BARATON COLLEGE

In Collaboration with
GREAT LAKES UNIVERSITY OF KISUMU (GLUK)

S
CHOOL OF EDUCATION

COURSE CODE: ARE 212

COURSE TITLE:NEW RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS

NEW RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT

New Religious Movements (NRMs) are religious, spiritual, or philosophical groups that have emerged
relatively recently, often as alternatives to mainstream religious traditions. These movements may
develop new teachings, reinterpret existing doctrines, or combine elements from different faiths to
create unique belief systems. NRMs can arise due to social, cultural, or religious dissatisfaction, offering
new ways of spiritual expression and identity.

Six Reasons for the Establishment of New Religious Movements

1. Religious Dissatisfaction

Many NRMs emerge because individuals or groups feel discontent with traditional religions, believing
that existing faiths have lost their spiritual essence or have become too rigid. These movements often
seek to restore a "true" or "pure" form of worship.

2. Social and Cultural Changes

Societal transformations, such as urbanization, globalization, and technological advancements, often

lead to shifts in religious beliefs. Some people turn to NRMs to find spiritual meaning in the face of
modern challenges.

3. Charismatic Leadership

Many NRMs are founded by charismatic leaders who claim to have received divine revelations, special
insights, or a new interpretation of religious truths. These leaders attract followers through their
teachings, miracles, or personal influence

4. Search for Identity and Belonging

NRMs often provide a sense of community and identity, especially for marginalized or disillusioned
individuals. These groups offer a sense of purpose, unity, and belonging, filling gaps left by mainstream
religions.

5. Reaction Against Materialism and Secularism

In societies where materialism and secularism dominate, some people seek spiritual fulfillment beyond
material wealth and scientific explanations. NRMs often emphasize spiritual enlightenment, mysticism,
and moral discipline.

6. Syncretism and Blending of Beliefs

Some NRMs arise by merging elements from different religions, philosophies, and cultural traditions.
This blending of beliefs attracts diverse followers who resonate with aspects of multiple spiritual
traditions.

Relevances of Establishing New Religious Movements

1. Spiritual Revival

NRMs often rejuvenate religious faith by introducing fresh spiritual perspectives and dynamic worship
practices, keeping religious experiences alive and relevant.

2. Moral and Ethical Guidance

Many NRMs provide ethical frameworks that guide their followers in leading disciplined, honest, and
morally upright lives, reducing crime and social vices.

3. Community Development

NRMs often engage in charitable activities such as building schools, hospitals, and orphanages,
contributing positively to society.

4. Cultural Preservation

Some NRMs play a crucial role in preserving and promoting indigenous traditions, languages, and
cultural heritage that might otherwise fade due to globalization.
5. Social Support and Identity Formation

These movements create close-knit communities where individuals find emotional, psychological, and
financial support, especially in times of crisis.

6. Promoting Peace and Harmony

Many NRMs advocate for peace, unity, and interfaith dialogue, reducing religious conflicts and
promoting coexistence among different religious groups.

7. Alternative Views on Life and the Afterlife

NRMs often offer unique interpretations of life, death, and the afterlife, giving people alternative
perspectives on existential questions.

8. Encouraging Personal Spiritual Growth

Many NRMs emphasize personal enlightenment, meditation, and self-improvement, allowing individuals
to develop their spiritual potential at their own pace.

Christ Apostolic Church Worldwide: Establishment and Challenges

What is Christ Apostolic Church (CAC) Worldwide?

Christ Apostolic Church (CAC) Worldwide is a Pentecostal Christian denomination that originated in
Nigeria. It is known for its emphasis on prayer, prophecy, and divine healing. The church is one of the
most influential indigenous churches in Africa, having spread to various countries worldwide.

How Christ Apostolic Church Was Established

The roots of CAC trace back to the early 20th century through the efforts of the Faith Tabernacle
Movement and the revival led by Joseph Ayo Babalola in 1930.

Joseph Babalola, a key figure in CAC’s history, experienced a divine calling and began preaching,
performing miracles, and healing the sick.

The revival movement attracted large crowds, leading to the formation of the church.
The group later faced doctrinal disagreements with the Apostolic Church (a British missionary group),
which led to the full establishment of Christ Apostolic Church in 1941 as an independent Pentecostal
denomination.

The church grew rapidly across Nigeria and beyond, emphasizing holiness, spiritual gifts, and prophetic
teachings.

Challenges Faced in the Establishment of Christ Apostolic Church

1. Persecution from Traditional Religious Groups

CAC faced resistance from traditional African religious leaders and communities who saw the church’s
teachings as a threat to their beliefs and practices.

2. Colonial Government Opposition

The colonial authorities viewed the church’s activities, especially its mass gatherings and healings, with
suspicion, sometimes restricting its meetings.

3. Conflicts with Missionary Churches

The separation from the British Apostolic Church led to internal struggles, including disputes over
doctrine, leadership, and church properties.

4. Financial and Organizational Difficulties

In its early years, CAC faced financial constraints and had to rely on the personal sacrifices of its
members and leaders to sustain its activities.

