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dr.muhammad.arafaCHAPTER
Vibrations and Waves
Practice Problems
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Periodic Motion
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page 378
1. How much force is necessary to stretch a page 379
spring 0.25 m when the spring constant 6. What is the period on Earth of a pendulum
is 95 N/m? with a length of 1.0 m?
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7. How long must a pendulum be on the
Moon, where g 5 1.6 m/s2, to have a
2. A spring has a spring constant of 56 N/m. period of 2.0 s?
How far will it stretch when a block
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8. On a planet with an unknown value of g,
3. What is the spring constant of a spring that the period of a 0.75-m-long pendulum
stretches 12 cm when an object weighing is 1.8 s. What is g for this planet?
24 N is hung from it?
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Section Review
5 3
Periodic Motion
4. A spring with a spring constant of 144 N/m
is compressed by a distance of 16.5 cm.
pages
How much elastic potential energy is stored page 380
in the spring? 9. Hooke’s Law Two springs look alike but
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have different spring constants. How could
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you determine which one has the greater
spring constant?
5 }}
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3 4 5 6 7 8 9
.
4
9 : ; < 9 = 7 > ? :
; : 7 8
? A 5 6 8 9 : 5 9 7 8 4 7 7 ? 9 7 = 8 9 9
. @ . B . . C . .
5. A spring has a spring constant of 256 N/m.
8 4 7 8 9 6 ? 9 4 7 9 ? ? A 5 6 = : 5 7 4 5 7
. . @ .
How far must it be stretched to give it an
elastic potential energy of 48 J? 10. Hooke’s Law Objects of various weights
are hung from a rubber band that is sus-
pended from a hook. The weights of the
objects are plotted on a graph against the
Physics: Principles and Problems Solutions Manual 311
Chapter 14 continued
stretch of the rubber band. How can you 14. Critical Thinking How is uniform circular
tell from the graph whether or not the motion similar to simple harmonic
rubber band obeys Hooke’s law? motion? How are they different?
G > 7 8 9 6 ? 4 8 A 4 7 ? 4 A 6 8 7 A 5 9 H 7 8 9 ? I ; ; 9 ? V : 7 8 4 ? 9 9 ? A : J A = : 7 A : 5 G 5 I 5 A > : ?
@ . . C @ .
; 4 5 J : ; 9 K 3 : : L 9 M 4 N G > 7 8 9 6 ? 4 8 A = A ? = I 4 ? : 7 A : 5 H 7 8 9 4 = = 9 9 ? 4 7 A 5 6 > : ? = 9
. . C @ . C C
= I ? O 9 J H A 7 J : 9 5 : 7 A 5 : 7 ? : : ? 7 A : 5 4 7 : 7 8 9 J A 4 = 9 9 5 7
. . @ @ C . @ C
U : H A 9 8 4 ? : 5 A = : 7 A : 5 A : 5 9 T
C . . @ C .
11. Pendulum How must the length of a pen-
J A 9 5 A : 5 4 4 5 J I 5 A > : ? = A ? = I 4 ?
. C C
dulum be changed to double its period?
: 7 A : 5 A 7 N : T J A 9 5 A : 5 4
. . C
How must the length be changed to halve
the period?
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Practice Problems
5 }
Wave Properties
.
pages
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page 386
15. A sound wave produced by a clock chime is
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heard 515 m away 1.50 s later.
D
-
E
5 a. What is the speed of sound of the
B
8 9 9 5 9 ? 6 K : > 7 8 9 > A ?
.
7
. @
? A 5 6 A
.
clock’s chime in air?
X Y
7 A 9 6 ? 9 4 7 9 ? 7 8 4 5 7 8 9 9 5 9 ? 6 K : >
5 }}
W
.
7 8 9 9 = : 5 J ? A 5 6
. . @
5 }}
12. Energy of a Spring What is the difference
between the energy stored in a spring that is 5 .
stretched 0.40 m and the energy stored in b. The sound wave has a frequency of
the same spring when it is stretched 0.20 m? 436 Hz. What is the period of the wave?
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c. What is the wave’s wavelength?
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l 5 }v}
B C @
f
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,
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8 9 9 5 6 7 8 A ? 9 J I = 9 J 7 : : 5 9 T > : I ? 7 8 A 7
P P P
: ? A 6 A
C
5 4 9 5 6
.
7 8
.
5 2 [ 2
C C
16. A hiker shouts toward a vertical cliff 465 m
13. Resonance If a car’s wheel is out of bal- away. The echo is heard 2.75 s later.
ance, the car will shake strongly at a specific a. What is the speed of sound of the
speed, but not when it is moving faster or hiker’s voice in air?
slower than that speed. Explain. X
Y
D D
5 }} 5 }} 5
U 7 7 8 4 7 9 9 J H 7 8 9 7 A ? 9 M ? : 7 4 7 A : 5
W
E E
\
[ .
. @ .
> ? 9 S I 9 5 = K 4 7 = 8 9 7 8 9 ? 9 : 5 4 5 7
. .
> ? 9 S I 9 5 = K : > 7 8 9 = 4 ?
312 Solutions Manual Physics: Principles and Problems
Chapter 14 continued
b. The wavelength of the sound is 0.750 m.
What is its frequency? Section Review
`
5 lf f 5 }} 5 }} 5
d
e e i j l m
Wave Properties
pages
f f k
l
a b c n o p q r
g h
c. What is the period of the wave? page 386
22. Speed in Different Media If you pull on
t j t v
5 }} 5 }} 5 u t
3 2
f
x y x x p z b
one end of a coiled-spring toy, does the
w
pulse reach the other end instantaneously?
17. If you want to increase the wavelength of What happens if you pull on a rope? What
waves in a rope, should you shake it at a happens if you hit the end of a metal rod?
higher or lower frequency? Compare and contrast the pulses traveling
through these three materials.
| } | ~ | |
c a b
~ } | ~ }
} } | } } ~ } | }
b b
b c b c
} | | } } | ~ | }
c b y b b
18. What is the speed of a periodic wave distur- c
}
c
} |
c
}
b a
|
bance that has a frequency of 3.50 Hz and a
|
b
}
b
}
}
} | ~
c y
wavelength of 0.700 m?
