BARRACK’S BUDDY

BIOLOGY
Biological Classification with a Twist
TO LEARN ...

Diversity of life

Need of classification

Evolution

5 Kingdom classification

3 kingdoms

Pathogens!!!

Memorise
DIVERSITY...

Life is complex as there are millions of species

1.7 to 1.8 million known species

From 1 celled microbes to Whales and Redwood trees

Some live for few minutes, and some for several years.

To study every organism effectively : Classify!

CLASSIFY?

Understanding Evolution

Effective study of similar species

Research purposes
YE SAB PEHLE PATA
Aids Conservation by indentifying rare characters HOTA TOH HUM AAJ
ZINDA HOTE!
To study ecology

To establish a universal communication system!

AAM! MANGO!
 EVOLUTION
Small change over time which help organisms
survive better. 🐦

EVOLUTION

🦴 Fossils – Old bones show past 🔍 Variation – Everyone is a little

animals. different!
👀 Body Parts – Some animals have 🏆 Natural Selection – Stronger ones
similar bones. survive and have babies.
🧬 DNA – Families share genes, just like 🌎 Adaptation – Animals change to fit
you and your parents! their homes.
HOMOLOGOUS AND ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES

Aspect Homologous Structures 🌱 Analogous Structures 🦋

Similar structures inherited from a common Structures that serve similar functions but
Definition
🧬
ancestor , even if their functions vary. evolved independently . 🔍
Origin Derived from a shared ancestral blueprint 🏛️. Developed separately due to similar
environmental challenges . 🌍
Human arm, bat wing, and whale flipper 💪🦇 🐦🐞.
Examples
🐋
.
Bird wing and insect wing

May now serve different roles (e.g., arms for Mainly perform the same function (e.g., flight)
Function
🔄
grasping vs. wings for flying) . 🎯
.

Evolutionary Indicates common ancestry and divergent Illustrates convergent evolution—similar

Insight evolution . 🔄 solutions to similar problems 🤝
HUMANS....

Species Key Characteristics

Australopithecus 🏃‍♂️ Early hominins; bipedal walkers with small brains.

Homo habilis 🛠️ First tool users; began crafting simple tools.
Homo erectus
🔥 Discovered fire; had a larger brain and walked upright with more
skill.

Homo neanderthalensis
❄️ Thrived in cold climates; used advanced tools to adapt and
survive.

Homo sapiens
🌍 Modern humans; boast complex language, culture, and cutting-
edge technology.
 HISTORY

👴 Aristotle (384–322 BC)

🔹 First to classify living things.
🔹 Grouped on basis of shape, size, morphology and habitat .
🔹 Problem? He ignored details like reproduction or internal structure.

📖 Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778)

🔹 Created Binomial Nomenclature (scientific naming system).
🔹 Classified organisms into 2 Kingdoms:
🌱 Plantae – All plants.
🦁 Animalia – All animals.
🔹 Problem? It didn’t include bacteria or fungi.
 HISTORY

🔬 Ernst Haeckel (1866)

🔹 Added a new kingdom – Protista (for unicellular organisms).
🔹 Problem? It still mixed very different organisms together.

🌍 Robert Whittaker (1969)

🔹 Created a 5 Kingdom System:
1️⃣ Monera – Bacteria (prokaryotes).
2️⃣ Protista – Single-celled eukaryotes.
3️⃣ Fungi – Like mushrooms & yeast.
4️⃣ Plantae – All plants.
5️⃣ Animalia – All animals.
🔹 Why better? It separated simple bacteria from complex cells.
 HISTORY

🌍Basis of 5 kingdom classification:

Feature Monera 🦠 Protista 🦠 Fungi 🍄 Plantae 🌿 Animalia 🦁

🔬 Cell Type Prokaryotic (No
nucleus)
Eukaryotic (Has
nucleus)
Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic

🔍 Body Unicellular
Mostly Mostly
Multicellular Multicellular
Organization Unicellular Multicellular

Both
🍽 Nutrition Both (Autotrophic
& Heterotrophic)
(Autotrophic &
Heterotrophic
(Absorbs food)
Autotrophic
(Makes food)
Heterotrophic
(Consumes food)
Heterotrophic)

