Chapter 5

1. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

The law of conservation of energy is a law of science that states that energy cannot
be created or destroyed, but only transferred from one object to another The law is
defined as stating that the amount of energy remains constant in an isolated
system. This also states that energy cannot be created or even destroyed but it can
transfer into different location or change its form.

2. FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

The specified thermodynamic system or control volume. The first law of
thermodynamics is the restatement of the Conservation of Energy principle
meaning that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can be transferred
into various forms. The energy balance is maintained within the system. The system
is a region in space (control volume) through which the fluic passes. A system can
either be isolated, closed or open. The balance is expressed as: all energies entering
into a system are equal to all energies leaving the system plus the change of
energies within the system

Q-W = AE
Q-WE-E
Where:

Q the heat transferred to the system during the process

W word done by the system during the process
E an extensive property of the system
In the absence of any work interaction between a system and its surroundings. The
amount of net heat transfer is equal to the change in the energy of a system.
Q = ΔΕ when W = 0

For an adiabatic processes, the amount of work done is equal to the change in
energy of the system.
W-AE when Q = 0
The property E represents all other energy such as potential energy (PE) kinetic
energy (KE) and intemal energy U. Any other form of energy is also included in the
total energy E. The first law thermodynamics take the form
Q-WPE-PE: KEKE,+ U=U
Q-WZ2-21)+-+-
 Where:
M = flow rate
G = constant (9.81m / (s ^ 2))
Z = elevation
V = velocity
The energy equation for steady flow, which occur most of the control volume
problems in thermodynamics,
Q – W = m[h_{2} – h_{1} + g(x_{2} – x_{1}) + ½ * (V_{2} ^ 2 – V_{1} ^ 2)]
Neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes, the energy equation is Q – W =
m(h_{2} – hi)
If the first law is applied to an isolated system where Q = W = 0 then the first law
becomes the conservation of energy.
EE
Example 5.1.

A 10-hp fan is used in a large room to provide for air circulation. Assuming a well-
insulated room, find the internal energy increase after 2 hours operation,
Solution:
Q = 0 and Delta*PE = Delta*KE = 0
The first law becomes - W = Delta*U
The work input is W=(-10 hp)(2 h)(746 W/hp) (3600 sec/h) = 5.371 * 10 ^ 7 * J
The internal energy increase is Delta*U = - (- 5.371 * 10 ^ 7) = 5.371 * 10 ^ 7 * J (ans)
3. APPLICATION OF THE FIRST LAW TO NONFLOW OR CLOSED SYSTEM
A.CONSTANT VOLUME PROCESS

In a constant volume process or isovolumic process (isochoric process) the working

substance is contained in a rigid vessel, hence no work is done on or or by the
system It will be assumed that constant volume implies zero work (W = 0) Any heat
into the system appears as increased in internal energy of the system. Applying the
first law of thermodynamics to the process,
QAUW
Work done, W = 0 or Wpdv as dv =\ 0 .
(U_{2} = U_{1}) / 2 = = Delta*U . 0
Z = |3|

Where:
U = internal energy
C_{v} = m = specific heat at constant volume of the working substance
Example 5.2
Find the work necessary to compress air in an insulated cylinder from a volume of 8f
* t’ to a volume of 2f * t ^ 2 The initial temperature and pressure are 60 ^ 0 * F and 35
psia, respectively.

Solution:
The first law becomes:
- W = m(u_{2} – u_{1}) = m*C_{v}(T_{2} – T_{1})
m= PV RT = [(35)(144)]8) (53.3)(460 + 60) = 1.4547lbm
The final temperature T_{2} is:
T_{2} = T_{1} * (V_{1}/V_{2}) ^ (k – 1) = (520) * (8/2) ^ (1, 4 – 1) = 905.37 ^ 0 * R
N=(-1.4547 lbm)(0, 171Btu / l * bm -^ 0 R)(905.37-520)^ 0 R = - 95.87Btu(ans)

B. CONSTANT PRESSURE PROCESS

In a constant pressure process or isobaric process the working substance is

contained in a cylinder with a movable piston. In this process the boundary must
move against an external resistance as heat supplied. Applying the first law of
thermodynamics in this process,
Q = u_{2} – u_{1} + Delta*W

Work done, W = integrate p dv from 1 to 2/2 = p(v_{2} – v_{1})

L = u_{2} – u_{1} + p(v_{2} – v_{t})

U_{2} =u 1 + p*v_{2} = p*v_{1}
Q = (u_{2} + p*v_{2}) – (u_{1} + p*v_{1}) = h_{2} – h_{1}
Q = H_{2} – H_{1} = m*C_{o}(T_{2} – T_{t})
On

Where.