5. Skepticism and Opposition from Mainstream Christianity

Many orthodox Christian groups criticized CAC’s emphasis on miracles, prophecies, and spiritual
warfare, labeling it as extreme or unorthodox.

6. Leadership Succession and Internal Struggles

Over the years, CAC has faced leadership disputes, with factions emerging due to disagreements over
administrative control and theological differences.

THE CHERUBIM AND SERAPHIM MOVEMENT

INTRODUCTION

The Cherubim and Seraphim Movement (C&S) is a Christian denomination founded in Nigeria in the
early 20th century. It is one of the largest indigenous African churches that combine elements of
Christianity with traditional African religious expressions. The movement is known for its prophetic
ministry, healing practices, distinctive worship style, and emphasis on visions, dreams, and spiritual
warfare.

1. History and Origin of the Cherubim and Seraphim Movement

2. Beliefs and Doctrines

3. Worship Practices and Liturgical Style

4. Leadership Structure and Organization

5. Role of Prophecy, Visions, and Dreams

6. Holy Spirit and Spiritual Warfare

7. Use of Symbols and Sacred Objects

8. Growth and Expansion of the Movement

9. Challenges and Criticisms

10. Impact on African Christianity

HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF THE CHERUBIM AND SERAPHIM MOVEMENT

The C&S Movement originated in Nigeria in the early 20th century as a response to both colonial
Christianity and African traditional religious experiences.

1. Founder: The movement was founded in 1925 by Moses Orimolade Tunolase, a Yoruba man who had
spiritual experiences from childhood, including visions and healing abilities.

2. Early Beginnings: Orimolade started preaching and performing healings, which attracted followers
who later became the first members of the movement.

3. Vision and Divine Calling: He believed that God had given him a divine mandate to establish a church
that emphasized direct communication with God through the Holy Spirit.

4. First Member and Co-founder: In 1925, a woman named Christiana Abiodun Akinsowon joined
Orimolade after experiencing a spiritual trance that lasted for days. She became an important figure in
the church’s early growth.

5. Separation from Mainstream Churches: The movement was initially associated with the Anglican
Church but later separated due to its emphasis on prophecy, visions, and healing.

6. Naming of the Movement: The name Cherubim and Seraphim was inspired by the angelic beings
described in the Bible (Isaiah 6:1-7; Ezekiel 10:1-22).
7. Official Establishment: The church formally took shape in 1925 and began to spread rapidly across
Nigeria and beyond.

8. Division and Growth: Over time, divisions occurred, leading to different branches such as The Eternal
Sacred Order of Cherubim and Seraphim and The Holy Order of the Cherubim and Seraphim Movement
Church.

BELIEFS AND DOCTRINES

The C&S Movement upholds both Christian beliefs and African spiritual expressions.

1. Trinitarian Belief: The movement believes in the Trinity—God the Father, the Son (Jesus Christ), and
the Holy Spirit.

2. Divine Revelation: The movement places a strong emphasis on divine revelation through visions,
dreams, and prophecy.

3. Salvation Through Christ: They believe in salvation through Jesus Christ, though their practices
incorporate African spiritual elements.

4. Holy Spirit's Power: Members believe in the Holy Spirit’s power to heal, deliver, and guide believers.

5. Angelic Presence: The church believes in the presence and ministry of angels, particularly the
Cherubim and Seraphim, who act as God’s messengers and warriors.

6. Prophetic Leadership: Spiritual leaders receive messages from God and guide the congregation
accordingly.

7. Faith in Healing: Divine healing and miracles are central to their faith, with members often seeking
prayers for deliverance.

8. Sacred Objects in Worship: The use of white garments, candles, water, and incense is seen as a means
of divine connection.

WORSHIP PRACTICES AND LITURGICAL STYLE

The worship style of C&S is highly spiritual, expressive, and involves traditional African elements. They
include:

1. Use of White Garments: Members wear white robes as a symbol of holiness and purity.

2. Vibrant Praise and Worship: Worship includes drumming, dancing, handclapping, and singing in
African and biblical styles.

3. Prophetic Worship: Services often include messages from prophets who claim to receive revelations
from God.
4. Use of Incense and Holy Water: Incense is burned to symbolize prayers ascending to God, while water
is used for purification and healing.

5. All-Night Vigils: Prayer vigils are common, with extended hours of worship and spiritual warfare.

6. Holy Processions: Worship often includes processions where members walk around in circles,
symbolizing divine presence.

7. Spiritual Chants: Specific chants and psalms are used to invoke the Holy Spirit’s presence.

8. Speaking in Tongues: Glossolalia (speaking in tongues) is a common practice during prayers.

LEADERSHIP STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION

The movement has a structured hierarchy with different leadership roles. The leadership structure
comprises of:

1. Supreme Head (Baba Aladura): The highest spiritual leader, responsible for overseeing the entire
church.

2. Prophets and Prophetesses: These individuals receive divine revelations and guide the church
accordingly.

3. Elders and Apostles: They support church administration and spiritual governance.

4. Shepherds and Evangelists: They lead local congregations and mission work.

5. Prayer Warriors: Special members engage in intercessory prayers for individuals and the church.

6. Choir and Worship Team: Music ministers play a significant role in spiritual worship.

7. Council of Elders: A governing body that helps in decision-making.

8. Women’s and Youth Wings: Separate groups cater to different demographics in the church.

ROLE OF PROPHECY, VISIONS, AND DREAMS

Prophecy plays a central role in the movement’s spiritual life.

