa d Sc ot t cr ea te d a staging to fa ch ar ac te rs th at compose Fosc
n, Jamie an ous
In the afternoo inhabit the vari erybody was still
ga m e of pool in order to ag e wa s being staged, ev cosm of
and out of a st yl is ed
re th at wh ils t this tricky pa ss
th e wo rk wa s an exciting micro
to make su ing. The result of
Alan was at hand ed ac cu racy on their sing
re qu ir
maintaining the tt and David on
a
e co nc ep t fo r the production. m ie di d sc en e work with Scarle oo n, we ha d
th ng, Ja aftern
en d to th e we ek. In the morni ld ie rs ’ Go ss ip sections. In the of Gi or gi o
ng So t
Friday was a stro t worked on the alise the concep
fr om sc en es 11 -13, whilst Scot Sc ot t wo rk ed with Jamie to re ri es of m az e-like walls
section g on Nightmare. or eo graphed se
ou gh wo rk in tors cr ea te d a ch e look forward
another breakthr pe fr om Fo sc a, and so the ac h lif ts an d clever reveals. W
es ca ro ug
not being able to Giorgio’s path th greater focus.
wh ic h Fo sc a continually blocks d be gi nn in g to revisit scenes in
throug h play once, an
ing through the
to finishing work
All best,
Titas
53
Week 3
e action of the
wo rk through all of th
Dear All, ve m an ag ed to few scenes, and
Je rw oo d Space. We ha we wo rked on the last e
Another great we
ek at th e y and Tu es da y, rked through th
ac hi ev ed m id week. On Monda af te rn oo n, Ja mie and Alan wo lt s.
we da y resu
play once, which quence. On Tues great emotional
on th e complex duel se El en a and David, with
made a st ar t Gior gi o wi th section. The
en e 14 be tween Fosca and llo wi ng fe ver-dream music
bedroo m sc and th e fo in order to
g th ro ug h the duel section in g th e ‘te n paces’ to ‘five’
ished wo rk in vision wa s cu tt agement
Midweek, we fin ak e to realise Jamie’s ng at ea ch other. Stage man
we ha d to m fore sh oo ti for the rest
only compromise fr om le av ing the stage be an d m an y of the actuals
the Co lo ne l s for th e gu ns nguish, so that
stop Giorgio and ge t us gr ea t substitute prop do n’t dr ip an d are hard to exti t.
ntly to nt candles which can be carried ou
have done brillia s fo und some brillia N ig htmare section
Ra ch el ha rk in th e
of the show . elabra wo t working
ea t ch or eo gr ap hy for the cand Th ur sd ay an d Friday was spen
Scott’s gr week and most of Despite running
into logistical
wa rd s the end of the en e 2. w
We restarted th
e pl ay to anges du ri ng Sc th a brilliant ne
e tr ic ky ta bl e & meal scene ch gh t to co m e ba ck in on Friday wi wi th Sc ar lett
on refining all th t wo rk ed overni se ss ion workin g
ay , Sc ot sp en t a
the Thursd In the afternoo
n, we oking forward to
table troubles on Ja m ie put into effect. th e ca st and Jamie are lo
he an d ext we ek ,
solution, which ‘sex’ moment. N
d D av id on th e tricky Scene 5 ac te rs an d world of the play
.
an to th e ch ar
of detail
building up layers
All best,
Titas