5 lf 5 5 23. Wave Characteristics You are creating
`
z y z z y o z q r x y n o b
transverse waves in a rope by shaking your
19. The speed of a transverse wave in a string is hand from side to side. Without changing
15.0 m/s. If a source produces a disturbance the distance that your hand moves, you
that has a frequency of 6.00 Hz, what is its begin to shake it faster and faster. What
wavelength? j
happens to the amplitude, wavelength,
frequency, period, and velocity of the wave?
t f v l m
5 lf l 5 }} 5 }} 5
g
f f k
f
a b c x y o z
| ~ } | ~ } |
c
| } } |
20. Five pulses are generated every 0.100 s in a
a b b
~ } | } | ~ }
c
tank of water. What is the speed of propaga- |
tion of the wave if the wavelength of the
b y
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
surface wave is 1.20 cm? 24. Waves Moving Energy Suppose that
j
f t f f m
}} 5
g
m m
z y z x z z b
~
b a b c
you and your lab partner are asked to
s
demonstrate that a transverse wave trans-
5 z y z x z z b
ports energy without transferring matter.
How could you do it?
s
l5
`
a b c
5 }l}
| | | }
c b c
~ | } | }
c c y ¢ c
t f
~ } | }
5 }}
g
c c c c a b
f f f f m
g } | } | } |
c c c
5 z y z b 5 z y z z b
}
|
b
b
|
y £ c
}
} | }
~
}
| } } |
c b c c a
21. A periodic longitudinal wave that has a c
b
|
c
}
b
} |
b
}
frequency of 20.0 Hz travels along a coil b
|
~ |
c
}
c y
spring. If the distance between successive
compressions is 0.600 m, what is the speed 25. Longitudinal Waves Describe longitudinal
of the wave? waves. What types of media transmit
`
5 lf 5 z y z z x z y z q r 5 p x y z b
longitudinal waves?
~ } | ~ | } | } ~
c b a b c
} | } | }
c
| | ~ ~ ~ } } } } |
c c c c y
Physics: Principles and Problems Solutions Manual 313
Chapter 14 continued
30. Critical Thinking As another way to
| ~ | ~ ~ | ¤ ~ ~ |
£ b c b a b a
understand wave reflection, cover the right-
| ¤ } | } ~ } | ~ |
b b b c b y
hand side of each drawing in Figure 14-13a
26. Critical Thinking If a raindrop falls into a with a piece of paper. The edge of the paper
pool, it creates waves with small amplitudes. should be at point N, the node. Now, con-
If a swimmer jumps into a pool, waves with centrate on the resultant wave, shown in
large amplitudes are produced. Why doesn’t darker blue. Note that it acts like a wave
the heavy rain in a thunderstorm produce reflected from a boundary. Is the boundary a
large waves? rigid wall, or is it open-ended? Repeat this
exercise for Figure 14-13b.
¡
} } |
c b b b
} } | | | ~ ~ |
| | ~ | | ~ ~
c b b
p n p n b
| } } | }
| } ~ } | }
c b c a b
b b ¨
} | | }
| ~ |
c c b b b c
p n p n b c
| | | }
| } | | | }
y
b c b c
| } ~ } | } }
b c y
Section Review
Wave Behavior Chapter Assessment
pages Concept Mapping
page 391 page 396
27. Waves at Boundaries Which of the 31. Complete the concept map using the fol-
following wave characteristics remain lowing terms and symbols: amplitude,
unchanged when a wave crosses a boundary frequency, v, l, T.
into a different medium: frequency, ampli-
tude, wavelength, velocity, and/or direction? Waves
¥
| |
b y
| ~ | ~ } | ~ } |
a a a
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
~ } ~ ~ | | | }
speed period wavelength
c b
¬ ® ¯ ° ± ² ³ ´ µ ¶ ´ · ² ´ ¸ ¹ º
| } | |
y ¦ c c
} | } | ~
c a c c
} } |
c c y
A f l
»
28. Refraction of Waves Notice in
Figure 14-17a how the wave changes
direction as it passes from one medium to
Mastering Concepts
another. Can two-dimensional waves cross page 396
a boundary between two media without 32. What is periodic motion? Give three exam-
changing direction? Explain. ples of periodic motion. (14.1)
©
} } } | } | }
} } } | ~
c c c b c c b
b a b c
| ~ | ~ | ~ ~
} | ~ | ~ } } | }
y ª « b
c c b b a c
~ ~ | } | | ~
| } | } |
c b c c b a b c b
b b c y
~ | ~ | }
a c c c y
29. Standing Waves In a standing wave on a
string fixed at both ends, how is the number 33. What is the difference between frequency
of nodes related to the number of antinodes? and period? How are they related? (14.1)
¥
} ~
| ~ |
b c b c
c c b b b c
} } | }
| } } | } | }
c b b c a c b
c c b y
} ~
c c y b
} }
b c c y
314 Solutions Manual Physics: Principles and Problems
Chapter 14 continued
34. What is simple harmonic motion? Give an 41. What is the primary difference between a
example of simple harmonic motion. mechanical wave and an electromagnetic
(14.1) wave? (14.2)
½
¡
~ | } | } | } |
c c c b c b
} } | } ~ } } } | ~ | | } } | ~
c c b b b c b c
| } } ~ } | ~ } | } |
c c c ¾ b c c c c b c
} | ~ } } ~ | } ~ } |
c c b b y ¿ c c y
} |
c c c b b c
«
|
~
y
42. What are the differences among transverse,
longitudinal, and surface waves? (14.2)
35. If a spring obeys Hooke’s law, how does it ¿
}
|
b
b
|
|
b b
}
|
}
~
b
behave? (14.1) c
}
}
c
| }
|
}
c
} } | } | } | } } | } ~ | } } }
b b b b b b c c
} ~ } | ~ } } } | ~ }
c c c c c b c y ¿ c
| ~ } } | ~ | | } | } ~ }
c y b b b c
} | } | } | | ~ ~ ~
c c
36. How can the spring constant of a spring be
½
} } } } | |
c c y
determined from a graph of force versus
|
b
|
|
|
}
b
}
b c c
}
displacement? (14.1)
¡
b c b
} | }
b
}
b
~
c c
}
43. Waves are sent along a spring of fixed
|
c À
b b Á y
length. (14.2)