H = specific enthalpy
H = enthalpy
C_{p} = specific heat at constant pressure
M =mass of the substance

Example 5.3
A piston-cylinder arrangement contains 0.05m ^ 3 of air at 70 deg * C and 450 kPa.
Heat is added In the amount of 70 kJ and work is done by a paddle wheel until the
temperature reaches 600 deg * C If the pressure is held constant, find the amount of
paddle-wheel work must added to the air.

Solution:

The first law becomes:

Q-W pasite = m(h_{2} – hi) = rn*C_{p}(T_{2} – T_{1})

m= PV RT = (4.50000(0.05) (287)(273 + 70) = 0.2285kg

W made = Q – m*C_{p}(T_{2} – T_{1})

= 70 – (0.2285)(1)(600 – 70) = - 51.1kJ (ans)
C. CONSTANT TEMPERATURE PROCESS (pv Constant)

In a constant temperature process or isothermal process heat must be added or

removed from the working substance continuously in order to keep the temperature
the same. Applying the first law of thermodynamics to the process,

Example 5.4
Five pounds of air is compressed from 10 psia to 180 psia while maintaining the
temperature constant at 120 °F. Calculate the heat transfer needed to accomplish
this process.

Solution:

The first law

Q=W=mRTIn = (5 lbm) 311-6 (580°R) P2 Q-574.24 Btu (ans) IbmR Bu 778 fr-Ibf 10 180

Summary of Processes:
Example 5.6

Nitrogen at 120 ^ 0 * C and 700 kPa expands such a way that it can be approximated
polytropic process with n = 1.2 Find the work and the heat transfer if the final pressure is
110 kPa.

Solution:

The final temperature is:

T2=TP2 PL (110)(12-1)/12 = (393) 700 = 288.7 K

The specific volumes are

The work will be:

W = integrate P dv = P_{1} * v_{1} ^ 0 * integrate v ^ 0 dv

W=( 700 * (0.1667) ^ (1, 2) * (4/- 0.2)(0.779 * 0.4 ^ - 0.2 – 0.1667 ^ - 0.2)

154.86 kJ/kg (ans)

Applying the first law.

q-wAu=C(T2-T) q – 154.86 = (0.745)(288.7 – 393) q = 77.15kJ / k * g (ans

4. APPLICATION OF THE FIRST LAW TO FLOW PROCESS

A. WATER TURBINE

Considering the datum as tailwater level, the energy equation can be written as:

In the case of water turbine

, Delta*u_{1} = u_{2} – u_{1} = 0

Q=0

V1=V2=V3

Wr is positive because work is done in the system

Where:

P = pressure

V = specific volume

Z = elevation

V = velocity

Q = heat

W_{T} = turbine work

Figure 5.1. Water Turbine

Example 5.7

A water turbine is installed with a vertical tube. The pressure gage located at the penstock
leading to the turbine casing, reads 390 kPa and velocity of water at the iniet is 7.5 m/sec.
The discharge is 3m ^ 3 /sec. The top of the draft tube is 1.5 m below the centerline of the
spiral casing while the tail race is 2.5 m at the top of the draft tube. There is no velocity of
whirl at the top of the bottom of the draft and leakage losses is negligible. Calculate the
total head and the power output
Solution:

B. STEAM TURBINE

In a steam turbine, the energy equation can be written as:

In the case of steam turbine,

Z_{1} = Z_{2}

Q negative because heat is lost in the system

W is positive because work is done in the system

EXAMPLE 5.8

A steam turbine receives 5,000 kg of steam per hour. The steam enters the turbine at a
velocity of 3000 m/min, an elevation of 6.0 m and a specific enthalpy of 2900 kJ/kg. It
leaves the turbine at a velocity of 5800 m/min, an elevation of 1.8 m and a specific enthalpy
of 2200 kJ/kg. Heat losses from the turbine to the surroundings amount to 18000kJ / h Find
the power output of the turbine.

Solution:

Applying the steady flow energy equation at entry (1) and exit (2)
Example 5.9

Determine the maximum pressure increase across the 15-hp pump with an inlet diameter
of 2 inch and exit diameter of 3 inches. The inlet velocity of the water is 40 fus.

