INTRODUCTION

Healthcare Industry
The healthcare industry (also called the medical industry or health economy) is an
aggregation and integration of sectors within the economic system that provides goods and
services to treat patients with curative, preventive, rehabilitative, and palliative care. It
includes the generation and commercialization of goods and services lending themselves to
maintaining and re-establishing health. The modern healthcare industry includes three
essential branches which are services, products, and finance, and may be divided into many
sectors and categories and depends on the interdisciplinary teams of trained professionals and
paraprofessionals to meet the health needs of individuals and populations.[1][2]

The healthcare sector is a critical component of any society, encompassing a wide range of
services, facilities, and professionals dedicated to promoting, maintaining, and restoring the
health and well-being of individuals. It is a vast and complex industry that plays a pivotal role
in ensuring the quality of life for people across the world.

The primary objective of the healthcare sector is to prevent, diagnose, and treat illnesses,
injuries, and various medical conditions. This sector is multifaceted, comprising both public
and private entities, each with its own distinct roles and responsibilities.

Public Healthcare Sector

The public healthcare sector in India is a critical component of the country's healthcare system,
aiming to provide affordable and accessible medical services to its vast and diverse population.
It plays a crucial role in addressing the healthcare needs of millions of people, especially those
in rural and economically disadvantaged areas.

India's public healthcare system is primarily operated and managed by the government at
various levels – central, state, and local. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare at the
central level, along with state health departments, oversees the planning, implementation, and
regulation of public health services across the country.

One of the primary goals of the public healthcare sector in India is to offer basic medical
services to every citizen, irrespective of their socio-economic background. Public hospitals,

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primary health centers, community health centers, and district hospitals are some of the key
components of this sector that provide medical care to people at affordable rates or sometimes
even free of cost.

Public healthcare facilities in India cater to a wide range of services, including preventive
healthcare, immunization programs, maternal and child healthcare, family planning, and
treatment for common illnesses and communicable diseases. The focus is on promoting public
health awareness, preventing diseases, and ensuring early diagnosis and treatment.

The public healthcare sector also acts as a safety net for vulnerable and marginalized
populations who may not have access to private healthcare services due to financial constraints.
By providing essential medical services, the sector aims to bridge the gap between the rich and
the poor and improve overall health indicators across the nation.

Challenges faced by Public Healthcare Sector

The public healthcare sector faces numerous challenges that can hinder its ability to provide
effective and accessible healthcare services to the population. Some of the key challenges
include:

1. Underfunding: Insufficient budgetary allocations for the public healthcare sector result in a
lack of resources, outdated infrastructure, and limited medical supplies, affecting the quality of
care provided.

2. Shortage of Healthcare Professionals: There is a significant shortage of doctors, nurses,

and other healthcare professionals in the public sector, especially in rural and remote areas,
leading to a strain on the existing workforce.

3. Inadequate Infrastructure: Many public healthcare facilities lack modern equipment and
infrastructure, making it challenging to offer advanced medical treatments and diagnostics.

[Link] of Care: Due to a lack of resources and staff, the quality of care in public healthcare
facilities may be compromised, leading to suboptimal patient outcomes.

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5. Regional Disparities: There are significant disparities in healthcare services between urban
and rural areas, with rural regions often having poorer access to healthcare facilities and
specialized medical services.

6. Overburdened Facilities: Public hospitals and clinics, especially in densely populated

areas, can be overwhelmed with patients, leading to longer waiting times and reduced
individual attention.

7. Inefficient Referral Systems: The referral system between primary, secondary, and tertiary
healthcare centers may be inefficient, leading to delays in receiving specialized care when
needed.

8. Lack of Preventive Care: Public healthcare often focuses more on curative measures than
preventive healthcare, leading to higher rates of preventable diseases.

9. Bureaucracy and Red Tape: Excessive bureaucratic processes and red tape can slow down
decision-making and implementation of healthcare policies and initiatives.

[Link] Health Information Systems: The lack of robust health information systems
and electronic medical records hampers efficient data management and analysis, which are
essential for evidence-based policymaking.

11. Public Perception: Negative public perception of public healthcare facilities can deter
individuals from seeking care in these facilities, even if they are more affordable or better suited
to their needs.

12. Lack of Health Awareness: Limited health literacy and awareness among the population
may lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment, exacerbating health issues.

13. Healthcare Financing: The lack of a comprehensive health insurance system can place a
financial burden on individuals, making healthcare services unaffordable for many.

14. Outdated Policies and Regulations: Outdated policies and regulations may not align with
current healthcare needs and can hinder progress and innovation.

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15. Public-Private Partnership Challenges: Collaborations between the public and private
sectors can face challenges related to resource allocation, conflicting objectives, and
transparency issues.

Addressing these challenges requires a multi-faceted approach involving increased funding,

improvements in infrastructure and workforce, healthcare policy reforms, a focus on preventive
care, and leveraging technology to enhance healthcare delivery and data management.

Over the years, the Indian government has taken various initiatives to strengthen the public
healthcare sector, increase funding, and expand its reach. Schemes like Ayushman Bharat,
which aims to provide health insurance coverage to economically vulnerable families, and the
National Health Mission, focusing on improving healthcare services and infrastructure, are
examples of such efforts.

In conclusion, the public healthcare sector in India plays a crucial role in delivering healthcare
services to a vast and diverse population. Despite facing challenges, it remains a lifeline for
millions, especially those who cannot afford private healthcare services. With continued efforts
to enhance infrastructure, human resources, and funding, the public healthcare sector strives to
achieve better health outcomes and create a healthier nation for all its citizens.

Top Service Providers in Public Sector

As of my last update in September 2021, the public healthcare sector in India is primarily
governed by the government, and the top service providers are generally the government-run
healthcare institutions at various levels. Here are some of the top service providers in the public
healthcare sector in India:

1. All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS): AIIMS is a group of autonomous public
medical colleges of higher education, which are considered the apex healthcare institutions in
India. AIIMS institutions are known for their excellence in medical education, research, and
patient care.

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2. Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER): Located in
Chandigarh, PGIMER is another premier medical and research institution in India, offering
high-quality healthcare services in various medical specialties.

[Link] Hospital and Vardhman Mahavir Medical College: Located in Delhi,

Safdarjung Hospital is one of the largest government hospitals in India, providing tertiary
healthcare services. It is affiliated with Vardhman Mahavir Medical College, which offers
medical education.

4. Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital (RML Hospital): Situated in Delhi, RML Hospital is
a leading government hospital providing specialized medical services in various disciplines.

5. Tata Memorial Hospital: Based in Mumbai, Tata Memorial Hospital is a renowned cancer
treatment and research center, providing state-of-the-art oncology services.

6. Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS): Located in

Lucknow, SGPGIMS is an autonomous medical institute known for its high-quality patient
care and research in various medical specialties.

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7. Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh: It is a well-regarded
government medical college and hospital offering comprehensive healthcare services in
Chandigarh.

8. Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER):

Situated in Puducherry, JIPMER is an autonomous medical institution providing tertiary
medical care, medical education, and research.

9. Calcutta Medical College and Hospital: It is one of the oldest and esteemed government
hospitals in Kolkata, West Bengal, providing various medical services.

10. Armed Forces Medical Services (AFMS): The AFMS provides healthcare services to the
armed forces personnel and their families across India through a network of hospitals and
medical facilities.

Please note that the ranking of healthcare institutions may change over time, and there may be
other reputable government hospitals and healthcare centers that provide excellent services in
different states and regions of India.

