SainsIn #12 2025

Literasi Bahasa Inggris LBE)

@IsaMyGfm

Thread for 1-5

Source : Quora.com

1. Based on the discussion in the thread, what is one key concern about technology's
impact on childhood development?
a. Technology makes learning less engaging for children.
b. Technology exclusively promotes physical activity in children.
 c. Technology use can negatively affect children's physical health and social
skills.
d. Technology is not beneficial for developing digital literacy skills.
e. Technology has no impact on children's sleep patterns or attention spans.
2. Who suggests that technology should be used as an educational tool while
ensuring a balance with physical activity and social interactions?
a. GamerDad
b. Teacher_Tom
c. ConcernedParent
d. ParentingPro
e. TechSavvy_21
3. What specific issue does ConcernedParent highlight related to the impact of
technology on children?
a. The idea that technology promotes increased outdoor activities and
physical exercise.
b. The belief that technology has no impact on children's cognitive functions
or rest patterns.
c. The call for more comprehensive research and clearer guidelines on the
management of technology use.
d. The view that technology exclusively enhances children's ability to interact
socially.
e. The assertion that technology replaces the need for traditional educational
materials.
4. Which of the following is not mentioned as a benefit of technology in the thread
above?
a. Enhancing digital literacy skills
b. Making learning more engaging and accessible
c. Providing opportunities for bonding through shared activities
d. Reducing the need for physical activity and outdoor play
e. Transforming educational methods through interactive lessons
 5. The word "engaging" has the closest meaning to which of the following words?
a. Boring
b. Interesting
c. Difficult
d. Simple
e. Obsolete

Text for 6-10

During the first plane of development, children have what Montessori referred to
as an "absorbent mind." They constantly and eagerly absorb information from
everything and everyone around them, and they learn naturally and effortlessly.

Montessori divided this plane into two phases. The first phase, which occurs
between birth and 3 years old, is referred to as the unconscious stage. As the
name suggests, during this time, children take in information unconsciously. They
learn through imitation, and in the process, develop basic skills.

The second phase, which occurs between 3 and 6 years old, is called the
conscious stage. Children maintain their absorbent minds during this period but
they become more conscious and directed in the experiences they seek out. They
are motivated to expand on their skills and want to be able to make their own
choices and do things themselves.

The absorbent mind plane of development is also characterized by what

Montessori called sensitive periods. Sensitive periods are optimal points during
development for mastering certain tasks. We'll discuss sensitive periods in more
detail in the next section.

1A majority of Montessori schools include programs for children in the conscious

stage of the absorbent mind plane of development. 2In order to support this stage,
Montessori classrooms let children explore freely during uninterrupted blocks of
 time so children can learn as much as they want without being reined in by the
teacher. 3Each classroom includes a plethora of well-organized learning materials
that are attractive to the child. 4The teacher may guide them in their choice of what
to learn, but ultimately it is the child who decides which materials they want to
engage with. 5Adolescence is marked by both physical and psychological upheaval
as the child goes through puberty and transitions from the safety of family life to
the independence of life in society at large. As a result, the child is responsible for
educating themselves.

Source: thoughtco.com

6. Which of the following is the closest meaning to "plethora" as used in the text?
a. Scarcity
b. Collection
c. Abundance
d. Simplicity
e. Challenge
7. Which of the following sentences restates the idea in the second phase of the
absorbent mind (3 to 6 years old)?
a. Children begin to take full responsibility for their learning and choices.
b. Children learn through imitation, developing skills unconsciously.
c. Children focus on mastering specific tasks and skills.
d. Children start to explore and imitate others around them.
e. Children become more active in selecting their own learning materials.
8. What does the word "they" in the first paragraph refer to?
a. Montessori teachers
b. Children
c. Learning materials
d. Sensitive periods
e. Developmental phases
 9. What characterizes the unconscious stage of the absorbent mind?
a. Children consciously choose their learning experiences.
b. Children rely on teachers to direct their activities.
c. Children imitate and unconsciously develop basic skills.
d. Children focus on mastering sensitive periods.
e. Children actively expand on their existing abilities.
10. Which of the following best describes Montessori classrooms for children aged 3
to 6?
a. Strictly controlled environments where teachers direct all activities.
b. Highly structured schedules that emphasize group learning.
c. Flexible environments with child-led exploration and decision-making.
d. Areas focused on preparing children for adolescence.
e. Spaces that prioritize rote memorization and academic testing.