Week 4

Dear all,
A brilliant week of rehearsals. In the first half of the week we continued to work through individual
scenes, with the aim of starting from the beginning a third time on Thursday. The individual scene calls
allowed us to achieve some detailed and close work to the complex Flashback and Nightmare sections,
and all of the transitions. The boys have all been doing great work as an ensemble and there is a great
energised but focused feel to the room.
Elements of costume started to appear - dresses for the girls, and rehearsal uniform for David. These
have been invaluable in helping us to tighten the precision of the staging by being able to see how
cumbersome the crinolines make the dresses, for example. The rehearsal boots and uniforms have given
the boys a boost in terms of being able to visualise and get a feel for what they will be wearing. We now
have most of the actual props and furniture, which has also helped to give us a more complete sense of
the world of the play. Early in the week, Sue and Nick introduced sound to the room, which has been
a fantastic elemental addition to the texture of rehearsals, rumbling thunder suddenly bringing the
nightmare section to life in particular.
On Thursday, we started from the beginning again, with the aim of running whole sections together.
It has been brilliant to see that the careful and detailed work that Jamie has been leading is starting
to take shape in a fluid and rich staging with real clarity and depth to the storytelling. We made great
progress on the Thursday, working further into the play than we expected, which allowed us on Friday to
continue to run larger and larger chunks together. It has been thrilling to watch sections run into each
other with such energy and clarity. We look forward to running long sections together in week 5, before
welcoming some of you into the room to watch runs, and let us know your invaluable thoughts.
All best,
Titas

54
 4
section
PASSION IN PERFORMANCE

Practical Exercises based on extracts from the

musical

Choose a character from the musical ‘Passion’ and create a biography for that character. You
can do this by writing a list of facts and a list of questions. What do you know about the
character as a fact? What don’t you know? Is there any evidence that can help you to guess
the answer? Try to answer your questions. Create a backstory for your character about their
life before the play.
EG: CLARA.

Facts Questions
Clara is married. What is her husband’s name?
When did she get married?
How long has she been married?
How did they meet?
How old is her husband?
What is his job?
Where did they get married?
Is Clara religious?
Clara has a son. When was he born?
What is his name?
What does he look like?
Does Clara have a nanny?
How rich is Clara?
Clara is Giorgio’s lover. How did they meet?
When did the affair begin?
How often do they meet?
Has Clara been unfaithful before?
Where do they meet?
How do they correspond?
Where was Clara born?
Who were her parents?
Did she have brothers/sisters?
Did she have pets?
There are many more questions you can ask. It becomes like an investigation, working out who
your character is. You can use this technique on any character.

55
 Improvisation Exercises: In order to animate the ensemble scenes, for example, the soldiers
having dinner and laughing or celebrating at the Christmas party, Director Jamie Lloyd
encouraged the cast to improvise what had happened just before these scenes began. This
meant that they brought this energy onto the stage with them. He also encourage them to
improvise onstage during these moments so that they became scenes in themselves.
Improvise Christmas day at the outpost the year before Giorgio arrived. How was it different?
Was it a merry occasion? How did the men treat Fosca?
Improvise the meal on the outpost the evening of Giorgio’s arrival.
T hink of another occasion of significance before the action of the play and improvise it. See
what you discover about the characters and situation.

‘Passion’ is based on the Italian novel Fosca by Igino Ugo Tarchetti. Look at this extract,
describing how Giorgio first meets Fosca. Consider how you would translate this passage from
the novel into a play. Which parts of the dialogue are necessary and which are superfluous?
Would you change any words or add any lines? How would you use stage directions? Where
would you set the scene? What is the tone? Where is it funny? Where is it tragic? Have a go
at writing a version of this meeting for two actors and then try acting it out.

“I introduced myself to her upon entering. When I was seated at the table, she came to
take the place next to me and sweetly said:
‘I see that you are alone. Permit me to keep you company. I desired to meet you, and to
thank you personally for the books you sent me. My cousin has spoken of you, and I would
have liked to see you sooner. But how could I? I am always so ill!’
I was struck by the softness of her voice, more so than I was by her ugliness.
‘But now you seem to have recovered,’ I replied.
‘Recovered!’ she exclaimed, smiling, ‘I think not. Infirmity is my normal state, as health
is yours. Did I say that I was ill? That was an abuse of language. I always do it. Recovery
would require me to depart from the normality of this state, to enjoy an interval of health.
I wanted to stay shut up in my room for a few days, that is all; I have my reasons; I have
endured a period of profound melancholy.’
Seeing that the conversation threatened so quickly to draw us into a range of confidences,
I refrained from responding to her.
[…] ‘I fly above books,’ she responded somberly, ‘ as I would have flown above life, if a
life had been granted to me. I once read of a flower whose calyx was dusted with a sweet,
salutary pollen at the top, and a bitter, poisonous kind at the bottom; butterflies that lit
there too often, died. So it is with everything; so it is with life. I read neither to learn
nor to think – I abhor works of morality and metaphysics – I read to forget, to acquaint
myself with joys that the world dispenses to the happy and to delight in their echo, as it
were. That is the only joy I take in my existence: flight from reality, oblivion, dream. You
understand,’ she added with an air full of grim irony, ‘my need to cling to this system, you
need only look at me.’
‘Why?’ I replied, confused and touched by her words. ‘If you are infirm, you will recover;
life offers its sweets to all, including the most intimate ones that neither men nor
misfortune can take away from us – the pleasure of beneficence.’