1. Guidance for Members: Prophets provide direction to individuals and the church.

2. National and Global Prophecies: Some prophecies are about national and global events.

3. Healing and Deliverance: Prophetic words often bring healing.

4. Revelation of Hidden Secrets: Members believe prophets can reveal hidden spiritual matters.

5. Interpretation of Dreams: Dreams are considered divine messages requiring interpretation.

6. Warning Against Evil Forces: Prophets warn against spiritual dangers.

7. Influence in Leadership Decisions: Church leaders often seek prophetic insight before making major
decisions.

8. Special Prophetic Gatherings: Services dedicated to prophecy and revelations.

HOLY SPIRIT AND SPIRITUAL WARFARE

The movement emphasizes the power of the Holy Spirit in spiritual battles in the following ways:

1. Deliverance from Demonic Forces: Prayers focus on casting out evil spirits.

2. Use of Psalms for Warfare: Specific psalms are recited for spiritual victory.

3. Spiritual Fortification: Members undergo prayers for divine protection.

4. Use of Anointing Oil and Holy Water: Considered weapons against evil forces.

5. Prayer Mountains and Special Locations: Sacred locations are used for intense prayers.

6. Fastings and Prayer Retreats: Fasting is common for spiritual breakthroughs.

7. Night Vigils for Warfare: Midnight prayers are considered effective in combating spiritual attacks.

8. Belief in Guardian Angels: Members believe in angelic protection during battles.

THE CELESTIAL CHURCH OF GOD WORLDWIDE AS A RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT

INTRODUCTION

The Celestial Church of God (CCG) is a prominent African-initiated Christian church with a global
presence. Founded in Nigeria in 1947 by Samuel Bilewu Joseph Oshoffa, the church has grown
significantly, attracting millions of followers across the world. It is characterized by its prophetic,
spiritual, and charismatic practices, emphasizing divine revelations, healing, and holiness.

1. Historical Background

2. Doctrine and Beliefs

3. Worship Practices and Rituals

4. Leadership and Organizational Structure

5. Spread and Global Influence

6. Unique Features and Symbolism

7. Challenges and Criticisms

8. Impact on Society and Christianity

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The Celestial Church of God (CCG) emerged during a period of significant religious transformation in
West Africa.

1. Founder: The church was founded by Samuel Bilewu Joseph Oshoffa in September 1947 in Porto-
Novo, Dahomey (now Benin Republic), following a divine revelation.

2. Divine Calling: Oshoffa claimed that he received a direct vision from God, instructing him to establish
a new movement that would serve as a beacon of holiness and divine power.

3. Initial Growth: The church rapidly spread from Dahomey to Nigeria, gaining thousands of followers
who were drawn to its emphasis on prophecy, healing, and spiritual power.

4. Official Registration: The church was officially registered in Nigeria in 1951, solidifying its status as a
recognized religious movement.

5. Early Challenges: Like many religious movements, CCG faced resistance from traditional churches and
local authorities, but it persevered through faith-based evangelism.

6. Missionary Expansion: By the 1960s and 1970s, the church began spreading to other African nations
and later to Europe and the Americas.

7. Death of the Founder: Oshoffa passed away in 1985, leading to leadership struggles and divisions
within the church.

8. Continuing Legacy: Despite internal disputes, CCG remains one of the most influential African-initiated
churches, with branches worldwide.

DOCTRINE AND BELIEFS

The church has distinct doctrines that differentiate it from mainstream Christianity. The doctrines
include:

1. Monotheism: CCG believes in one true God, who reveals Himself through prophets and divine
manifestations.

2. Jesus Christ: The church upholds the divinity of Jesus Christ as the Son of God and the Savior of
mankind.

3. Holy Spirit: A strong emphasis is placed on the power and guidance of the Holy Spirit, which is
manifested through prophecies, visions, and spiritual gifts.

4. Biblical Authority: The church adheres to the Bible as the supreme authority in matters of faith and
doctrine.
5. Angels and Celestial Beings: CCG believes in the presence of angels, who act as messengers of God
and spiritual protectors.

6. Salvation Through Holiness: Members are taught that righteous living, prayer, and faith lead to
salvation.

7. Prophecy and Divine Revelation: The church believes that God continues to speak to His people
through visions, dreams, and prophetic utterances.

8. End Time Beliefs: CCG preaches the doctrine of the second coming of Christ, encouraging members to
prepare for the final judgment.

WORSHIP PRACTICES AND RITUALS

CCG's worship is highly structured and rich in symbolism. Their worship practices is centred around;

1. Distinctive White Garments: Members wear white robes during worship to signify purity and holiness.

2. Barefoot Worship: Worshippers remove their shoes when entering the church as a sign of reverence
to God.

3. Strict Worship Days: Services are held on Wednesdays, Fridays, and Sundays, with additional spiritual
activities on other days.

