S M A R T N O T E S

TOPIC No.– 01 PERCENTAGE

izfr'krrk
MIX FRACTION :- BASIC :-
 Natural number + Fraction = Mix fraction  Percentage: Per centage refers to 'Per
N N hundred' i.e./izfr'kr dk rkRi;Z izfr lkS ls gS] vFkkZr~
x  x
D D Percentage symbol/izfr'kr fpUg = %
10% means out of hundred or/10% dk eryc gS
Concept:-
 tc Hkh 1 esa ls dksbZ Fraction ?kVkuk gS rks Denominator 10
lkS esa ls ;k =
as it is jgsxkA 100

Numerator = D – N a reprsented as the per cent of b/a dks b ds izfr'kr

N D–N a
1–  ds :i esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS = 100
D D b

b
Concept:- b% of a = a ×
100
 Whenever a fraction is to be subtracted from
a number greater than 1/tc Hkh 1 ls cM+h la[;k esa Concept:-
dksbZ fraction ?kVkuh gks rks  Convert a fraction/decimal into percentage/

N D–N
fHkUUk@n'keyo dks izfr'kr esa cnysa
x–  x – 1 Multiply by 100/100 ls [Link] djsa &
D D
85 85
Concept:- 0.85   100%  85%
100 100
 Whenever we want to subtract a mixed fraction
from a number larger than 1/tc Hkh 1 ls cM+h  Convert a percent into fraction/izfr'kr dks fHkUu
la[;k esa dksbZ fraction ?kVkuh gks rks esa cnysa
Divide by 100/100 ls foHkkftr djsa
N  D–N
x–y  x –  y  1
D  D 16.66 1
16.66% 
100 6

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 Percentage Value Chart

Concept:-
c
 If a is decreased to b. then,/;fn a dks ?kVkdj b dj . What is the approximate % error in his
d
fn;k tk,] rks c
calculation:/,d yM+ds us fdlh la[;k dks ds ctk;
a –b d
Decreased/deh% = 100
a a
ls [Link] fd;kA mldh [Link] esa yxHkx % =kqfV D;k gS%
b
Concept:-
correct no.  incorrect no.
 If a is increased to b then,/;fn a dks c<+kdj b dj Error percent= 100
correct no.
fn;k tk,] rks
b–a SUCCESSIVE PERCENTAGE
Increment/o`f¼% = 100
a Two successive percentage: If the number is first
ERROR BASED increase or decrease by x% and then increase or
decrease by y%, then/;fn la[;k esa igys x% dh o`f¼ ;k deh
Concept:- dh tk, rFkk fiQj y% dh o`f¼ ;k deh dh tk,] rks
a Effective % change/izHkkoh % ifjorZu
 A boy multiplied a number by instead of
b
x y
= x  y 
100

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Note:- +ve sign is used for increase, –ve sign the area of square will decrease by/;fn fdlh oxZ
is used for decrease/+ve fpUg dk iz;ksx o`f¼ ds dh Hkqtk esa a% dh deh dj nh tk, rks oxZ dk {ks=kiQy de
fy,] –ve fpUg dk iz;ksx deh ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS gks tk,xk
Concept:-  2 
 –2a  a  %
If an amount is increase by a% and then it is  Decreased%/ deh =  100 

decreased by a% again, then/;fn fdlh jkf'k esa
Note:- This formula is also applicable for
a% dh o`f¼ dh tkrh gS vkSj fiQj mls iqu% a% ?kVk fn;k tkrk
circles. Where decrease % of radius is given./
gS] rks
;g lw=k o`Ùkksa ds fy, Hkh ykxw gksrk gSA tgk¡ f=kT;k dk ?kVrk %
a2 fn;k x;k gSA
Decreased percentage/?kVk gqvk izfr'kr = %
100
Concept:-
AREA, VOLUME BASED If the income of a person is x% more than
Concept:- another perosn, then income of another
person is less in comparison to the 1st person
If the length of a rectangle is increased by a%
and breadth is increased by b%, then the area by/;fn ,d vkneh dh vk; nwljs vkneh ls x% vf/d gS] rks
of rectangle will increase by./;fn fdlh vk;r dh nwljs vkneh dh vk; igys vkneh dh rqyuk esa fdruh de gSA
yackbZ esa a% dh o`f¼ dh tk, rFkk pkSM+kbZ esa b% dh o`f¼ dh  x 
 100  %
tk,] rks vk;r dk {ks=kiQy c<+ tk,xk  100  x
 