a. Can the speed of the waves in the spring
37. How can the potential energy in a spring be be changed? Explain.
determined from the graph of force versus ½
c
}
|
b b c
~
displacement? (14.1) c
}
|
|
c
}
} } | ~ } | |
|
c b
y
} } |
c c À b b Á y
b. Can the frequency of a wave in the
spring be changed? Explain.
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
38. Does the period of a pendulum depend on ¥
| |
the mass of the bob? The length of the
|
}
|
}
}
string? Upon what else does the period
|
|
| }
depend? (14.1) b y
} | ~ | } | }
c ¨ b ¨ c c a Â
44. What is the wavelength of a wave? (14.2)
| ~ } } } | } }
39. What conditions are necessary for ¢
| |
}
b
}
|
b
|
}
|
}
|
c
resonance to occur? (14.1)
¾
|
c b c
à b y
| ~ ~ |
b c c c b
| ~ } | ~ ~ | } } | } }
|
c c b
|
}
b
|
}
b
|
~
45. Suppose you send a pulse along a rope.
b
}
}
b
How does the position of a point on the
c b b y
rope before the pulse arrives compare to the
point’s position after the pulse has passed?
40. How many general methods of energy
(14.2)
transfer are there? Give two examples Å
} ~ | | } }
of each. (14.2) |
} ~ |
}
b
|
b b
}
b
}
a
|
c
}
b
¡
« b b c c c
} | | } ~
c y ª b b
} ~
¡ b y
} | | | | |
b b y
| ~ } | } | | Ä |
« b c
| | ~ ~ | | ~ ~ } | } ~ } |
b c b ¨
| | ~ } |
b c b b y
Physics: Principles and Problems Solutions Manual 315
Chapter 14 continued
46. What is the difference between a wave pulse 53. When a wave crosses a boundary between
and a periodic wave? (14.2) a thin and a thick rope, as shown in
¿
~
b b
|
b
~
b
}
|
|
Figure 14-18, its wavelength and speed
a
|
b
|
c
|
c
change, but its frequency does not. Explain
b b
}
b c b
| ~ |
¾
|
}
b
}
|
b y
why the frequency is constant. (14.3)
47. Describe the difference between wave
frequency and wave velocity. (14.2) ■ Figure 14-18
¥
} | }
~ } | }
b c c b
b c c
| | } }
| } } } | | }
b c c c y
c b b
~ } } } }
} | } | } }
c b b c c c
c b b c b
| } }
}
c y
c y
48. Suppose you produce a transverse wave by 54. How does a spring pulse reflected from a
shaking one end of a spring from side to rigid wall differ from the incident pulse?
side. How does the frequency of your hand (14.3)
compare with the frequency of the wave? ¡
~ } ~ ~ ~ }
b y
(14.2)
¡
55. Describe interference. Is interference a prop-
| } |
b y
erty of only some types of waves or all types
49. When are points on a wave in phase with of waves? (14.3)
each other? When are they out of phase? ¡
} }
b c b c c c c c
Give an example of each. (14.2) | }
¡
b b y b c b
} | | } |
} } | } | ~ }
c b b
c c c b c c
} | ~ | } | } |
} | ~ } ~ } } }
b b b
b b b b b
~ } } } } | }
} } }
c y b a c b c
y b c b c c c
| } | | }
| } | ~ } } |
c b y c b b b
b b b
| } } | | } | }
} ~ } } } }
c y ¿ b c c
c b b c b
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
| } | }
| ~ ~ | } | } }
c b c y
¨ b ¨ b b c
| | }
y
50. What is the amplitude of a wave and what
does it represent? (14.2) 56. What happens to a spring at the nodes of a
¿
~
}
b
}
|
« b
~ |
standing wave? (14.3)
} | | } } ~
} } }
c c b c
£ c a b c b c c y
} | ~ } }
c b c y c
57. Violins A metal plate is held fixed in the
| } } | }
b b c c
center and sprinkled with sugar. With a
} |
b y
violin bow, the plate is stroked along one
51. Describe the relationship between the edge and made to vibrate. The sugar begins
amplitude of a wave and the energy it to collect in certain areas and move away
carries. (14.2) from others. Describe these regions in terms
of standing waves. (14.3)
¡
| | |
b c c
} | ~ } } | } | ~ }
| | | | | } | ~
c c b c b y
b c c b
} | | } |
b « c y
52. When a wave reaches the boundary of a c
|
|
b
|
c
| ~
c b
new medium, what happens to it? (14.3) }
b c
| }
c y
| } } | | ~ } |
c
| } } | | } | } } }
c b c
}
y
316 Solutions Manual Physics: Principles and Problems
Chapter 14 continued
58. If a string is vibrating in four parts, there are 62. Suppose you hold a 1-m metal bar in your
points where it can be touched without hand and hit its end with a hammer, first,
disturbing its motion. Explain. How many in a direction parallel to its length, and
of these points exist? (14.3) second, in a direction at right angles to its
¿ b
} |
|
« b
}
b
| }
b
}
length. Describe the waves produced in the
|
}
c
| } |
c
}
b
c
| ~
two cases.
} } } | ~ } | ~ |
c b y b b a c b ¨
} | } | |
b c b a b b b y
59. Wave fronts pass at an angle from one
medium into a second medium, where they 63. Suppose you repeatedly dip your finger into
travel with a different speed. Describe two a sink full of water to make circular waves.
changes in the wave fronts. What does not What happens to the wavelength as you
change? (14.3) move your finger faster?
