1 2 Polymer : It isa very large molecule having molecular mass 10°-10" g mol". They are formed by joining together repeating structural units, called monomers, Classification of Polymers : (a) Based on Source: () ©) @ @ (i) (i) [Natural : Found in plants and animals, e.g., Proteins, cellulose, natural rubber, silk, wool Synthetic : Man-made, e.g., Nylon, polyster, neoprene, bakelite, teflon, PVC, polystyrene. Semisynthetic : Natural but modified by man e.g. cellulose nitrate. Based on Structure : @ i) iy Linear polymers : This consist of long and straight chain repeating units, eg., Polythene (HDPE), PVC, nylon, polyester. Branched polymers : This contain linear chains having some branches, e.g., amylopectin, glycogen ete. Cross-linked polymers : Strong covalent bonds are present between various linear polymer chains, e.g., Bakelite, urea-formaldehyde polymer, melamine, formaldehyde polymer ete, Based on mode of polymerization : @ co) Addition polymers : These are formed by the repeated addition of ‘monomer molecules possessing multiple bonds, eg, polythene, polypropene, polystyrene, PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate). Condensation polymers : ‘These are formed by the repeated condensation reaction of different bifunctional or trifunctional monomers with the elimination of small molecules like water, HCI, NHL, alcohol, ete., eg., Bakelite, nylon, polyster, urea-formaldehyde resin. Based on molecular forces : @ Elastomers : Forces of interaction between polymer chains is weakest, ‘eg,, natural rubber, neoprene, vulcanized rubber.Fibers : Strong hydrogen bonds are present between the polymer chains. They have high tensie strength, e.g., Nylon, polyster, silk, wool, orlon, rayon etc. ‘Thermoplasties : They are linear/slightly branched chains molecules capable of repeated softening on heating and hardening on cooling, e.g., Polythene, PVC, polystyrene, polypropene. (iv) Thermosetting plastics : They are cross-linked or heavily branched molecules, which on heating undergo extensive ctoss-linkages and become infusible, e.g., Bakelite, urea-formaldehyde resin, (©) Based on growth of polymerization ; Depending upon the mechanism of polymerization, polymers are classified as (Addition polymers or Chain growth polymers : They follow mostly free radical mechanism, (ii) Condensation polymers or Step growth polymers : Because they are formed in gradual steps, Polymers and Their Monomers ©] Sameera Secs Tononer Tie sof we Tiere Cai Gia ela sae Sepa “ac sowed an arty 2 [Popsyene GH Cih CH=CH, AS insulator, wrapping (FO, ai=ci Sasa, a Gxt, PorSorne | dy, styrene |e md Bt [Posi a acne ie mac ot ie ; Cand bags oe eve) ec CH), | vinteite tel oe ans ones 7 [oisewatanrs x, an Ts io ara ij Te) tating soking wares oa tre 3 Jovian wn Te making boning Qty gH ‘arses, lacquers exaerenb |ocron 7 [rove oN [aascHN Tenakng aba es i toi peice wet Coron asin | CCH CHD, | Asm 7 [Sane Rand [pon CISA] emake come tober Sr ne Ors care Boe’) ‘a Tr aking oe ma K astro hoses nd tank ms) ino 3 Reape Tea mang or tee an Citoroprene {tes To | Nawab CH, =C-CH=CH, | malig ces oe f tbs vakansed be om SH toprene | [Tani Dosen > 3 Tor ang five ney 28 frnwoocO}- coon | Fa malie fe le fo-cucu-o-bent}|” tener eHo-cHy chon T [Povwoneae =P Gis Pn Tope Fp Be Pope f Sato, (-CH,-CHS cH,-cH 7 [oon ocii-cH,006, 40-(CH).C-N-(CHYN% +2n-1)H,O Nylon 6,6 Q. 8, What is the difference between elastomers and fibres ? Give one example of Ans. Elastomers : Polymers in which the intermolecular forces of attraction between the polymer chains are weakest are called elastomers. E.g,, Natural rubber. Fibres : Polymers in which intermolecular forces of attraction are the strongest are called fibres. E.g., Nylon-6, 6. Q.9. Mention the important uses of each : () Nylon-6, 6 (i) PVE Ans. (i) Uses of Nylon-6, 6: (a) It is used in making carpets, textile fibres ete. (b) Ibis used for making elastic hosiery.