4. Prophetic Messages: Worship services often include prophecies and revelations, delivered by
anointed ministers.

5. Spiritual Songs and Hymns: Worship involves unique Celestial hymns and spiritual songs, which are
believed to bring divine blessings.

6. Holy Water Rituals: Holy water is used for healing, deliverance, and sanctification.

7. Fasting and Prayer: Members observe periodic fasting to enhance their spiritual strength.

8. Annual Convocations: The church hosts major conventions where members gather for special
worship, teachings, and renewal of faith.

4. LEADERSHIP AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

CCG operates under a structured hierarchy that is arranged as follows;

1. Pastor and Spiritual Head: The highest leader of the church is the Pastor and Spiritual Head,
responsible for divine direction.

2. Council of Elders: Senior leaders provide guidance and decision-making support.

3. Prophets and Prophetesses: Specially anointed individuals who receive divine revelations.
4. Shepherds: Local church leaders who oversee congregational activities.

5. Evangelists: Responsible for preaching and spreading the gospel.

6. Choir and Worship Leaders: Maintain the musical and spiritual atmosphere of services.

7. Women’s and Youth Ministries: Focused on engaging specific groups within the church.

8. International Missions: Oversees global expansion and the establishment of new branches.

SPREAD AND GLOBAL INFLUENCE

CCG has established a strong global presence worldwide as follows:

1. West African Roots: Initially grew in Nigeria, Benin, and Togo.

2. Expansion to Europe: First European branch established in London in the 1970s.

3. Presence in the Americas: The church has branches in the United States, Canada, and the Caribbean.

4. Growth in Asia: Recent efforts have led to churches being planted in India and China.

5. Online Presence: The church utilizes social media and digital platforms to reach a global audience.

6. Cultural Adaptation: Services are sometimes modified to suit local cultures while maintaining core
doctrines.

7. Evangelistic Crusades: Large-scale revivals are organized to attract new converts.

8. Charitable Activities: Engages in humanitarian projects, including hospitals, schools, and social
programs.

UNIQUE FEATURES AND SYMBOLISM

CCG incorporates distinct symbols and traditions such as:

1. Church Logo: A celestial globe with a shining star, symbolizing divine light and guidance.

2. Incense Burning: Used to purify the worship space.

3. Holy Sticks (Candles): Represent spiritual illumination.

4. Sacred Holy Ground: Certain places are considered spiritually consecrated.

5. Prayer Beads: Used for meditation and spiritual focus.

6. Distinct Worship Language: A mix of Yoruba, English, and French in services.

7. Annual Pilgrimage to Imeko: A spiritual retreat to the church's international headquarters in Nigeria.

8. Unique Healing Practices: Rituals for spiritual deliverance.

THE YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION (YMCA) AS A RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT

INTRODUCTION

The Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) is one of the most influential religious and social
movements in history. Founded in 1844 in London, England, by Sir George Williams, the YMCA began as
a Christian organization focused on spiritual growth, moral development, and social welfare for young
men. Over time, it expanded into a global movement with branches in over 120 countries, promoting
youth empowerment, community service, and holistic development through education, sports, and
spiritual guidance.

This lecture will explore the YMCA as a religious movement under the following sub-topics:

1. Historical Background

2. Mission and Core Values

3. Religious and Spiritual Activities

4. Social and Educational Programs

5. Leadership and Organizational Structure

6. Global Expansion and Influence

7. Challenges and Criticisms

8. Impact on Society and Christianity

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The YMCA was founded during the Industrial Revolution, a time of rapid urbanization and social
transformation.

1. Founder and Purpose: The YMCA was founded by Sir George Williams in London in 1844 to provide
young men with a Christian environment amidst industrialization’s moral and social challenges.

2. Early Activities: It started as a Bible study and prayer group, focusing on spiritual growth and moral
guidance.

3. Expansion to Other Countries: By 1851, the YMCA had spread to North America, Europe, and Asia,
adapting to different cultures.
4. International Alliances: In 1855, the first YMCA World Conference was held in Paris, establishing a
global network.

5. Impact of the World Wars: The YMCA played a critical role in supporting soldiers, providing spiritual
counseling, education, and recreational activities during World War I and II.

6. Growth of Educational and Social Services: Over the years, the YMCA incorporated vocational training,
literacy programs, and welfare services to support underprivileged communities.

7. Integration of Sports: In the late 19th century, the YMCA played a significant role in the development
of basketball, volleyball, and gymnastics, which became global sports.

8. Modern Evolution: Today, the YMCA is a multifaceted organization, combining faith-based activities
with youth empowerment, social services, and health programs.

MISSION AND CORE VALUES

The YMCA remains committed to its Christian foundation, though it has evolved to include people of all
backgrounds. It's mission are;

1. To creat a Christian Foundation: The YMCA was built on Christian principles, focusing on faith,
character development, and service to humanity.