¡ ¡
| ~ } | } } } | ~ ~
c c c b
| } | | } ~ ~ | }
c b y b ¨ b
} | | } | ~ } ~ ~ |
c b c y b ¨ b y
Applying Concepts 64. What happens to the period of a wave as
page 397 the frequency increases?
60. A ball bounces up and down on the end of
} | }
¿ b b b a c
a spring. Describe the energy changes that
|
b b y
take place during one complete cycle. Does
the total mechanical energy change? 65. What happens to the wavelength of a wave
} } } } } } } ~ | }
as the frequency increases?
¿ c c c c c a b
} | } |
} } | ~ | } | | ~
¿ b b b a
c b « a
~ } |
| } | } | ~ } } | ~ | } |
b b y
c c b
| } }
b r c y
¿
} }
~
c b
}
c a
}
È É b
| }
66. Suppose you make a single pulse on a
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
|
«
| }
~ |
b
}
c
}
}
| ~
stretched spring. How much energy is
b r c y ¿
} }
}
c c
}
c a
required to make a pulse with twice the
}
È É b r c a
}
|
} | }
c
| ~
c
}
}
| ~
amplitude?
| | } ~ } |
| } | | | } ~ | }
c « c b a c c
b « a b
} }
} } | ~ | } | |
b
c b « y
} } | ~ | | ~
c b c b y
67. You can make water slosh back and forth in
61. Can a pendulum clock be used in the orbit- a shallow pan only if you shake the pan
ing International Space Station? Explain. with the correct frequency. Explain.
¡
} | } } | ~
} | } | } | ~ ~ |
c c c b
£ c a b b c b a
} } } | } | |
} } | | } | ~
c c c
c a c  b
} | } | } | } }
~ ~ ~ }
c c b b c c b
r c y c b y
} }
y
Physics: Principles and Problems Solutions Manual 317
Chapter 14 continued
68. In each of the four waves in Figure 14-19, 70. Car Shocks Each of the coil springs of a
the pulse on the left is the original pulse car has a spring constant of 25,000 N/m.
moving toward the right. The center pulse is How much is each spring compressed if it
a reflected pulse; the pulse on the right is a supports one-fourth of the car’s 12,000-N
transmitted pulse. Describe the rigidity of weight?
the boundaries at A, B, C, and D. À 5 Ë Á a
F
A 5 }
k
b c Á
1}}2
Û
Ò t f f f
j Õ
Ý Ó
5 }} f f f l
Ý
B
5 z y p x
71. How much potential energy is stored in a
C
spring with a spring constant of 27 N/m if
it is stretched by 16 cm?
t
É Í Î 5 } Ë Á Ï
D
5 1}2
t
x £ z y p Ï 5 z y o Ð
■ Figure 14-19
Ç
c
|
¿ b c ¨ c
|
Ç
Level 2
b
~
b b ¨ c
|
Ê b
~
b b ¨
72. Rocket Launcher A toy rocket-launcher
c
|
¦ b c y
contains a spring with a spring constant of
35 N/m. How far must the spring be
compressed to store 1.5 J of energy?
Mastering Problems t
14.1 Periodic Motion
Ì
É
Í Î
5 } Ë Á Ï a
j Ô
pages 397–398
!§
} 5 !§
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Ò Ò t
j Õ
Level 1
g
5 }}
Ö × Ø Ù
Ó Ó
e l
Ú
b c Á
69. A spring stretches by 0.12 m when some k
apples weighing 3.2 N are suspended from 5 z y x Ñ
it, as shown in Figure 14-20. What is the
spring constant of the spring? Level 3
73. Force-versus-length data for a spring are
plotted on the graph in Figure 14-21.
12.0
Force (N)
8.0
4.0
3.2 N
0.0 0.20 0.40 0.60
■ Figure 14-20 Length (m)
À 5 Ë Á a
Õ
■ Figure 14-21
F
e
5 } 5 } 5
g
f t
x
b c Ë x £
318 Solutions Manual Physics: Principles and Problems
Chapter 14 continued
ø
a. What is the spring constant of the f 5 }}
spring? T
ø
ø
5 5 }} 5 } 5
~
Õ Õ
þ ý ø
f
b c
ù î ú
t f u f
ß
D 2 g g
5 }} 5 }} f
D 2
à
76. Ocean Waves An ocean wave has a length
g g
k k
5 á â ã ä å
of 12.0 m. A wave passes a fixed location
b. What is the energy stored in the spring every 3.0 s. What is the speed of the wave?
when it is stretched to a length of
5 lf 5 l1 } 2 5 1 2
ø ø
}}
û
ü ý þ
50.0 cm? T
á î â å ð
í ñ
æ ç
5
5 5}
î â å ä
õ
è é ê è ë ì
Í Î
77. Water waves in a shallow dish are 6.0-cm
5 1}2
ø
5
long. At one point, the water moves up and
â î ï â â å ð â î â ã ð á î ï â ò
í í ñ
down at a rate of 4.8 oscillations/s.
74. How long must a pendulum be to have a a. What is the speed of the water waves?
period of 2.3 s on the Moon, where
5 lf
û
g 5 1.6 m/s2?
5 5
!§
l í
â î â â å ð
í
î ù ð â î á å ä
5 p } 5 }
õ
g b. What is the period of the water waves?
ô õ ö ÷
p
ø
ø
ý ü ø ý
ÿ ÿ
5 }}} 5 5 }} 5 } 5 ý
f
â î á
ñ
â î á å
õ
ñ
78. Water waves in a lake travel 3.4 m in 1.8 s.
14.2 Wave Properties
The period of oscillation is 1.1 s.
page 398
a. What is the speed of the water waves?