56
 ‘Beneficence!’ she interrupted. ‘I tried it. I threw away my jewels and dresses before a
crowd of wretches who rent my heart with the spectacle of their misery. It was sweet but
it wasn’t enough. Life cannot be all sacrifice. Pity is passive love, dead love.’
[…] I fell quiet. A moment of silence passed. Suddenly […] she burst into a roar of
laughter and said:
‘What a lunatic I am! Where has my conversation dragged you? […] Has much time
passed since your arrival? Have you seen the entire city? Do you like it?... Have you been to
the garden?’
‘Once.’
‘And the castle.’
‘Is there a castle?’
‘Good heavens! You visited the town with your eyes closed. I asked my cousin to escort me
there this evening. If you would do us the honour of accompanying us…’
‘With much pleasure, I thank you’ – I told the most solemn lie in the world. ‘Since I left
Milan, I have lived in the most rigorous isolation, I fear I will be taken ill with solipsism.
But how does one get out of this town? The countryside is a barren moor; there isn’t a
patch of shade, I have yet to see a garden, a flower, I who am as crazy as a woman about
flowers. Good thing it is August…’
Fosca stood up without saying a word, entered the next room, and immediately returned,
holding a very small bunch of flowers which she offered to me.
Her action surprised me and troubled the depths of my soul. The offer had been made
so opportunely, and with such delicacy, that I was struck by it. She perhaps glimpsed my
agitation and hastened to speak, as if to dispel my embarrassment;
‘I too love flowers a great deal, and if I were healthy, I would cultivate them; but some of
them are ungrateful, their scents give me terrible headaches. Even the society of flowers is
sometimes dangerous.’
And seeing that I had risen, and taken my hat to leave, she added as she approached the
open window;
‘Look, we shall have a magnificent evening there, before the palace, amidst the petunias,
the collection of gardenias…’
As she spoke, we leant against the window sill. Just then a funeral procession passed in
the street, exactly in front of us. She saw it, blanched, stepped back, thrust her hands in
her hair, emitted a terrifying scream, and fell to the floor in a heap.
Her maids rushed to her assistance and transported her to her rooms as she shook with the
most violent convulsions.
I left the house, almost beside myself.21

57
 4
section
Information on Noel Coward
The Schools Matinee for PASSION is generously supported by the Noel Coward
Foundation. The following is some information on Noel Coward.

