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 A MANUAL
OF

BRITISH

BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS.

BY

HS Th268' TALN TON,

EDITOR OF ‘THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S ANNUAL.’

VOL. I.
(COMPRISING THE BUTTERFLIES AND STOUT-BODIED MOTHS).

LONDON:
JOHN VAN VOORST, 1, PATERNOSTER ROW.

igo WEA
 LONDON
PRINTED BY E. NEWMAN, DEVONSHIRE STREET, BISHOPSGATE.
 PREFACE.

Tue object of this work is to supply, in a small com-

pass and for a low price, the greatest possible amount
of information likely to be useful to beginners in the
pursuit of Butterflies and Moths.
For this purpose the descriptions have been care-
fully made from actual specimens, regard being paid
only to the most prominent characters of the insects.
Long descriptions and minute hair-splittings would
have been misplaced in an elementary work like this.
Synonymy is also omitted, as, to those who take this
as their first book, it would be of little use, and would
at the same time have given that learned look which
repels rather than invites the uninitiated.
In the Appendix will be found a synonymic list,
collating the names here used with those employed
in Mr. Henry Doubleday’s ‘ List of British Lepi-
doptera’ and the ‘Catalogue of British Lepidoptera
iv PREFACE.

in the Collection of the British Museum,’ prepared by

the late Mr. J. F. Stephens.
English names are given only where they are in
general use. To have raked up all the fantastic names
by which some have thought to facilitate the study of
‘Mothology Made Easy,’ would have been to have
pandered to a prejudice, and perpetuated a ‘ popular
superstition.” Those who collect insects, and who do
not wish to be utterly isclated, must learn to call them
by names by which other people will know them.
With the view of compressing information, a num-
ber of abbreviations have been used; but a little
patience and trouble will soon enable any one to
interpret them with ease.

At the commencement of each Family some gene-

ral observations on the habits of the species, and
localities they frequent, are given; and the most
abundant species are indicated as those likely first to
fall into the hands of the young collector.

H. T. STAINTON,

Mounisjield, Lewisham, S.E.,

February, 1857.
 CONTENTS.

Spurnces or Hawx-Motus . : : , 5

NocruIna bs 3 i

as DIX I.—Synonymic List . , , Z jy

Appenpix IL.—List of Plants mentioned by their Latin

7

names
 ERRATA.

P: 18, 1. 23, for “greyish” read “greenish.” (This is cor-

rected in some impressions).
P. 137, 1. 6, for “ On lichens, oaks,” &c., read “ On lichens
on oaks,” &c.
P. 147, 1. 18, and p. 148, J. 1, for “ Lubricepeda” read ’
« Tubricipeda.”
rg . 148, 1. 10, 11, for “ not occurring in Scotland ” read ‘not
occurring in the North and East of Scotland.” It is
not uncommon in the West of Scotland.
. 178, 1.10 from the bottom, for “ beyond the middle”
read “to beyond the middle.”
. 178, 1. 8 from bottom, and p. 179, 1. 8, for “ DreHTERa”
read ‘‘ DIPHTHERA.”
192, 1. 4, for “‘ N. extrema” read “ N. concolor.”
198, 1. 10, dele “ In the Cambridgeshire fens.”
. 202, bottom line, for “ limpid margin” read “ hind-
Oak
margm.
. 254, 1. 6 from bottom, for ‘is the least” read “is one of
the least.”
. 285, 1. 15, after “ spotted with blue” read “ On Verbas-
cum, Scrophularia, &. VI, VII.”
. 286, 1. 2, after “spotted with black” read ‘“ On Verbas-
cum Lychnitis.”
. 288, bottom line, for “ Heliodes heliaca”’ read. “ Helio-
tgs
eee
des Arbutt.”
 EXPLANATION

OF THE

ABBREVIATIONS USED.

SIZE.

”” ? used to express inches; 7 lines, a line being the

twelfth part of an inch. Thus, 3” 4/’—4/’ 2/”” means that
4 lines to 4 inches
the insect varies in size from 3 inches
2 lines.

SEXES.

3 means male; 9, female.

WINGS.

ing ; u. §., under side.

F.-w., fore-wing ; h.-w., hind-w
upper side of the insect is
Unless otherwise stated, the
referred to in all cases.

TIMES OF APPEARANCE.

, March ; IV, April; V,

I, January; WU, February; III
VU, August; IX, Septem-
May; VI, June; VU, July;
er; XI, December.
ber; X, October ; XI, Novemb
end of the month.
b. m. e. beginning, middle and hybernated.
ing has
h. implies that the insect then appear
s during that month
s. implies that the insect only appear
sometimes.
Vill EXPLANATION OF THE

LETTERS IN ITALICS,

placed between parentheses (), designate the name of the Au-

thor from whom the information in the preceding sentence is
derived. The names in full explain themselves. The follow-
ing are contractions :—
Boisdv. Boisduval.
Dup. Duponchel.
Hub. Hubner.
H. D. Henry Doubleday.
Och. Ochsenheimer.
Westw. Westwood.
Gu. Guenée.
LOCALITIES.
Be. Bembridge (Isle of Wight). Only used in the Butter-
flies.
Bi. Birkenhead, Cheshire.
Brm. Birmingham. Only used in the Butterflies.
Bl. Blandford. Only used in the Butterflies, Sphingina
and Bombycina.
Brg. Brighton.
Brs. Bristol.
Bu. Burton-on-Trent.
Ca. Cambridge. Only used in the Sphingina, Bombycina
and Noctuina.
Cr. Corsham, Wiltshire. Only used in the Butterflies.
Ot. Lower Guiting, on the Cotswold.
Da. Darlington.
Do. Dorchester. Only used in the Butterflies, Sphingina
and Bombycina.
Ed. Edinburgh.
Ep. Epping. Only used in the Butterflies, Sphingina and
Bombycina.
Ex. Exeter.
G. Glasgow. Only used in the Butterflies, Sphingina and
Bombycina.
Ha. Halton, in Buckinghamshire.
1