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Private Healthcare Sector

The private healthcare sector in India is a vibrant and rapidly growing component of the
country's healthcare system. It encompasses a wide range of medical services, facilities, and
professionals that cater to the healthcare needs of individuals across various socio-economic
backgrounds. As a complementary counterpart to the public healthcare sector, the private sector
plays a significant role in providing specialized and advanced medical care to those who seek
premium healthcare services.

The private healthcare sector in India is characterized by a diverse array of hospitals, clinics,
nursing homes, diagnostic centers, and medical practices, both large corporate chains and
smaller independent setups. These institutions often boast state-of-the-art infrastructure,
advanced medical equipment, and highly trained medical professionals, including specialists
and super-specialists.

One of the primary attractions of the private healthcare sector is the emphasis on personalized
care and shorter waiting times for medical treatments. Patients often have more choices and
flexibility in selecting their healthcare provider and treatment options, catering to individual
preferences and comfort.

In addition to providing curative medical services, the private sector also focuses on medical
tourism, attracting patients from other countries seeking cost-effective and high-quality
treatments. This has positioned India as a leading destination for medical travelers worldwide.

While the private healthcare sector offers advantages in terms of quality and choice, it can also
be associated with higher costs, making it less accessible to a significant portion of the
population, especially those from lower-income groups. The sector relies on a fee-for-service
model, which can lead to financial burdens for patients, particularly for complex or prolonged
medical treatments.

Challenges faced by Private Healthcare Sector

As the private healthcare sector continues to expand, it also faces challenges, such as disparities
in healthcare accessibility between urban and rural areas, variations in healthcare standards
across different institutions, and concerns related to healthcare ethics and transparency.

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Some of the key challenges include:

1) Affordability: Private healthcare services can be expensive, making them unaffordable for
a significant portion of the population, especially those from lower-income groups.

2) Inequality and Accessibility: Private healthcare services are concentrated in urban areas,
leading to disparities in healthcare accessibility between urban and rural populations.

3) Quality Variability: The quality of care in the private sector can vary widely, with some
facilities offering world-class services while others may not meet the expected standards.

4) Lack of Regulation: Some private healthcare providers may not adhere to standardized
guidelines and regulations, leading to potential risks to patient safety and quality of care.

5) Overutilization and Overcharging: In some cases, patients may be subjected to

unnecessary diagnostic tests or treatments, leading to overutilization of healthcare resources
and higher costs.

6) Focus on Profitability: The profit-driven nature of the private sector can sometimes lead to
decisions that prioritize financial gains over patient welfare.

7) Shortage of Skilled Staff: There can be a shortage of specialized medical professionals and
skilled staff in the private sector, leading to increased workloads and potential compromises in
patient care.

8) Ethical Concerns: Ethical issues, such as unnecessary medical interventions or kickbacks

from pharmaceutical companies, may arise in the private healthcare sector.

9) Healthcare Disparities: The focus on high-end treatments and specialized care in the
private sector may lead to neglect of certain health issues that are more prevalent among the
economically disadvantaged.

10) Lack of Emphasis on Preventive Care: Private healthcare providers may focus more on
curative care rather than preventive measures, which can lead to an increased burden of
preventable diseases.

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11) Medical Malpractice: Cases of medical malpractice and negligence can occur in the
private sector, affecting patient trust and confidence.

12) Insurance Dependency: Many private healthcare services rely heavily on health
insurance, which may not be affordable or accessible to everyone.

13) Fragmented Healthcare Ecosystem: Lack of coordination and collaboration between

different private healthcare providers can lead to a fragmented healthcare ecosystem.

The government plays a regulatory role in overseeing the private healthcare sector, setting
standards, and ensuring patient safety and quality of care. Public-private partnerships are also
becoming more common to address the growing demand for healthcare services and to improve
overall healthcare delivery.

In conclusion, the private healthcare sector in India is a dynamic and integral part of the
country's healthcare ecosystem. Its growth has contributed to the availability of specialized
medical services, technological advancements, and medical tourism. However, balancing
accessibility, affordability, and quality remains a challenge, requiring continued efforts from
both the government and private sector stakeholders to create a robust and equitable healthcare
system for all Indians.

Top Service Providers in Private Sector

the private healthcare sector in India is vast and includes numerous well-established healthcare
providers, ranging from large corporate hospital chains to individual medical practices. The
landscape is continually evolving, and new players may have emerged since then. Here are
some of the top private healthcare service providers in India:

1. Apollo Hospitals: Apollo Hospitals is one of the largest and most renowned private hospital
chains in India. It operates a network of multi-specialty hospitals and medical centers across
the country, known for its advanced medical facilities and quality healthcare services.

2. Fortis Healthcare: Fortis Healthcare is another major private hospital chain in India,
offering a wide range of medical services, including specialized treatments and surgeries.

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3. Manipal Hospitals: Manipal Hospitals is a leading private healthcare provider with a strong
presence in South India. It has multiple hospitals offering advanced medical care and academic
facilities

4. Columbia Asia Hospitals:Columbia Asia Hospitals is a well-known private hospital chain

with a focus on delivering international standards of medical care across multiple cities in India.

5. Narayana Health (Narayana Hrudayalaya): Narayana Health is a prominent healthcare

group known for its cost-effective medical services, particularly in the field of cardiac care and
complex surgeries.

6. Max Healthcare: Max Healthcare operates a network of hospitals and medical centers,
providing a wide range of medical services, including specialized treatments and advanced
surgeries.

7. Aster DM Healthcare: Aster DM Healthcare is a leading integrated healthcare service

provider with a presence in multiple states in India, offering comprehensive healthcare
facilities.

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8. Medanta - The Medicity: Medanta is a renowned multi-specialty hospital located in
Gurugram (Gurgaon), Delhi NCR, offering high-quality medical services and specialized
treatments.

9. Sir Ganga Ram Hospital: Located in Delhi, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital is one of the oldest
and most respected private hospitals in India, offering a broad spectrum of medical services.

10. Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital & Medical Research Institute: Based in
Mumbai, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital is a state-of-the-art medical facility known
for its advanced medical treatments and research.

11. BLK Super Speciality Hospital: BLK Super Speciality Hospital, located in Delhi, is a
well-regarded private healthcare provider with a focus on specialized medical services.

12. Artemis Hospitals: Artemis Hospitals, situated in Gurugram (Gurgaon), Delhi NCR, is a
multi-specialty hospital known for its advanced medical care and patient-centric approach.

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 OBJECTIVE

The objective of this project report is to conduct a comprehensive study on two components of
the healthcare sector specifically Public and Private Sectors . The primary focus is to gather
valuable insights into the perceptions , preferences , opinions of respondents in relation to these
sectors. By analysing the collected data , this study aims to provide a comprehensive
understanding of the same .

1. Comparative Analysis: To compare the quality, accessibility, and affordability of healthcare

services between the public and private sectors in a particular region or city.

2. Patient Satisfaction: To assess and compare patient satisfaction levels with healthcare
services received from public and private healthcare providers.

3. Healthcare Workforce: To study and compare the availability and distribution of healthcare
professionals in both sectors, including doctors, nurses, and support staff.

4. Wait Times: To investigate and compare the waiting times for appointments and medical
procedures in public and private healthcare facilities.

.5. Challenges and Barriers: To identify and compare the challenges and barriers faced by
public and private healthcare providers in delivering healthcare services.