2. Youth Empowerment: The organization’s mission is to develop young people spiritually, intellectually,
and physically.

3. Community Service: It emphasizes volunteerism and social justice, helping marginalized groups.

4. Inclusivity: While founded as a Christian movement, the YMCA is now open to people of all faiths and
backgrounds.

5. Education and Leadership Training: It provides training in leadership, entrepreneurship, and public
service.

6. Holistic Development: The YMCA follows a balanced approach of spiritual, mental, and physical well-
being.

7. Character and Ethics: It promotes integrity, discipline, and social responsibility.

8. Partnerships: The YMCA collaborates with churches, schools, businesses, and governments to expand
its mission.

RELIGIOUS AND SPIRITUAL ACTIVITIES

The YMCA maintains a strong spiritual foundation, though it is not strictly a church. These includes;

1. Bible Study and Prayer Meetings: Many YMCA branches hold regular Bible study sessions and
Christian fellowship gatherings.

2. Chaplaincy Services: Some YMCAs have chaplains who provide spiritual counseling and support.

3. Christian Retreats and Conferences: Annual retreats encourage faith renewal and moral reflection.

4. Worship and Devotional Services: Some locations offer Sunday services and daily prayers.

5. Faith-Based Mentorship: Young men are mentored in Christian values, ethics, and leadership.

6. Missionary Outreach: Some YMCA branches engage in missionary work, spreading Christianity in
different communities.

7. Moral and Ethical Guidance: It provides teachings on Christian ethics, marriage, family values, and
integrity.

8. Interfaith Dialogues: Modern YMCAs encourage religious tolerance while maintaining their Christian
identity.

SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS

The YMCA is renowned for its educational initiatives and community support programs such as;

1. Vocational Training: Offers job skills training and business development programs.

2. Higher Education: Some YMCAs operate colleges and universities, like Springfield College in the U.S.

3. Youth Leadership Programs: Helps young people develop communication, decision-making, and
organizational skills.

4. Health and Fitness Programs: Many YMCA centers provide gyms, swimming pools, and sports
facilities.

5. Housing and Shelter Services: Supports homeless youth and offers affordable housing in some
countries.

6. Disaster Relief and Humanitarian Aid: Provides food, shelter, and medical care during crises.

7. Anti-Drug and Alcohol Programs: Runs rehabilitation and awareness programs.

8. Scholarships and Financial Aid: Helps underprivileged students access education and career
opportunities.

LEADERSHIP AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

The YMCA operates under a decentralized but structured The system is as follows;

1. National Councils: Each country has a National YMCA Council overseeing local branches.

2. Board of Directors: Governs major YMCA operations.

3. Local Branches: Run by community leaders, volunteers, and professionals.

4. YMCA World Alliance: The global coordinating body, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.

5. Partnerships with Churches: Works closely with Christian denominations to promote spiritual growth.

6. Volunteer Leadership Model: Encourages youth involvement in decision-making and service projects.

7. Democratic Governance: Many YMCA programs operate with community input and local decision-
making.

8. Women’s and Family Programs: Though originally for young men, the YMCA now includes women and
families.

GLOBAL EXPANSION AND INFLUENCE

The YMCA has evolved into a global humanitarian force. Due to;

1. Presence in Over 120 Countries: Operating in North America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

2. Sports Development: Invented basketball, volleyball, and futsal.

3. Partnership with the United Nations: Collaborates on youth and community development.

4. Influence on the Olympics: Promotes sportsmanship and youth engagement in international athletics.

5. Community Development Projects: Invests in poverty reduction, health, and education.

6. Intercultural Exchange Programs: Encourages youth travel and learning experiences.

7. Advocacy for Human Rights: Supports gender equality, refugee assistance, and youth empowerment.

8. Use of Digital Platforms: Expands outreach through social media and online training.

YOUNG WOMEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION (YWCA)

Introduction

The Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA) is an international movement dedicated to

empowering women, promoting social justice, and fostering Christian values. Founded in the 19th
century, the YWCA has been a significant religious and social movement that advocates for the holistic
development of women through faith-based initiatives, education, and community service.

1. Historical Background of YWCA

1.1 Origins and Foundation

Establishment in England (1855): The YWCA was founded in London by Emma Robarts and Lady Mary
Jane Kinnaird. Robarts started a prayer group for young women, while Kinnaird focused on providing
accommodation for nurses and working women. Their efforts merged into the YWCA, creating a safe
and faith-based environment for women.

Expansion to Other Countries: By the late 19th century, the YWCA had expanded to North America,
Europe, and other parts of the world, adapting to local needs while maintaining its Christian mission.

Christian Foundation: The movement was deeply rooted in Christian principles, emphasizing the
importance of prayer, moral integrity, and community service.

Early Focus on Women’s Welfare: Initially, the YWCA provided shelter, vocational training, and Bible
study for working women. It also addressed social problems like poor working conditions and gender
inequality.

Influence of the Evangelical Movement: The YWCA was influenced by the 19th-century evangelical
revival, which emphasized personal faith, charity, and social justice.

Mission and Core Objectives of YWCA

1.)Promotion of Christian Faith and Values through;

Biblical Teachings: Encourages women to live according to Christian values such as love, service,
humility, and integrity.

