1. Basic Principle of wind energy conversion: A. The nature of the wind: » The circulation of air in the atmosphere is caused by the non-uniform heating at the earth’s surface by the sun. The mediately above a warm area expands, it is forced upwards by cool, denser air which flows in from surrounding areas causing a wind. in the sky are all factors which influence this process. Wind speeds increase with height. They have been measured at a standard height of ten meters where they are found to be 20-25% more than close to the surface.B. Power in wind: Wind possesses energy by virtue of its motion. Any device capable of slowing down the mass of moving air, like sail or propeller can extract part of the energy and convert into useful work. Following three factors will determine the output from a wind energy converter: a) The wind speed. b) The cross section of wind swept by the rotor. c) The overall conversion efficiency of the rotor, transmission ‘system and generator /pump. The power in the wind can be computed by using the concept of kinetics. The wind mill works on the principle of converting kinetic energy of the wind to mechanical energy. The kinetic energy of any particle is equal to one half of its mass times the square of its velocity i.e. 1/2x Mx V2,The amount of air passing in unit time through an area A, with velo V, is Ax V, and its mass M is equal to its volume multiplied by its density p of air, XAXV ——(1) Where M= The mass of air traversing the area A swept by the rotating blades of a wind mill. Putting this value of mass in the expression for the kinetic energy, We obtain, Kinetic energy = 4/2x p x Ax V x V2 EAI2KPXAXV® — mvmnneeen(2) Thus equation 2 states that small increase in wind speed can have a marked effect on the power in the wind. Equation 2 also tells us that the power available is proportional to air density (1.225 kg/m? at sea level). Equation 2 also tells us that wind power is proportional to the intercept area, Thus an aero turbine, with a large swept area has higher power than a smaller area machine.Since the area is normally circular of diameter D in horizontal axis aero turbine, then A= 1/4 x D? (Sq. m) , after putting in equation (2) gives: Available wind power = P, = 1/2x p x 14x D?x V2 watts =U8xpxmxDixVv? ~ (3) Equation 3 tells that the maximum power available from the wind varies according to the square of the diameter of the intercept area or square of the rotor diameter, normally taken to swept area of the aero turbine, Thus doubling the diameter of the rotor will result in a four-fold increase in the available wind power. > The power extracted by the rotor is equal to the product of the wind ‘speed as it passes through the rotor and the pressure drop. > In order to maximize the rotor power, it would therefore be desirable to have both wind speed and pressure drop is large as possible.The fraction of the free-flow wind power that can be extracted by rotor is called as the power coefficient (C,) given as: Where power available is calculated from the air density, rotor diameter and wind speed. ‘The maximum theoretical power coefficient is equal to 0.593. For the best practical rotors, the power coefficient is about 0.4 to 0.45. ‘The maximum power for an ideal wind turbine, with horizontal axis is given by: The ideal or maximum theoretical efficiency tnx (also called the power coefficient) of a wind turbine is the ratio of the maximum power obtained from the wind to the total power available in the wind.> The factor 0.593 is known as the Betz coefficient from the name of the man who first derived it. It is the maximum fraction of the power in a wind stream that can be extracted. > Thus, can not exceed 0.593 for a horizontal axis wind millAsite should be have high annual wind speed. There should be no tall obstructions for a radius of 3 Km. An open plain or open shore line may be a good location. The top of a smooth well rounded hill with gentle slopes lying on a flat plain of located on an island in a lake or sea is a good site. Amountain gap which produces to wind funneling is good.|. The wind energy is free, inexhaustible and does not need transportation. Energy is generated without polluting environment. |. Wind machines don't emit any emissions that can lead to acid rain or greenhouse effect. . In combination with solar energy, it can be used to provide reliable as well as steady supply of electricity. . Land around wind turbines can be used for other uses, e.g. Farming.1. It is unreliable energy source as winds are uncertain and unpredictable. 2, Wind energy can be hamessed only in those areas where wind is strong enough and weather is windy for most parts of the year. 3, The average efficiency of wind turbine is very less as compared to fossil fuel power plants. We might require many wind turbines to produce similar impact. 4. Noise pollution problem is usually associated with wind mills. 5, Maintenance cost of wind turbines is high as they have mechanical parts which undergo wear and tear over the time.4) Wind mills are broadly classified a a) Horizontal axis machines: The axis of rotation is horizontal and aero turbine plane is vertical facing the wind. b) Vertical axis machines: The axis of rotation is vertical. The blades may be vertical as on the ancient Persian windmills. 2) Classification according to size of as per useful electrical power output: a) Small scale (up to 2 Kw): These might be used on farms, remote applications etc. b) Medium size machines (2-100 Kw): These machines may be used to supply power to several residences or local use. ©) Large size machines ( 100 Kw and up): These machines are used to generate power for distribution in central power grids. 3) As per type of output power, wind aero generators are classified as : a) DC outputind-El Figure 5.1 shows the various parts of a wind-electric generating power plant as explain under: 4) Wind turbine or rotor, 2) Wind mill head- It houses speed increaser, drive shaft, clutch, coupling and electrical generator. 3) Supporting structure https://youtu.be/2kxbazzehyg hitps://youtu.be/qsWm_aprfgeFigure 5.2 shows a schematic arrangement of a horizontal axis machine. Although the common wind turbine with a horizontal axis is simple in principle, yet the design of a complete system, especially large one that would produce electric power economically, is complex. It is importance that the components like rotor, transmission, generator, and tower should not only to be as efficient as possible but they must also function effectively in combination.Figure 5.3 shows the vertical axis type wind machine. One of the main advantages of vertical axis rotors is that they do not have to be turned into the wind stream as the wind direction changes. Because their operation is independent of wind direction.Energy extracted from the wind is initially energy in the form of rotary, translational or oscillatory mechanical motion. This mechanical motion can be used to pump fluids or can be converted to electricity. The main applications of wind energy can be divided as follows: Atypical wind-powered pumping application is one that might utilize a horizontal axis wind machine mostly used to pump irrigation water. Other applications that are being developed include the pumping of water for aqueducts or for pumped-hydro storage of energy. Wind power can be used to compress air for use in various applications, including the operation of gas turbines for generating electricity during the peak-periods of a public utility system. Wind powered pumps can be used to desalinate water using reverse osmosis units.Wind power can be used in centralized utility applications to drive AC electrical generators. In such applications, the energy is fed directly into power networks through voltage step-up transformers. Wind machines can be integrated with existing hydro-electrical networks and used in a water-saver mode of operation. When the wind is blowing, electrical generation at the hydroelectric plants in the networks can be reduced by an amount equal to that being produced by the wind machines. Under these conditions, some of the water that would have been used by the hydro-electric plant to supply the load is saved in the reservoir and made available for the later use when the wind is not blowing.