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 Literature Review

INTRODUCTION

Healthcare has become one of India’s largest sectors, both in terms of revenue and
employment. Healthcare comprises hospitals, medical devices, clinical trials, outsourcing,
telemedicine, medical tourism, health insurance and medical equipment. The Indian healthcare
sector is growing at a brisk pace due to its strengthening coverage, services, and increasing
expenditure by public as well private players.

India’s healthcare delivery system is categorized into two major components - public and
private. The government, i.e. public healthcare system, comprises limited secondary and
tertiary care institutions in key cities and focuses on providing basic healthcare facilities in the
form of primary healthcare centres (PHCs) in rural areas. The private sector provides a majority
of secondary, tertiary, and quaternary care institutions with a major concentration in metros,
tier-I and tier-II cities.

This literature review examines published work on the public and private healthcare sectors ,
exploring various aspects such as their services , future , revenue

❖ Research Paper 1 : Healthcare Systems – India

By: Satish Rudrappa & Sushrut S. Vaidya
(2019)
The modern Indian healthcare system has transformed from a solid foundation of ancient
Ayurveda practice. The current healthcare system in India comprises a set of public and private
institutions, controlled by the state government, the central government and private
organizations. While government spending is reserved for only those institutions owned and
run by the central and state governments, India’s dynamic medical structure is dominated by
those controlled by private organizations. There has been a rise in the public health sectors and
the co-operative sector as well.

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❖ Research Paper 2 : Health Systems in India

By: M Chokshi , B patil , R Khanna

(2020)
Report on the Health Survey and Development Committee, commonly referred to as the Bhore
Committee Report, 1946, has been a landmark report for India, from which the current health
policy and systems have evolved.1 The recommendation for three-tiered health-care system to
provide preventive and curative health care in rural and urban areas placing health workers on
government payrolls and limiting the need for private practitioners became the principles on
which the current public health-care systems were founded. This was done to ensure that access
to primary care is independent of individual socioeconomic conditions. However, lack of
capacity of public health systems to provide access to quality care resulted in a simultaneous
evolution of the private health-care systems with a constant and gradual expansion of private
health-care services.2

Although the first national population program was announced in 1951, the first National
Health Policy of India (NHP) got formulated only in 1983 with its main focus on provision of
primary health care to all by 2000.3 It prioritized setting up a network of primary health-care
services using health volunteers and simple technologies establishing well-functioning referral
systems and an integrated network of specialty facilities. NHP 2002 further built on NHP 1983,
with an objective of provision of health services to the general public through decentralization,
use of private sector and increasing public expenditure on health care overall.

❖ Research Paper 3 : Healthy Healthcare Systems in India: A Prognosis

By: Rashmi Rai & Shruti Tripathi

(2018)

India has been an emerging economy which has retained its second position in the global
healthcare market that has been tackling its economic gaps, shifting demographics, thereby,
facing a wide gap between the demand and supply of healthcare products and services due to
technology and increasing cost. Affordable treatment facilities for the economically low strata

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is still a dream. The government scheme of “Swachh Bharat Abhiyan” and “Ayushman Bharat
Yojna” are the steps to uplift the backward community and make all the facilities available to
them at the lowest possible cost directly and indirectly. Hence, the objective of this research
was to unfold the three pillars of Healthy Healthcare which revolves around healthcare systems
in India, Healthcare Employees’ wellbeing and resultant patient outcomes.

❖ Research Paper 4 : The private health sector in India

By: Amit Sengupta , Samiran Nundy

(2016)

Foreigners in increasing numbers are now coming to India for private health care. They come
from the Middle East, Africa, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, for complex paediatric cardiac surgery
or liver transplants—procedures that are not done in their home countries. They also come from
the United Kingdom, Europe, and North America for quick, efficient, and cheap coronary
bypasses or orthopaedic procedures. A shoulder operation in the UK would cost £10 000 ($17
460; €14 560) done privately or entail several months' wait under the NHS. In India, the same
operation can be done for £1700 and within 10 days of a first email contact.1
The recent remarkable growth of the private health sector in India has come at a time when
public spending on health care at 0.9% of gross domestic product (GDP) is among the lowest
in the world and ahead of only five countries—Burundi, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sudan, and
Cambodia. This proportion has fallen from an already low 1.3% of GDP in 1991 when the
neoliberal economic reforms began.

❖ Research Paper 5 : Public Health Challenges in India: Seizing the Opportunities

By : Jai Prakash Narain

(2016)

In health sector, India has made enormous strides over the past decades. The life expectancy
has crossed 67 years, infant and under-five mortality rates are declining as is the rate of disease
incidence. Many diseases, such as polio, guinea worm disease, yaws, and tetanus, have been
eradicated.

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In spite of this progress, the communicable diseases is expected to continue to remain a major
public health problem in the coming decades posing a threat to both national and international
health security. Besides endemic diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus infection
and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), tuberculosis (TB), malaria, and
neglected tropical diseases, the communicable disease outbreaks will continue to challenge
public health, requiring high level of readiness in terms of early detection and rapid response.
In this regard, vector-borne diseases, such as dengue and acute encephalitis syndrome, are of
particular concern. Antimicrobial resistance is one of the biggest health challenges facing
humanity that must be tackled with all seriousness.

❖ Research Paper 6 : Public Health in India Issues and Challenges

By : Chauhan , L.S.

(2012)

Age old definition of health given by WHO states that, "Health is a state of complete physical,
mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease". Medicine or curative
services is not the only soul contributor to health and well being of population. There are
several other determinants of health which include environmental, biological, socio-economic
factors, information and communication, availability of health services, utilization of health
services, age structure of the population etc. By influencing these factors or these determinants
we may play quiet a substantial role in improving the health. India is passing through
demographic and environmental transition which is adding to burden of diseases. The first half
of the 20th century witnessed a large number of communicable disease epidemics.

There have been major improvements in public health since 1950s. Affordable medicines and
tools are now available which are highly effective, when used appropriately. Examples are:
Anti-tubercular medicines, Anti-malarials, Insecticide-treated bednets, and condoms (to
prevent HIV infection)

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 ❖ Research Paper 7 : The Private Health Sector in India: A Framework for Improving
the Quality of Care
By : P.H. Rao
(2014)

The private health care system in India has grown vastly over the years and is well established
and flourishing. At the time of Independence, the private health sector accounted for only 5 to
10 per cent of total patient care. In 2004, the share of private sector in total hospitalized
treatment was estimated at 58.3 per cent in rural areas and 61.8 per cent in urban areas. In the
case of nonhospitalized treatment, government sources account for only 22 per cent in rural
areas and 19 per cent in urban areas (Planning Commission, 2008: 68– 69). Data from the
National Family Health Survey (NFHS) III also confirms that the private medical sector
remains the primary source of health care for the majority of households in urban (70 per cent)
as well as rural areas (63 per cent). Private doctors or clinics are the main source of care in the
private sector, catering to 46 per cent of the urban and 36 per cent of the rural households (IIPS
and Macro International, 2007: 436). According to the World Health Organization (WHO),
quality of care (QoC) is “...proper performance (according to standards) of interventions that
are known to be safe, that are affordable to the society in question, and that have the ability to
produce an impact on mortality, morbidity, disability, and malnutrition

❖ Research Paper 8 : Private Health Sector in India-Ready and Willing, Yet

Underutilized in the Covid-19 Pandemic

By : Supriya Sharma & Gaurav Pandey

(2020)

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has consumed and exhausted widespread national
health resources with unprecedented speed, and is expected to leave lasting consequences on
global health, economy and growth . The massive losses call for the amalgamation of rapid
innovations alongside bold public health measures led by a courageous political will to tackle
this unique “War sans Weapon” situation . As of May 28th 2020, India has reported 158,332
COVID-19 cases , a number that is rapidly rising, consuming the public healthcare system,
which has been at the fore of this pandemic, despite deficient infrastructure, manpower, and
poor resources . Amongst other countries, India currently ranks third with regards to the daily
increase in the cases . With an availability of 0.55 public-hospital beds to 1,000 population , it

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is not unreasonable to expect that the public sector may not be able to provide effective,
sustained and uninterrupted healthcare in the face of the rising numbers. Not surprisingly,
countries ahead of us on the pandemic curve have recognized the need to utilize all available
healthcare resources, forging partnerships between public and private healthcare sectors.

