Materials Science:
•Materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between
the structures and properties of materials.
Materials Engineering:
•Materials engineering is, on the basis of these structure–property
correlations,
designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a
predetermined set
of properties.
Why do we study materials science and
engineering?
➢ Selecting the right material from the thousands that are available.
➢ Consideration is any deterioration of material properties that may occur
during
service operation.
➢ Economics.
Metals:
– Strong, ductile
– High thermal & electrical conductivity
– Opaque, reflective.
• Polymers/plastics: Covalent bonding → sharing of e’s
– Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
– Thermal & electrical insulators
– Optically translucent or transparent.
• Ceramics: ionic bonding – compounds of metallic & non-
metallic elements (oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides)
– Brittle, glassy, elastic
– Non-conducting (insulators)
- Composite:Is composed of two or more of materials which come from:
metals, ceramics, and polymers.
Advanced materials:
▪ Biomaterials (which must be compatible with body tissues).
▪ Smart materials (those that sense and respond to changes in their
environments in predetermined manners).
▪ Nanomaterials (those that have structural features on the order of a
nanometer, some of which may be designed on the
atomic/molecular level).
Stress and strain:
• What are they and why are they used instead of load and deformation
Elastic behavior:
• Recoverable Deformation of small magnitude
Plastic behavior:
• Permanent deformation We must consider which materials are most
resistant to permanent deformation?
Toughness and ductility:
• Defining how much energy that a material can take before failure. How do
we measure them?
Hardness:
• How we measure hardness and its relationship to material strength
Proof stress of a material can be defined as the stress at which the material
undergoes plastic deformation.
Resilience: Ability of a material to store (elastic) energy
– Energy stored best in elastic region
Yield strength: Stress at which noticeable plastic deformation has
occurred.
Tensile strength: TS is Maximum stress on engineering stress-strain curve
Metals: occurs when noticeable necking starts.
• Polymers: occurs when polymer backbone chains are
aligned and about to break.
Ductility: Plastic tensile strain at failure
Toughness: Is a measure of the ability of a material to absorb energy up to
fracture
High toughness = High yield strength and ductility
Important Factors in determining Toughness:
1. Specimen Geometry & 2. Method of load application
Dynamic (high strain rate) loading condition (Impact test)
1. Specimen with notch- Notch toughness
2. Specimen with crack- Fracture toughness
Static (low strain rate) loading condition (tensile stress-strain test)
. Area under stress vs strain curve up to the point of fracture.
Toughness:Energy to break a unit volume of material
• Approximate by the area under the stress-strain curve.
Hardness: Resistance to permanently (plastically) indenting the surface of
a product.
• Large hardness means:
--resistance to plastic deformation or cracking in compression.
--better wear properties
.
- Names of Hardness Tests:
- Brinell *
- Vickers microhardness *
- Knoop microhardness *
Rockwell and Superficial Rockwel -
Ch2
Crystalline materials...
Atoms arranged in periodic3D arrays
-metals,many ceramics,some polymers
Noncrystalline materials...
• atoms have no periodic arrangement
-complex structures -rapid cooling
"Amorphous" = Noncrystalline
UNIT CELL: • “SMALLEST GEOMETRIC FIGURE OF A SOLID WHICH
WHEN REPEATED
IN ALL THREE DIRECTIONS RESULTS IN THE SOLID ITSELF