(il) Uses of PVC: (@) _Itis used for making raincoats, hand bags ete. (b) tis used in making water pipes. Q. 10.Arrange the following polymers in the order of increasing intermolecular forces () Nylon-6, Buna-S, Polythene (ii) Nylon-6, Neoprene, Polyvinyl chloride Ans. (3) Buna-S < Polythene CaH,CHLEH, Chain propagating step (C,H,CH,CH, + H,C ~ CH, —> C,H,CH,CH,CH, (Hy CH,CH,3,CH,CH,(iii) Chain terminating step Calg CH,CH,,C + CH CH,CH,.CH,CH,CH,¢ CH,CH, CH (Het CH,CH,3,CH,CH, Q. 6. Write chemical equation for the synthesis of : () Nylon-6,6 (ii) Neoprene (iii) Terylene Ans. i) Nylon-6, 6: ou ou ? 7 | i nHOOC+(CH,),COOH + nl, N(CH,),.NH, —> £€-(CH,),C-N—(CH),N Nylon 6,6 Adipic acid Hexamethylene diamine ™ (ii) Neoprene : q q H,C=C-CH=CH, —> 4H,C-C=CHCH,%, Chloroprene Neoprene (ii) Terylene : ° nHO-CH,CH,OH + Ethylene glycol ee aan ROL Ranh no - C-<_Y-C-on) —> 0-H, CH, -0-C-L_Y-C4, “Terephthlic acid Tereylene Q. 7. Write the monomers which are used for the synthesis of following polymers : () Terylene (i) Polythene (iii) Bakelite Indicate the type of polymerisation for each which forms polymers. ‘Ans. Monomers ‘Type of polymerisation (Ethylene glycol + Terephthalic acid Condensation (i) Ethene Addition (ii) Phenol + Formaldehyde CondensationQ. 8. How are polymers classified on the basis of mode of polymerisation ? Explain with examples Ans. Addition polymers : Are formed by repeated addition of a large number of same or different monomers possessing double or triple bonds. E.g., Polythene. nl,C = CH, > (H,C-CH, }, ene Povtene Condensation polymers : Are formed by repeated condensation reaction between two bifunctional or trifunctional monomer units usually with the elimination of sinall molecules like water, alcohol, ammonia, ete. E.g., Nylon-6, 6, nHOOC(CH,),COOH + nl1,N(CH,)NH9= g gh # 4C~(CH).C-N—(CH).N% + n= HO Nylon 6, 6 Q.9.A monomer of a polymer on ozonolysis gives two moles of CH,O and one mol oO i of CH,-C-CHO, Write the structure of monomer and polymer and each step of reaction. ‘Ans, Structure of monomer : cH, I cio +0- 6-H, och, —>on,-¢-cH=cH, Structure of polymer: CHG" 6-CHty wet Q.10.Can a copolymer be formed in both addition and condensation polymerisation ? Explain with examples. Ans, Yes, Buna-S, Buna-N : Addition polymer Nylon-6, 6, terylene : Condensation LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 Marks) Q. 1. How are following polymers obtained ? Write the names and structures of monomers and structure of respective polymers : (Dacron (ii) Nylon-6 (i) Buns. (iv) Glyptal (v) PHBVAns. (i) Dacron : By condensation polymerisation, 0 9 oo Rat Ra! nHOH,C-CH,OH + oHo-C-X_Y-C-0n —> 40-cH,cH,-0-C-<_Y-C+, Terephle acid Dacron (ii) Nylon-6 : By condensation polymerisation. H H N20 | 1 Cy SSK [H,N(CHy,COO™] —>N- (CH), C4, ui Xylon-6 (ii) Buna-N : By addition polymerisation, oH,C= CHCH = CH, *nnc=ch—+ HC chl~ 1.3 - Butadiene by Acryloitite (iv) Glyptal : By condensation polymerisation. HOOC_,COOH nH,OHCCHOH, + n CS O-CH,CH,0 Ethylene glycol Phthalic acid Glyptal (»)_ PHBV : By condensation polymerisation. 1 i nHO ~ CHCH,COOH + nH - CHCH,COOH —7. OGHCH,C— 0 - CHCH,C cH, CH.CH, cH, CHCH, 3-hydroxybutanoiec acid 3-hydroxyvaleric acid PuBV