❖ Research Paper 9 : Quality of Healthcare Services in Rural India

By : JK Sharma & Ritu Narang

(2013)

Developing nations have been focusing on relevant infrastructure, technology, disease control,
and health outcomes in terms of deaths and disability-adjusted life years, largely ignoring the
service quality aspect from the patient's viewpoint. However, researchers opine that real
improvement in quality of care cannot occur if the user perception is not involved. Patients'
perception is significant as it impacts their ‘health-seeking behaviour’ including utilization of
services, seeks involvement in issues directly related to them, enables the service provider to
meet their expectations better, and provides relevant information to the policy makers to
improve the quality.

Some studies conducted in the recent years have made attempts to develop multi-dimensional
scales and measure quality of healthcare services in the developing nations. The current study
seeks to assess the perception of patients towards quality of healthcare services in rural areas
of seven districts of Uttar Pradesh based on the scale developed by Haddad et al (1988) after
making adjustment for Indian culture and language. 500 patients were contacted at the
healthcare centres. A response rate of 79.2 per cent was obtained resulting in 396 complete
questionnaires. The 23-item scale employed in the study comprised five homogeneous sub-
scales and tested well for reliability.

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 ❖ Research Paper 10 : Framework for healthcare quality improvement in India: The
time is here and now!
By : P Varkey, A Kollengode
(2014)

India has made major strides in healthcare in the last 60 years, including increasing life
expectancy, reducing infant mortality rates, eliminating leprosy and eradicating small pox and
guinea worm. Despite the progress, India's healthcare exhibits stark disparities. On one end of
the spectrum is the increase in medical tourism, attracting over 2 lakh patients in 2006 from
around the world. On the other hand, preventable diseases such as diarrhea and malnutrition,
especially that of children under 3 years, continue to be very prevalent. Similarly,
immunizations in India are significantly lower than in other South Asian countries such as
Bangladesh, China and Indonesia. [1] In fact, in 2007, one in three children under 1 year was

not immunized for measles .

It is estimated that the Indian healthcare market will grow from US $20 billion in 2007 to US
$280 billion by 2022. [2] The economic boom since mid 1990s resulted in burgeoning middle
class and has created additional healthcare issues including chronic diseases like cardiovascular
diseases and diabetes that are rapidly meeting the morbidity burden caused by infectious
diseases. At the same time, India is recognized as a world leader in other industries like
information systems and telecommunications.

❖ Research Paper 11 : Healthcare delivery in India amid the Covid-19 pandemic:

Challenges and opportunities

By : Pragati B Hebbar , Angel Sudha & Vivek Dsouza

(2020)

Healthcare in the initial days of Covid-19 in India seemed to have taken unpredictable paths
for several individuals. A neighbour in Maharashtra had fractured his left thigh bone, a relative
in Karnataka had a fall and needed to see an orthopaedician, a chronic diabetic and hypertensive
cancer survivor was worried about continuing supply and access to his medications. Both
trauma cases with comorbidities had to visit multiple places while in pain, to ultimately be sent

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home as health facilities were gearing up to cater to Covid-19; while the elderly cancer survivor
was able to stock up his medications with the help of his son. The thought of writing a piece
arose as some of us discussed such hardships being faced by people we knew in accessing
healthcare, and the fear of falling ill. The first case in India was detected on January 30, and
lockdown attempted from March 22, yet this guidance was published only on April 14.

Websites of major government and private medical, dental, maternity, cancer and general
hospitals were searched for guidelines related to healthcare service delivery. – including the
All India Institute of Medical Sciences (Delhi), Christian Medical College and Hospital
(Vellore), HealthCare Global, Nephroplus, Clove Dental clinic chain, Jawaharlal Institute of
Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (Puducherry), Narayana Health (Bengaluru),
Apollo Hospitals, Cloud Nine Hospital, Tata Memorial Hospital (Mumbai), and associations
like the Indian Medical Association, Indian Dental Association, and the MoHFW.

❖ Research Paper 12 : Quality Of Health Care In India: Challenges, Priorities, And The
Road Ahead

By : Manoj Mohanan, Katherine Hay, and Nachiket Mor

(2017)

One of the striking features of India’s health care sector is the range of quality in available
services. India is home to global leaders in innovation in and quality of health care such as the
Narayana Hospitals, known for providing high-quality cardiovascular surgery at low cost, and
the Aravind Eye Care System, whose hospitals provide a high volume of cataract surgery, as
well as globally renowned medical teaching institutions such as the All India Institute of
Medical Sciences, in New Delhi. 1,2 Simultaneously, many Indians—especially the poor—
receive unacceptably low-quality primary and hospital care. 3,4 The rapidly growing burden of
chronic diseases in India makes the low quality of care highly salient for health policy.

The challenge of low quality in health care is not unique to India. Studies from a range of
developed and developing countries have demonstrated widespread problems with providers

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who make little effort to ensure that patients receive high-quality care, geographic variations
in the quality of health care services, and high levels of medical errors.

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 Research Design

Research design is a crucial aspect of any research project, as it outlines the approach
and methodology that will be used to answer the research questions. In this project, we
aim to study the comparison between public and private healthcare sector . The
following paragraphs detail the research design for this project.

• Research objective: The objective of this study is to examine the comparison of

public and private healthcare sectors in India . Specifically, the study will
gather valuable insights into the perceptions , preferences , opinions of
respondents in relation to these sectors.
• Sampling: Convenience sampling was used in this study. Convenience sampling
is a non-probability sampling technique in which the researcher selects
individuals who are easily accessible and available to participate in the study.
This method involves selecting individuals based on their convenience or
proximity to the researcher rather than random selection. Participants were
recruited from the population of students and researcher’s friends . Convenience
sampling was chosen due to its practicality, cost- effectiveness, and time
efficiency.
• Data collection: For this study, data was collected through a self-administered
survey. The survey questions were developed based on the research objectives.
The survey was administered in person, and the participants were given enough
time to complete the survey at their convenience. The participants were also
informed that their participation in the study was voluntary and that they could
withdraw from the study at any time.
• Data analysis: Only descriptive analysis was conducted in this study.
Descriptive analysis is a method of analysing and summarizing data that
provides information on the central tendency and variability of a dataset. It
describes the characteristics of the data and presents it in a meaningful way. To
analyse the collected data, charts were prepared using Microsoft Excel. Overall,
the descriptive analysis and charts helped in presenting the data in a clear and
concise manner, making it easier to understand and draw conclusions from. The
results of the analysis were used to answer the research questions and to draw
conclusions about the perceptions and attitudes of the participants towards the

22
 healthcare sector in India .
• Limitations: There are several limitations to this study.
First, the study will only focus on respondents from Delhi, India; and the
findings may not be applicable to people in other cities. Second, the study will
rely on self-reported data, which may be subject to bias
• Implications: This study's implications can guide stakeholders, policymakers,
and healthcare authorities in making informed decisions and implementing
measures to enhance the quality, accessibility, and effectiveness of healthcare
services in both the public and private sectors. The study can contribute to
positive changes in the healthcare system, ultimately benefiting the health and
well-being of the population.