Examples Bacteria 🦠 Amoeba, Algae

Mushrooms, Yeast
🍞 Trees, Grass 🌳 Humans, Lions 🦁
 HISTORY

🧪 Carl Woese (1990s) – Used DNA and RNA studies to improve

classification.
🌍 Proposed 3 Domains of Life:
1️⃣ Bacteria – Regular microbes.
2️⃣ Archaea – Ancient bacteria, living in extreme conditions.
3️⃣ Eukarya – Includes 🌱Plants, 🍄Fungi, 🦠Protists, and 🦁
Animals.
📌 Why is this important?
✔️ Classification helps us understand evolution.
✔️ It allows scientists worldwide to study and protect species.
✔️ DNA analysis keeps improving classification today!
✔️Phylogenetic classification🚀
 TAXONOMY

1️⃣ Kingdom – Biggest group! 🌍 (Plants, Animals, etc.)

2️⃣ Phylum – Groups inside a kingdom.
3️⃣ Class – Example: Mammals, Birds, Reptiles.
4️⃣ Order – Even smaller groups (e.g., Carnivores, Herbivores).
5️⃣ Family – Example: Cats (Felidae), Dogs (Canidae).
6️⃣ Genus – Close relatives (e.g., Canis for dogs & wolves).
7️⃣ Species – The exact organism! 🐶 (Canis lupus = Dog).
 📌 Definition: The smallest unit of classification in biology.
✔️ Organisms of the same species can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
✔️ Example: 🐶 All dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) are the same species!
Hybridization 🌱🦓
🔗 What happens when different species breed?
✔️ Some similar species can interbreed to form hybrids.
SPECIES
✔️ Hybrids may show traits from both parents but are often
infertile.
📌 Examples:
🦄 Mule = Horse 🐎 + Donkey 🫏 (Infertile)
🦁 Liger = Lion 🦁 + Tiger 🐯 (Rare & Infertile)
👨‍👩‍👧 Reproduction:
Members of a species reproduce and create offspring
similar to parents.
🦁
Example: Lions give birth to lions, not tigers!
⚠️ Different species cannot usually interbreed.
📌 Monera = The simplest and oldest life forms!
✔️ Prokaryotic – No well-defined nucleus.
✔️ Unicellular – Made of just one cell.
✔️ Largest kingdom on Earth! 🌍 (Bacteria are everywhere!)

MONERA
✔️ Bacteria – Found everywhere (air, water, soil,
🧪 Body Features: even inside us!).
✔️ Blue-Green Algae (Cyanobacteria) 🌊 – Can
Cell Wall: Present (except in
make food using sunlight!
Mycoplasma).
Size: Very tiny, but huge in number!
✔️ Mycoplasma – Smallest bacteria & has no cell
🍽 Nutrition
wall!
📌 Why is Monera Important?
🌱
Autotrophic – Some make their own
✔️ Some bacteria help in digestion & medicine.
food (e.g., Cyanobacteria).
🍽
Heterotrophic – Others absorb food
✔️ Others cause diseases 🦠
from surroundings (e.g., many bacteria).
 MONERA

Organism Type Special Feature

Anabaena Cyanobacteria 🌊 Fixes nitrogen in water 💧

Bacillus anthracis Bacteria 🦠 Causes anthrax 🦠
Escherichia coli (E. coli) Bacteria 🔬 Found in intestines, helps digestion (but some
🍽
strains cause illness)

Streptococcus Bacteria 🦠 Causes strep throat 🤒

Mycoplasma pneumoniae Mycoplasma 🦠 Smallest bacteria, causes pneumonia 😷

Spirulina Cyanobacteria 🌱 Used as a dietary supplement 🍵
 MONERA

Type of Archaebacteria Habitat Special Feature 🌟

Methanogens
Swamps, sewage, intestines of
ruminants (e.g., cows)
Produce methane gas (biogas) 🌱💨
Halophiles
Extremely salty environments
(e.g., Dead Sea, Salt Lakes)
Survive in high salt concentrations 🧂🌊
Hot springs, hydrothermal vents, Thrive in high temperatures & acidic conditions
Thermoacidophiles
volcanic areas 🌋🔥
Psychrophiles
Arctic and Antarctic regions, deep
oceans
Live in extremely cold environments ❄️🌊
Sulfur-Reducing Archaea
Deep-sea vents, sulfur-rich hot
springs
Use sulfur for energy production ⚡🧪
 MONERA

