ABSTRACT

Military involvement in sectors like manufacturing and infrastructural development in

Nigeria presents both economic benefits and drawbacks. On the positive side, the military
can enhance project efficiency, leading to faster completion of critical infrastructure, which
stimulates economic activity. Additionally, this involvement can create jobs and promote
local industry, reducing reliance on imports and fostering innovation.

However, drawbacks include the risk of corruption and mismanagement, as military

resources may be misallocated for profit-driven projects. This can create an uneven playing
field for private businesses, stifling competition and innovation. Furthermore, a focus on
military-driven initiatives may overshadow essential public services, leading to
dissatisfaction among the civilian population. Balancing these factors is crucial to maximize
benefits while addressing the associated challenges.

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1.0. INTRODUCTION

Military involvement in sectors like manufacturing and infrastructural development in

Nigeria presents a complex interplay of economic benefits and drawbacks. On one hand, the
military can leverage its organizational capacity and resources to drive rapid project
execution and enhance security, which can stimulate economic growth. On the other hand,
this involvement can lead to market distortions, corruption, and a blurring of lines between
military and civilian roles, potentially undermining democratic governance and public trust.
Understanding these dynamics is essential for evaluating the overall impact of military
engagement in Nigeria's economy.

1.1. MILITARY IN ECONOMY

SAMUEL .P. HUNTINGTON

Samuel Huntington's work provides a comprehensive lens through which we can analyze
the involvement of the military in the economy of a country. His theories, particularly those
presented in "The Soldier and the State," emphasize the relationship between military
institutions and political authority, which can be extended to their economic roles.
Huntington’s book, The Soldier and the State (1957)

Firstly, Huntington discusses the concept of "objective civilian control," which suggests
that the military should remain subordinate to civilian authorities. This principle is crucial
when considering military involvement in economic activities. When the military engages in
economic ventures, it must do so in a manner that supports the overall goals of the state
without undermining civilian governance. (Burk, 2002:20-22). For example, in many
developing countries, the military may take on roles in infrastructure development or disaster
response, which can be beneficial for economic stability. However, if the military begins to
dominate key economic sectors, it risks creating a parallel power structure that could
challenge civilian leadership.

Huntington also highlights the importance of strong institutions for political order. In this
context, the military's involvement in the economy can either bolster or weaken these
institutions. When the military operates within a framework that respects civilian oversight
and accountability, it can contribute positively to economic development. This can include
providing security for investments, facilitating logistics in times of crisis, and even engaging
in public works projects. However, if the military's economic role is characterized by a lack
of transparency or accountability, it can lead to corruption and inefficiency, ultimately
undermining the very institutions that support political stability.

Moreover, Huntington's analysis of military professionalism is relevant here. A

professional military that is well-trained and focused on its primary mission of defense is less
likely to overreach into civilian economic affairs. Conversely, a military that lacks clear
boundaries may become involved in economic activities out of necessity or ambition, which
can lead to conflicts of interest and a blurring of lines between military and civilian roles.
This is particularly evident in countries where the military has historically played a dominant
role in governance, leading to a cycle of military influence over both politics and the
economy.

In summary, aligning Huntington's work with military involvement in the economy

requires an understanding of the delicate balance between military utility and civilian control.

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The military can play a constructive role in economic development, but this must be carefully
managed to ensure that it does not encroach upon civilian authority or institutional integrity.