ABBREVIATIONS USED. ix

Hu. Huddersfield.
I. Ireland. Only used in the Butterflies.
-K. Kingsbury, Middlesex.
land.
L.D. The Lake District of Cumberland and Westmore ngina
Sphi
Le. Leicester. Only used in the Butterflies,
and Bombycina.
Lw. Lewes.
Ly. Lyndhurst.
M. Manchester. .
Sphingina.
©. Oxford. Only used in the Butterflies and
Pm. Pembury, in Kent, near Tunbridge Wells.
Pt. Peterborough. Only used in the Butterflies.
Pl. Plymouth.
Sphingina and
Pr. Preston. Only used in the Butterflies,
Bombycina.
R. Ramsgate. Only used in the Butterflies, Sphingina
and Bombycina.
Se. Scarborough.
. Sh. Shrewsbury.
St. Stowmarket.
ies, Sphingina
Te. Teignmouth. Only used in the Butterfl
and Bombycina.
Tn. Tenterden.
Tr. Truro.
Wa. Wavendon, near Newport Pagnel.
Wi. Winchester. Only used in the Butterflies, Sphingina
and Bombycina.
Wr. Worcester.
Wt. Worthing.
mee OTK.
of the above local-
Having correspondents resident in most
h was prepared ; and
ties, a list of the species occurring in eac
ly cited; but this does not
hence these localities are continual
do not occur in other
by any means imply that the species -
localities. are in Ital ies,
of localities
When any of these abbreviations
ed there, but is not found
it signifies that the insect has occurr
species occurs there
there every year. ! signifies that the
Hither of these marks
commonly ; |!, that it is abundant.
x EXPLANATION OF THE

after an abbreviation in Jtalics implies that the insect has

been common or abundant.

EXPLANATION OF TECHNICAL TERMS.

Outline of Wing.
Costa, the front edge of each wing.
Base, the portion of the wing nearest the body.
Hind-margin, the edge furthest from the body.
Inner margin, the edge opposite the costa.
Tip, the part where the costa meets the hind-margin.
Anal angle, where the hind-margin meets the inner margin.
Markings.
Longitudinal, extending in the direction from the base to
the hind-margin of the wing, or from the head to the
tail of the insect.
Transverse, extending from the costa to the inner margin of
the wing, or from one side of the body of the insect to
the other.
Patch, blotch, an irregularly shaped marking, of moderate or
large size.
Spot, a regularly shaped marking, of moderate size.
Dot, a minute round spot.
Band, a transverse marking, wider than a line and of uni-
form width.
Tine, a fine thread-like marking, of uniform width.
Streak, stripe, an elongated marking, not necessarily of uni-
form width.
The following terms apply to the markings on the fore-
wings of the Nocrurna, and will be found fully explained at
pp- 170 and 171.
stigmata, abbreviated stig.
claviform stigma, fe clay. st.
orbicular stigma, ¥ orb, st.
reniform stigma, 5 ren. st.
elbowed line, Pr el. 1.
half-line, - hole
 ABBREVIATIONS USED. x1

inner line, abbreviated 1. 1.

subterminal line, - subt. 1.
central shade, ie cen. sh.

Anal, of or belonging to the tail, or that end of the body

opposite to the head.
Anal angle, see Outline of Wing.
Anterior, that which is in front or nearest to the head.
Attenuated, becoming more slender.
Band, see Markings.
Base, see Outline of Wing.
Before the middle, between the middle and the base of the
wing.
Behind, beyond the middle, between the middle and the
hind-margin of the wing.
Blotch, see Markings.
Cilia or fringe, the long scales projecting beyond the hind-
margin of the wing.
Concave, that which is hollowed out, as the inner margin of
the hind-wings of P. Machaon.
Convex, curved, the curve projecting outwards, as in the
costa of the fore-wings of P. Machaon.
Congener, a species in the same genus with another.
Costa, see Outline of Wing.
Denticulated or toothed, as in the hind-margin of the hind-
wing of P. Machaon.
Dorsal, of or belonging to the back.
Dot, see Markings.
Emarginate, an irregular concavity.
Ferruginous, the colour of rust.
Fulvous, orange-tawny, or orange with a brownish tinge.
Fuscous, brown with a greyish tinge.
Hind-margin, see Outline of Wing.
Hybernate, to live through the winter.
Inner margin, see Outline of Wing.
Trrorated, speckled or peppered.
Lateral, of or belohging to the side.
Line, see Markings.
Longitudinal, see Markings.
xi EXPLANATION OF THE ABBREVIATIONS USED.