Evangelism and Discipleship: Provides opportunities for women to grow in faith through Bible study,
prayer meetings, and missionary work.

Interdenominational Approach: Works across Christian denominations to unite women under a common
spiritual mission.

2 .Women’s Empowerment

Education and Leadership Development: Offers scholarships, training programs, and leadership
workshops to equip women with skills for personal and professional growth.

Gender Equality Advocacy: Campaigns against gender-based discrimination and promotes women’s
rights in various sectors of society.
Self-Sufficiency Programs: Encourages women to become economically independent through vocational
training and entrepreneurship.

3.) Social Welfare and Humanitarian Work

Support for Vulnerable Women: Provides assistance to victims of domestic violence, trafficking, and
abuse.

Healthcare and Well-being: Runs hospitals, health programs, and counseling centers to promote physical
and mental health.

Childcare and Family Support: Establishes daycare centers and family counseling programs to strengthen
the family unit.

Structure and Organization of YWCA

3.1 Global and National Governance

World YWCA: The global body that oversees all national associations, ensuring that they align with the
movement’s mission.

National and Local Chapters: Each country has its own YWCA branches that operate according to local
needs while maintaining core Christian principles.

Democratic Leadership Structure: Members participate in electing leaders and shaping organizational
policies.

Membership and Participation

 Open to All Women: Welcomes women from all walks of life, irrespective of social status, race,
or nationality.
 Volunteerism and Community Engagement: Encourages members to engage in community
service and leadership roles.
 Youth Programs: Provides platforms for young women to develop leadership skills and faith-
based initiatives.

Collaboration with Other Organizations

Church Partnerships: Works closely with churches to promote Christian teachings and service projects.

United Nations and NGOs: Engages with international bodies to advocate for human rights and social
justice.

Interfaith Dialogue: Encourages cooperation with people of other faiths to promote peace and unity.

Contributions of YWCA to Society

✓Advancing Women’s Education through!

Establishment of Schools and Training Centers: Has founded schools, colleges, and vocational training
institutes for women worldwide.

Scholarship Programs: Provides financial assistance to young women pursuing higher education.

Literacy Campaigns: Runs adult education programs to empower women through literacy.

✓Advocacy for Women’s Rights and Social Justice through;

Fight Against Gender-Based Violence: Conducts awareness campaigns and provides shelters for abused
women.

Economic Empowerment Initiatives: Supports microfinance programs and women-led enterprises.

Legal Aid and Policy Reform: Advocates for legal reforms to protect women’s rights and equality in
society.

✓ Health and Well-being Initiatives through!

HIV/AIDS Awareness and Support: Runs programs to educate and assist women affected by HIV/AIDS.

Maternal and Child Healthcare: Provides maternity clinics, pre-natal care, and family planning services.

Mental Health Support: Offers counseling services to support women’s emotional and psychological
well-being.

✓Disaster Relief and Humanitarian Aid through;

Emergency Relief Programs: Responds to natural disasters by providing food, shelter, and medical aid.

Refugee and Displacement Support: Assists displaced women and children by offering shelter and legal
aid.

Community Resilience Programs: Helps communities prepare for disasters through training and resource
allocation.

Challenges Facing YWCA

✓Financial Constraints

Dependence on Donations: Relies on external funding, which can be unstable.

High Operational Costs: Running shelters, schools, and healthcare programs requires significant financial
resources.

Limited Government Support: In some countries, the movement does not receive enough support from
authorities.

✓Cultural and Religious Barriers

Resistance in Conservative Societies: Some traditional societies resist YWCA’s advocacy for women’s
rights.

Interfaith Challenges: While it promotes Christian values, working in diverse religious settings can be
complex.

Misconceptions About Feminism: Some critics argue that its advocacy for gender equality contradicts
traditional gender roles.

✓Organizational and Leadership Issues

Maintaining Unity Across Regions: Different cultural contexts require different approaches, leading to
challenges in maintaining consistency.

Leadership Transitions: Ensuring smooth transitions in leadership while keeping the movement’s vision
alive can be challenging.

Volunteer Retention: Engaging and sustaining active volunteers is a continuous challenge.

Future of YWCA and Its Role in Modern Society

1 .)Expanding Digital Outreach

Online Training Programs: Increasing use of digital platforms for faith-based education and leadership
training.

Social Media Advocacy: Utilizing social media to raise awareness on gender equality and women’s rights.

Virtual Counseling Services: Providing mental health and spiritual support through online platforms.

2.) Strengthening Global Advocacy Efforts

Policy Influence: Working with governments and international organizations to strengthen women’s
rights policies.

Increased Collaboration: Partnering with more religious and secular organizations to maximize impact.

Youth Engagement: Encouraging more young women to take leadership roles in the movement.

3.)Enhancing Financial Sustainability

Income-Generating Projects: Establishing businesses and fundraising initiatives to sustain operations.

Grant Applications and Philanthropic Support: Seeking financial support from international donors and
foundations.

Corporate Sponsorships: Partnering with ethical businesses that align with YWCA’s mission.

