Reasons for Migration
Introduction
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Everyone has a dream, a vision of a better life, and for countless individuals around the
world, migration represents the pursuit of that dream. It involves the movement of people
from one place to another, often across borders or within a single country, in search of
improved opportunities, safety, or a higher quality of life. Whether driven by economic
aspirations, the desire for freedom, or the need to escape conflict and hardship, everybody
leave someday and move to another city , or country.
There may be several reasons why people would want to leave their country of birth.
Following are some of the factors
1.Economics Factor
a) Push factor
-Most common reason which compel people to leave their native factor is economic
opportunity. In countries where wages are extremely low or do not provide a decent
standard of living, individuals may migrate to places where they can earn more and
improve their quality of life. Even rapid inflation and a high cost of living can erode
the purchasing power of individuals, making it harder for them to meet their basic
needs and motivating them to migrate to places with more affordable living
conditions.
b) Pull factor
-Pull factor refers to factors which draws people to their country. Many Indians have
aspiration to go and settle in Dubai due to the economic opportunities it provides. For
say Employment Opportunities, the promise of higher wages and better income
potential. The prospect of an improved quality of life, including access to better
housing, healthcare, education, and consumer goods, can be a significant economic
pull factor. Also when country have stability it draws corporate firms to settle their.
Even low tax rates can attract people to migrate. Countries with advanced technology
and innovation ecosystems can attract migrants seeking opportunities in tech-related
industries and research.
2.Socio-Cultural and Political Factor
- Apart from pull and push factors even political and cultural aspects can encourage or
discourage migration. For say the political tension, which was going on in Maharashtra,
caused the Foxconn semi-conductor deal to shift to Gujarat which could have created
employment opportunities. Others factor such as discrimination based on race, ethnicity,
religion, or other social factors can create a hostile environment, leading individuals or
communities to migrate in search of more inclusive and tolerant societies. Even threats to
cultural identity, such as the erosion of indigenous cultures or languages, can motivate people
to migrate in an effort to preserve their cultural heritage. Like the Bengali Marwari conflict
going on Calcutta.
Now that we know why people move from their native people to another, lets see what
consequence it has.
Forms of Migration
(a) International Migration: This form of migration involves crossing international borders.
It can be further categorized into:
Immigration: The act of moving into a foreign country to live and settle there.
Emigration: The act of leaving one's home country to live in another.
(b) Internal Migration: This type of migration occurs within the boundaries of a single
country. It includes:
Rural-to-Rural Migration: Female member of family might have to move to their
village after marriage. Or people moving in search of fertilized land for agriculture.
Rural-to-Urban Migration: Moving from rural areas to cities in search of better
economic opportunities, education, or improved living conditions.
Urban-to-Rural Migration: Moving from urban areas back to rural regions, often in
pursuit of a simpler lifestyle or due to factors like retirement.
Urban-to-Urban Migration: Moving within cities or metropolitan areas, often for job
changes or housing preferences. Better green environment or education opportunities
draws people.
Consequences of Migration
Movement of people on pressure on social and economy of a country. Following are some of
the consequences:
1.Economic
-Migration can expand the labour force of receiving countries, which can be especially
beneficial if there are shortages in certain industries or professions. There is sharing of
knowledge and skills however, people moving from developing country hinder countries
growth.
-Migrants and their families in receiving countries contribute to local consumption and
demand for goods and services. This increased demand can have a positive impact on local
businesses and industries. But overcrowding can cause inflation and shortage
-Countries receive skills labour from developing countries at low cost. Thus some argue that
migrants may depress wages in certain low-skilled
2.Demographic
-When migrants move to a new country and settle there, they add to the local population
which can be reason of over population. It also affect the distribution of age groups when
young and elderly move from their hometown. It has a good sight when migration contributes
to ethnic and cultural diversity in receiving countries. And when some migrants eventually
return to their home countries, which can have demographic implications. Return migrants
may bring back new skills and ideas, contribute to the labour force, and influence population
dynamics in their home countries.
3.Social and Psychological
-Migration has profound social and psychological impacts on individuals and communities,
both for those who migrate and for the societies they leave and join. It involves the separation
of families and communities. Families may be separated across borders, leading to emotional
and practical challenges. There is exchange of cultures, ideas, and traditions between
migrants and host communities. In some cases, migration can lead to changes in community
dynamics and adapting to new social norms, customs, and language
-Migration can be a highly stressful experience, involving the loss of familiar surroundings,
social networks, and cultural norms when they are force to live as refugee due to war like
situation. It can have mental health issues, including depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic
stress disorder. Like during India Pakistan partition when people were dispersed, and many
got separated from their loved ones.
Migration Policy
-Due to huge movement of people from one place to another. Sometimes due to war like
condition as a refugee. More in search of economic opportunities. Failing to keep track of this
will create imbalance in economy and at demographic level. Even Government of India must
make policy for migration due to the reason of brain drain from India which have been paid
only little attention.
-There is no up to date statistics of the immigrants and emigrants, although the international
migration is controlled by passports and visa permits. The management of migration is a
complex and challenging task for any government and the data is often incomplete and
outdated. The absence of clear refugee and asylum policies can leave refugees in a vulnerable
position, with uncertain legal status and limited access to basic services. Ensuring the rights
and welfare of migrant laborers, both internal and international, remains a challenge.
-However, looking at the current scenario with rapid growth of big cities, government is not
trying to adopt policies to control migration to big cities and metropolises. While India does
not have a specific national policy on migrant integration, states may have their own
initiatives to provide social services and support to migrants.
Bibliography
-Source of information
https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/18994/1/Unit-5.pdf
https://www.wikipedia.org/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpXXvx1gCpU&ab_channel=gtoledoedu