Level 1 ü ý
75. Building Motion The Sears Tower in d
5 } 5 }} 5
û
ø ý
t
î å ä
Chicago, shown in Figure 14-22, sways
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
back and forth in the wind with a frequency b. What is their wavelength?
of about 0.12 Hz. What is its period of
l 5 }} 5
û
vibration? f
5 í ñ
î å ä
õ
ð
í ñ
î
õ
ð
5 á î
ñ
å
Level 2
79. Sonar A sonar signal of frequency
1.003106 Hz has a wavelength of 1.50 mm
in water.
a. What is the speed of the signal in water?
5 lf
û
5 î ï â 3 â
2 å ð î â â 3 â ð
í ñ ñ í ñ ñ
5 ñ
î ï â 3 ñ
â å ä
b. What is its period in water?
ø ø
5 }} 5 }}
f
ø ý þ þ ø þ
5 î â â 3 â
2
ñ ñ
■ Figure 14-22
Physics: Principles and Problems Solutions Manual 319
Chapter 14 continued
c. What is its period in air? û
5 lf
î â â 3 â
2 5 î â å ð â î â ð
í í
ñ ñ
5
ú î å ä
ê ê é è é ê ê é ê å è
è ! ê î
83. Earthquakes The velocity of the trans-
80. A sound wave of wavelength 0.60 m and a verse waves produced by an earthquake is
velocity of 330 m/s is produced for 0.50 s. 8.9 km/s, and that of the longitudinal
a. What is the frequency of the wave? waves is 5.1 km/s. A seismograph records
the arrival of the transverse waves 68 s
5 lf
û
ü ü þ
before the arrival of the longitudinal
waves. How far away is the earthquake?
ÿ
f 5 }} 5 }} þ ý þ
l '
5
û
" î / ê $ * % " # $ ê
5
ö ö ö ô ö
ï ï â
ê é ê ê $ å ê
ô
D " î ê $ é è
õ
& ê é
õ
ê
b. How many complete waves are emitted
' 0 0
5
û
$ è ê " $ ê è å ê è $ ê
õ ô ô õ õ õ
in this time interval? # ! $
è #
$ è ê
' 1
5
û
1
" 1D " ð î
ö õ ô
f 5 "
í
ï ï â ð
í
â î ï â
õ
ð
2
ê
û
0
" 5
û
1
" 1D " ð è
# & ê
é " 3
õ ô õ ö ö
5
D
á ù â å # ê $ ê % è & ê
7
ö õ
c. After 0.50 s, how far is the front of the 5 }
2
"
9 7
wave from the source of the sound? 4 ý ø 5
ÿ
ÿ
5 }}} 5
'
5
û
ý 6 5 4 ý ø 5
2
"
ÿ ÿ
"
5 í
ú ú â å ä
õ
ð
í
â î ï â
õ
ð
ê $ $ ! "
)
è * $
5 3
' 0 0
5 5
û
î â ( å
ñ ñ
" ù î * å ä ð ð
í í ñ
õ õ
81. The speed of sound in water is 1498 m/s. A 5 ù î
ñ
3 ñ
â ( * å
sonar signal is sent straight down from a
ship at a point just below the water surface,
14.3 Wave Behavior
and 1.80 s later, the reflected signal is
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
detected. How deep is the water? pages 398–399
Level 1
ê $ å ê é $ ê % è & ê $ $ é è & ê # %
)
ö
ö
ö
84. Sketch the result for each of the three cases
è è * î ù â î ê $ å ê ê % è
shown in Figure 14-23, when the centers
ñ
õ õ ö
è # î ù â é â î â â î
of the two approaching wave pulses lie on
ñ
õ õ ö õ
'
5
û
"
the dashed line so that the pulses exactly
5 í ñ
ù å ä
õ
ð
í
â î â â
õ
ð
overlap.
5 ñ
ú ï â å
1
Level 3
82. Pepe and Alfredo are resting on an offshore
2
raft after a swim. They estimate that 3.0 m
separates a trough and an adjacent crest of
each surface wave on the lake. They count
12 crests that pass by the raft in 20.0 s. 3
Calculate how fast the waves are moving.
l5 í
á ð
í
ú î â å ð 5 î â å
ø
. ÿ
f 5 }} 5 þ + ý þ
, -
ÿ
â î â
■ Figure 14-23
320 Solutions Manual Physics: Principles and Problems
Chapter 14 continued
)
î ê è å # $ ê # ê î ï å é å $ ê $ ê é ê % ê é ê $ ê
ñ ñ
õ ö ö ö ô
$ è ê $ é è & ê # ê è é ê $ ê è å ê î
õ õ õ
87. Sketch the result for each of the four cases
shown in Figure 14-24, when the centers of
á î
ê è å # $
ê è ê # ê è
$
ê é î
each of the two wave pulses lie on the dashed
line so that the pulses exactly overlap.
õ ö
1
ú î : $ ê è å # $ ê $ ê é $ # ê
ö õ õ õ
ê ; è # $ ê ê $ ê é ê # $ è $
ö ö õ ö ô õ
# ê ê ; è # $ ê è å # $ ê $ ê
õ õ ö ö
ê î 2
õ ö
85. If you slosh the water in a bathtub at the
correct frequency, the water rises first at one
end and then at the other. Suppose you can
4
make a standing wave in a 150-cm-long tub
with a frequency of 0.30 Hz. What is the
velocity of the water wave? ■ Figure 14-24
l5 á
í ñ
î ï å ð 5 ú î â å
5 lf
û
5 í
ú î â å ð
í
â î ú â ð
1
5 â î â å ä
Level 2 2
86. Guitars The wave speed in a guitar string is
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
265 m/s. The length of the string is 63 cm. You
3
pluck the center of the string by pulling it up
and letting go. Pulses move in both directions
and are reflected off the ends of the string. 4
a. How long does it take for the pulse to
move to the string end and return to the
center?