Infectious Agent Diseases Mode of Transmission

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Tuberculosis Airborne

Vibrio cholerae Cholera Waterborne

Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumonia Airborne

Salmonella typhi Typhoid Contaminated food/water

📌 Protists = Unicellular Eukaryotic Organisms
✔️ Eukaryotic – Has a well-defined nucleus 🧬
✔️ Unicellular – One cell does everything 🔬
✔️ Found in water, soil, and inside living organisms 🌊

PROTISTA

📌 Why are Protists Important?

🧪 Body Features: ✔️ Some help in oxygen production
🚀
Flagella – Tail-like structure (e.g., Euglena) & ecosystems 🌍.
🦵
Cilia – Tiny hair-like structures (e.g., Paramecium) ✔️ Others cause diseases & harmful
👣
Pseudopodia – "False feet" used by Amoeba algal blooms! 🚨
🍽 How do they eat?
✔️ 🌱
Autotrophic (Makes food) – Euglena, Dinoflagellates
✔️ 🍽
Heterotrophic (Consumes food) – Amoeba, Paramecium
 PROTISTA

Protist Feature Special Ability 🌟

Diatoms Unicellular Algae Silica in walls, forms sediments on water beds 🌊
Paramecium Protozoa Uses cilia for movement 🦵
Amoeba Protozoa Moves with pseudopodia 👣

Euglena Mixotroph Acts like both plant & animal 🌱🐾

Plasmodium Pathogen Causes malaria 🦟

Red Dinoflagellates Algae-like Protists Cause toxic red tides ⚠️

 PROTISTA

Organism Type Disease Caused 😷

Amoeba Protozoa Causes dysentery 💩

Plasmodium Protozoa Causes malaria 🦟

Euglena Photosynthetic Protist Can switch between making food & consuming food 🌞🍽
Dinoflagellates Algae-like Protists Cause red tides (toxic algae blooms) 🌊⚠️
📌 Fungi = Eukaryotic, Non-Green Organisms
✔️ Has a well-defined nucleus 🧬
✔️ Can be unicellular or multicellular 🔬
✔️ Cell Wall made of Chitin

FUNGI
🛠️ Uses of Fungi:
🦠 Body Organization: ✔️ Commercial 🍞 – Yeast helps in
baking & brewing (Saccharomyces)
Unicellular – Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
Multicellular – Mushrooms (Agaricus)
✔️ Medicinal 💊 – Penicillium mold
🍄 How do they get food?
produces penicillin (antibiotic)
✔️ Ecological 🌍 – Decomposers break
✔️ 🌿
Saprotrophic – Feed on decaying matter
down organic material
(e.g., Mushrooms)
✔️ 🦠
Parasitic – Absorb nutrients from living hosts
✔️ Heterotrophic 🍽 – Cannot make their own food
FUNGI

Fungi Type Special Feature 🌟

Saccharomyces Yeast Used in baking & brewing 🍞🍺
Penicillium Mold Produces penicillin (antibiotic) 💊

Agaricus Mushroom Edible fungi 🍄

Rhizopus Bread Mold Grows on stale food 🍞

Aspergillus Mold Used in making soy sauce & citric acid 🥫

FUNGI

Infectious Agent Diseases Mode of Transmission

Trichophyton Athlete's foot, ringworm Skin contact

Candida albicans Candidiasis Skin contact, mucosal surface

 VIRUS

Infectious Agent Diseases Mode of Transmission

Human Immunodeficiency
HIV/AIDS Sexual contact, body fluids
Virus (HIV)

Influenza virus Influenza Airborne

Rhinoviruses Common Cold Airborne

Dengue virus Dengue fever Vector - Aedes mosquito

Chikungunya virus Chikungunya fever Vector - Aedes mosquito

Hepatitis A virus Hepatitis A Waterborne, foodborne

Zika virus Zika fever Vector mediated (mosquito)