Medial nervure, the middle rib, vein or nerve between the

costa and inner margin.
Nervure, rib, vein or nerve, the framework of the wing.
Oblique, that which goes in a slanting direction.
Ocellated, that which has a spot with a pupil or eye-like
centre.
Patch, see Markings.
Posterior, that which is behind or furthest from the head.
Quadrate, nearly square.
Segments (abbreviated seg.), rings or divisions of the body of
the insect (a caterpillar consists of 13 segments, num-
bered from the head, which is the first).
Shot, showing different colours when seen in different direc-
tions, as in the male of the Purple Emperor.
Spiracles, the breathing-holes of the caterpillar, placed along
the sides above the feet.
Spot, streak, stripe, see Markings.
Subcostal nervure, the rib, vein or nerve next to the costa.
Sujfused, clouded.
Tail of hind-wing, a prolongation from the hind-margin near
the anal angle.
Tawny, orange with a brown shade.
Tip, see Outline of Wing.
Transverse, see Markings.
Tubercles, small wart-like protuberances.
Tubercular processes, elongate wart-like protuberances.
Un-denticulated, not toothed or denticulated.
Throughout the volume, in the descriptions,, the special cha-
racters by which the species may be distinguished from those
most nearly allied to it, are indicated by being printed in
Smatu Caprrats, And in the Butterflies and Sphingina the
words in Jtalics should first be read out by themselves, as they
will furnish a general idea of the insect; thus, at p. 38, we
read of Vanessa Atalanta, “ Black; fore-wing, a broad deep red
central band; hind-wing, a broad deep red band at the hind-
margin ;” and if this suits the supposed Red Admiral the stu-
dent has in his hand, he should read the remainder of the
description.
 A MANUAL
OF

DHritish Dutterflies and Moths.

“ BurrERFLIES AND Morus” are insects; but bees and wasps,

beetles and flies are likewise insects. How, then, are butter-
flies and moths distinguished from other insects? By the wings
being clothed with scales. The wings of a butterfly are not trans-
parent like those of a bee, a fly, or a dragon-fly, nor are they
horny like the elytra or wing-cases of a beetle; but both sur-
faces are thickly covered with small scales, which, if removed,
would leave the membrane of the wing colourless. It is there-
fore the colour of these scales which imparts the beauty to these
insects which compels our admiration. It is from the two Greek
words, Aeris, a scale, and mtegov, a wing, that the scientific term
Lepidoptera, used to denote ‘‘ Butterflies and Moths,” is de-
rived. Butterflies and moths have always four wings (the ex-
ceptions of undeveloped hind-wings, or of specimens entirely
wingless, being comparatively rare). The mouth is furnished
with a long spiral sucker, or tubular tongue, by means of which
these insects imbibe the nectar of flowers. All butterflies and
moths have, previous to their appearance in that state, been suc-
cessively eggs, caterpillars or larvee, and chrysalides or pupe.
B
 2

Tt is only while in the caterpillar state that they grow: from

their first exclusion from the egg to their becoming full-fed
caterpillars they increase vastly in bulk; and the caterpillars
are therefore very voracious eaters. When the caterpillars have
attained their full size they seek some secluded corner, or pene-
trate into the earth, and then change to the chrysalis state.
The chrysalis has no power of locomotion, having no legs, and
being generally firmly attached to some solid substance, or en-
closed in a cocoon of silk. If handled it testifies its annoyance
by a wriggling of the hinder part of the body. After the insect
has remained in the chrysalis state a determinate time, varying
according to the species, or to the time of year, the butterfly or
moth, as the case may be (then called the perfect insect or
imago), appears, with all its parts fully developed, except the
wings, which are at first short and limp. The insect crawls to
some convenient place, so as to rest with its wings hanging
down; and, in a short time, rarely (except in large species) ex-
ceeding an hour, the wings are fully expanded, but still limp:
in a little while, however, they become stiff and fit for flight,
and the insect wings its way to the woods and fields.
Having thus briefly sketched the various changes through
which each of these insects passes, the next point to which our
attention is drawn is—
How po we pistincuisH A Burrerriy rrom a Morn?
The antenne (or horns) of a butterfly have always a knob
or club at the tip; those of a moth have not. It is a common
notion that butterflies are more gaily coloured than moths;
and many imagine that the Tiger Moths on that account are
butterflies; but it is not so: many butterflies are of dull
colours, and many moths are adorned with most beautiful and
 3

varied markings. All butterflies (with one or two exceptions)

repose with the wings meeting over the back; very few moths
repose in this position.
All butterflies fly by day; the great bulk of moths fly by
night, though many fly by day, some species flying both night
and day.
The caterpillars of butterflies may also in most instances be
distinguished at first sight; for, except the caterpillars of the
first family of butterflies, all the others are of peculiar forms,
either spiny or with two projecting horns at the head, one on
each side, or with two short tails, or fat and short (like a wood-
louse), or with the head much larger than the segments
behind it. They feed on a variety of plants, from the oak
to the cabbage of our market-gardens.
When we first- have our attention attracted to a beautiful
insect we naturally want to know something about it; but there
is the difficulty: we see the insect, we admire its beauty;
but, unless some kind friend who is acquainted with the insect
world introduce us, we are at a loss to obtain a more intimate
acquaintance. Itisa trite saying, everything has a name ; but
how am I to ascertain the name of this butterfly which I have
caught? That is the important question: if I could ascertain
its name I might refer to some book, and learn something of
its habits and history. Now, the question, so far as relates to
a British butterfly, is not a difficult one to answer, if we set
about it determined to ascertain the name of the species. The
British butterflies are only sixty-six in number, and, con-
sidering their variety in form, colour, marking and size, it
cannot be very difficult to point out in a short-hand way the
distinctive characters of each species.
Ba
 4