ü <
Mixed Review
'
5 }} 5
ú å
=
þ ý ü
page 399–400
5 }} 5 } 5 3 2
õ ö
"
4
ÿ
á î
ñ
â
õ
Level 1
88. What is the period of a pendulum with a
b. When the pulses return, is the string length of 1.4 m?
above or below its resting location?
!§
?
5 p }}
>
# ê è é ê & ê é $ ê % ê é ê # ê $ ê
õ õ
é å è å é ê ê ê å ê å
!§
ø ý
ö ö õ ô õ ö
)
é ê $ é ! #
õ
ê
õ ö
%
í
ê #
ö
% ð î
5 p á
}} 5
6 ý þ
ÿ @
á î
c. If you plucked the string 15 cm from
one end of the string, where would the 89. The frequency of yellow light is 5.131014 Hz.
two pulses meet? Find the wavelength of yellow light. The
speed of light is 3.003108 m/s.
Physics: Principles and Problems Solutions Manual 321
Chapter 14 continued
c. In the course of 15 s you count ten
A
l 5 }}
f waves that pass you. What is the period
ü ý þ þ
3
ø þ B C D
of the waves?
5 }} 4 ý ø ø þ
3
ø 4
E
5 }} 5 ø þ
. ÿ
ñ
î ï
2
õ
5 ï î 3 â å
+ , -
d. What is the frequency of the waves?
ñ
90. Radio Wave AM-radio signals are broad-
ø ø
f 5 }} 5 } } 5
ø ý 4
â î J
cast at frequencies between 550 kHz
ÿ
(kilohertz) and 1600 kHz and travel e. You estimate that the wave crests are 3 m
3.03108 m/s. apart. What is the velocity of the waves?
a. What is the range of wavelengths for 5 lf 5 5
K
ú å ð â î J ð á å ä
í í
these signals? f. After returning to the beach, you learn
û
5 lf that the waves are moving at 1.8 m/s.
ü ý þ ø þ C
What is the actual wavelength of the
3
ÿ
l 5 }} 5 }} waves?
B
4 ý 4 ø þ T
f
F
3 ø ý
ÿ
5 l 5 }} 5 }} 5
f
þ ý
L
á î J å
ï ï â å
ü ý þ ø þ C
3
ÿ
l 5 }} 5 }}
Level 2
ø ý ø þ S
(
f @
3
92. Bungee Jumper A high-altitude bungee
5
jumper jumps from a hot-air balloon using
â å
è ! ê
õ
ñ
â å $
ö
ï ï â å î
a 540-m-bungee cord. When the jump is
b. FM frequencies range between 88 MHz complete and the jumper is just suspended
(megahertz) and 108 MHz and travel from the cord, it is stretched 1710 m. What
at the same speed. What is the range of is the spring constant of the bungee cord if
FM wavelengths? the jumper has a mass of 68 kg?
ü ý þ ø þ C
5 Q 6 ý þ
3
ÿ
ÿ @
N
P
l 5 }} 5 }}
M
f
ý
3
ø þ R
5 }} 5 }} 5 }}} ø
L
ø þ 4
2
O
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
5 ú î å
5 â î ï J ã ä å
ü ý þ ø þ C
3
ÿ
l 5 }} 5 }} ø ý þ ø þ
93. The time needed for a water wave to change
f
C
3
from the equilibrium level to the crest is
5 á î ù å
0.18 s.
G
è ! ê
õ
á î ù å $
ö
ú î å î
a. What fraction of a wavelength is this?
ø
91. You are floating just offshore at the beach.
}
% è & ê # ê ! $
Even though the waves are steadily
moving in toward the beach, you don’t b. What is the period of the wave?
I
move any closer to the beach. 5 í
ð
í
â î
ñ
ù
õ
ð 5 â î J á
a. What type of wave are you experiencing c. What is the frequency of the wave?
as you float in the water?
ø
ø
f 5 }} 5 } 5
þ ý
L
ñ
î
$ é è & ê é ê % è & ê
õ õ õ
b. Explain why the energy in the wave
94. When a 225-g mass is hung from a spring,
does not move you closer to shore.
the spring stretches 9.4 cm. The spring and
ê
# è ê å ê $
ê é ê # è é
mass then are pulled 8.0 cm from this new
$
$ ê é ê $
ö
ö
$ ê % è & ê H
equilibrium position and released. Find the
$
õ
è
õ
ê
ô
è
ö
% î
spring constant of the spring and the maxi-
mum speed of the mass.
322 Solutions Manual Physics: Principles and Problems
Chapter 14 continued
t
´
W ` h
M
5 }} 5 } O
³
} } ¡ ° ± µ ¯ ®
5
}}
p
5 }}} 5 µ ®
U V W X Y
| |
q 3
Z [ \ ] ] d e d [
5 Y X g
}}
Y ^ Y _ ` a b c b c c ^ f g h i ` j i ` Y g g
p
[ d d ] ] n ] ] d o
k k
g g ` g
[
i
d
f b ^ l i i `
e
`
]
m ^ a
]
f
d
^
]
Y b j
e q
5 U Y
[ d d d ]
h i ` f ` a a i ` ` j ` f l g p j ` c ` j ` f l
i ` f Y b j i ` j ` h g f ^ c ^ f ` g
r ] d [ d ] e t
q
g j l i ` c b j g ` f _ b j b s ` j ` f l
Y a b j l ` f
u v w x v z { w w
5
e. If the park owners wanted to double the
y
M ~
|
period of the ride, what percentage
}} 5 }}
K
increase would need to be made to the
} }
( (
² ³
length of the pendulum?
5 }
K
[ d [ [ d ] ] o
´
k
` c ^ g ` b s i ` g m ^ f ` f ` a b j g i
d d n [ d ]
!§ !§§
} « ¬ ® ¯ ®
² ³
i ` f ` h b ^ a j ` ` b ` Y ` g
v5 } 5 }}}
] [ ] d d d
} } ¡ ° ±
j c f ` g ` j i ` a ` j l i b s i ` ` j ^
o [ ] [ q
q
a ^ Y b f V j c f ` g `
5 Y X g
96. Clocks The speed at which a grandfather
95. Amusement Ride You notice that your
clock runs is controlled by a swinging
favorite amusement-park ride seems bigger.
pendulum.
