Chapter I INTRODUCTION to MACHINE TOOLS
I. Machine Tool Classification & Designation
II. Motions in Machine Tools
III. Kinematic Structures
IV. Setting-up Machine Tools
V. Transmissions in Machine Tools
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I. Machine Tool Classification & Designation
1. Classification
a. Depending upon the processing operation:
Lathes
Milling machines
Shapers
Drilling machines
Grinding machines …
b. Depending upon the degree of specialization:
General-purpose (universal) machine tools
Single-purpose machine tools
Specialized machine tools
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I. Machine Tool Classification & Designation
1. Classification
c. Depending upon the accuracy classes:
Machine tools of standard accuracy
Machine tools of above-standard accuracy
Machine tools of high accuracy
High-precision or Master machine tools
d. Depending upon the weight of machine tools:
Light-weight (up to 1 ton)
Medium-weight (up to 10 tons)
Medium-Heavy weight (from 10 to 30 tons)
Heavy-weight (from 30 to 100 tons)
Extra-Heavy weight (over 100 tons)
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I. Machine Tool Classification & Designation
2. Designation
a. According to Russian Standard:
The first digit: indicates the main group of machine tools
The second digit: indicates the type of machine tools
The last one or two digits: represents one of the most
important dimensions of the machine tool
The letter indicates the modernized version of the machine
tool
Ex: 16K20, 6H12, 2A135, 7350 …
b. According to VN Standard: The first digit is changed by one of
the following letters T, P, K, B, M …
Ex: T620, P12, K135, B350 …
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II. Motions in Machine Tools
1. Formative motions (CĐ tạo hình)
+ Depending upon manufacturing technology:
a. Primary cutting motion (CĐ chính)
b. Feed motion(s) (CĐ chạy dao)
c. Other motions (if any)
+ Depending upon the functional relation of motions:
a. Simple motions (Elementary motions)
b. Complex motions
c. Simple and complex motions
2. Auxiliary motions (CĐ phụ)
Auxiliary motions include the advance of the cutting tool to the
surface of the work and its withdrawal, motions of changing
cutting tools … 5
II. Motions in Machine Tools
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II. Motions in Machine Tools
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II. Motions in Machine Tools
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II. Motions in Machine Tools
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II. Motions in Machine Tools
Depending upon manufacturing technology:
a. The primary cutting motion: provides the cutting speed
between the blank and the cutting tool.
a rotary motion
The primary cutting motion may be a reciprocating motion
a one-way straight-line
motion
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II. Motions in Machine Tools
Depending upon manufacturing technology:
b. The feed motion : enables the cutting process to be extended
to the whole surface on the work.
a straight-line motion
The feed motion may be
a intermittent straight-line motion
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II. Motions in Machine Tools
Depending upon the functional relation of motions:
a. Simple motions (Elementary motions)
b. Complex motions
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II. Motions in Machine Tools
c. Simple and complex motions
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III. Kinematic Structures
Classification:
Simple Kinematic Structures
Complex Kinematic Structures
Combined Kinematic Structures
M1
iv
Tool
V
s Table
is
M2
tx
Kinematic Structure of an Universal Milling Machine
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III. Kinematic Structures
Complex Kinematic Structures
Motor
Spindle Blank
iv tp
V
s Carriage
itt
Cross txn
slide
ixd
tx Feed rod
is Lead screw
Kinematic Structure of an Engine lathe
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III. Kinematic Structures
Combined Kinematic Structures
M1
tp Blank
iv
V1
V2
is V Tool
1
Table
s
tx
Kinematic Structure of a Thread Milling machine
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IV. Setting-up Machine Tools
Setting-up Machine Tools is based on the following three steps:
Kinematic chains can be make up.
Kinematic balance equations can be written.
Setup formulas are determined.
Kinematic chains include:
Cutting speed chain: for the primary cutting motion.
Feed chain: for the feed motion.
Indexing chain : for the indexing motion.
…
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IV. Setting-up Machine Tools
Cutting speed chain: to serve to set up the primary cutting
motion.
Kinematic balance equation of the primary cutting motion:
nđc . iv = ntc
nđc : motor revolution (vg/ph)
ntc : spindle revolution (vg/ph)
iv : transmission ratio of the speed gearbox
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IV. Setting-up Machine Tools
Feed chain : to serve to set up the feed motion.