For instance, they may be roughly tabulated thus :—

} Distance between the insertion of the antenne one-fourth the
width of the head.
A. Hind-wings with a long tail. Genus Paprio.
AA. Hind-wings with no tail.
B. Wings yellow. Genera GoNEPTERYX, CoLiAs.
BB. Wings white. Genera Aporta, Pieris, ANTHO-
CHARIS, LEUCOPHASIA.
BBB. Under side of the anterior wings with a small eye-
like spot near the tip. Genera Arcs, Lasiom-
maTa, Hrpparcuia, Erepra, CanonyMPHA.
BBBB. Under side of the anterior wings with no small
eye-like spots near the tip.
C. A pale band across the middle of the dark posterior.
wings. Genera Liwenitis, APATURA.
CC. Anterior wings more or less angulated. Genera
Cyntata, Vanussa, GRaPTA.
CCC. Wings rich tawny, with black streaks and spots.
D. Under side of posterior wings with bers streaks
or spots. Genus ARGYNNIS.
DD. Under side of posterior wings with no silvery
streaks or spots. Genera Metrrza, Nemno-
BIUS.
CCCC. Wings coppery red. Genus CHRYSOPHANUS.
CCCCC. Wings blue or brown, beneath with numerous
small eye-like spots. Genus Potyommartus.
AAA. Hind-wings with a short tail. Genus THEcna.
}} Distance between the insertion of the antenne fully one-half
the width of the head. Genera TuymMEetn, Tranaos,.
SreRoPEs, PaMPHILA.
 Having ascertained in this way to which genus the species
we have caught must belong, or at least that it belongs to
one of three or four genera, we have but to glance at the table
of species for that genus or those genera, and our difficulty is
removed.
But, as our few butterflies (and compared with the number of
European species the number of British butterflies is deed
few) differ so greatly in size—the smallest, Polyommatus Alsus,
being under one inch in the expansion of the wings, and the
largest, Papilio Machaon, being upwards of three inches—it
will be found no very difficult matter to name any species by
the following table of their comparative sizes, as those species
which resemble each other in size generally are very different in
other respects.
(2754 6 8-10 12 14 16 18 20.422 a4
EEee ae ee meee VA
ZEEE Z
So ot Oe LL ee ton ty Ao) ee 25

The foregoing table of measurements shows the average

expansion of the wings of our British butterflies, when they are
spread out to display their beauties to the greatest advantage.
Male insects will often be rather smaller, and female insects
rather larger, than the sizes given in this table; but if six
or more specimens of the same species are caught and pinned
out their average size will be found to agree with the measure-
ments we give here. Thus, to take an extreme instance, the
males of H. Semele are often half an inch less m expanse
than the females, the males sometimes being 2 inches and the
females 2} inches; but the average size of the series is found
to be 2% inches (or 2 in. 4 lines).
B38
 6

For this reason the table is not so useful when a single

specimen of a new species is caught, as when several specimens
of a new species have been taken; nevertheless, it will enable
the beginner to find out the name of his new butterfly, in this
way: if he has only one specimen, which is a male, and it cor-
responds with the measurement No. 5, it very likely belongs to
No. 6, because, being a male, it is likely to be smaller than the
recorded average; while, if it is a female, and its measurement
is No. 5, its name is very likely to be found, not in No. 5, but
in No. 4, because females generally are above the average size;
at all events, if a male, it belongs_to either 5 or 6; and, if a
female, to either 4 or 5.
Suppose, for example, that you have taken a little blue
butterfly, and you think it is a female. When it is pinned
out and dry, you compare it with the table of measurements,
and find it belongs to No. 5. You see that your insect is blue,
mixed or shaded with brown. You look to the list of butter-
flies which belong to the measurement No. 5, and you find
that it is P. Alewis 2.
But, being a female, its name may possibly be in the next
smaller list, that is, in No. 4. The only blue butterfly in that
list is P. Aigon $; but your insect is a female, and is shot
with brown; and therefore it must be P. Alewis.
On the other hand, we will suppose that you are doubtful
whether it is a male ora female. In that case it may be either
in No. 4, No. 5 or No. 6. On looking to these lists, it may
be P. Aigon, or P. Alexis, or P. Adonis; and you can only
decide which of the three it is by referring to the more com-
plete descriptions of each insect which we shall hereafter give.
This reference, indeed, should always be made, to settle the
 7

question of the identity of the species; because the full descrip-

tions are accurately prepared, while the descriptions given in
these measurement-lists are very general, and only enough to
distinguish one butterfly from another in the same list.

Key To TABLE OF SIZES.

1|P. Alsus Brown

Q2)/T. Alveolus Greenish brown

P. Actzeon Rich tawny brown
ee
8|P. Artaxerxes Rich brown, with a white spot on fore-wings

4|)C. Phleeas Bright copper-red

P. Linea Tawny, plain
8. Paniscus Hy chequered
P. Aigon 2 |Blue
T. Rubi Brown, under side green
T. Tages » with darker markings
P. Aigon 2} 4, centre of fore-wings spotless
,, Agestis 5 i » witha black spot

5IN. Lucina Dark brown, with tawny spots

P. Acis », Without spots
> oh)
rf Blue, under side without orange spots
», Alexis 3 ” ” with ”
@| ,, shot with brown
G. Pamphilus Pale tawny

6|P. Argiolus Blue, under side pale blue

,, Adonis 3 * brown
Orange- tawny, under side without white
P. Sylvanus | spots
,, Comma Orange-tawny, under side with white spots
\T. W-album Brown, without orange spots
», Pruni » with
P. Adonis 9| ,, with a blue gloss
 %