THR SYNAGOGUE CHURCH OF ALL NATIONS ( SCOAN)

Introduction

The Synagogue Church of All Nations (SCOAN) is a Christian religious movement founded by Prophet
Temitope Balogun Joshua (T.B. Joshua) in Lagos, Nigeria. The movement is known for its emphasis on
healing, deliverance, prophecy, and humanitarian services. SCOAN has gained international recognition,
attracting thousands of followers from around the world who seek divine intervention through miracles
and prophetic revelations.

1. Historical Background of SCOAN

1.1 Founding and Early Development

Established in 1987: SCOAN was founded by T.B. Joshua, who claimed to have received a divine vision
directing him to start the ministry.

Started as a Small Prayer Group: Initially, it was a small fellowship, but it grew rapidly due to reports of
miraculous healings and prophecies.

Growth into a Global Ministry: Over the years, SCOAN has expanded beyond Nigeria, attracting followers
from Africa, Europe, America, and Asia.

Emphasis on Miracles and Deliverance: The church gained popularity for its healing sessions, where
individuals claimed to be cured of diseases and delivered from spiritual oppression.

Influence of T.B. Joshua

Regarded as a Prophet: Many of his followers believed he had the gift of prophecy, foreseeing future
events and providing divine direction.

Humanitarian Contributions: Through the Emmanuel TV charity, he engaged in numerous philanthropic

activities, including feeding the poor, assisting disaster victims, and offering scholarships.

Criticism and Controversy: His teachings and miracles were met with skepticism by some Christian
leaders and organizations, questioning the authenticity of his powers.

Doctrines and Core Beliefs of SCOAN

✓ Emphasis on Faith and Divine Healing

Healing Through Prayer: Belief that sicknesses, including terminal diseases, can be healed through
prayer and faith.

Use of Anointing Water: The church distributes "anointing water," which is believed to carry divine
healing power.

Testimonies of Miraculous Healings: Many followers claim to have received healing from ailments such
as cancer, HIV/AIDS, and paralysis.
✓Prophecy and Spiritual Revelation

Prophetic Messages: T.B. Joshua frequently gave prophetic revelations concerning individuals, nations,
and world events.

Fulfillment of Prophecies: Followers believe that many of his prophecies have come to pass,
strengthening their faith in the movement.

Personalized Prophecy: Members often received individual prophecies about their future, relationships,
careers, and spiritual lives.

✓ Deliverance from Demonic Possession

Casting Out Evil Spirits: SCOAN holds deliverance sessions where individuals are reportedly freed from
demonic influences.

Spiritual Warfare Teachings: Emphasizes the existence of spiritual forces that cause sickness, misfortune,
and hardship.

Use of Anointing Stickers and Wristbands: Items distributed to members as symbols of divine protection
against evil forces.

✓The Power of the Holy Spirit

Guidance Through the Holy Spirit: Encourages believers to rely on the Holy Spirit for wisdom, healing,
and protection.

Manifestation of Spiritual Gifts: Claims that speaking in tongues, healing, and prophecy are active in the
church.

Emmanuel TV as a Medium for Evangelism: The movement operates Emmanuel TV, a Christian television
network broadcasting teachings, miracles, and testimonies.

✓Emphasis on Charity and Humanitarian Work

Caring for the Needy: SCOAN provides financial and material support to widows, orphans, and the less
privileged.

Educational Scholarships: Offers scholarships to students from poor backgrounds.

Global Humanitarian Missions: Assists in disaster relief efforts worldwide, including providing aid to
victims of natural disasters and conflicts.

Structure and Organization of SCOAN

Leadership and Governance

T.B. Joshua as Founder and Spiritual Leader: Until his passing in 2021, he was the central figure of the
movement.

Post-T.B. Joshua Leadership: After his death, his wife Evelyn Joshua took over as the leader of the
ministry.

Hierarchical Leadership Structure: Includes pastors, evangelists, and church workers who oversee
different aspects of the ministry.

Membership and Participation

Global Following: Attracts millions of followers from different countries, many of whom travel to Nigeria
for spiritual encounters.

Pilgrimage to Lagos Headquarters: The church's headquarters in Lagos serves as a pilgrimage site where
thousands visit for healing and deliverance.

Active Online Community: Uses social media and digital platforms to reach members globally.

Branches and Global Influence

Limited Physical Branches: Unlike other megachurches, SCOAN does not have multiple branches but
operates from a central location in Lagos.

SELECTED RECENT NEW RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS IN AFRICA.

1.) THE SECRET SOCIETIES.

THE SECRET SOCIETIES

Meaning of Secret Societies

A secret society is an organization or group that operates in secrecy, often with undisclosed goals,
activities, or membership. These societies usually require initiation rituals and maintain exclusive
membership criteria. Secret societies have existed throughout history, influencing politics, religion, and
cultural movements. Some of them are believed to possess esoteric knowledge, engage in mysterious
rituals, or hold significant power over societal events.
Secret societies often attract conspiracy theories, with some believing they control governments,
financial institutions, and major global events. While some are purely fraternal organizations, others are
alleged to have deeper political or mystical influences.