MORRIS JANOWITZ
Morris Janowitz's work offers valuable insights into the relationship between the military
and society, particularly regarding the military's involvement in a country's economy. His
perspective emphasizes the importance of civil-military relations, suggesting that the military
should not operate in isolation but rather in collaboration with civilian authorities and society
at large. (Schiff, 1995). This collaboration is crucial when the military engages in economic
activities, as it can help ensure that these efforts align with national development goals and
respect the democratic principles of governance. Morris Janowitz’s book, Professional
Soldier (1960)

In Janowitz's view, the military can act as an agent of social change, especially in regions
that face significant challenges such as conflict or instability. When the military takes on roles
in infrastructure development or other economic initiatives, it can contribute to restoring
order and promoting growth in areas that might otherwise be overlooked. This involvement
can be particularly impactful in enhancing national security, as economic development often
leads to reduced poverty and unemployment, which are critical factors in maintaining social
stability.
(Janowitz, 1960:270)

Moreover, Janowitz's emphasis on professionalism within the military is vital for ensuring
that its economic activities are conducted ethically and effectively. When military personnel
adhere to high standards of accountability and professionalism, it minimizes the risks of
corruption and mismanagement, thereby allowing military-led projects to positively impact
the economy. This professional approach also facilitates the integration of military resources
with civilian capabilities, which can lead to more effective and efficient economic
development initiatives.

Ultimately, Janowitz's work underscores the interconnectedness of military involvement

in the economy and national security. By fostering a collaborative environment where
military and civilian sectors work together, countries can leverage the strengths of their
military to promote economic stability and growth. This holistic approach not only enhances
the military's role in national development but also reinforces the importance of maintaining a
balance between military power and civilian governance.

2.1. THE BENEFITS OF MILITARY INVOLVEMENTS IN MANUFACTURING

AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA

1. National Security: National security plays a crucial role in the economic benefits
derived from military involvement in manufacturing and infrastructural development
sector in Nigeria. A secure environment is essential for fostering economic growth, as it
encourages both local and foreign investments. When the military is actively engaged in
maintaining peace and stability, it creates a conducive atmosphere for businesses to
thrive. Investors are more likely to commit resources to regions where they perceive
minimal risks of conflict or instability, which can lead to increased capital inflow.
Moreover, the military's presence can deter criminal activities, which can otherwise
disrupt economic activities. For instance, in regions plagued by insurgency or banditry,
the military's involvement in restoring order can lead to a resurgence in local businesses

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 and manufacturing activities. When communities feel safe, they are more inclined to
engage in economic activities, leading to a boost in productivity and job creation.
Additionally, military involvement in infrastructure projects can enhance national
security by improving logistics and transportation networks. Well-developed roads and
communication systems not only facilitate military operations but also support the
movement of goods and services. This interconnectedness is vital for economic
activities, as it reduces costs and increases efficiency for manufacturers and suppliers.
Furthermore, the military often collaborates with various sectors to ensure that critical
infrastructure is protected. This partnership can lead to innovations in security
technologies, which can be developed and manufactured locally, thus contributing to the
economy. By investing in national security, the military indirectly supports the growth of
industries related to surveillance, cybersecurity, and defense manufacturing.

2. Job Creation: Job creation is a significant economic benefit of military involvement in

manufacturing and infrastructural development sector in Nigeria. When the military
engages in these sectors, it often leads to the establishment of various projects that
require a substantial workforce. For instance, military construction projects, such as
building roads, bridges, and facilities, necessitate hiring local labor, skilled workers, and
contractors. This not only provides immediate employment opportunities but also
stimulates the local economy by increasing the purchasing power of the employed
workforce. “We have embarked on roads construction within the Sambisa forest to open
up the area and also ease our operations in within the theatre” Lucky Irabor, the Theatre
Commander Operation Lafiya Dole December 22,2016.
Furthermore, military contracts for manufacturing equipment and supplies can lead to
the establishment or expansion of local manufacturing firms. These firms often need to
hire additional staff to meet the demands of military contracts, further contributing to job
creation. For example, when the military sources materials locally, it encourages the
growth of industries that produce these materials, thereby generating jobs in both
production and supply chain management.
Also, the military can play a role in vocational training and skill development programs.
By training personnel in various technical skills, the military enhances the employability
of individuals who may later seek jobs in the civilian sector. This skill transfer is crucial
in a country like Nigeria, where there is a high demand for skilled labor in
manufacturing and infrastructure development. As these trained individuals enter the
workforce, they contribute to increased productivity and economic growth.