.7|P. Corydon Pale blue

Ei. Cassiope Brown, under side brown
T. Betulee % as fulyous
» Quercus 4 shot or marked with rich blue

SiC. Davus Brown or sandy

C. Chryseis Bright copper-red

9)L. Sinapis White

P. Arion Blue
H. Tithonus Fulvous brown

10)M. Athaha Under side of hind-wings without black dots -

,, Artemis 3°
-
> With. Pave Actas
Tawny, under side of hind-wings with
11|A. Selene
| silvery spots
Tawny, under side of hind-wings without
M. Cinxia
silvery spots
L. Megera Tawny, with white-centred black spots
,», Augeria Brown, with pale yellowish spots [spot
H. Janira », fore-wings with | white-centred black
, Hyperanthus - 2 ,» black spots
E. Blandina ” » 3 ”? ”
C. Dispar Bright copper-red
A. Cardamines White, 3 with a large orange spot

12|P. Daplidice White

A. Euphrosyne Tawny

13/P. Napi White

- 1G. C-album Dark tawny

14\P. Rapze White

C. Hyale Creamy yellow
V. Urticse Orange-red, with black markings
A. Lathonia Orange-tawny, with black spots

1510, Edusa Deep yellow

 9

16\A. Galathea Black and white

17|L. Sibilla Dark brown, with white markings

18'G. Rhamni Yellow

H. Semele Brown, with yellowish blotches

19/A. Aglaia Under side of hind-wings without a row

of small red spots
Under side of hind-wings with a row of
,, Adippe
small red spots

20/P. Brassicee White

V. Polychloros Orange-tawny and black, without white spots
C. Cardui ”? with 39

4 {Brow, with white spots, ¢ shot with

. Iris
rich blue

White
Orange-tawny

Black, with deep orange-red bands

Dull deep red, with large eye-like spots

Chocolate-red, with broad whitish margin

?|Blackish brown, with white markings

25!P. Machaon Straw-colour and black

 10

The butterflies which, from the thickened club-like termi-

nation of the antenne, are termed RHOPALOCERA, are
divisible into several families, five of which occur in Great
Britain, viz. :-—

1. Parriionip#, including the Swallow-tail, Brimstone,

Clouded-yellows and Whites.
. NympHati&, including the Hipparchia, Vanesse, Purple
Emperor, White Admiral and the Fritillaries.
. Erycinip2, consisting of only one species, Nemeobius
Lucina.
@.
wW
x Lycxznipa, including the Hair Streaks, Coppers and
Blues.
5. Hesperta, including the Skippers.
The NympwaLipm are at once recognized by the perfect
insects having the first pair of legs in a rudimentary state, and
quite unfit for walking; so that in ordinary speaking we say
they have only four legs (in Eryctnrpz the males have only
four useful legs, though the females have six); the other three
tribes have always six serviceable legs in both sexes. The
_ Hesprrm2 may be at once known by the disproportionately
large head, and the antenne not being inserted close together.
The Paririontpm may be distinguished readily from the Lyca-
NID# in the larva state, but in the perfect state the distinction is
not so apparent, except that the Parmion1p% are mostly large
species, varying in size from 3 inches 4 lines to 1 inch 7 lines
in expanse ;whereas the largest of our LycaNtpm is only 1 inch
10 lines, and the smallest is under 1 inch, in expanse. Besides,
in the Partironrp# the main colour is yellow or white ; in the
Lyouyipz it is brown, coppery red or blue.
These families are also readily distinguishable in the larva
state; for the larve of the Paprionipm are elongate and of the
' ordinary form ; the larvee of the NympHaips# are either spiny
or with two horns, one on each side of the head, or with two
short projecting tails ;the larvee of the Lycmnrpm are broad and
short, and are termed onisciform (that is, shaped like a wood-
louse); the larve of the Huspertpm have large heads, and the
 ll

segments behind the head are small, making the head appear
still more disproportionately large. The sole representative with
us of the Family Erycryip has an onisciform larva similar to
the larvee of the Lycamyip2.

None who live in the country can be ignorant of the existence

of butterflies: from the first sunny days in March, when the
Brimstone Butterfly emerges from its winter retreat, till the
end of October, when we see Vanessa Atalanta feasting on the
blossoms of the ivy, they are always before us. In gardens we
find the Brimstone and the White Butterflies, an occasional
Meadow Brown, Peacocks and Nettle Tortoise-shells, Red Ad-
mirals, Small Coppers and Little Blues. In lanes we find, in
addition to these, several species of Hipparchia, and perhaps the
Fritillaries, Hair Streaks and Skippers. The Purple Emperor,
White Admiral and most of the Fritillaries require to be sought
for in woods.. The Swallow-tail and the Large Copper are only
to be obtained in the fens of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdon-
shire, and one of the Skippers, Pamphila Acton, only occurs
at Lulworth Cove, Dorsetshire. The two species of H'rebia and
Cenonympha Davus are peculiar to the North of England and
Scotland; and the latter country enjoys the exclusive privilege
of supplying Polyommatus Artaxerses to our collections. The
Clouded Yellows, which frequent meadows, lucerne and clover-
fields in autumn, are both deemed rather scarce, especially
Hyale. Only four of our butterflies are actually rare with us,
Pieris Daplidice (the Bath White), Vanessa Antiopa (the Cam
berwell Beauty), Argynnis Lathonia (the Queen of Spain Fritil-
lary), and Chrysophanus Chryseis (the Purple-edged Copper).
The first of these has occurred most frequently at Dover; the
second has occurred throughout England, but never since 1789
 12

in any plenty; the third is more common than is generally

imagined in the southern counties of England; C. Chryseis
is so rare with us that its existence as a British species is
doubted. by many, though we have as good evidence for its
admission as we had for Trochiliwm chrysidiforme and Ceno-
phila subrosea, both which used to be doubted, and the former
had actually been erased from our lists, both by Mr. Doubleday
and Mr. Stephens.