11. A tank containing air is stired by a paddle wheel. The work input to the paddle wheel is
10,000 kJ and the heat transferred to the surroundings from the tank is 3500 kJ. Find the (a)
work done and (b) the change the system

Solution:

Design

Work input to the paddle wheel = 10000kJ

Heat transferred to the surroundings from the tank = 3500kJ

The first law of thermodynamics for a closed system is:

U_{1} – Q + W = U_{2}

The work enters into the tank in the form of energy and considered as heat input.

Q = Q_{1} – Q_{2}

= 3500 – 10000 = - 6500kJ

(a) For constant volume process

 Work dane, W = 0 (ans)

(b) U_{1} – (- 6500) + 0 =

U_{2} U_{2} – U_{1}
= 6500kJ

The change in internal energy = 6000kJ ans)

12. Nitrogen gas having a mass of 0.8 kg at 110 kPa and 50 deg * C is contained in a
cylinder. The piston is moved compressing nitrogen until the pressure becomes 1.1 MPa
and temperature becomes 200 deg * C The work done during the process is

50F5nsferred from the nitrogen to the surroundings. Use C. for arogen 0.75

Solution

From the first law of thermodynamic

Q = Delta*U + W

= (U_{2} – U_{t}) + W

= m*C_{v}(T_{2} – T_{1}) + W

= (0.8)(0.75)(473 – 323) + (- 50) = 40kj

The heat rejected during the process = 40kJ(ans)

13. A stationary mass of gas was compressed without friction at constant pressure its
initial state of 0.5 m² and 0.15 MPa to final state of 0.25m ^ 3 and 0.15 MPa. There was a
transfer of 50 kJ of heat from the gas during process Find much did the internal energy of
the gas change?

Solution:

C Q 1, 2 =(u 2 -w 1 )+W=0+(-389,1B)=-389.18kJ

Heat rejected 389.18 kJ/kg (ans)

F. BOILER

Boiler or Steam Generator is a closed vessel intended for use in heating water generate
steam or vapor. It is composed of a usually of two drums for the heat transfer boiler and a
furnace. Of combustion heat to the fulmacadis constructed for the combustion of fuel. The
boiler usually sits on bumed to produce heat. The most common fuels for boles a bumer in
which eating oil, wood and coal. For this system, Delta*Z = 0 W = 0 the equation can be
written as: The boiler feedwater a Delta*KE = 0

Q=mih =ln)
Figure 5.6. Boiler

Example 5.12

In a steam power plant, the pressure and temperature leaving the boiler are 1800 kPa and
350 deg * C respectively and the pressure and temperature entering the turbine are 1600
kPa and 330 deg * C respectively. Determine the amount of hell transferred in the pipeline
between boiler and turbine.

Solution:

From steam table:

At 1800 kPa and 350 deg * C h_{1} = 3141.2kJ / kg

At 1600 kPa and 330 deg * C h_{2} = 3101.5kJ / kg

Heat transferred = h_{2} - h_{1} = 3101.5 - 3141.2 = - 39.7kJ / k * g ans

G. CONDENSERS
Condenser is a heat exchanger that removes heat if me final destination for most of the
stamp inverted back into liquid The large decrease evaporation from om steam This
produced in the boiler when in volume creates venom in the This permits steam flow from
the high pressure boiler to the low condenser so the turbine can extract mechanical energy
efficiently, The man heal outside mechanisms in condenser are the condensing of of the
tubes and the heating of the circulating water inside the tubes for water flow rate. saturated
steam on the water temperature to the condenser leptins the operating pressure of the
condenser. As this temperature is circulating amassed the condenser pressure will also

Example 5.13

A steam condenser receives 10 kgs per second of steam with an enthalpy of 2570 kJ/kg.
Steam condenses into a liquid and leaves with an enthalpy of 160 J/kg. Cooling water
passes through the condenser with temperature increases from 13 degree C to 24 degree
C. Calculate the cooling water flowrate in kgs per second.