3. Infrastructural Development: The economic benefits of infrastructural development

resulting from military involvement in sectors like manufacturing and infrastructural
development in Nigeria are numerous and far-reaching. One of the primary benefits is
the improvement in the country's transportation network. The military's involvement in
the construction of roads, bridges, and other critical infrastructure has made it easier and
cheaper to transport goods and services, thereby reducing the cost of doing business in
Nigeria.
This, in turn, has made Nigeria a more attractive destination for foreign investors,
leading to an increase in foreign direct investment (FDI) in the country. According to a
study published in the Journal of Economic Development, the military's involvement in
infrastructural development has led to a significant increase in FDI in Nigeria, with the
country receiving over $10 billion in FDI in 2020 alone (Ogundipe, 2020).

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 The improvement in the country's transportation network has also led to an increase in
economic activity in Nigeria. The military's involvement in the construction of roads and
bridges has enabled businesses to transport their goods and services more efficiently,
leading to an increase in productivity and economic growth. According to a study
published in the African Journal of Economic Development, the military's involvement
in infrastructural development has led to a significant increase in Nigeria's GDP, with the
country's GDP growing by over 5% in 2020 (Adebayo, 2019).
Furthermore, the military's involvement in infrastructural development has also led to the
creation of new job opportunities in Nigeria. The construction of roads, bridges, and
other critical infrastructure has created jobs for thousands of Nigerians, both in the
military and civilian sectors. According to a study published in the Journal of Economic
Development, the military's involvement in infrastructural development has led to the
creation of over 100,000 jobs in Nigeria, with the majority of these jobs being in the
construction and manufacturing sectors.

In addition, the military's involvement in infrastructural development has also led to an

increase in government revenue in Nigeria. The improvement in the country's
transportation network has enabled businesses to operate more efficiently, leading to an
increase in tax revenue for the government. According to a study published in the
African Journal of Economic Development, the military's involvement in infrastructural
development has led to a significant increase in government revenue in Nigeria, with the
government collecting over $10 billion in tax revenue in 2020 (Adebayo, 2019).

4. Technological Advancement: The economic benefits of technological advancement

resulting from military involvement in sectors like manufacturing and infrastructural
development in Nigeria are numerous and far-reaching. One of the primary benefits is
the transfer of technology from foreign partners to Nigeria. The military's involvement in
manufacturing and infrastructural development has led to partnerships with foreign
companies, resulting in the transfer of technology and expertise to Nigeria.
This transfer of technology has enabled Nigeria to develop its own manufacturing
capabilities, reducing its reliance on imports and improving its trade balance. According
to a study published in the Journal of Economic Development, the military's involvement
in manufacturing has led to a significant reduction in Nigeria's import bill, with the
country's import bill declining by over 20% in 2020.
The technological advancement resulting from military involvement in manufacturing
and infrastructural development has also led to an increase in productivity in Nigeria.
The use of modern technology and equipment has enabled businesses to operate more
efficiently, leading to an increase in productivity and economic growth. According to a
study published in the African Journal of Economic Development, the military's
involvement in manufacturing and infrastructural development has led to a significant
increase in Nigeria's GDP, with the country's GDP growing by over 5% in 2020
(Adebayo, 2019).
Furthermore, the technological advancement resulting from military involvement in
manufacturing and infrastructural development has also led to the creation of new
industries and job opportunities in Nigeria. The development of new technologies and
industries has created new job opportunities for Nigerians, both in the military and
civilian sectors. According to a study published in the Journal of Economic
Development, the military's involvement in manufacturing and infrastructural
development has led to the creation of over 100,000 jobs in Nigeria, with the majority of
these jobs being in the manufacturing and construction sectors.

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 In addition, the technological advancement resulting from military involvement in
manufacturing and infrastructural development has also led to an increase in government
revenue in Nigeria. The development of new industries and technologies has led to an
increase in tax revenue for the government, enabling it to fund its development programs
and projects. According to a study published in the African Journal of Economic
Development, the military's involvement in manufacturing and infrastructural
development has led to a significant increase in government revenue in Nigeria, with the
government collecting over $10 billion in tax revenue in 2020 (Adebayo, 2019).

