Cyclotron Motion
We can also work-out the frequency
of the cyclotron motion
qB
fcyc =
2πm
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 1/1
Cyclotron Motion
We can also work-out the frequency
of the cyclotron motion
qB
fcyc =
2πm
q/m is the particle’s charge-to-mass
ratio. Notice that the frequncy does
not depend on the particle’s velocity!!
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 1/1
Example 33.11
Example 33.11
An electron is accelerated from rest
through a potential difference of 500V, the
injected into a uniform magnetic field.
Once in the magnetic field it completes
half a revolution in 2.0ns. What is the
radius of the orbit?
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 2/1
Example 33.11
We can do the electric field part using
conservation of energy:
Kf + qVf = Ki + qVi
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 3/1
Example 33.11
We can do the electric field part using
conservation of energy:
Kf + qVf = Ki + qVi
Kf + qVf = 0 + q(0)
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 3/1
Example 33.11
We can do the electric field part using
conservation of energy:
Kf + qVf = Ki + qVi
Kf + qVf = 0 + q(0)
1
mv 2 + (−e)Vf = 0
2 f
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 3/1
Example 33.11
We can do the electric field part using
conservation of energy:
Kf + qVf = Ki + qVi
Kf + qVf = 0 + q(0)
1
mv 2 + (−e)Vf = 0
2 f r
2eVf
vf = = 1.33 × 107 m/s
m
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 3/1
Example 33.11
We know that one orbit would take
4ns, therefore the frequency is
1
f = = 2.5 × 108 Hz
4ns
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 4/1
Example 33.11
We know that one orbit would take
4ns, therefore the frequency is
1
f = = 2.5 × 108 Hz
4ns
qB
f =
2πm
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 4/1
Example 33.11
We know that one orbit would take
4ns, therefore the frequency is
1
f = = 2.5 × 108 Hz
4ns
qB
f =
2πm
2πmf
B = = 8.94 × 10−3 T
e
The radius is then
mv
r= = 8.5mm
qB
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 4/1
Example 33.11
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 5/1
The Cyclotron
A cyclotron is useful for nuclear, particle
and CM physics experiments (and
creation of medical isotopes).
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 6/1
The Cyclotron
A cyclotron is useful for nuclear, particle
and CM physics experiments (and
creation of medical isotopes).
Exploit that the cyclotron frequency does
not depend on particle velocity.
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 6/1
The Cyclotron
A cyclotron is useful for nuclear, particle
and CM physics experiments (and
creation of medical isotopes).
Exploit that the cyclotron frequency does
not depend on particle velocity.
Create a powerful magnetic field and
inject charged particles at the center of
the device.
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 6/1
The Cyclotron
A cyclotron is useful for nuclear, particle
and CM physics experiments (and
creation of medical isotopes).
Exploit that the cyclotron frequency does
not depend on particle velocity.
Create a powerful magnetic field and
inject charged particles at the center of
the device.
Accelerate them using electric fields
across gaps between the “dees”. Switch
the sign of the potential difference at
exactly the right moment to keep
accelerating.
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 6/1
The Cyclotron
A cyclotron is useful for nuclear, particle
and CM physics experiments (and
creation of medical isotopes).
Exploit that the cyclotron frequency does
not depend on particle velocity.
Create a powerful magnetic field and
inject charged particles at the center of
the device.
Accelerate them using electric fields
across gaps between the “dees”. Switch
the sign of the potential difference at
exactly the right moment to keep
accelerating.
Increase the radius until the particles
escape.
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 6/1
The World’s Largest Cyclotron - TRIUMF
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 7/1
TRIUMF Cyclotron Tidbits
First beam December 15, 1974
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 8/1
TRIUMF Cyclotron Tidbits
First beam December 15, 1974
18m diameter magnet, about 0.6 Tesla
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 8/1
TRIUMF Cyclotron Tidbits
First beam December 15, 1974
18m diameter magnet, about 0.6 Tesla
18500A current
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 8/1
TRIUMF Cyclotron Tidbits
First beam December 15, 1974
18m diameter magnet, about 0.6 Tesla
18500A current
520MeV (particle speed is 225000km/s)
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 8/1
TRIUMF Cyclotron Tidbits
First beam December 15, 1974
18m diameter magnet, about 0.6 Tesla
18500A current
520MeV (particle speed is 225000km/s)
accelerates 600 trillion particles (protons) per second
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 8/1
Magnetic Forces on Current-Carrying Wires (33.8)
We have seen the effect of placing
two current-carrying wires close to
each other (likes attract, opposites
repel).