Family I. PAPILIONIDA,
Imago with six legs, fitted for walking; larva elongate, cylin-
drical, smooth or pubescent; pupa attached by the tail and by
a belt of silk round the body.
Divisible into two subfamilies, thus :—
Subfamily 1. Paprtronmpr. Inner margin of hind-wing con-
cave.
Subfamily 2. Prermr. Inner margin of hind-wing not
concave.
Of the first subfamily we have but one represen
tative in
Britain, known at a glance by its size and tailed hind
-wings ;
of the second subfamily we have ten species, divid
ed into six
genera, and they may be at once known by the yell
ow or white
ground-colour of the wings, as in none of the follo
wing families
do either of these colours occur, if we except pale
of Arge Galathea, which may be at once distingu specimens
ished by the
eye-like spot on the under side of the apex of the
fore-wings, a
character not possessed by any of the Prerr.
:
All the Paprnionipa, if we except Leucophasia
tolerably brisk flyers, and a good chase is frequently Sina pis, are
necessary in
order to secure one when in view. Pieris Brassica
flyer; but Colias Eduga is far more swift on
is a strong
the wing. Papilio
Machaon is not only a rapid but a high flyer,
capable of soaring,
whereas the other species rarely ascend to
any height from the
ground.
 13

Of this Family the first that greets us in the spring is

Gonepterye Rhamni, which, in February or March, if we have
hot sunny days, delights to sport in country lanes: with the
warm spring weather of April it becomes a more frequent
visitor, and is then joined by Pieris Rape and Napi, and a
week later by P. Brassice. These last are especially to be
found in gardens and fields, and may be seen not unfrequently
in the heart of London. May, if it be but warm (as the month
of May once used to be), brings out Anthocharis Cardamines,
and many an eager chase is made to catch this (one of our
prettiest species) by the young and ardent entomologist. May
is also the time to look for Pieris Daplidice, but I cannot give
a receipt for finding it. Papilio Machaon emerges from the
pupa the middle of May; but it is so local an insect with us,
that, except in its own private haunts, the fens of Huntingdon-
shire and Cambridgeshire, it is useless to expect to meet with
it. In June Aporia Crategi and Leucophasia Synapis appear,
but both are local species and not of general distribution like the
common white butterflies. Towards the end of July the second
brood of Pieris Rapa, Napi and Brassica may be observed, and
they continue throughout August. Daplidice is also again to
be looked for. In August Gonepteryx Rhamni again gladdens
our eyes; and Colias Hyale in some years may be found in
lucerne-fields in the South of England. Towards the end of
the month Colias Edusa, more beautiful but less valued, because
commoner than its congener, appears, frequenting clover-fields
and the sunny sloping banks of railways in the South; and.
throughout September and till late in October stragglers both
of this and G. Rhamni continue to cross our path, whilst we
©
 14

are perhaps in search of that one covey of partridges, or a

solitary pheasant reputed to be somewhere within our reach.
Any collector may with certainty obtain Rhamni, Brassica,
Lapa, Napi and Cardamines the first year that he looks after
them. .Machaon, Crategi and Sinapis he will only find by
visiting their localities. If he visit the South coast in autumn
he will hardly fail to see Kdusa, when of course it will
be his
own fault if he don’t catch it. It may be years before he
meets
either with Hyale or Daplidice.

Subfamily T..Paprironrpr.

Genus 1. Paprnio.

Antenne rather long, moderately thick; fore-win

with arched costa; hind-wings with the margin gs long,
toothed, and
a prolonged tail.
 15

——————
— P. Macwaon (Swallow-tail). 8” 4’” to 47 2’”, F'-w. deep
straw-colour, with black lines and spots; base black; hind-
margin black, with 8 straw-colour spots. H.-w. straw-colour;
inner margin blackish, a brick-red spot at anal angle; a broad
bluish black band towards the hind-margin, which is straw-
_=——
colour festooned with black, and has a long black tail. V m—
VIII. Larva bright pale green, each segment with 2 black
bands, the hinder band with 6 orange spots. On Peucedanum
palustre and other Umbellifere. VI e—VIIl e. In fens near
Cambridge, Norwich, Yaxley and Whittlesea Mere; also at
Pulborough, Sussex. Common.

Subfamily II. Prertpr.

Contains six genera, thus divided :—

A. All the wings angulated. Genus 2. GoNEPTERYX.

AA. All the wings rounded.
B. Wings yellow. Genus 3. Cortas.
BB. Wings white.
C. Wings semitransparent (from being thinly clothed with
scales). Genus 4. APoRIA.
CC. Wings not semitransparent.
D. Fore-wings with the apex not rounded. Genus 5.
PrEris. :
DD. Fore-wings with the apex rounded. -
E. Fore-wings with a black spot in the middle.
Genus 6. ANTHOCHARIS.
EE. Fore-wings with no black spot in the middle.
Genus 7, LeucopHasta.

Genus 2. GONEPTERYX.

