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1. Highway. Any public or private road or other public way on land. It is used for major roads, but
also includes other public roads and public tracks.
2. Highway Engineering. An engineering discipline branching from civil engineering that involves
the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of roads, bridges, and tunnels to
ensure safe and effective transportation of people and goods.
3. Highway Planning. Involves estimation of current and future traffic volume on a road network.
The highway planning is also a basic need for Highway Development. Highway engineers strive to
predict and analyze all possible civil impacts of highway systems.
4. Highway Plan. A documentation prepared to convey physical information so that designers,
reviewers, and the public can understand both the existing conditions and the projects.
5. As-Built Drawing. The phrase “as-built” in construction is equivalent to “as-is.” Drawings deemed
“as-built” are thus drawings that show the EXISTING conditions as they are, or “asis” — these are
the actual existing conditions as opposed to designs or proposed conditions, which are more
common for the content of drawings.
6. Working Drawing. A working drawing is a type of technical drawing, which is part of the
documentation needed to build an engineering product or architecture.
7. Shop Drawing. A drawing or set of drawings produced by the contractor, supplier, manufacturer,
subcontractor, or fabricator. Shop drawings are typically required for prefabricated components.

Importance of transportation.

 The adequacy of transportation system of a country indicates its and economic and development
 Even in ancient civilization.
 Nations with well-developed maritime systems (such as the British Empire in the 1900s) once
ruled vast colonies located around the globe.
 Countries that lack an abundance of natural resources rely heavily on transportation in order to
import raw materials and export manufactured products.

Transportation and Economic Growth.

 Good transportation, in and of itself, will not assure success in the marketplace, as the
availability of transportation is a necessary but insufficient condition for economic growth.
 the absence of supportive transportation services will serve to limit or hinder the potential for a
nation or region to achieve its economic potential.
 The economic activity are the processes by means of which the products are utilized to satisfy
human wants. Two important factor are (i) Production or supply (ii) Consumption for human
wants or demand.
SOCIAL COSTS AND BENEFITS OF TRANSPORTATION

 The improvement of a region’s economic position by virtue of improved transportation does not
come without costs
 In major cities, transportation can consume as much as half of all the land area
 Travel is not without danger.
 every mode of transportation brings to mind some major disaster—be it the sinking of the
Titanic, the explosion of the zeppelin Hindenburg, the infrequent but dramatic passenger air
crashes, and highway accidents that each year claim about 40,000 lives in the United States
 Social Effects of Transportation - Progress follows the lines of transportation.Population have
always settled along the river shores,road sides and near railway stations.I
 (a) Sectionalism and Transportation: Improved transportation has important implication in
reducing sectionalism within the country and also outside the country - Under developed
colonies and tribes are improving their living conditions since the distances have apparently
been reduced with reduction in travel time.
 (b) Concentration of Population into Urban Areas: The improved transportation network brings
prosperity to the urban population .The prosperity and employment opportunities of urban
areas attract the population from other areas resulting in enhanced economic
activities.Adequate mass transportation facilities are needed to cater the internal movements in
urban areas such as daily movements to and from factories,offices,schools,hospitals and other
social needs. Efficient rapid transit facilities are necessary for sub-urban and inter city long
distances travel for business needs,social visits and tourist activities.This also encourage the
people to live in places away from their centres,thus helping to decrease the growth of slums in
urban areas.In genera; the transportation facilities are essential for the well being of the
community.
 (c) Aspects of Safety,law and order: Transport facilities are essential for rushing aids to areas
affected by an emergency.To maintain law and order at home,it is required to have an efficient
system of transport network.To defined defend the territory of the country against the external
aggression and to guard the borders with foreign territories,transport facilities are needed
connecting the farthest border area from head quarters or capitals.At times,this alone may be
sufficient reason to develop a transport network which may not involve any economic and social
benefit directly. All Advantages of transportation may be summarized: (i) Transportation is for
advancement of the community. (ii) Transportation is essential for economic prosperity and
general development of the country,and (iii) Transportation is essential for strategic movement
in emergency for defence of the country and to maintain better law and order.