23
 Research Methodology

Introduction: The present study aims to explore the preferences and perceptions of
students for the comparison of Public healthcare Sector and Private Healthcare Sector
This research is based on a quantitative approach using a survey questionnaire to gather
data from a convenience sample of students studying in Delhi, India. The following
sections detail the research design, sampling strategy, data collection, and data analysis
procedures employed in this study.

Research Design: The research design employed in this study is cross-sectional, with
data collected at a single point in time. A survey questionnaire was used to collect data
from a convenience sample of respondents in Delhi, India. The questionnaire was
designed based on a review of the literature and expert opinions. It consisted of closed-
ended questions and was administered online through MS Excel.

Sampling Strategy: Convenience sampling was used to select participants for this study.
The samples were the people of Delhi - NCR and were selected based on their
availability and willingness to participate in the study. The sample size was 50
respondents.

Data Collection: The participants were provided with a link to the questionnaire, and
they were asked to fill it out voluntarily. The questions in the questionnaire were related
to the perceptions, preferences and expectations of the students with regard to the
Healthcare Sector. The participants' responses were recorded in an Excel sheet.

Data Analysis: The data collected from the survey questionnaire were analysed using
descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages . The data were presented in the
form of tables and charts.

Ethical Considerations: Participants were informed of the purpose of the study and their
right to withdraw from the study at any time. They were assured of the confidentiality
of their responses and the anonymity of their participation.

Limitations: The study has a few limitations, including the use of convenience sampling,
which limits the generalisability of the findings to the entire population. Additionally,

24
the study only focuses on students studying in Delhi, India, and may not be
representative of students in other regions or countries. Finally, the study relies on self-
reported data, which may be subject to response bias.

Conclusion: In conclusion, the present study aimed to explore the preferences and
expectations of students for the comparative study of Public and Private Healthcare
Sector . The research employed a quantitative approach using a survey questionnaire
and a convenience sample of students studying in Delhi, India. The findings of the
study may assist professionals, academic institutions, and researchers in making
informed decisions and developing strategies that align with the preferences and
expectations .

25
 Data Analysis and Interpretation

Q1) Which sector is responsible for the majority of healthcare services in India?

This descriptive study aims to analyze the distribution of healthcare services in India between
the public and private healthcare sectors. Through surveying 50 respondents, we gathered
information on their perceptions of the dominance of each sector in providing healthcare
services.

The healthcare system in India is a complex network that includes both the public and private
healthcare sectors. The public healthcare sector is primarily operated and funded by the
government, while the private healthcare sector comprises privately-owned healthcare facilities
and services.

A descriptive survey was conducted to collect data for this study. A total of 50 respondents
from diverse backgrounds and regions of India were selected randomly to participate in the
questionnaire. Each respondent was asked to select one of the three options: a) Public
healthcare sector, b) Private healthcare sector, or c) Both sectors equally, based on their
perception of the majority provider of healthcare services in the country.

Among the 50 respondents, 22 (44%) believed that the public healthcare sector is responsible
for the majority of healthcare services in India. On the other hand, 18 (36%) respondents stated
that the private healthcare sector is the dominant provider of healthcare services. Surprisingly,
10 (20%) respondents were of the opinion that both sectors equally share the responsibility for
providing healthcare services.

The findings of this study suggest a diverse perception among respondents regarding the
dominant sector in healthcare provision in India. The majority view that the public healthcare
sector is the main provider of healthcare services may be attributed to several factors. Firstly,
government hospitals and healthcare facilities are often the first point of contact for many
people, especially in rural and low-income areas, due to their accessibility and lower cost.
Additionally, government initiatives and schemes such as the National Health Mission have
been instrumental in expanding healthcare coverage and services in underserved regions.

26
 Q1 Responses
25

20

15

10

0
Public Healthcare Sector Private Healthcare Sector Both Sectors Equally

Conversely, the perception that the private healthcare sector is dominant is not unfounded.
Private hospitals and clinics are often associated with better infrastructure, technology, and
specialized medical services. The private sector has also played a crucial role in the
development of medical tourism in India, attracting patients from around the world seeking
advanced medical treatments.

The perception that both sectors contribute equally to healthcare services highlights the
dynamic nature of the Indian healthcare system. In reality, the roles of the public and private
sectors vary depending on geographic location, economic status, and the specific healthcare
needs of the population.

Q2) Which sector is more likely to have longer waiting times for medical treatments ?

This descriptive analysis aims to explore the perceptions of respondents regarding the waiting
times for medical treatments in India's public and private healthcare sectors. Through surveying
50 respondents, we collected information on their experiences and beliefs regarding the length
of waiting times in each sector.

Waiting times for medical treatments are crucial indicators of healthcare system efficiency and
patient satisfaction. In India, the public and private healthcare sectors coexist, and waiting
times for medical treatments can vary significantly between them.

27
Each respondent was asked to select one of the three options: a) Public healthcare sector, b)
Private healthcare sector, or c) Both sectors equally, based on their perception of which sector
is more likely to have longer waiting times for medical treatments.

Among the 50 respondents, 16 (32%) believed that the public healthcare sector is more likely
to have longer waiting times for medical treatments. On the other hand, 21 (42%) respondents
stated that the private healthcare sector is more likely to have longer waiting times.
Surprisingly, 13 (26%) respondents were of the opinion that both sectors have similar waiting
times for medical treatments.

The findings of this analysis suggest a diversity of perspectives among respondents regarding
the waiting times for medical treatments in India's healthcare sectors. The perception that the
private healthcare sector has longer waiting times may be influenced by several factors. Firstly,
private hospitals often cater to a wealthier clientele who can afford premium services, leading
to a higher patient load and longer waiting times. Additionally, the private sector may be more
focused on providing specialized and super-specialized medical services, resulting in longer
queues for such treatments.

Q2 Responses
25

20

15

10

0
Public Healthcare Sector Private Healthcare Sector Both Sectors Equally

The findings of this study suggest a diverse perception among respondents regarding the
dominant sector in healthcare provision in India. The majority view that the public healthcare
sector is the main provider of healthcare services may be attributed to several factors. Firstly,
government hospitals and healthcare facilities are often the first point of contact for many
people, especially in rural and low-income areas, due to their accessibility and lower cost.

28
Additionally, government initiatives and schemes such as the National Health Mission have
been instrumental in expanding healthcare coverage and services in underserved regions.

The viewpoint that both sectors have similar waiting times may stem from the fact that certain
medical treatments, particularly elective procedures or non-urgent services, may have
comparable waiting periods in both public and private healthcare facilities.

Q3) Which Sector is more likely to have higher quality and patient satisfaction rates ?

This descriptive analysis aims to investigate the perceptions of respondents regarding the
quality of healthcare services and patient satisfaction in India's public and private healthcare
sectors. Through surveying 50 respondents, we gathered information on their experiences and
beliefs regarding the quality of healthcare and patient satisfaction in each sector.

Healthcare quality and patient satisfaction are crucial determinants of the overall effectiveness
of a healthcare system. In India, the healthcare landscape is characterized by a coexistence of
the public and private healthcare sectors, each catering to different segments of the population.