Antenne short and rather thick; all the wings with an

angular projection; body rather thick, clothed with long silky
down.
c2
 16
Vecsdeke ;
Ma Yj" Ashore

G. Ruamni (Brimstone). 2” 4’” to 2” 6”. 8 brimstone,

2 whitish brimstone, a small orange spot near the centre of
each wing. II h—Vh, VIII—X.
Larva dark green, with a pale line on each side. On Rhamnus
catharticus and R. Frangula (Buckthorn). V e—VII m.
Generally distributed in the South of England, and common
;
scarce in the midland counties, and not occurring in Scotla
nd.
Bu. Da. Hu. L.D. Le.! M. Pr. Sc. Sh.! Wr.! Y¥.!

Genus 3. Cortas.
Antenne short and rather thick; wings rounded, more
less margined with black; the fore-wings with a black or
spot in
the middle, the hind-wings with an orange spot in the middl
e,
We have two British species, and of one (Hdusa)
peculiarly pale, constant variety. This may, howe there is a
ver, always
be distinguished from Hyale by the breadth of the
at: the anal angle of the fore-wings. black margin
C. Epusa (Clouded Yellow). 2” to 9” 9”,
yellow with a broad black margin, which is spot Deep rich
ted in 2, veined
in 3. There is a constant var. of the ?, which
colour of the wings dull greenish yellow. VII has the ground-
I e—X m.
Larva dark green, with a white stripe spot
ted with yellow on
each side (Dup.). On several leguminou
s plants. VI m—
VII ce. Fond of clover-fields and railway-
banks. Commoner
 17

in some years than in others. Be.!! Bil.!! Brg.! Brs. Bu. Ct.
Da. Do. Ep. Bx. I. K. L.D. Lw.! Le. Ly. M. Pt. Pl.! Te.!
Preis! Weel ¥:
C. Hyare (Pale Clouded Yellow). 1” 10’” to 2” 1. Pale
yellow. F'-w.—Tip blackish, spotted with pale yellow, blackish
hind-margin scarcely extending to anal angle. H.-w.—Hind-
margin with a narrow blackish border near the outer angle.
ee
=.
eee
VIII.
Larva sea-green, a
yellow line on each @&
side and two yellow
lines on the back,
the latter intersect-
ing black spots on
each segment (F'reyer).
On several legumi-
nous plants. VI—VIT
b. Generally scarce,
commoner sometimes
(in 1842 very common). Frequents lucerne-tields. Be. Bl.
Brg. Brs. Do. Ep. I. Lw. Le. M. Pt. RY.

Genus 4. APORIA.
Antenne longer than in the two preceding genera, but
thicker than in Prerts; wings rather transparent, not decidedly
opaque as in. Preris.

es
Pn
.
 18

YA. Craract (Black-veined White). 2” 5” to 2” 8”. White,

with strongly defined black veins, which are clouded at hind-
margin of f.-w. VI.
Larva covered with whitish hairs; sides and belly ashy grey;
back black, with*2 reddish yellow stripes (Boisdv.), On haw-
thorn, sloe, apple, pear and plum. V b—Ve. A local species,
occurring at Or. Do.! Lw. Ly.!! Pt.! Wr. Herne Bay and
Sturry, in the Isle of Thanet; and Moreton, Devon.

Genus 5. Preps.

Antenne long and slender; wings white, fore-wings rather

pointed, tipped with black or blackish; in the female always
with a black or blackish spot near the anal angle.
Larva green or green striped with yellow, or bluish striped
with yellow; feeding on Crucifere and Resedacee. All the
species double-brooded.

The four species may be thus distinguished :—

A. Under side of hind-wings dull creamy yellow, with grey
atoms.
B. Expansion of the wings 24 inches. P. Brassica.
: Ae 2 Q Ys P, Rape.
AA. Under side of hind-wings pale yellowish, veined with
yellowish grey. P. Napi.
AAA. Under side of hind-wings greenish, spotted with white.
P. Daplidice.
YP. Brassrom (Large White). 2” 4” to 2” 8”. White.
F’-w.—Buack at tip, base and costa blackish ; g spotless, Q
with 2 black spots and a black dash on inner margin. H.-w.—
Costa with a black spot. IV e—VI and VII e—VIII.
Larva yellowish spotted with black; a row of raised black
spots on each side of the back. On cabbages, Tropeolum and
several Crucifere. VI and IX. Common everywhere.
P. Rapa (Small White). 1/7 10’” to 2” 2’. White. F.-w.
—Farntry Biackisn at tip and base; & spotless or with one
blackish spot, 2 with 2 black spots aud a clouded dash on inner
a
19

margin. H.-w.—A black spot on costa. IV m—VI and

Vil m—VIII.
Larva green irrorated with black, a row of yellow spots on
each side ima line with the spiracles. On cabbages, mignonette,
Tropeolum and various Crucifere. VI and IX. Common
everywhere.

P. Narr (Green-veined White). 1/” 7’” to 1” 11’. White,

with blackish veins. F.-w.—Blackish at tip; 3 with 1 black
spot, 2 with 2 black spots and a black dash on inner margin.
H.-w— with, ¢ with or without, a black spot on costa; w. s.
veins clouded with greenish. IV m—VI and VII m—VIII.
Larva green; spiracles red, each in a yellow spot (Boisdv.).
On Brassica Napus and other Crucifere. VI and IX.
Common everywhere.

P. Dapuinice (Bath White). 1710’. White. F.-w.—

Tip black, spotted with white; a large central black spot; a
more or less distinct blackish spot near the anal angle. U. &.,
h.-w., greenish spotted with white. V and VIII.
Larva bluish, spotted
with black and with a pale
yellow line on each side
and 2 pale yellow lines on
the back (Freyer). On Re-
seda lutea, [Link](weld),
&e. Vi and TX. Has
occurred at Dover, Whit-
tlesea Mere, Worcester, &c.,
but only singly.