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 9/1
Magnetic Forces on Current-Carrying Wires (33.8)
We have seen the effect of placing
two current-carrying wires close to
each other (likes attract, opposites
repel).
Now it is time to quantify this
magnetic force.
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 9/1
Magnetic Forces on Current-Carrying Wires (33.8)
We have seen the effect of placing
two current-carrying wires close to
each other (likes attract, opposites
repel).
Now it is time to quantify this
magnetic force.
A magnetic field parallel to a current
exerts no force, perpendicular fields
exert maximum force - makes sense
from our knowlegde of moving
charges.
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 9/1
Magnetic Forces on Current-Carrying Wires
Let’s get the force in terms of current,
instead of moving charges. The
current in a segment of wire of length
L is charge q moving through the wire
divided by the time it takes ∆t:
L
q = I∆t = I
v
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 10 / 1
Magnetic Forces on Current-Carrying Wires
Let’s get the force in terms of current,
instead of moving charges. The
current in a segment of wire of length
L is charge q moving through the wire
divided by the time it takes ∆t:
L
q = I∆t = I
v
This means that
IL = qv
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 10 / 1
Magnetic Forces on Current-Carrying Wires
Let’s get the force in terms of current,
instead of moving charges. The
current in a segment of wire of length
L is charge q moving through the wire
divided by the time it takes ∆t:
L
q = I∆t = I
v
This means that
IL = qv
Substituting into the force equation
gives
~ wire = q~v × B
F ~ = IL
~ ×B
~
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 10 / 1
Force Between Two Parallel Wires
For the specific case of two parallel wires spaced d apart, we
know that the magnetic field from a “long” wire at distance d is
µ0 I
B=
2πd
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 11 / 1
Force Between Two Parallel Wires
For the specific case of two parallel wires spaced d apart, we
know that the magnetic field from a “long” wire at distance d is
µ0 I
B=
2πd
A field of this strength is generated at the position of the second
wire by the first and vice versa.
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 11 / 1
Force Between Two Parallel Wires
Using the right-hand-rule (and some acrobatics) you can see why
opposites repel and like directions attract.
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 12 / 1
Force Between Two Parallel Wires
Using the right-hand-rule (and some acrobatics) you can see why
opposites repel and like directions attract.
The field is the same everywhere along the parallel wires. The
force on the upper wire is
µ0 I2 µ0 LI1 I2
F = I1 LB2 = I1 L =
2πd 2πd
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 12 / 1
Forces and Torques on Current Loops (33.9)
You could see current carrying wires as repelling or attracting
because of the alignment of their poles.
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 13 / 1
Torque on a Current Loop
Now consider a current loop in a
uniform magnetic field.
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 14 / 1
Torque on a Current Loop
Now consider a current loop in a
uniform magnetic field.
In this configuration the forces on
front and back cancel. However, the
loop is not perpendicular to the field,
so the forces on top and bottom do
not cancel - there is a torque:
τ = Fd = (ILB)(L sin θ) = (IL 2 )B sin θ
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 14 / 1
Torque on a Current Loop
Now consider a current loop in a
uniform magnetic field.
In this configuration the forces on
front and back cancel. However, the
loop is not perpendicular to the field,
so the forces on top and bottom do
not cancel - there is a torque:
τ = Fd = (ILB)(L sin θ) = (IL 2 )B sin θ
But L 2 is the area, µ = IA so
τ = µB sin θ
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 14 / 1
Torque on a Current Loop
Now consider a current loop in a
uniform magnetic field.
In this configuration the forces on
front and back cancel. However, the
loop is not perpendicular to the field,
so the forces on top and bottom do
not cancel - there is a torque:
τ = Fd = (ILB)(L sin θ) = (IL 2 )B sin θ
But L 2 is the area, µ = IA so
τ = µB sin θ
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 14 / 1
Torque on a Current Loop
Now consider a current loop in a
uniform magnetic field.
In this configuration the forces on
front and back cancel. However, the
loop is not perpendicular to the field,
so the forces on top and bottom do
not cancel - there is a torque:
τ = Fd = (ILB)(L sin θ) = (IL 2 )B sin θ
But L 2 is the area, µ = IA so
τ = µB sin θ
~τ = µ
~ ×B~
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 14 / 1
An Electric Motor
Neil Alberding (SFU Physics) Physics 121: Optics, Electricity & Magnetism Spring 2010 15 / 1
