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Medical Physics Ppt4

The document covers fundamental concepts of thermodynamics, including the Zeroth, First, and Second Laws, as well as key terms like temperature, heat, thermal expansion, and entropy. It explains the behavior of systems, energy transfer, and the nature of heat in various contexts, such as conduction, convection, and radiation. Additionally, it addresses specific heat and heat of transformation during phase changes.

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72 views17 pages

Medical Physics Ppt4

The document covers fundamental concepts of thermodynamics, including the Zeroth, First, and Second Laws, as well as key terms like temperature, heat, thermal expansion, and entropy. It explains the behavior of systems, energy transfer, and the nature of heat in various contexts, such as conduction, convection, and radiation. Additionally, it addresses specific heat and heat of transformation during phase changes.

Uploaded by

peuricus
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Thermodynamics

Learning Objectives
• Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
• Thermal Expansion
• Systems
• First Law of Thermodynamics
• Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Entropy
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
• When on object is in thermal equilibrium with another object, and the
second object is in thermal equilibrium with a third object, then the first and
third object are also in thermal equilibrium
• a = b & b= c -> a =c

• Thermal equilibrium: when two systems have the same temperature


• No net heat flow between objects in thermal equilibrium
Temperature and Heat
• Temperature: a measure of hotness or coldness
• Molecular level: proportional to the average kinetic energy of the
particles
• Macroscopic level: indicate the direction in which heat energy will
spontaneously flow (from higher to lower temperature)

• Heat: the transfer of thermal energy


• The direction of the transfer is indicated by the difference of
temperature (from hotter to colder object)
Thermal Expansion
• Linear expansion
• Volume expansion
Systems
• Systems: the portion of the universe that we are interested in
observing
• Isolated systems
• Closed systems
• Open systems

• Surroundings: the rest of the universe (excluding the system)


First Law of Thermodynamics
• Energy can neither be created or destroyed (the total energy in
a system remains constant)
• The change in the total energy in a system is due to transfer of
energy from or to other systems
Heat
• The process by which a quantity of energy is transferred
between two objects as a result of a difference in temperature
• SI unit: Joules (J = N*m)

• Three ways of heat transfer


• Conduction
• Convection
• Radiation
Specific Heat
• The amount of heat energy required to raise one gram of a
substance by one degree Celsius or one unit Kelvin
• Specific heat of liquid water = 4.184 J/(g*K)
• q is the amount of heat gained or lost from the material
Heat of Transformation
• Phase change occurs at a constant temperature
• The heat that is added or removed from the system does not result in a
change in temperature

• The amount of heat added or removed during a phase change


• Isothermal: constant
temperature
• Adiabatic: no heat
exchange
• Isovolumetric
(isochoric): constant
volume
• Isobaric: constant
pressure
Second Law of Thermodynamics

• Objects in thermal contact and not in thermal equilibrium will


exchange heat energy such that the object with a higher
temperature will give off heat to the object with a lower
temperature until both objects have the same temperature at
thermal equilibrium
Entropy
• Definition: the measure of spontaneous dispersal of energy at a
specific temperature
• The concentration of energy will not happen spontaneously in a
closed system
• Energy in a closed system will spontaneously spread out, and entropy
will increase,

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