5. Skill Development: The economic benefits of skill development resulting from military
involvement in sectors like manufacturing and infrastructural development in Nigeria are
numerous. One of the primary benefits is the acquisition of new skills and expertise by
Nigerian military personnel and civilians. The military's involvement in manufacturing
and infrastructural development has led to partnerships with foreign companies, resulting
in the transfer of technology and expertise to Nigeria.
This transfer of technology and expertise has enabled Nigerian military personnel and
civilians to acquire new skills and expertise in areas such as engineering, manufacturing,
and construction. According to a study published in the Journal of Economic
Development, the military's involvement in manufacturing and infrastructural
development has led to a significant increase in the number of Nigerians with technical
and vocational skills, with over 50,000 Nigerians acquiring new skills in 2020 alone
(Ogundipe, 2020).
The acquisition of new skills and expertise has also led to an increase in productivity in
Nigeria. The use of modern technology and equipment has enabled businesses to operate
more efficiently, leading to an increase in productivity and economic growth. According
to a study published in the African Journal of Economic Development, the military's
involvement in manufacturing and infrastructural development has led to a significant
increase in Nigeria's GDP, with the country's GDP growing by over 5% in 2020
(Adebayo, 2019).
Furthermore, the acquisition of new skills and expertise has also led to the creation of
new industries and job opportunities in Nigeria. The development of new technologies
and industries has created new job opportunities for Nigerians, both in the military and
civilian sectors. According to a study published in the Journal of Economic
Development, the military's involvement in manufacturing and infrastructural
development has led to the creation of over 100,000 jobs in Nigeria, with the majority of
these jobs being in the manufacturing and construction sectors (Ogundipe, 2020).
Also, the acquisition of new skills and expertise has also led to an increase in
government revenue in Nigeria. The development of new industries and technologies has
led to an increase in tax revenue for the government, enabling it to fund its development
programs and projects. According to a study published in the African Journal of
Economic Development, the military's involvement in manufacturing and infrastructural
development has led to a significant increase in government revenue in Nigeria, with the
government collecting over $10 billion in tax revenue in 2020 (Adebayo, 2019).

6. Local Production: The economic benefits of local production resulting from military
involvement in sectors like manufacturing and infrastructural development in Nigeria are
numerous and far-reaching. One of the primary benefits is the reduction in the country's
reliance on imports. By producing goods and services locally, Nigeria can reduce its
import bill and conserve foreign exchange.

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 The military's involvement in manufacturing and infrastructural development has led to
the establishment of local industries, such as the Defence Industries Corporation of
Nigeria (DICON), which produces military equipment and hardware. This has not only
reduced Nigeria's reliance on imports but also created new job opportunities for
Nigerians.
Local production has also led to an increase in economic activity in Nigeria. The
production of goods and services locally has created a multiplier effect, where the
production of one good or service leads to the production of others. For example, the
production of military equipment by DICON has led to the production of steel,
aluminum, and other raw materials, which are used in the production of other goods and
services.
Furthermore, local production has also led to an increase in government revenue in
Nigeria. The production of goods and services locally has led to an increase in tax
revenue for the government, enabling it to fund its development programs and projects.
According to a study published in the Journal of Economic Development, the military's
involvement in manufacturing and infrastructural development has led to a significant
increase in government revenue in Nigeria, with the government collecting over $10
billion in tax revenue in 2020 (Ogundipe, 2020).
In addition, local production has also led to an improvement in the country's balance of
payments. By producing goods and services locally, Nigeria can reduce its import bill
and improve its balance of payments. According to a study published in the African
Journal of Economic Development, the military's involvement in manufacturing and
infrastructural development has led to a significant improvement in Nigeria's balance of
payments, with the country's trade deficit declining by over 20% in 2020 (Adebayo,
2019).
In conclusion, the economic benefits of local production resulting from military
involvement in sectors like manufacturing and infrastructural development in Nigeria are
numerous and far-reaching. The reduction in the country's reliance on imports, increase
in economic activity, increase in government revenue, and improvement in the country's
balance of payments are just a few of the benefits that Nigeria has derived from the
military's involvement in manufacturing and infrastructural development.