Text for 11-15

Restricting food access to mice increases levels of the hormone, ghrelin, which
may also increase motivation to exercise, according to a study published in The
Journal of Endocrinology. The study suggests that a surge in levels of appetite-
promoting ghrelin, after a period of fasting, prompted mice to initiate voluntary
exercise. These novel findings indicate that better diet control, for example limiting
food intake to mealtimes or fasting intermittently, could help overweight people
maintain a more effective exercise routine, lose weight, and avoid debilitating
complications such as diabetes and heart disease.

Obesity is a costly and growing global health epidemic that needs more effective
intervention strategies to avoid serious complications including heart disease and
diabetes. Food restriction and regular exercise are the two main cost-effective
strategies to prevent and treat obesity. However, the condition is often associated
with a sedentary lifestyle and bad eating habits, such as snacking and binge eating.
 Consequently, adhering to a regular exercise regime can be difficult due to an
inability to exercise for a prolonged period or a lack of motivation.

In this study, Dr Yuji Tajiri and colleagues from Kurume University School of
Medicine in Japan investigated the relationship between exercise and ghrelin
levels in mice. Food intake and wheel-running activity were compared in mice
given free access to food and those fed only twice a day for a limited time. Although
both groups ate a similar amount of food, the restricted mice ran significantly more.
These findings suggest that ghrelin may play an important role in the motivation
for both feeding and exercise, in response to restricted eating plans.

Dr Tajiri comments, "Our findings suggest that hunger, which promotes ghrelin
production, may also be involved in increasing motivation for voluntary exercise,
when feeding is limited. Therefore, maintaining a healthy eating routine, with
regular mealtimes or fasting, could also encourage motivation for exercise in
overweight people.

However, Dr. Tajiri cautions, "These findings and previous reports are based on
animal studies, so much more work is needed to confirm that this ghrelin response
is also present in people. If it can be established in clinical practice, it not only
opens up new cost- effective diet and exercise strategies, but may also indicate a
new therapeutic application for ghrelin-mimicking drugs."

Source: sciencedaily.com

11. Which of the following assumptions underlies the study's suggestion that limiting
food intake could help people maintain a regular exercise routine?
a. Hunger always leads to increased levels of ghrelin in humans.
b. The motivation to exercise in mice is the same as in humans.
 c. Overweight people are inherently more motivated to exercise when they are
hungry.
d. Ghrelin has the same effects on exercise motivation in humans as it does
in mice.
e. Regular mealtimes naturally decrease appetite-promoting hormones.
12. Which of the following best summarizes the passage?
a. Obesity is caused by bad eating habits and sedentary lifestyles, which can
be prevented by dieting and exercise.
b. A study found that ghrelin increases hunger and decreases the motivation
for exercise in mice.
c. Restricted food intake increases ghrelin levels in mice, which may enhance
exercise motivation, suggesting a potential strategy for weight management
in humans.
d. Hunger plays a critical role in promoting physical activity, and ghrelin-
mimicking drugs are recommended for treating obesity.
e. While ghrelin levels influence exercise motivation in mice, human studies
have already confirmed its therapeutic applications.
13. What is the overall tone of the passage?
a. Pessimistic and critical
b. Optimistic but cautious
c. Sarcastic and dismissive
d. Neutral and disinterested
e. Alarmist and urgent
14. What is the primary purpose of the study conducted by Dr. Yuji Tajiri and
colleagues?
a. To confirm that ghrelin increases food intake in mice
b. To investigate the role of ghrelin in motivating exercise in mice
c. To develop ghrelin-mimicking drugs for human obesity treatment
d. To prove that fasting is the best strategy for weight loss
e. To compare eating habits between mice and humans
15. What is the main idea of the second paragraph?
 a. Obesity is linked to sedentary lifestyles and bad eating habits, making
exercise routines difficult.
b. Effective strategies to combat obesity include fasting and ghrelin-based
drugs.
c. Obesity leads to complications like heart disease and diabetes, requiring
costly interventions.
d. Food restriction alone is enough to treat obesity effectively.
e. Exercise is rarely adopted by individuals with bad eating habits.

Text for 16-20

Recently, the dental industry has required material scientists to design the best
materials to use in fillings, crowns and dental implants. Our teeth are exposed to
a variety of acidic foods that corrode our teeth and cause plaque to form on their
surface unless they are brushed frequently. Often, when a tooth has been removed,
a dental implant is used to replace the missing tooth. Materials scientists have
designed a dental implant that is resistant to corrosion and will remain sturdy in the
mouth, even when it is exposed to the relatively high forces experienced during
chewing.