Each respondent was asked to select one of the three options: a) Public healthcare sector, b)
Private healthcare sector, or c) Both sectors equally, based on their perception of which sector
is more likely to have higher quality of healthcare services and patient satisfaction rates.

Among the 50 respondents, 19 (38%) believed that the public healthcare sector is more likely
to have higher quality of healthcare services and patient satisfaction rates. In contrast, 23 (46%)
respondents stated that the private healthcare sector is more likely to offer superior quality and
patient satisfaction. Interestingly, 8 (16%) respondents believed that both sectors provide
similar levels of quality and patient satisfaction.

The findings of this analysis reveal a diversity of opinions among respondents regarding the
healthcare quality and patient satisfaction in India's healthcare sectors. The perception that the
private healthcare sector excels in these aspects can be influenced by several factors. Private
hospitals often invest in modern infrastructure, advanced medical technologies, and specialized
medical services, leading to perceived higher quality and satisfaction among patients.
Additionally, private facilities may offer personalized attention and shorter waiting times,
contributing to increased patient satisfaction.

29
 Q3 Responses
25

20

15

10

0
Public Healthcare Sector Private Healthcare Sector Both Sectors Equally

The perception that the public healthcare sector also provides higher quality and patient
satisfaction may be attributed to government initiatives and improvements in recent years.
Various public health schemes, such as Ayushman Bharat, have aimed to enhance healthcare
accessibility and quality, especially for marginalized communities. This may have contributed
to an improved perception of the public sector's performance.

The viewpoint that both sectors offer similar levels of quality and satisfaction may stem from
the understanding that both sectors have their strengths and weaknesses. While the private
sector may excel in certain areas, the public sector might perform better in other aspects,
particularly in providing healthcare services to a larger and more diverse population.

Q4) How would you rate the quality of healthcare services in the Indian Government
sector?

This descriptive analysis aims to evaluate the perceived quality of healthcare services in the
Indian Government sector based on the responses provided by the respondents to the multiple-
choice question. The respondents were asked to rate the quality on a scale of "Excellent,"
"Good," "Satisfactory," and "Poor." The data collected from 50 respondents reveals insights
into the opinions and experiences regarding healthcare services provided by the Indian
Government.

Analysis of Responses:

30
Excellent: 9 respondents (18%)

Good: 15 respondents (30%)

Satisfactory: 13 respondents (26%)

Poor: 13 respondents (26%)

Q4

18%
26%
Excellent
Good
Satisfactory
Poor
30%
26%

"Excellent" (18%): The respondents who rated the quality of healthcare services as "Excellent"
seem to have experienced exceptional care. This group of individuals may have encountered
dedicated medical professionals and well-equipped facilities in the Indian Government
healthcare sector.

"Good" (30%): The largest proportion of respondents rated the quality as "Good." This suggests
that a significant number of people have had satisfactory experiences with government
healthcare services, although they might see room for further improvements.

"Satisfactory" (26%): The respondents who selected "Satisfactory" might have received
adequate medical attention and treatment. However, they may also have experienced certain
challenges or limitations, leading to a more moderate evaluation.

"Poor" (26%): The group of respondents who rated the quality as "Poor" appears to have faced
issues or obstacles in accessing quality healthcare services in the Indian Government sector.

31
Their experiences might include long waiting times, inadequate infrastructure, or limited
medical resources.

Factors Influencing Perceptions:

1) Geographical Disparities

2)Medical Conditions and Specializations

3)Doctor-Patient Interaction

Q5 ) How would you rate the quality of healthcare services in the Private Sector ?

This descriptive analysis aims to assess the perceived quality of healthcare services in the
Private sector based on the responses provided by the respondents to the multiple-choice
question. The respondents were asked to rate the quality on a scale of "Excellent," "Good,"
"Satisfactory," and "Poor." The data collected from 50 respondents provides insights into the
opinions and experiences regarding healthcare services in the Private sector.

Analysis of Responses:

Excellent: 8 respondents (16%)

Good: 18 respondents (36%)

Satisfactory: 15 respondents (30%)

Poor: 9 respondents (18%)

"Excellent" (16%): A minority of respondents rated the quality of healthcare services as

"Excellent." This suggests that some individuals have experienced exceptional care in the
Private sector, possibly due to the availability of specialized treatments, advanced technology,
and personalized attention.

"Good" (36%): The largest proportion of respondents rated the quality as "Good." This
indicates that a significant number of people have had satisfactory experiences with private
healthcare services, reflecting positively on the sector's overall performance.

32
"Satisfactory" (30%): The respondents who selected "Satisfactory" might have received
adequate medical attention and treatment in the Private sector. However, they may also have
encountered certain challenges or shortcomings, leading to a more moderate evaluation.

Q5

18% 16%

Excellent
Good
Satisfactory
Poor
30% 36%

"Poor" (18%): The group of respondents who rated the quality as "Poor" suggests that they had
unsatisfactory experiences with private healthcare services. These negative experiences might
involve issues like high costs, lack of transparency, or subpar medical care.

Factors Influencing Perceptions:

1) Cost vs Quality

2) Doctor's Reputation

3) Service Accessibility

4) Facilities and Technology

Q6) Which sector receives more funding from the Indian government?

This descriptive analysis aims to explore the perceptions of respondents regarding the funding
received by India's public and private healthcare sectors from the Indian government. Through

33
surveying 50 respondents, we gathered information on their beliefs and experiences regarding
the allocation of funds to each sector.

Funding is a critical aspect of the healthcare system, as it directly impacts the availability,
accessibility, and quality of healthcare services. In India, the healthcare sector is comprised of
the public and private sectors, each playing a distinct role in healthcare provision.

Each respondent was asked to select one of the four options: a) Public healthcare sector, b)
Private healthcare sector, c) Both sectors equally, or d) It varies by region, based on their
perception of which sector receives more funding from the Indian government.

Among the 50 respondents, 29 (58%) believed that the public healthcare sector receives more
funding from the Indian government. Conversely, only 4 (8%) respondents stated that the
private healthcare sector receives more funding. Surprisingly, 6 (12%) respondents were of the
opinion that both sectors are funded equally, and 11 (22%) respondents believed that funding
allocation varies by region.

Q6 Responses

22%
Public Healthcare Sector
Private Healthcare Sector

12% Both Sectors Equally

58%
Varies by region
8%

The findings of this analysis reveal a strong perception among respondents that the public
healthcare sector receives more funding from the Indian government. This perception can be
attributed to several factors. Firstly, the Indian government has been actively investing in the
public healthcare sector to address healthcare disparities and improve healthcare accessibility
for the larger population. Initiatives such as the National Health Mission and Ayushman Bharat

34
have focused on bolstering the infrastructure and services of government healthcare facilities,
reinforcing the belief that the public sector receives substantial government support.

The small proportion of respondents who believe that the private healthcare sector receives
more funding may have experienced or observed significant investments in private hospitals
and clinics, especially in urban areas. Private healthcare facilities often invest in modern
technologies and specialized services, which may be perceived as evidence of receiving
substantial funding.

The perception that funding allocation varies by region may arise from the fact that healthcare
disparities exist between different states and regions in India. Some regions with better
infrastructure and healthcare services may attract more private investments, while government
funding may be prioritized in underserved or economically weaker regions.

Q7 ) Which sector is more likely to have a shortage of healthcare professionals?

This descriptive analysis aims to investigate the perceptions of respondents regarding the
likelihood of healthcare professional shortages in India's public and private healthcare sectors.
Through surveying 50 respondents, we collected information on their experiences and beliefs
regarding the availability of healthcare professionals in each sector.