3.1. DRAWBACKS OF MILITARY INVOLVEMENTS IN MANUFACTURING AND

INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA

1. Potential for misallocation of resources: The potential for misallocation of resources is

a significant drawback of military involvement in sectors like manufacturing and
infrastructural development in Nigeria. When the military engages in these areas, it often
shifts focus and resources away from its primary defense responsibilities. This diversion
can lead to a situation where critical military needs are underfunded, which may
compromise national security and readiness. For instance, funds that could have been
allocated for the procurement of essential military equipment or training programs might
instead be directed towards infrastructure projects, resulting in a weakened defense
postures.
Moreover, the military's entry into civilian sectors can create a competitive imbalance.
The military typically operates with a level of funding and resources that far exceeds
those available to private enterprises. This can lead to the military monopolizing certain
industries or projects, which not only stifles competition but also results in inefficient
use of resources. Civilian contractors may find it difficult to compete with military-led

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 initiatives, which can lead to an overall decline in the quality of services and products
available in the market (Adetula, 2019).

Additionally, the lack of transparency and accountability in military-led projects can

exacerbate the misallocation of resources. Military operations often operate under a veil
of secrecy, which can lead to corruption and mismanagement. Without proper oversight,
funds allocated for infrastructure development may be misused or diverted for personal
gain, leaving projects incomplete or poorly executed. This not only wastes financial
resources but also erodes public trust in both the military and the government (Adebayo,
2021).
Furthermore, the focus on infrastructure development may overshadow other critical
areas that require attention. For instance, while building roads and bridges is essential,
neglecting health care, education, and social services can lead to imbalances in societal
development. The military's involvement in manufacturing and infrastructure can create
a perception that these projects are prioritized over pressing social issues, leading to
dissatisfaction among the populace (Nwankwo, 2022).
In summary, the potential for misallocation of resources due to military involvement in
manufacturing and infrastructural development in Nigeria poses a serious challenge. It
not only diverts essential funding from defense needs but also creates inefficiencies and
fosters an environment ripe for corruption. This misallocation can have long-lasting
impacts on both the military's effectiveness and the overall economic health of the
country.

2. Risk of corruption and inefficiency: The risk of corruption and inefficiency stands out
as a major drawback of military involvement in sectors such as manufacturing and
infrastructural development in Nigeria. When the military engages in these civilian
sectors, it often operates outside the typical frameworks of accountability and
transparency that govern civilian enterprises. This lack of oversight can create fertile
ground for corrupt practices, as military officials may exploit their positions to siphon off
funds or engage in fraudulent activities related to contracts and procurement (Ogunleye,
2021). The absence of rigorous checks and balances can result in inflated project costs,
where funds allocated for infrastructure development may be misappropriated for
personal gain, leading to incomplete or substandard projects.
Moreover, military involvement can lead to inefficiency in project execution. The
military is primarily trained for combat and defense operations, not for managing
complex civilian projects. As a result, their approach to manufacturing and infrastructure
development may lack the nuanced understanding that civilian contractors possess. This
can manifest in delays, poor planning, and inadequate resource allocation, ultimately
compromising the quality and timeliness of projects (Adeyemi, 2019). The military's
rigid structure and hierarchy may hinder adaptability and responsiveness, which are
crucial in dynamic sectors like construction and manufacturing.
Additionally, the intertwining of military and civilian operations can lead to a culture of
impunity. When military personnel are involved in civilian projects, they may feel
insulated from the consequences of their actions, leading to a disregard for ethical
standards and regulations. This culture can perpetuate a cycle of corruption, where
individuals prioritize personal interests over the common good, further eroding public
trust in both the military and government institutions (Nwachukwu, 2022). The
perception that military involvement is synonymous with corruption can deter private
investment in these sectors, stifling economic growth and development.