Noël Coward

Highlights of a life and career

1899 Born on 16 December in Teddington, Middlesex. Named Noël
Peirce Coward, his early circumstances are of refined suburban
poverty.
1911-12 
Makes his professional stage debut in London as Prince Mussel in
The Goldfish.
1913  lays Slightly in Peter Pan at the Duke of York’s Theatre. Meets
P
young actress Gertrude Lawrence who tells him a ‘few mildly dirty
stories’ and becomes a lifelong friend and stage partner.
1917-18 Makes his screen debut as a ‘boy pushing barrow’ in DW Griffith’s
Hearts of the World. Completes his first play Ida Collaborates with
Esmé Wynne-Tyson. Called up for the army but he is discharged
after nine months for medical reasons.
1920 First full-length play I’ll Leave It to You debuts in the West End at
the New Theatre (Now The Noel Coward Theatre)
1923-24 
The Vortex is produced at the Everyman with Coward playing
Nicky Lancaster. The play is his first major success and enjoys an
extended run. Coward also writes Fallen Angels, Hay Fever and
Easy Virtue in this period.
1926 
Tours America in The Vortex. Writes This Was a Man, which is
banned in London, but produced in New York followed by Berlin and
Paris.
1928-29 
Gainsborough Films productions of The Vortex (starring Ivor Novello)
and Easy Virtue (directed by Alfred Hitchcock) are released but only
the latter, in a free adaptation, is a success. Coward directs Bitter-
Sweet in London and New York.
1930-31 
On travels in the Far East, he composes Mad Dogs and
Englishmen, later a signature feature of his cabaret act. Writes
Post-Mortem and directs and stars in Private Lives with Gertrude
Lawrence in London and New York. Writes and produces
Cavalcade, a musical spectacular subsequently made into an
Academy Award-winning film.
1932 
His musical revue Words and Music includes the new song, Mad
about the Boy.
1933-34  esign for Living debuts on Broadway while Coward forms his
D
own management company in partnership with John C Wilson and
the Lunts. Starts writing Present Indicative, the first volume of his
autobiography.

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 1935-36 
Secures his first major film role in The Scoundrel. Directs and
performs in Tonight at 8:30 in London and New York.
1939 
Writes Present Laughter and This Happy Breed but rehearsals are
interrupted by the outbreak of World War II. Coward temporarily
moves to Paris to set up a Bureau of Propaganda and he entertains
the troops throughout the war.
1941-42 
Press attacks in England accuse Coward of avoiding the dangers
of the Home Front although he is in fact carrying out secret
propaganda work for the Ministry of Information. Writes Blithe
Spirit, another hit in the West End and on Broadway. Writes,
produces and co-directs with David Lean the patriotic war film, In
Which We Serve. Coward takes the lead role of Captain Kinross
and is presented with a special Academy Award for Outstanding
Production Achievement.
1945 
Brief Encounter premieres, with screenplay and production by
Coward.
1947-48 
Supervises production of Peace in Our Time. Makes last stage
appearance with Gertrude Lawrence in Tonight at 8.30 on American
tour. Builds a new home at Blue Harbour in Jamaica.
1951 
Launches new career in cabaret at the Café de Paris and directs
Relative Values.
1953 
Completes Future Indefinite, the second volume of his
autobiography.
1955-56 
Opens in cabaret for a season at the Desert Inn, Las Vegas, and
makes his television debut in Together With Music with Mary
Martin. Appears in the film Around the World in Eighty Days. Moves
to Bermuda for tax purposes.
1959 
Stars in the films Our Man in Havana with Alec Guinness and
Surprise Package with Yul Brynner.
1960-61 
Publishes the novel, Pomp and Circumstance. Writes and directs
Sail Away, which opens on Broadway.
1962 
Turns down the role of the eponymous villain in Dr. No with a
telegram to Ian Fleming reading ‘Dr. No? No! No! No!’
1964 
In his comeback year, he directs High Spirits (based on Blithe Spirit)
for Broadway, receiving Tony Award nominations. Directs a revival
of Hay Fever, with Edith Evans, at the National Theatre to great
acclaim.
1966 
Coward appears in the West End for the last time in Suite in Three
Keys.
1967-68 
Appears as Caesar in Richard Rogers’ television adaptation
of Androcles and the Lion. Works on the third volume of his
autobiography, Past Conditional. Plays Mr Bridger in The Italian Job.
1970-71 
Receives a knighthood and is presented with a Special Tony Award
for ‘multiple and immortal contributions to the theatre’.
1973 Dies at his home in Jamaica on 26 March. Buried on Firefly Hill.