The ride consists of a carriage that is
attached to a structure so it swings like a a. If you find that the clock loses time
pendulum. You remember that the carriage each day, what adjustment would you
used to swing from one position to another need to make to the pendulum so it will
and back again eight times in exactly 1 min. keep better time?
d n [ d
Now it only swings six times in 1 min. Give [
i `
d
c a
q
b
c p Y ^ g
]
` Y
d
` b f ^ j
your answers to the following questions to
k k
s g ` f i ` ` f b b s i ` ` j ^ a ^ Y
[ n d o d ] [ ]
two significant digits. c j ` g i b f ` j ` i ^ g j c f ` g j l
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
d d o n e d
a. What was the original period of the ride? ]
i ` g
d
` ` b s
d
i ` c
d
a b c
k
p g i b f
q
` j
j l i ` a ` j l i b s i ` ` j ^ a ^ Y
|
}
I q
5 }} 5 5 b. If the pendulum currently is 15.0 cm,
f
ª
1}}2
g
¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦ ¤ § ¨ £
by how much would you need to
change the length to make the period
£
b. What is the new period of the ride?
|
|
lessen by 0.0400 s?
}
I q B
5 }} 5 5 3
!§ !§
f
¢
1}}2
g
D 5 p }} 2 p } }
@
¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦ ¤ § ¨ £
U U
c. What is the new frequency?
B
!§ !§
D
}} 5 }} 2
@
| |
}}
f 5 }} 5 }}
q
5 p
2
| |
!§ !§
| |
D
}}Ïw 2 } } Ïw
d. How much longer is the arm supporting }} 5}
p
the carriage on the larger ride?
| |
D
}} 5 }}Ïw 2 }}Ïw
] ] [ t
Ïw Ïw
}
f l j a
p
5 }}
D Ïw
Ïw 2 Ïw
@
p
}} 5 }
q
¡
p
5 Y X g
}
p
5 Y
Physics: Principles and Problems Solutions Manual 323
Chapter 14 continued
D Ïw
Ïw 5 }} 1 Ïw
¶ ¶
p
D Ïw
5 1}} 1 Ïw 2
¶ ¶
p
Ïww
Â Ã Ä Ã Å Ã Ã Æ Ç È Ä É Ã Ê Ë Æ
5 1 }}} 1 Ïww2
2 q
Y
p
q
5 V Y
d d d n e
i ` a ` j l i h b ^ a j ` ` b g i b f ` j
¶ ¶ q q q
2 5 Y 2 V Y 5 Y
97. Bridge Swinging In the summer over the New River in West Virginia, several
teens swing from bridges with ropes, then drop into the river after a few swings
back and forth.
a. If Pam is using a 10.0-m length of rope, how long will it take her to reach the
peak of her swing at the other end of the bridge?
|
] d [
5 }
k
g h j l b ` p ·
!§ !§
| ®
q
5 p }} 5 p }} 5
µ ¯ ®
V g
b. If Mike has a mass that is 20 kg more than Pam, how would you expect the
period of his swing to differ from Pam’s?
n ] q ] d [ d n e [ q
i ` f ` g i b ^ a ` j b s s ` f ` j c ` · g j b s s ` c ` Y g g
c. At what point in the swing is KE at a maximum?
¸ d d n d d d ] o ¹ º ] [ d [ [ \ ] q
i ` b b Y b s i ` g h j l g Y Y ^ Y
d. At what point in the swing is PE at a maximum?
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
¸ d d d d ] o » º ] [ d [ [ \ ] q
i ` b b s i ` g h j l g Y Y ^ Y
e. At what point in the swing is KE at a minimum?
¸ d d d d ] o ¹ º ] [ d [ ] ] q
i ` b b s i ` g h j l g Y j Y ^ Y
f. At what point in the swing is PE at a minimum?
¸ d d n d d d ] o » º ] [ d [ ] ] q
i ` b b Y b s i ` g h j l g Y j Y ^ Y
98. You have a mechanical fish scale that is made with a spring that compresses
when weight is added to a hook attached below the scale. Unfortunately, the
calibrations have completely worn off of the scale. However, you have one
known mass of 500.0 g that displaces the spring 2.0 cm.
a. What is the spring constant for the spring?
¼
5 ½ ¾ 5 ¿ À
´
¿ 5 } ³
¡ ° ± µ ¯ ®
5 }}} } ®
q
5 U 3
W X Y
b. If a fish displaces the spring 4.5 cm, what is the mass of the fish?
¼
5 ½ ¾ 5 ¿ À
324 Solutions Manual Physics: Principles and Problems
Chapter 14 continued
!§
Ì
5 }}
÷
à ö à
5 }}
í
Í Î
m
Þ è Ü
ê û ê
3 2
 Á Ä Å Ã Ë Ê Ç Â Å Ä Ã Ê Ç
3 ¼ ø
5
í
m
5 }}}} È
ë
Ä É Ã Ê Ë Æ
Ý
5 3 3 2
5 Ï Ð Ï Ñ Ò
Ó Ï Ð Õ Ù Ï Ù Ý Ú Û Ü Ö Ý Ó ç Ð Ø ô Ï Ù Ñ Ò Û Ú Ö
5 ù ô Ð ú Þ
99. Car Springs When you add a 45-kg load
to the trunk of a new small car, the two rear Thinking Critically
springs compress an additional 1.0 cm. page 400
a. What is the spring constant for each of 101. Analyze and Conclude A 20-N force is
the springs? required to stretch a spring by 0.5 m.
a. What is the spring constant?