 
Required increased %/vHkh"V o`f¼ =
 ab  CONSTANT PRODUCT RULE
a  b   %
 100 
 P    Q   Constant
Note:- If a side is increased, take positive sign
• Expenditure = Price × Consumption
and if it is decreased, take negative sign. It is
• Work = Men × Time
applied for two dimensional figures./;fn Hkqtk c<+kbZ
• Area = Length × Breadth
tk, rks /ukRed fpg~u ysa vkSj ;fn ?kVkbZ tk, rks Í.kkRed
• Volume = Area × Height
fpg~u ysaA ;g nks vk;keh vkÑfr;ksa ds fy, ykxw gksrk gSA • Income Tax = Income × Rate
Concept:- • Distance = Speed × Time
If the side of a square is increased by a% then, • Earning = Time × Wages
its area will increase by/;fn fdlh oxZ dh Hkqtk esa  
 x
a% dh o`f¼ dh tk, rks mldk {ks=kiQy fdruk c<+ tk,xkA 100  %
 100  x 
  

 a 2   a.a 
Required% = 2a  100  %  
a  a 
100
 % Concept:-
   
If 'x' is P% less than 'y'. Then y is more than
Note:- This for mula is used for two
'x' by ;fn 'x', 'y' ls P% de gSA rks y, 'x' ls fdruk vf/
dimensional geometrical figures having both
length and breadt h equal and also d gSA
implemented for circle where radius is used Required increased/ v Hkh "V o`f¼ %
as side./bl lw=k dk iz;ksx nks vk;keh T;kferh; vkÑfr;ksa ds  
 P 
fy, fd;k tkrk gS] ftudh yackbZ vkSj pkSM+kbZ nksuksa cjkcj gksrh =  100 – P 100  %
gS] rFkk bls o`Ùk ds fy, Hkh ykxw fd;k tkrk gS] tgka f=kT;k dks   

Hkqtk ds :i esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Concept:-

Income, Saving & Expenditure Based
Concept:-
Income = Saving + Expenditure/vk; = cpr + O;;
If the side of a square is decreased by a%. then

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Concept:-
P
Price, Consumption, Expenditure t
Price × Consumption = Expenditure tula[;k@ykxr = 1  r 
100
 
dher × [kir = O;;
After 't' years population/cost/'t' o"kZ ds ckn
Concept:-
t
By increasing/decreasing the price of an item  r 
tula[;k@ykxr = P 1  
by x%, a person can buy 'w' kg of item for 'y'  100 
rupees less/more, then/fdlh oLrq ds ewY; esa x%
Concept:-
dh o`f¼@deh djds] ,d O;fDr 'w' fdyksxzke oLrq 'y' :i,
If the present population of a town is P and
de@vf/d esa [kjhn ldrk gS] fiQj
the population increases or decreases at rate
Increased/decreased cost of the article of R1%, R2% and R3% in first, second and third
  year respectively. Then/;fn fdlh dLcs dh orZeku
 xy  xy
= 
  and initial cost =   tula[;k P gS rFkk igys] nwljs rFkk rhljs o"kZ esa tula[;k
100  w  100  x  
w
Øe'k% R1%, R2% rFkk R3% dh nj ls c<+rh ;k ?kVrh gS] rks
Note:- [Negative sign when decreasing and
The population of town after 3 years/3 o"kZ ckn
positive sign when increasing]/?kVrs le; Í.kkRed
 R  R  R 
fpg~u vkSj c<+rs le; /ukRed fpg~uA dLcs dh tula[;k = P 1  1  1  2  1 
3 

100  100  100
  
Concept:- The above formula may be extended for 'n'
If a number 'x' is increased or decreased by number of years./mijksDr lw=k dks n o"kksZa rd c<+k;k tk
y%, then/;fn fdlh la[;k 'x' esa y% dh o`f¼ ;k deh dh ldrk gSA
tk,] rks Population after 'n' years/'n' o"kksZa ds ckn tula[;k
100  y   R1   R   R 
The new number/u;h la[;k =  100  x = P
1   1  2 ....... 1  3 
   100  100   100 
Note:- '+' is used when population increases
ELECTION BASED
tula[;k c<+us ij '+' dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS
Concept:- • '–' is used when population decreases
If a candidate got x% votes in a poll and he
tula[;k ?kVus ij '–' dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
won or defeated by 'y' votes. Then,/;fn fdlh
mEehnokj dks fdlh los{Z k.k esa x% oksV feys vkSj og 'y' oksVksa BASED ON EXAMINATION
ls thrk ;k gkjk] rks
Concept:-
Total no. of casted votes/Mkys x, dqy erksa dh la[;k In a certain examination passing marks is
50  y a%. If any candidate obtains 'b' marks and
= 50 – x fails by 'c' marks. Then,/fdlh ijh{kk esa mÙ[Link] gksus ds
 