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 Noël Coward – Master Songwriter
Mention the name Noël Coward and most people will think of PRIVATE LIVES,
BLITHE SPIRIT and HAY FEVER and conjure up the image of a well-dressed,
stylish English gentleman, elegantly-placed cigarette in hand. But what is perhaps
not quite so well-known is that Coward also wrote nearly 500 songs. Some were
written for musicals, others for revues or for his legendary cabaret acts or for
television or film and some for the plays themselves. Many are now classics,
recorded by today’s artists and appearing on numerous CD releases of Coward’s
own recordings. Coward was a rarity amongst songwriters of his time because he
wrote both the words and the music. Cole Porter, Irving Berlin and Frank Loesser
joined him in this elite club but very few others then did both successfully.
Even today, very few writers do both, Stephen Sondheim being a notable
exception and, as such, provides a nice connection with Coward. Coward’s songs
covered just about every style, from the up-tempo comic MAD DOGS AND
ENGLISHMEN to the heart-rending, reflective IF LOVE WERE ALL to the torch
MAD ABOUT THE BOY to the gentle A ROOM WITH A VIEW to the melodic waltz
I’LL SEE YOU AGAIN to the patriotic LONDON PRIDE. And there are many, many
more, displaying the highest qualities of songwriting.
Classic songs, or “standards” as they are called, are defined by the way they
stand the test of time and continue to appeal to succeeding generations. Many
of Coward’s songs can be so defined. In years gone by his material was recorded
by Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Dinah Washington, Judy Garland and Tony Bennett.
More recently, Elton John, Sting, Robbie Williams, Neil Tennant, Lesley Garrett,
Maria Friedman, Christine Ebersole and Connie Fisher have delved into his song
catalogue. Feature films and television commercials provide another outlet for
his material to be heard. The use of MAD ABOUT THE BOY for a certain well-
known jeans brand a few years ago re-introduced the song to a new generation.
As a result, Dinah Washington’s now instantly-recognisable recording is included
on compilation albums on a regular basis and the song is the most active in the
Coward catalogue. More recently, Stephen Fry’s film BRIGHT YOUNG THINGS,
the Annette Bening /Jeremy Irons film BEING JULIA and the film adaptation of
Coward’s play EASY VIRTUE starring Jessica Biel all contained Coward standards.
Furthermore, his songs are even used in computer games, for example in
BioShock and BioShock 2!
So where did Coward’s songwriting talents come from? His parents had some
musical abilities but nothing out of the ordinary. As a child, he had a few piano
lessons from his mother. However, he seems to have had a natural talent for
picking up a tune and playing it although what is extraordinary is that, even as
an adult, he was never able to read or write music. This lack of a formal musical
education though doesn’t seem to have stood in his way. Born on 16 December
1899, he wrote his first complete song in 1916 and his first published song – THE
BASEBALL RAG (with music by Doris Doris, one of the few times that he did work
with another songwriter) – came three years later. Then in 1923 he had his first
songwriting success when he wrote PARISIAN PIERROT for the revue LONDON
CALLING! The next musical landmark came in 1929 with BITTER SWEET which
is probably his most well-known musical theatre work. There were many other
musicals and revues, notably SAIL AWAY which was produced on Broadway in
1961 starring Elaine Stritch. Most aren’t so familiar now – THE GIRL WHO CAME
TO SUPPER, ACE OF CLUBS, AFTER THE BALL and more – but they made their
mark at the time and are still performed from time to time today.

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 One can’t write a piece on Coward as a songwriter without making reference to
his own performances. In spite of the many other artists who have performed
and recorded his songs, it is his own performances which are still considered
as definitive. Coward was unique amongst his fellow songwriters in carving out
such a successful performing career. This probably reached its peak with his
cabaret performances in the 1950s at the Café de Paris in London followed by
the legendary concerts at the Desert Inn in Las Vegas. The latter was recorded
and there is no shortage of available audio product demonstrating Coward’s
unforgettable performances of his own material.
So how do Noël Coward’s songs sit in today’s musical world? Well, it’s clear that
interest in his song catalogue shows no sign of abating. Film and advertising
use have already been mentioned and we know that contemporary artists draw
upon his songs for new interpretation in their own style. In addition to this, the
original and revival cast albums of his shows are gradually being re-issued on CD
SAIL AWAY, ACE OF CLUBS, AFTER THE BALL and BITTER SWEET are now
all available. Coward’s Las Vegas cabaret act and a New York studio recording
are released on CD and the rest of his large recording output is regularly re-
packaged for new CD compilations. There is a flourishing appreciation society
(The Noël Coward Society) and rarely a year goes by without one of Coward’s
plays appearing either in the West End, on Broadway or on a UK tour. Right at this
moment in time, DESIGN FOR LIVING is at the Old Vic, HAY FEVER is running at
The Rose in Kingston and BRIEF ENCOUNTER, which had a hugely successful UK
tour and West End run, has recently opened at Studio 54 on Broadway.
All in all, Noël Coward’s words and music are thriving. Long may that continue.