1. Illuminati

The Illuminati refers to a secret society that is believed to manipulate world events from behind the
scenes. The term originally referred to the Bavarian Illuminati, a group founded in the 18th century.
Today, the Illuminati is often linked to conspiracy theories about global governance and control over
society.

Functions

1. Influence Political Power – The Illuminati is alleged to manipulate governments and control world
leaders.

2. Control of Economy – It is rumored that the Illuminati influence banking systems and multinational
corporations.

3. Promotion of a New World Order – Some believe the Illuminati seeks to establish a one-world
government.

4. Control of Media – The society is thought to shape public opinion through mass media.

5. Occult and Esoteric Knowledge – The group is suspected of practicing hidden mystical traditions.

6. Manipulation of Global Events – Many conspiracy theorists believe the Illuminati engineers major
world crises.

Big Secret of the Illuminati

The greatest alleged secret is their ultimate goal of controlling the world through a New World Order.
Some believe they have members in high positions, influencing decisions without public knowledge.

How to Become a Member

1. Allegedly, recruitment is secretive and invitation-only.

2. Candidates must show influence, power, or financial success.
3. Some believe that initiation rituals involve pledging loyalty and performing specific tasks.

History

1. Founded in 1776 in Bavaria by Adam Weishaupt.

2. Originally, the group promoted Enlightenment ideals and opposed religious and governmental
oppression.
3. Banned by the Bavarian government in 1785 due to fears of revolution.
4. Modern conspiracy theories claim the Illuminati survived and now operate globally.
Problems Faced

1. Government Bans – Many governments have outlawed the Illuminati.

2. Public Suspicion – Continuous allegations and conspiracy theories make secrecy difficult.

3. Internal Conflicts – Disagreements over the society’s direction have caused splits.

4. Threat from Religious Groups – Many religious institutions oppose secret societies.

5. Exploitation by Impostors – Many fake organizations claim to be the Illuminati.

6. Digital Age Challenges – The internet has made secrecy more difficult.

2. Skull and Bones

A secret society based at Yale University, Skull and Bones is known for recruiting influential individuals,
including U.S. presidents and business leaders.

Functions

1. Networking – Provides connections for members in politics and business.

2. Leadership Training – Grooms future leaders of the world.

3. Influence in Government – Many U.S. leaders have been members.

4. Secrecy and Rituals – Known for its mysterious initiation rites.

5. Economic Power – Many elite bankers and CEOs are members.

6. Elite Brotherhood – Members protect and help each other throughout life.

Big Secret of Skull and Bones

Many believe the society has control over U.S. policies and global banking.

How to Become a Member

Only 15 Yale students are selected each year.

Selection is invitation-based and depends on influence and background.

History

1. Founded in 1832 at Yale University.

2. Many prominent politicians, including U.S. presidents, have been members.
Problems Faced

1. Criticism for Elitism – Only a few privileged individuals are chosen.

2. Conspiracy Theories – Accused of controlling global politics.

3. Public Scrutiny – Media investigations threaten its secrecy.

3. Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn

A mystical secret society focused on spiritual enlightenment and occult teachings.

Functions

1. Study of Mysticism – Focuses on alchemy, astrology, and magic.

2. Spiritual Development – Helps members achieve higher consciousness.

3. Esoteric Teachings – Preserves ancient mystical traditions.

4. Secret Rituals – Performs initiation and magical rituals.

5. Influence on Occult Movements – Inspired many later esoteric groups.

6. Symbolism and Magic – Uses sacred symbols and secret knowledge.

Big Secret of the Golden Dawn

Their rituals and teachings claim to unlock hidden powers within individuals.

How to Become a Member

Initiation involves studying esoteric texts.

Higher ranks require mastering different levels of mystical knowledge.

History

Founded in 1887 in London.

Included famous occultists like Aleister Crowley.

Problems Faced

1. Internal Conflicts – Rivalry among leaders weakened the group.

2. Religious Opposition – Many Christians opposed their mystical teachings.

4. Knights of Pythias

A fraternal order promoting friendship and morality.

Functions

1. Brotherhood and Charity – Supports its members and communities.

2. Moral Teachings – Emphasizes virtues of friendship, charity, and justice.

3. Networking – Connects members in politics and business.

Big Secret

Their initiation rituals and ranking system are kept secret.

History

Founded in 1864 in the U.S.

Problems Faced

1. Declining Membership – Fewer people join such societies today.

5. AMORC (Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis)

A mystical society focused on spiritual enlightenment.

Functions

1. Study of Mysticism

2. Healing Practices

3. Spiritual Transformation

Big Secret

They claim to hold ancient knowledge passed down from Egypt.

History

Traces roots to ancient Egypt, officially established in 1915.

Problems Faced
1. Religious Opposition – Critics see it as conflicting with Christianity.

6. Bohemian Club

An elite secretive group of politicians and businessmen.

Functions

1. Networking

2. Elite Gatherings

3. Influence Over Policy

Big Secret

Some believe it influences global politics in secret meetings.

History

Founded in 1872 in San Francisco.

Problems Faced

1. Public Criticism – Accused of elitism.