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1.5 Gases

The document outlines the fundamental gas laws, including Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, and the Pressure Law, detailing their relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature. It also discusses the kinetic theory of gases, explaining how molecular motion and collisions affect pressure and temperature. Additionally, it covers the general gas law and the behavior of real gases compared to ideal gases.

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Ng Man Wai
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32 views3 pages

1.5 Gases

The document outlines the fundamental gas laws, including Boyle’s Law, Charles’ Law, and the Pressure Law, detailing their relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature. It also discusses the kinetic theory of gases, explaining how molecular motion and collisions affect pressure and temperature. Additionally, it covers the general gas law and the behavior of real gases compared to ideal gases.

Uploaded by

Ng Man Wai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

1.

Gas Law
⚫ Pressure: Pascal (Pa)
Normal force exerted on surface per unit area
𝑭
p=
𝑨
⚫ Atmospheric Pressure: (atm) = 100 kPa

⚫ Measuring: Bourdon Gauge -- Curve metal tube → Uncoil (pressure is applied)


⚫ Boyle’s Law: p  V (T/m)
p-V graph (Inversely proportional)
1 1 1
p- graph (p/kPa ---- /m-3) (Direct proportional) → p ∝
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
pV = Constant → p1V1 = p2V2
cm3 → m3: n×10-6
⚫ Pressure Law: p  T (V/m)
p-T graph (p/kPa ---- T/°C) (Linear relationship) → p ∝ (TC + 273) → p ∝ TK
Kelvin Temperature Scale: 0 K = Absolute Zero (TK = TC + 273)
𝒑 𝒑1 𝒑2
= Constant → =
𝑻K 𝑻K1 𝑻K2
⚫ Charles’ Law: V  T (p/m)
V-T graph (V/cm3 ---- T/°C) (Linear relationship) → V ∝ (TC + 273) → p ∝ TK
𝑽 𝑽1 𝑽2
= Constant → =
𝑻K 𝑻K1 𝑻K2
⚫ General Gas Law
pV ∝ TK
𝒑𝑽 𝒑1𝑽1 𝒑2𝑽2
= Constant → =
𝑻K 𝑻K1 𝑻K2
V ∝ N (Molecules) → N = nNA (Avogadro’s no.)→ V ∝ n (Moles) → pV ∝ nTK
𝒑1𝑽1 𝒑2𝑽2
pV = nRTK → = (R = 8.31 J mol-1 K-1)
𝒏1𝑻K1 𝒏2𝑻K2
Mixing gases
nA + nB = nA’ + nB’ K
𝒑𝑽 𝒑𝑽 𝒑𝑽 𝒑𝑽
+ = +
𝑹𝑻K 𝑹𝑻K 𝑹𝑻K 𝑹𝑻K
⚫ Real Gas:  follow equation → behave like ideal gas (low p / high T)
𝟏
⚫ Graph: Boyle’s law: p = (nRT)
𝑽
𝒏𝑹
Pressure law: p = ( )T
𝑽
𝒏𝑹
Charles’ law: V = ( )T
𝒑

2. Kinetic Theory
⚫ Pressure: Number of collision on container wall
⚫ Boyle’s Law
1. Gas is compressed
2. Smaller volume to move around
3. Hit walls more often
4. p↑
⚫ Pressure Law
1. T↑
2. Move faster
3. Volume is fixed
4. Hit wall more often
5. p↑
⚫ Charles’ Law
1. T↑
2. Move faster
3. Collision↑
4. p is to remain unchanged
5. V↑
⚫ VN
1. N↑
2. Collison↑
3. Maintain constant p + T
4. V↑
⚫ Molecular Motion (p)
Change in momentum
𝟏
pV = Nmc2
𝟑
Mean-square speed = c2
Root-mean-square speed (crms) = √c 2
𝒎
(Density) ρ =
𝑽
Mass = mN Molar mass = mNA
𝑵 𝒎𝑵
n= n=
𝑵𝐀 𝒎𝑵𝐀
⚫ Molecular Motion (p)
𝟑
Total KE = RT
𝟐
𝟑𝑹𝑻
Average KE =
𝟐𝑵𝐀
TK ∝ Average KE
Assumption 7. →  PE
IE = KE
𝟑
Total IE = nRT
𝟐
𝟑𝒑𝑽 𝟑𝑹𝑻
crms = √𝐜 𝟐 = √ 𝑵𝒎 = √𝒎𝑵𝐀

⚫ Assumption
1. Molecules are identical have same mass
2. Continual random motion
3. Mo. Of molecules is large
4. Size of each molecules
5. Duration of collisions Negligible
6. Intermolecular force
7. Collisions of molecules are perfectly elastic

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