Dental implants are composed of a metallic screw – which secures the implant into
the gum – and a ceramic crown – which sits on top of the screw and looks like a
tooth. Titanium is the most common metal that is used for the screw due to its high
strength, good corrosion-resistance and ductility – so it is easy to shape into a
screw. A ceramic crown is used due to their toughness and resistance to wear, as
well as the aesthetic considerations since they are often white. The crown is cut
into the desired shape – which is modelled using the shape of the neighbouring
teeth – using CNC (Computer Numerical Control) milling, a machining process that
cuts the desired shape from a block of material using rotating blades.
 CNC milling is used in many applications because it has allowed complex shapes
to be cut using computer-aided design. However, the process produces a lot of
waste material and can introduce unwanted surface stresses in the component –
which can weaken it. Materials scientists are currently developing the process of
3D printing with metals and ceramics to produce components that are just as
strong and quick and cheap to produce. "Imagine you've got a vat of powdered
metal and you fire a laser beam at it and the metal will melt and fuse where the
laser beam is focused," explains Zoe Laughlin, from the Institute of Making. A thin
layer of powder is added and blasted with the laser beam in a repetitive process
until the desired shape is obtained. This process is attractive because it reduces
the amount of waste material considerably. However, since this method is in its
early stages, it is still relatively expensive compared with CNC milling and requires
further research.

Materials scientists face many challenges when designing a new or improved

material for a given application. All materials must meet the specified requirements,
for example, a replacement tooth needs to be wear-resistant when exposed to
acidic foods and high forces and hip implants must be strong enough to be
subjected to thousands of load cycles every day without forming cracks or wearing.
Additionally, the strength of a hip implant must not exceed the strength of natural
bone otherwise, the surrounding bone might wear resulting in a loose implant.

This feature has considered only a few examples of the most common biomaterial
implants that are used in humans, but there are many many more. So, the next
time that you use a plaster, get a tooth filling, have stitches put in or even use a
tampon, think about what materials that they are made from and the incredible
amounts of scientific research that must have gone into them.

Source: thenakedscientists.com
16. Which of the following is NOT true about CNC milling?
a. It is used to create complex shapes using computer-aided design.
b. It produces a lot of waste material during the process.
c. It introduces unwanted surface stresses that can weaken the component.
d. It is a new technique that is still under development.
e. It uses rotating blades to cut materials into the desired shape.
17. What does the word "ductility" in the second paragraph most closely mean?
a. Resistance to corrosion
b. Flexibility and ease of shaping
c. Strength under pressure
d. Toughness against wear
e. Aesthetic appearance
18. Which of the following paraphrases best reflects the content of the third
paragraph?
a. CNC milling is outdated and has been replaced by 3D printing for making
dental implants.
b. 3D printing with metals and ceramics offers a promising but still expensive
alternative to CNC milling, as it minimizes material waste.
c. Materials scientists prefer CNC milling for its efficiency and minimal waste
in manufacturing dental implants.
d. 3D printing and CNC milling are equally wasteful processes that require
improvement for broader adoption.
e. CNC milling remains the most cost-effective and eco-friendly method for
manufacturing dental implants.
19. What is the main idea of the passage?
a. CNC milling and 3D printing are both essential for the future of dental
implants.
b. Materials scientists face challenges in creating biomaterials that meet
specific requirements.
c. Titanium and ceramics are the best materials for dental implants.
 d. Dental implants have revolutionized dental care, reducing the need for other
treatments.
e. Advances in machining technologies have made biomaterial implants more
affordable.
20. Which of the following is the best summary of the passage?
a. Dental implants are made from titanium and ceramics, shaped using CNC
milling or 3D printing, which are both effective manufacturing techniques.
b. Materials scientists are advancing biomaterials for dental implants, focusing
on durability, resistance, and manufacturing efficiency, though challenges
remain with methods like CNC milling and 3D printing.
c. The dental industry relies on titanium and ceramics for implants, as they are
resistant to acidic foods and chewing forces.
d. 3D printing with metals and ceramics is the future of dental implants,
offering a sustainable and cost-effective solution to manufacturing problems.
e. Advances in biomaterials have solved all the challenges of creating durable
and efficient dental implants.