Solution:

Heat rejected by steam = Heat absorbed by water

Maha-hr) = mwCpAT
H. EVAPORATOR

The evaporator is a kind of heat transfer apparatus where the heat transfer done by forced
convection or natural convection. This is an important component of refrigeration system
and air conditioning system to allow refrigerants to evaporate from liquid to gas while
absorbing heat in the process When the liquid refrigerant enters the evaporator its pressure
has been reduced dissipating its heat content and making it much cooler than its
surroundings This causes the refrigerant to absorb heat from the area to be cooled and
reach its low boiling point rapidly. The refrigerant then vaporizes, absorbing the maximum
amount of heat. For this system, AΡΕ = 0, ΔΚΕ = 0 and W = 0, the energy equation can be
written as:

h+Q=h₂

or considering m kg of refrigerant,

Heat absorb by refrigerant. Om(h-hi)

16. Air flows steadily in an air compressor at the rate of 0.8 kg/s and enters the compressor
at 10 m/s with a pressure of 1 bar and a specific volume of 0.80 m_{1}*kappa*g and leaves
at 7 m/s with a pressure of 9 bar and a specific volume of 0.15 (m ^ 3) / k * g The internal
energy of the air leaving is 100 kJ/kg greater than that of the air entering. Cooling water in a
jacket surrounding the cylinder absorbs heat from

The air at the rate of 90 kJ/s. Find the following:

(a) The power required to drive the compressor;

(b) The inlet and output pipe cross-sectional areas.

Difference of internal energy at the outlet and inlet of the compressor. (u_{2} – u_{1})
= 100kJ / k * g Heat rejected by air (to cooling water), Q = - 90/0.8 = - 112.5kJ / k * g
Work input required i = 267.47 * 0.8kJ / s = 213.97kW

Power required to drive the compressor = 213.97kW(ans)

17. Fluid enters a certain nozzle at an enthalpy of 2900 kJ/kg and velocity of 60 m/s. At the
discharge end the enthalpy is 2500 kJ/kg. The nozzle is horizontal And there is negligible
heat loss from it.

(a) Find the velocity at exit of the nozzle.

(B)If the inlet area is 950c * m ^ 2 and the specific volume at the mass flow rate. Inlet is
0.195m ^ 3 / k * g find

(C) If the specific volume at the nozzle exit is 0.55m ^ 3 / k * g find the exit area of nozzle.

Solution:

(a) Velocity at exit of the nozzle, Va b_{1} + (V_{1} ^ 2)/2 + Z_{1S} + Q = b_{2} + (V_{2} ^
2)/2 + Z_{2B} + W
18. C*O_{2} contained in a closed system undergoes a reversible process at constant
pressure. During this process 50 kJ of internal energy is decreased Find the work done
during the process assuming mass flow of C*O_{2} to be 2 kg Take C_{p} = 840J / k * g deg *
C and C_{v} = 600J / k * g deg * C

Solution

The change in internal energy:

Delta*U = m*C_{0}(T_{2} – T_{1})

– 50 * 10 deg = 2 * 600(T_{x} – T_{1})

T_{2} – T_{1} = - 41, 67 deg * C

The heat supplied or rejected

Q = m*C_{p}(T_{2} – T_{1}) = 2 * 840(- 41.67) =-70.005.6 J or-70 k.j.

From the first law:

Q = Delta*U + W

– 70 = - 50 + W

W = - 20kJ (ans)

19. Steam enters a turbine at 4500 kPa and 600°C and leaves at 100 kPa as shown in figure:
For an inlet velocity of 250 m/s, find the turbine power output. Neglect any heat transfer
and kinetic energy change.

The enthalpies are found in steam Tables:

h_{t} = 3670.8kJ / k * g. and. h_{2} = 2674.9kJ / k * g

W_{T} = m(h_{1} – h_{2}) = 5.599(3670.8 – 2674.9)

= 5576kJ / s or 5.576 MW ans

20. Steam flows into a turbine at a rate of 8 kg/s, and 50 kW of heat are lost from the furbine
 Inlet conditions. Exit conditions

Pressure. 1, 0MPa. 0.1MPa

Temperature quality. 350°C …..

Quality. ….. 100%

Elevation and kinetic energy effects are negligible. Determine the power output from the
turbine

Solution:

From the steam tables,

h_{1} = 3157.7kJ / k * g

h_{w} = 2675.5kJ / k * g

21. Steam is quickly compressed by a piston in a cylinder with a compression ratio 4:1.
Before compression, the temperature of the steam is 400 K, and the steam is at
atmospheric pressure. After compression, the temperature of the steam is 600 K.
Determine the work per unit mass done by the piston.

Solution:

From the first law of thermodynamics for a closed system.

W tut =Q- Delta U=0-(U 2 -U t )

= U_{1} - U_{2}

W in =-W out

= U_{2} - U_{1}

From superheated water table at 0.10 MPa with temperature of 127 deg * C

u = 2548 kJ/kg v_{1}

V1= 1.826m ^ 3 / k * g