 VACCINATION V/S IMMUNISATION

Aspect Immunization Vaccination

Definition
Protection via exposure (natural or
vaccine) 🛡️ Injection of a vaccine to trigger immunity 💉
Mechanism Natural infection or artificial exposure 🔄 Uses weakened/dead parts to stimulate an
immune response ⚡
Purpose Builds long-term immune memory 🧠 Safely trains the immune system against
diseases 🚀
Types
Passive (temporary) & Active (long-term)
🔄 Inactivated, Live, Subunit, mRNA, Toxoid 💊
Duration Passive: Weeks–Months; Active: Lifelong 🌟 Depends on the vaccine; boosters may be
needed 🔁
Examples Natural recovery (e.g., chickenpox) 😷 Polio, Influenza, COVID-19 vaccines 💉
 थोड़े सवाल कर लें?

Q: Shoots of plant show upward movement and it can be designated to

be?

NDA 1 2020
A) Negatively phototropic

B) Positively chemotropic

C) Positively hydrotropic

D) Negatively geotropic
 थोड़े सवाल कर लें?

Q: 1. Which of the following statements about living and non-living

being is/are correct?
1. While living being can demonstrate growth and repair, non-living
being cannot.
2. While living being demonstrates metabolic processes, non-living
being does not.

Select the correct answer using the code given below. NDA 1 2022

A) 1 only

B) 2 only
C) Both 1 and 2

D) None
 थोड़े सवाल कर लें?

Q: Which one of the following is caused by a bacterial pathogen?

NDA 1 2022
A) AIDS

B) Dengue fever

C) COVID-19

D) Typhoid fever
 थोड़े सवाल कर लें?

Q: AIDS is caused by a virus whose genetic material is?

NDA 1 2018
A) single stranded circular DNA

B) double stranded DNA

C) single stranded RNA

D) double stranded RNA

 थोड़े सवाल कर लें?

Q: Which one of the following is an organelle that is NOT found in pro-

karyotic cells?

NDA 1 2018
A)Cell wall

B) Mitochondria

C) Mitochondria

D)Ribosome
 थोड़े सवाल कर लें?

Q: Which one of the following is the correct sequence of levels of

hierarchy of classification of organisms from higher to lower?

NDA 1 2018
A) Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus

B) Phylum - Class - Family - Order - Genus

C) Family Order - Class - Species - Genus

D) Class - Family - Order - Species - Genus

 थोड़े सवाल कर लें?

Q: Which one of the following statements about microbes is not

correct?
NDA 2 2018

A) They are used in sewage treatment plants.

B) They are used in industrial fermenters for the production of beverages.

C) No antibiotic has been obtained from any microbe.

D) They are used to get many bioactive molecules for the treatment of diseases.
 थोड़े सवाल कर लें?

Q: Sleeping sickness is a parasitic disease of humans and other

animals. It is caused by?

NDA 1 2017
A) Histomonas

B) Trypanosoma

C) Angomonаe

D) Naegleria
 थोड़े सवाल कर लें?

Q: Which one of the following is a bacterium that causes disease in the

human body?

NDA 1 2019
A) Varicella zoster

B) Trypanosoma gambiense

C) Salmonella typhi

D) Plasmodium faleiparum
 थोड़े सवाल कर लें?

Q: Wings of birds and bats are considered analogous structures

because they have?

CDS 2 2020
A) common origin and common function

B) different origin and common function

C) common origin and different function

D) different origin and different. function

 थोड़े सवाल कर लें?

Q: Apart from hyper acid secretion, peptic ulcers are also developed
due to bacterial infection. The causative agent is

CDS 2 2020
A) Helicobacter pylori

B) E. coli

C) Streptococcus pneumoniae

D) Salmonella typhimurium
 थोड़े सवाल कर लें?

Q: All the individuals of a particular organism, such as rose plants,

belong to a taxonomic category called ?

CDS 2 2020
A) Species

B) genus

C) family

D) order
 थोड़े सवाल कर लें?

Q: Antibiotic such as penicillin blocks?

CDS 2 2020
A) cell wall formation in bacteria

B) RNA synthesis in bacteria

C) DNA synthesis in bacteria

D) division in bacteria
GYAN PRAPTI