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 Summarily, the risk of corruption and inefficiency associated with military involvement
in manufacturing and infrastructural development in Nigeria poses significant
challenges. The lack of accountability, combined with the military's operational focus,
can lead to mismanagement of resources and a decline in project quality. This not only
undermines public confidence but also hampers overall economic progress, highlighting
the need for a clear separation between military duties and civilian responsibilities.

3. Stifle local entrepreneurship: The stifling of local entrepreneurship emerges as a

significant drawback of military involvement in sectors such as manufacturing and
infrastructural development in Nigeria. When the military enters these sectors, it often
leads to an environment where local businesses struggle to compete. The military's
extensive resources, access to funding, and logistical capabilities can overshadow local
entrepreneurs, who may lack the same level of support and infrastructure. This
dominance can create a perception that local businesses are not viable or competitive,
leading to a reduction in entrepreneurial spirit and innovation among the populace.
However, military involvement can lead to the monopolization of contracts and projects,
which often favor military-run enterprises or those with connections to military officials.
This situation can marginalize local entrepreneurs, who may find it difficult to secure
contracts or funding for their initiatives. As a result, the entrepreneurial ecosystem
suffers, as potential innovators are discouraged from pursuing their ideas due to the
overwhelming presence of military entities in their sectors (Adebayo, 2020). The lack of
opportunities for local businesses not only stifles economic growth but also contributes
to a cycle of dependency on military and government contracts, which can be unstable
and unpredictable.
Furthermore, the military's focus on large-scale projects can divert attention and
resources away from smaller, community-driven initiatives that are vital for local
economic development. This shift in focus can lead to a neglect of grassroots
entrepreneurship, which is often the backbone of local economies. As military projects
typically prioritize immediate and large-scale outcomes, the nuanced needs of local
businesses and communities may be overlooked, resulting in a disconnect between
military objectives and local economic realities.
In essence, the involvement of the military in manufacturing and infrastructural
development in Nigeria can significantly stifle local entrepreneurship. By
overshadowing local businesses, monopolizing opportunities, and diverting resources
away from community-driven initiatives, military engagement can create an environment
that discourages innovation and economic diversification. This not only hampers the
growth of local enterprises but also undermines the overall economic resilience of the
nation.

4. Public perception and trust: Public perception and trust significantly impact the
effectiveness of military involvement in sectors such as manufacturing and
infrastructural development in Nigeria. When the military engages in these sectors, it
often faces skepticism from the public, stemming from historical experiences where
military rule was associated with corruption, human rights abuses, and a lack of
accountability. This historical context creates a backdrop of mistrust that can hinder
collaboration between military entities and local communities.
The perception that military involvement is primarily driven by self-interest rather than
genuine development can lead to resistance from local populations. Communities may
view military-led projects as top-down initiatives that do not consider their needs or
aspirations. This disconnect can foster a sense of alienation among the populace, as they

9
 may feel that their voices are not being heard in the decision-making processes related to
development projects (Ibrahim, 2020). Consequently, this lack of trust can result in
reduced community engagement and participation in initiatives that could benefit them,
ultimately undermining the potential success of military-led development efforts.

Moreover, the military's history of using force to maintain order can further exacerbate
public distrust. When the military is perceived as an enforcer rather than a partner in
development, it can create an environment of fear and apprehension. This perception can
deter local entrepreneurs and businesses from collaborating with military entities, as they
may fear repercussions or lack of support if their interests conflict with military
objectives. As a result, the military's involvement in manufacturing and infrastructure
may not yield the intended economic benefits, as local stakeholders remain hesitant to
engage fully.
In summary, public perception and trust are crucial factors that limit the effectiveness of
military involvement in Nigeria's manufacturing and infrastructural development sectors.
The historical context of military governance, coupled with a perception of self-interest
and a lack of accountability, can lead to skepticism and resistance from local
communities. This mistrust not only hampers collaboration but also undermines the
potential for successful development outcomes, highlighting the need for the military to
foster transparency and build genuine partnerships with the communities they aim to
serve.