Healthcare professionals play a crucial role in providing quality healthcare services to the
population. In India, the healthcare system comprises both the public and private sectors, with
each facing unique challenges in recruiting and retaining healthcare professionals.

Each respondent was asked to select one of the four options: a) Public healthcare sector, b)
Private healthcare sector, c) Both sectors equally, or d) It varies by region, based on their
perception of which sector is more likely to have a shortage of healthcare professionals.

Among the 50 respondents, 17 (34%) believed that the public healthcare sector is more likely
to have a shortage of healthcare professionals. Conversely, 20 (40%) respondents stated that
the private healthcare sector is more likely to experience such shortages. Surprisingly, 5 (10%)
respondents were of the opinion that both sectors are equally affected by professional deficits,
and 8 (16%) respondents believed that the likelihood of shortages varies by region.

35
The findings of this analysis highlight the diverse perspectives among respondents regarding
the likelihood of healthcare professional shortages in India's healthcare sectors. The perception
that the private healthcare sector is more likely to experience shortages can be influenced by
several factors. Private hospitals and clinics, especially in urban areas, often face stiff
competition for skilled healthcare professionals due to higher salaries offered in the private
sector. Additionally, the private sector's focus on specialized and super-specialized services
may lead to a higher demand for specialized professionals, exacerbating the perceived shortage.

Q7 Responses

16%
34% Public Healthcare Sector
10% Private Healthcare Sector
Both Sectors Equally
Varies by Region

40%

Conversely, the perception that the public healthcare sector is more likely to have professional
deficits may be attributed to the challenges faced in attracting and retaining healthcare
professionals in remote and rural areas. Public healthcare facilities in underserved regions may
have limited resources, infrastructure, and opportunities for career advancement, which could
contribute to difficulties in recruiting and retaining skilled professionals.

The viewpoint that both sectors are equally affected by shortages may stem from the
understanding that healthcare professional shortages are a nationwide issue, impacting both
public and private facilities. Factors such as an increasing burden of disease, growing
healthcare demands, and a shortage of medical education and training programs contribute to
a national scarcity of healthcare professionals.

36
Q8 ) Which sector is more likely to be affected by corruption and unethical practices?

This descriptive analysis aims to explore the perceptions of respondents regarding the
likelihood of corruption and unethical practices in India's public and private healthcare sectors.
Through surveying 50 respondents, we gathered information on their experiences and beliefs
regarding the prevalence of corrupt practices in each sector.

Corruption and unethical practices can significantly impact the integrity and effectiveness of
the healthcare system. In India, the healthcare landscape consists of both the public and private
sectors, each facing unique challenges related to ethical conduct and corruption.

Each respondent was asked to select one of the four options: a) Public healthcare sector, b)
Private healthcare sector, c) Both sectors equally, or d) It varies by region, based on their
perception of which sector is more likely to be affected by corruption and unethical practices.

Among the 50 respondents, 18 (36%) believed that the public healthcare sector is more likely
to be affected by corruption and unethical practices. Conversely, 22 (44%) respondents stated
that the private healthcare sector is more susceptible to such issues. Surprisingly, 7 (14%)
respondents were of the opinion that both sectors are equally affected by corruption and
unethical practices, and 3 (6%) respondents believed that the likelihood varies by region.

Q8 Responses

6%
14%
Public Healthcare Sector
36%
Private Healthcare Sector
Both Sectors Equally
Varies by region

44%

The findings of this analysis highlight the diverse perspectives among respondents regarding
the prevalence of corruption and unethical practices in India's healthcare sectors. The
perception that the private healthcare sector is more likely to be affected by such issues can be

37
influenced by several factors. Private hospitals and clinics, especially those focused on profit-
making, may face pressure to maximize revenue and profitability, which could potentially lead
to unethical practices. Moreover, in the private sector, the involvement of third-party
stakeholders, such as pharmaceutical companies, could introduce potential conflicts of interest
and opportunities for corruption.

Conversely, the perception that the public healthcare sector is more susceptible to corruption
and unethical practices may stem from the larger size and scale of government-funded
healthcare facilities. Bureaucratic processes, lack of transparency, and inefficiencies in public
institutions can create opportunities for corruption to occur.

The viewpoint that both sectors are equally affected by corruption and unethical practices may
be based on the understanding that unethical behavior can occur in any organization, regardless
of ownership or funding model. Factors such as lack of enforcement of ethical standards and
oversight mechanisms may contribute to such perceptions.

Q9 ) Which sector is more focused on preventive healthcare measures and public health
programs?

This descriptive analysis aims to explore the perceptions of respondents regarding the focus on
preventive healthcare measures and public health programs in India's public and private
healthcare sectors. Through surveying 50 respondents, we gathered information on their
experiences and beliefs regarding the emphasis placed on preventive healthcare and public
health initiatives in each sector.

Preventive healthcare and public health programs play a crucial role in promoting population
health and reducing the burden of preventable diseases. In India, the healthcare system is
composed of both the public and private sectors, each with its unique focus and challenges
related to preventive care and public health initiatives.

Each respondent was asked to select one of the four options: a) Public healthcare sector, b)
Private healthcare sector, c) Both sectors equally, or d) It varies by region, based on their
perception of which sector is more focused on preventive healthcare measures and public health
programs.

38
Among the 50 respondents, 27 (54%) believed that the public healthcare sector is more focused
on preventive healthcare measures and public health programs. Conversely, 9 (18%)
respondents stated that the private healthcare sector is more involved in these aspects.
Surprisingly, 7 (14%) respondents were of the opinion that both sectors equally emphasize
preventive healthcare and public health programs, and 7 (14%) respondents believed that the
focus varies by region.

The findings of this analysis highlight the diverse perspectives among respondents regarding
the focus on preventive healthcare and public health programs in India's healthcare sectors. The
perception that the public healthcare sector is more focused on these aspects can be influenced
by several factors. The public sector often operates with a population-based approach, aiming
to serve a larger portion of the population and addressing the health needs of diverse
communities. Government initiatives and programs, such as immunization drives, maternal and
child health programs, and disease surveillance, are examples of the public sector's
commitment to public health promotion.

Q9 Responses

14%
Public Healthcare Sector
14% Private Healthcare Sector
54% Both Sectors Equally
Varies by Region
18%

Conversely, the perception that the private healthcare sector is more involved may stem from
the sector's emphasis on specialized medical services and individualized patient care. Private
hospitals and clinics may be more inclined to focus on curative care rather than preventive
measures due to financial incentives tied to treatment and procedures. However, it is essential

39
to acknowledge that some private healthcare facilities also actively participate in community
health initiatives and public health campaigns.

The viewpoint that both sectors equally emphasize preventive healthcare and public health
programs may be based on the understanding that both sectors contribute to public health in
their unique ways. The public sector may focus on population-level preventive measures, while
the private sector may contribute through corporate social responsibility initiatives and targeted
community health programs.

Q 10) Overall, which sector would you recommend to others for healthcare services in
India?

This descriptive analysis aims to determine the sector that respondents would recommend for
healthcare services in India based on their responses to the multiple-choice question. The
respondents were given three options: the Indian Government Healthcare Sector, the Private
Healthcare Sector, or "Depends on the medical condition." The data collected from 50
respondents provides insights into the preferences and considerations when recommending
healthcare services in India.

Analysis of Responses:

Indian Government Healthcare Sector: 13 respondents (26%)

Private Healthcare Sector: 24 respondents (48%)

Depends on the medical condition: 13 respondents (26%)

The responses indicate a fairly even distribution among the three options, showing that
respondents have diverse perspectives when it comes to recommending healthcare services in
India.