¼
5 ½ ¾ 5 Ó Ô Õ Ñ Ò Ö Ó × Ð Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Ö 5 Ô Ô Ù Þ
Á Ã û
ß à á â ã ä ã á ä á å æ é
Ü Ò 5 ç ç Ù Þ
¼
5 ¿ À è Ü
à
¿ 5 }} 5 } } 5 Ã Ä Ê ë
Ô Ù Þ Û Ú
à
¼
5 5 }}
Î
¿ À è Ü ¿
b. How much energy is stored in the
spring?
Î
Á Á ê Ã
¿ 5 }} 5 Ã Ä Ã Ã ë Ê
ç ç è Ù Ù Ù Þ Û Ú
» º ü ý
5 } Á
¿ À Ý
b. How much additional potential energy
ê
is stored in each of the car springs 5 1}2 Á
Ó Ô Ù Þ Û Ú Ö Ó Ù Ð Õ Ú Ö Ý 5 Õ ì
after loading the trunk? ê
» º
c. Why isn’t the work done to stretch the
5 } Á
ê
¿ À Ý
spring equal to the force times the
distance, or 10 J?
5 1}2 Á
Ó ç ç è Ù Ù Ù Þ Û Ú Ö Ó Ù Ð Ù Ï Ù Ú Ö
Ý
þ ÿ
ã ß à á â ã å æ à â à æ
ð
æ
ð
ÿ
ã
Ü Ü Ü
ä á å æ å á ã â ã ñ ã ã á ã
ÿ þ ÿ
ð ð
5 Ï Ð Ï ì
Ü
ß à á â ã
Ò Ü Ü
å ã
ÿ
Ð
ã ñ å
ð
æ â ã
Ò
è Ï Ù Þ è Ú Ü Ü
ñ à ã å ã ã â à á á ã â ö à á
ÿ
Level 3 Ü Ò Ñ Ð
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
100. The velocity of a wave on a string depends
on how tightly the string is stretched, and 102. Make and Use Graphs Several weights
on the mass per unit length of the string. If were suspended from a spring, and the
FT is the tension in the string, and m is the resulting extensions of the spring were
mass/unit length, then the velocity, v, can measured. Table 14-1 shows the
be determined by the following equation. collected data.
!}§m}
FT Table 14-1
v5
Weights on a Spring
A piece of string 5.30-m long has a mass Force, F (N) Extension, x (m)
of 15.0 g. What must the tension in 2.5 0.12
the string be to make the wavelength of a
5.0 0.26
125-Hz wave 120.0 cm?
7.5 0.35
5 lf 5
í
Ó Ï Ð ç Ù Ù Ú Ö Ó Ï ç Õ î ï Ö
10.0 0.50
5 Ï Ð Õ Ù 3 Ï Ù Ý Ú Û Ü
12.5 0.60
ò ó
æ ñ
m 5 }}
ð
ê û ê
15.0 0.71
Ä Ã
3
Ã
2
5 }} Ä Ã Ê
5 ç Ð Ø ô 3 Ï Ù
2 Ñ Ò Û Ú
Physics: Principles and Problems Solutions Manual 325
Chapter 14 continued
a. Make a graph of the force applied to the spring versus the spring length. Plot
the force on the y-axis.
20.0
15.0
Force (N)
10.0
5.0
0.0
0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
Stretch (m)
b. Determine the spring constant from the graph.
ã ä á å æ â à æ æ å ã à ä ã
þ ÿ ÿ
ê û û
Ü Ò Ü Ü Ü Ð
ê Ä Ã Á Äê
é
à ä ã
D 2
5 5 }} 5 }} 5 Ã Ä Ê ë Ã Ä Á ë Ê
D 2
Ü ç Ï Þ Û Ú
c. Using the graph, find the elastic potential energy stored in the spring when
it is stretched to 0.50 m.
ã ä à ã æ å ã æ ã á å ã á ã æ ñ ã á ã á ä
þ ÿ ÿ ÿ ÿ
ð ð ð ð
Ò Ü Ò Ð
á ã
ü ý
5 5 }}
ð ð
5 1}}2
Ó Ù Ð Õ Ù Ú Ö Ó Ï Ù Ð Ù Þ Ö
5 ç Ð Õ ì
103. Apply Concepts Gravel roads often develop regularly spaced ridges that
are perpendicular to the road, as shown in Figure 14-25. This effect, called
washboarding, occurs because most cars travel at about the same speed and
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
the springs that connect the wheels to the cars oscillate at about the same
frequency. If the ridges on a road are 1.5 m apart and cars travel on it at
about 5 m/s, what is the frequency of the springs’ oscillation?
■ Figure 14-25
5 lf
f 5 }} 5 } } 5
l
ô î ï
326 Solutions Manual Physics: Principles and Problems
Chapter 14 continued
Writing in Physics c. What was the average acceleration of
the automobile?
page 400
D
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a
waves and the controversy between him E
and Newton over the nature of light. 5 }} F
Compare and contrast their explanations
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of such phenomena as reflection and refrac- 5
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tion. Whose model would you choose as
the best explanation? Explain why. 106. How much water would a steam engine
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have to evaporate in 1 s to produce 1 kW
! ( ) * $ # & " + % # ! ! ! " # $
of power? Assume that the engine is
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Cumulative Review J
page 400
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automobile is 250 mi/h (112 m/s). < 7 9
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(Chapter 11)
a. What is the kinetic energy of the
automobile?
Challenge Problem
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
page 380
3
5 }
5
A car of mass m rests at the top of a hill of
5 1}2 height h before rolling without friction into a
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crash barrier located at the bottom of the hill.
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b. What is the minimum amount of work constant, k, which is designed to bring the car to
that was done by its engine? Why can’t rest with minimum damage.
you calculate the total amount of work 1. Determine, in terms of m, h, k, and g, the
done? maximum distance, x, that the spring will
be compressed when the car hits it.
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Physics: Principles and Problems Solutions Manual 327
Chapter 14 continued
2. If the car rolls down a hill that is twice as
high, how much farther will the spring be
compressed?
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# ! ! ( # $ $ * ) ) -
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
328 Solutions Manual Physics: Principles and Problems
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