Recommended reading and listening:

• Noël Coward Rediscovered” (Warner Bros Publications, 2001) – sheet music
songbook which contains many of the standards, available from good sheet
music retailers
• Noël Coward: The Complete Lyrics”, edited and annotated by Barry Day
(Methuen, 1998)
• The Essential Noël Coward Companion”, edited by Barry Day (Methuen, 2009)
• Noël Coward: A Biography” by Philip Hoare (Sinclair-Stevenson, 1995)
• The Noël Coward Collection”, Volumes 1-9 (Methuen Drama)
• “The Compact Coward” (EMI) – a good CD introduction to the best-known
Coward songs performed by Coward
• Noël Coward At Las Vegas” (Columbia Masterworks)
• Twentieth Century Blues: The Songs Of Noël Coward” (EMI) – new
interpretations of Coward’s songs by contemporary artists
• Noël Coward websites:
www.noelcoward.com
www.noelcowardmusic.com
www.noelcoward.net

Caroline Underwood
Warner/Chappell Music Ltd
October 2010

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 5
section
Ideas for further study

Bibliography
Sondheim Sondheim: A Life, by Meryl Secrest
Fosca, Tachetti, 1869 in a translation by Lawrence Venuti
Passione D’amore directed by Scola

Endnotes

1 Sondheim Sondheim: A Life, by Meryl Secrest

2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 Ibid.
6 Ibid.
7 Ibid.
8 Ibid.
9 The opening passage; Fosca, Igino Ugo Tarchetti, 1869; transl. by Lawrence Venuti,
10 Ibid; p.v
11 Ibid; p.vii
12 Hal Erickson; http://www.allmovie.com/work/1:128107
13 Fosca, Igino Ugo Tarchetti, 1869; transl. by Lawrence Venuti, 1994; p.14
14 The Doctor’s description of Fosca to Giorgio; Ibid; p.31
15 Fosca to Giorgio; Ibid; p.36
16 Ibid; p.145
17 Giorgio describes meeting Clara; Ibid; p.13
18 Ibid; p.13
19 Ibid; p.27
20 The Doctor’s advice to Giorgio upon entering Fosca’s bedchamber for the first time; Ibid; p.63
21 Fosca, Igino Ugo Tarchetti, 1869; transl. by Lawrence Venuti, 1994

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 About the Donmar Warehouse

The Donmar Warehouse is an intimate

not for profit 251 seat theatre located
in the heart of London’s West End. The
theatre attracts almost 100,000 people to
its productions a year. Since 1992, under
the Artistic Direction of Michael Grandage
and his predecessor, Sam Mendes, the
theatre has presented some of London’s
most memorable theatrical experiences as
well as garnered critical acclaim at home
and abroad. With a diverse artistic policy
that includes new writing, contemporary
reappraising of European classics, British
and American drama and music theatre, the
Donmar has created a reputation for artistic
excellence over the last 12 years and has
won 38 Olivier Awards, 23 Critics’ Circle
Awards, 21 Evening Standard Awards, two
South Bank Award and 20 Tony Awards
from nine Broadway productions.

For more information about the Donmar’s

education activities, please contact:
Education Department
Donmar Warehouse
41 Earlham Street
London WC2H 9LX
T: 020 7845 5822
F: 020 7240 4878
W: www.donmarwarehouse.com/education

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