Private Healthcare Sector Recommendations:

The largest proportion of respondents (48%) recommended the Private Healthcare Sector for
healthcare services. This suggests that many participants have positive perceptions of private

40
healthcare, possibly due to factors such as access to advanced technology, shorter waiting
times, and personalized care.

Indian Government Healthcare Sector Recommendations:

26% of respondents recommended the Indian Government Healthcare Sector. These

individuals may believe that the government sector offers accessible and affordable healthcare
services, especially for certain medical conditions and preventive healthcare measures.

Q10 Responses

26% 26%
Public Healthcare Sector
Private Healthcare Sector
Depends on Medical Condition

48%

Consideration of Medical Condition:

Another 26% of respondents stated that their recommendation would depend on the medical
condition. This group of respondents appears to consider factors such as the severity and
complexity of the medical issue when deciding which sector to recommend.

Factors Influencing Recommendations:

1) Quality of Care
2) Accessibility and Affordability
3) Speciality and Technology

41
 CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this descriptive study sheds light on the perceptions of respondents regarding
the healthcare services that is the public and private healthcare sectors in India.

While a significant number of respondents believe that the public healthcare sector is the
primary provider, there is an equally significant proportion that considers the private healthcare
sector to be equally responsible. The complex and diverse nature of the Indian healthcare
system necessitates a balanced approach that leverages the strengths of both sectors to ensure
accessible, affordable, and high-quality healthcare for all citizens.

Considerable number of respondents believe that the private healthcare sector has longer
waiting times, a significant proportion also considers both sectors to be comparable in this
aspect. The differences in waiting times can be attributed to factors such as patient load, service
specialization, and resource allocation. To improve overall healthcare access and reduce
waiting times, policymakers and healthcare providers must collaboratively address the
challenges faced by both sectors and implement effective measures to enhance healthcare
efficiency and patient satisfaction.

Significant number of respondents believe that the private healthcare sector offers higher
quality and satisfaction, an equally notable proportion considers both sectors to be comparable
in these aspects. The differences in perceptions can be attributed to factors such as
infrastructure, medical technologies, patient experiences, and the reach of public health
initiatives. To enhance overall healthcare quality and patient satisfaction, policymakers and
healthcare providers in both sectors must collaborate to address their respective strengths and
weaknesses.

To improve the overall quality of healthcare services, the Indian Government should focus on
addressing the concerns of those who rated the services as "Poor" and take measures to enhance
accessibility, infrastructure, and medical resources. Additionally, efforts to maintain and
improve the positive perception of those who rated the services as "Good" or "Excellent"
should be continued to ensure consistent quality healthcare delivery across the country. Regular
feedback from patients and healthcare stakeholders will be essential in identifying areas that
require attention and improvement.

42
To improve the overall quality of healthcare services in the Private sector, healthcare providers
should address the concerns raised by those who rated the services as "Poor" and work towards
ensuring more transparent and cost-effective healthcare. Additionally, efforts to maintain and
enhance the positive perception of those who rated the services as "Excellent" or "Good" should
be continued to ensure consistent quality healthcare delivery.

Majority of respondents believe that the public healthcare sector receives more funding from
the Indian government, reflecting the government's efforts to improve healthcare accessibility
for the larger population. However, there is a small segment of respondents who perceive varied
funding allocation based on regional disparities, as well as a few who believe the private sector
receives more funding. To address healthcare disparities and ensure equitable healthcare
access, policymakers must continually assess and optimize funding allocation based on the
specific needs and challenges faced by each sector and region.

Number of respondents believe that the private healthcare sector is more likely to experience
shortages, an equally notable proportion considers both sectors to be equally affected by
professional deficits. A smaller number of respondents believe that the public healthcare sector
is more likely to have shortages. To address healthcare professional shortages and ensure the
availability of skilled healthcare personnel across the country, policymakers must implement
strategies to incentivize healthcare professionals to work in underserved areas, improve
working conditions, and invest in medical education and training programs.

While a significant number of respondents believe that the private healthcare sector is more
likely to be affected, an equally notable proportion considers both sectors to be equally
susceptible to such issues. A smaller number of respondents believe that the public healthcare
sector is more at risk. To combat corruption and promote ethical practices, both sectors must
prioritize transparency, accountability, and integrity in their operations. Policymakers should
implement stringent measures to prevent corrupt practices and promote ethical conduct
throughout the healthcare system.

While a significant number of respondents believe that the public healthcare sector is more
focused on these aspects, an equally notable proportion considers both sectors to be equally

43
engaged in promoting preventive healthcare and public health initiatives. Additionally, a
smaller number of respondents believe that the private sector is more involved in such efforts.
To improve population health and promote preventive healthcare, both sectors must collaborate
and complement each other's strengths. Policymakers should encourage initiatives that promote
preventive healthcare and public health programs across the healthcare system.

The descriptive analysis of respondents' recommendations for healthcare services in India

demonstrates a diversity of perspectives. While the majority of respondents recommended the
Private Healthcare Sector, a significant proportion also supported the Indian Government
Healthcare Sector.

This suggests that people's choices are influenced by various factors, including perceived
quality, accessibility, affordability, and the nature of the medical condition. Both the Private
and Government healthcare sectors play important roles in providing healthcare services in
India, and the analysis emphasizes the need for continued efforts to improve and strengthen
both sectors.

To improve overall healthcare services in India, stakeholders should focus on addressing the
concerns and limitations identified by respondents and strive to create a healthcare system that
offers accessible, affordable, and high-quality care for all citizens. Public awareness campaigns
highlighting the strengths and improvements in both sectors could also help individuals make
informed decisions when seeking healthcare services.

44
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Websites , Reports , Articles , Magazines etc . used while making this report :

• [Link]
• [Link]
enges&oq=
• [Link]
oq=healthcare+.
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
• [Link]
india
• [Link]
[Link]
• [Link]
healthcare-ecosystem/

45
 ANNEXURE

1) Which sector is responsible for the majority of healthcare services in India?

a) Government healthcare sector

b) Private healthcare sector

c) Both sectors equally

2) Which sector is more likely to have longer waiting times for medical treatments?

a) Government healthcare sector

b) Private healthcare sector

c) Both sectors equally

3) Which sector is more likely to have higher quality and patient satisfaction rates?

a) Government healthcare sector

b) Private healthcare sector

c) Both sectors equally

4) How would you rate the quality of healthcare services in the Indian Government sector?

a) Excellent

b) Good

c) Satisfactory

d) Poor

5) How would you rate the quality of healthcare services in the Private sector?

a) Excellent

46
b) Good

c) Satisfactory

d) Poor

6) Which sector receives more funding from the Indian government?

a) Government healthcare sector

b) Private healthcare sector

c) Both sectors equally

d) It varies by region

7) Which sector is more likely to have a shortage of healthcare professionals?

a) Government healthcare sector

b) Private healthcare sector

c) Both sectors equally

d) It varies by region

8) Which sector is more likely to be affected by corruption and unethical practices?

a) Government healthcare sector

b) Private healthcare sector

c) Both sectors equally

d) It varies by region

9) Which sector is more focused on preventive healthcare measures and public health
programs?

a) Government healthcare sector

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b) Private healthcare sector

c) Both sectors equally

d) It varies by region

10) Overall, which sector would you recommend to others for healthcare services in India?

a) Indian Government Healthcare Sector

b) Private Healthcare Sector

c) Depends on the medical condition

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