fy, vadksa dh la[;k a% gSA ;fn dksbZ vH;FkhZ 'b' vad izkIr
POPULATION BASED
djrk gS vkSj 'c' vadksa ls vuqÙ[Link] gks tkrk gSA rks]
Concept:-
100 b  c
If the population/cost of a certain town/ Total marks =
article, is P and it increased and decreased at a
the rate of r% annually then,/;fn fdlh fuf'pr Concept:-
'kgj@oLrq dh tula[;k@ykxr P gS vkSj ;g okf"kZd :i ls r% A candidate scored x% marks in an exam, and
dh nj ls c<+rh ;k ?kVrh gS] rks failed by a marks. In the same examination
Before 't' years population/cost/'t' o"kZ ls igys another candidate obtained y% marks and
passed with b more marks than minimum, then

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 ,d vH;FkhZ us ,d ijh{kk esa x% vad izkIr fd,] rFkk a vadks OR
ls vuqÙ[Link] gks x;kA mlh ijh{kk esa ,d vU; vH;FkhZ us y% vad Mixture & Allegation based
izkIr fd, rFkk U;wure ls b vf/d vadksa ds lkFk mÙ[Link] gqvk]
rks BASED ON VENN DIAGRAM
100 Concept:-
Maximum marks =  a  b
 – x
y

Concept:-
In an examination, a% candidates failed in A B
Reasoning and b% candidates failed in Hindi.
If c% candidate failed in both the subjects,
then,
,d ijh{kk esa] a% vH;FkhZ jhtfuax esa rFkk b% vH;FkhZ fganh esa
vuqÙ[Link] gq,A ;fn c% vH;FkhZ nksuksa fo"k;ksa esa vuqÙ[Link] gq,] rks
(i) Passed candidates in both the subjects/nksuksa n AB
fo"k;ksa esa mÙ[Link] vH;FkhZ = 100 – (a + b – c)%
(ii) Percentage of candidates who failed in n A  B  n A  n B – n A  B
either subject/fdlh Hkh fo"k; esa vuqÙ[Link] gksus okys Concept:-
vH;fFkZ;ksa dk izfr'kr = (a + b – c)%
Concept:-
In a certain examination, 'x' boys and 'y' girls A B
participated. a% of boys and b% of girls passed
the examination. Then,/,d fuf'pr ijh{kk esa] 'x'
yM+ds vkSj 'y' yM+fd;k¡ 'kkfey gqbZA a% yM+ds vkSj b%
yM+fd;k¡ ijh{kk esa mÙ[Link] gqbZA rks]
Percentage of passed students/mÙ[Link] fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk C
izfr'kr
 xa  yb 
=   % n A  B  C  n A  n B  n C – n A  B
 xy 
–n B  C – n C  A  n A  B  C
Concept:-
If a person saves 'P' rupees after spending a% Concept:-
on food, b% on cloth and c% on entertainment If a number is increased/decreased by a%
of his income then,/;fn dksbZ viuh vk; dk a% then to return to the original number, it is to
Hkkstu ij] b% diM+s ij rFkk c% euksjatu ij O;; djus ds a
be reduced/increased by = 100%
ckn 'P' :i, cpkrk gS] rks 100  a
Monthly income/ekfld vk; = ;fn fdlh la[;k esa % dh o`f¼@deh dh tkrh gS rks ewy la[;k
100 a
P ij ykSVus ds fy, bls = 100% ls ?kVkuk@c<+kuk
100 – a  b  c 100  a
MIXTURE BASED gksxkA

Concept:- Concept:-
The amount of acid/milk is a% in 'x' litre If A is greater than B by x%, then B is smaller
mixture. How much water should be mixed in x
it so that percentage amount of acid/milk than A by = 100%
100  x
would be b%?
'x' yhVj feJ.k esa vEy@nw/ dh ek=kk a% gSA blesa fdruk ikuh x
;fn A, B ls x% cM+k gS] rks B, A ls = 100%
feyk;k tkuk pkfg, rkfd vEy@nw/ dh izfr'kr ek=kk b% gks 100  x
tk,\ NksVk gSA
x a  b
Amount of water =
b
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