Kinematic balance equation of the feed motion :
tx = t p
1vtc . iñc . itt . is mZ = sd
ixd
txn = sn
where iđc : transmission ratio of the reversing drive
itt : transmission ratio of the change gears
is : transmission ratio of the feed gearbox
ixd : transmission ratio of the apron
tx , txn : pitch of the lead screw and the feed screw (mm)
tp : pitch of the thread being cut (mm)
m, Z : module and tooth of the rack pinion
sd , sn : longitudinal and cross feed rates (mm/vg)
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V. Transmissions in Machine Tools
1. Gearing diagrams
63 Oil pump
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V
Cam
200
27 55
IV VI
VII
22
L1 55
VIII 58
a IX 35 35
c 22 m=2 14
39 39 39 26 39
24 48 52 24 36 26 26
XV
tx = 6 mm Lead screw
XI
b 39
45 k=2
Feed rod
X XII
XIV
26 21 27
txn = 5 mm
d 27 30
39 39 39
52 52 52 52
XIII 60 24
26
50 39 L2 L3
27 33 40 47 55 47
II 15 13
25 38
XVI XVII XVIII
I
58
III
45 38 31
N = 4,5 KW
n = 1445 v/p
48 42
200 71
Gearing diagram of the model T616 engine lathe
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V. Transmissions in Machine Tools
2. Graphical symbols for mechanical drives
Description Symbol
1. Shafts
2. Shafts couplings
Closed
Flexible
Cardan (Universial)
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V. Transmissions in Machine Tools
2. Graphical symbols for mechanical drives
Description Symbol
3. Parts mounted on shafts
Freely mounted
Fixed
Sliding on feather
Engaged with Sliding key
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V. Transmissions in Machine Tools
2. Graphical symbols for mechanical drives
Description Symbol
4. Bearings
Plain bearings
Rolling bearings
Taper roller bearings
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V. Transmissions in Machine Tools
2. Graphical symbols for mechanical drives
Description Symbol
5. Belt drives
Flat belts
V-belts
6. Chain drives
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V. Transmissions in Machine Tools
2. Graphical symbols for mechanical drives
Description Symbol
7. Toothed gearing
Spur or helical gears
Bevel gears
Spiral gears
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V. Transmissions in Machine Tools
2. Graphical symbols for mechanical drives
Description Symbol
7. Toothed gearing
Worm gearing
Track-and-pinion gearing
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V. Transmissions in Machine Tools
2. Graphical symbols for mechanical drives
Description Symbol
8. Lead Screw and nut drives
tx
Solid nuts
tx
Split nuts
Ball screws
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V. Transmissions in Machine Tools
2. Graphical symbols for mechanical drives
Description Symbol
9. Clutches
Jaw clutches
Twin disk clutches
Cone clutches
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V. Transmissions in Machine Tools
2. Graphical symbols for mechanical drives
Description Symbol
10. Cam mechanisms
Flat (disc) cam
Cylinder (barrel) cam
Face Cam
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V. Transmissions in Machine Tools
2. Graphical symbols for mechanical drives
Description Symbol
11. Brakes
Cone brakes
Shoe brakes
Disk brakes
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V. Transmissions in Machine Tools
2. Graphical symbols for mechanical drives
Description Symbol
12. Mechanisms for periodic
(intermittent) motion
Ratchet mechanism
Geneva wheel mechanism
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V. Transmissions in Machine Tools
2. Graphical symbols for mechanical drives
Description Symbol
13. Electric motors
On feet
Motor
Flange-mounted Motor
Build-in Motor
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V. Transmissions in Machine Tools
2. Graphical symbols for mechanical drives
Description Symbol
14. Spindle noses
Centre type
Chuck type
Bar type
Drilling
Milling
Grinding
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Belt drives
V-belts
Flat belts
Chain drives
Toothed belts 34
Gear drives
Helical gears
Spur gears
Spiral gears
V gears
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Bevel gears
Internal gears
Non-circular gears
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Worm drives
k
Multiple threads
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Rack and pinion gears
Rack and spur gears
Rack and helical gears
Rack and Segment gears
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