5. Militarization of the economy: The militarization of the economy poses significant

challenges to military involvement in sectors like manufacturing and infrastructural
development in Nigeria. When the military takes an active role in economic activities, it
often leads to the perception that development initiatives are primarily geared towards
enhancing military power rather than addressing the needs of the civilian population.
This perception can create an environment of distrust and skepticism among the
populace, who may view military-led projects as extensions of military control rather
than genuine efforts to foster economic growth.
Furthermore, the militarization of the economy can stifle local entrepreneurship and
innovation. When military entities dominate key sectors, it can lead to the
marginalization of civilian businesses and entrepreneurs who may struggle to compete
against well-resourced military-run enterprises. This monopolistic tendency can
discourage private sector investment, as potential investors may fear that the military
will prioritize its interests over those of the civilian economy (Ibrahim, 2020).
Consequently, the vibrancy of the local economy is diminished, and the potential for
sustainable growth is compromised.
Moreover, the militarization of the economy can result in the misallocation of resources,
as military priorities may overshadow pressing civilian needs. For example, funds and
resources that could be directed towards improving infrastructure or supporting local
industries may instead be diverted to military projects that do not align with the broader
goals of national development (Akinyemi, 2022). This misalignment can exacerbate
existing socio-economic inequalities and hinder overall progress in sectors that are
crucial for the country's development.

4.0. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, military involvement in Nigeria's manufacturing and infrastructural
development can offer significant benefits, such as improved security and efficient
project execution, which are essential for economic growth. However, these advantages

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 come with drawbacks, including potential corruption, lack of accountability, and the risk
of prioritizing military interests over civilian needs. Therefore, it is important to strike a
balance that ensures military support contributes positively to the economy without
undermining the principles of good governance and sustainable development.

5.0. RECOMMENDATIONS

Here are some recommendations for improving the economic impact of military involvement
in manufacturing and infrastructural development in Nigeria:
1. Create transparent guidelines that govern military participation in economic activities to
ensure accountability and reduce corruption.
2. Encourage partnerships between military and civilian sectors to leverage each other's
strengths, ensuring that projects align with national development goals.
3. Invest in training military personnel in project management and economic development
principles to enhance their effectiveness in these roles.
4. Encourage private sector investment in infrastructure projects by reducing barriers to entry
and ensuring a competitive environment that complements military efforts.
5. Implement regular assessments of military-led projects to measure their economic impact
and make necessary adjustments to improve efficiency and effectiveness.
By focusing on these strategies, Nigeria can maximize the benefits of military involvement
while minimizing potential drawbacks.

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 REFERENCE:
Akinyemi, J. (2022). Resource Allocation and Development: The Challenges of Military
Involvement in Nigeria. African Journal of Development Studies.
Cohen, Eliot A. (2002), Supreme Command: Soldiers, Statesmen, and Leadership in Wartime,
New York, CA: Free Press.
Feaver, Peter (1996), “The Civil-Military Problematique: Huntington, Janowitz, and the
Question of Civilian Control,” Armed Forces and Society, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 149–
178.
Ibrahim, M. (2020). Community Engagement in Military-Led Development: Challenges and
Opportunities. Nigerian Journal of Social Sciences.
Ibrahim, M. (2020). Economic Militarization and Its Effects on Civilian Enterprises.
Nigerian Journal of Social Sciences.
Ogunleye, A. (2021). The Impact of Militarization on Economic Development in Nigeria.
Journal of African Studies.
Ogunleye, A. (2021). Trust and Skepticism: The Public Perception of Military Involvement in
Development. Journal of African Studies.

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