Genus 6. ANTHOCHARIS.

Antenne not long, slender; wings white, fore-wings rounded

at the tip; the female with no blackish spot near the anal
angle; abdomen moderately slender, not nearly so long as the
hind-wings.
 20

xX A, Carpamrngs (Orange Tip). 1’ 8’” to 1” 11". White,

F.-w.—Tip blackish, a small black spot
near the centre; df with (2 without)
the tip-half of the wing deep orange.
U. s., h.-w., chequered with yellowish
green. IV e—Ve.
Larva green, a whitish stripe on
each side (Dup.). On Cardamine
= impatiens, Turritis glabra and other
Crucifere. VII. Common every-
where.

Genus 7. LEUCOPHASIA.

Antenne not long, slender; wings white; fore-wings rounded

at the tip, very slender at the base; abdomen very slender, pro-
jecting beyond the hind-wings.

L. Srvapis (Wood White). 1 5’” to 17’. White, spot-

less. F.-w.—Tip blackish.
U. s., h.-w, clouded. with
blackish. V and VIII.
Larva green, with a yel-
low stripe on each side
(Boisdv.). On Vicia cracca,
Lotus, Lathyrus, Orobus,
&e. WI and IX. Local,
frequenting woods near Bl,
Ly. t! Pr..! PISS! Tent}
Wa. Wr.!—also at Dursley, Gloucestershire, and Monk’s
Wood, Hunts.
 21

Family Il. NYMPHALIDZ.

Imago with only four legs fitted for walking (the first pair
being rudimentary); larva elongate, cylindrical, spiny or with
two horns at the head, or a forked tail; pupa suspended by the
tail, with no belt of silk round the body.
Divisible into four Subfamilies, thus :—

Subfamily 1. Saryrip1. Wings rounded, with white-centred

black spots on the under side or on both sides.
Subfamily 2. Nympuaxipr1. Wings rounded, or hind-margin
of fore-wings concave; a pale band on the middle of the
hind-wings.
Subfamily 3. Vanussrpr. Wings with angular projections,
or at least with a projection in the hind-margin of fore-
, wings.
Subfamily 4. Arcynyrpr. Wings rounded, or hind-margin
of fore-wings concaye, tawny spotted with black.
genera,
Of the first Subfamily, the Saryrrp1, we have five
DI,
comprehending eleven species ; of the second, the NyMPHALI
;of the
we have but two genera, each containing a single species
ising seven
third, the Vanrssrp1, we have three genera, compr
genera,
species; and of the last, the ARGYNNIDI, we have two
D/ com-
including eight species. Thus the family NyMPHALI
half of
prises twelve genera and twenty-eight species, nearly the
the British butterflies.
generally be
The Saryrrpr are not strong flyers, and may
but the NyMpHALIDI and Va-
caught without much trouble;
amongst
NESSIDI are the most powerful flyers that we have
lofty trees;
the butterflies, and frequently soar over the tops of
selects for his resi-
indeed, Apatura Iris (the Purple Emperor)
the humble
dence the topmost spray of a lofty oak, disdaining ,
the larva state
sallow in its neighbourhood, on which, when in
nd to alight on
he had fed, though sometimes he will condesce
to catch
a muddy spot to quench his thirst: then is the time
him.
 22

Of the Arnayynip1 the larger species are tolerably strong on

the wing, but may be caught, by proceeding with due caution,
whilst they ave sipping nectar from some thistle or bramble-
blossom.

Of this Family the first that greet us in the spring are

the hybernating Vanesse, Io, Polychloros and Urtice (which
we find in lanes, in gardens, and not unfrequently in houses);
and even Antiopa, when it does appear, may be found in April.
The end of April Lasiommata Algeria emerges from the pupa,
frequenting woods, or lanes near woods. The following month
Lasiommata Megera appears,.and may be found in lanes
throughout the country. Towards the end of May open places
in woods, then flowery with blue-bells, bugles and violets,
should be visited for Argynnis Euphrosyne, which’ a fortnight
later is joined by his neighbour, Selene. Before the end of
June Hipparchia Janira and Cenonympha Pamphilus may
be found in every field, and continue to attract our attention
till late in August: these two butterflies are of universal dis-
tribution. The three Melitee, Cinwia, Athalia and Artemis,
should now be sought in their respective localities. In July
Arge Galathea should be looked for in its known localities,
and the second brood of Alyeria appears in woods; Hipparchia
Tithonus and Hyperanthus will be found pretty generally
distributed in lanes and woody places; Hrebia Cassiope
will
be found in its mountain haunts, and Cenonympha Davus
on
northern moors. But the greatest prizes of this month
must
be sought for in woods in the South, where Limenitis
Sibilla
and Apatura Iris are oftener seen than caught.
Vanessa To
will be found both in lanes and in gardens,
where it likes to
sun itself on the China Aster, in company
with the more
 23

abundant V. Urtice. V. Polychloros, though emerging from

the pupa at the end of July, is very rarely seen till after hyber-
nation. In the localities where Grapta C-album occurs, now is
the time to look for it; in fact, the entomologist is now in a
plethora of riches; for simultaneously appear the three larger
Argynnes—Paphia, Aglaia and Adippe ; and the first sight of
any of these is apt to unnerve the tyro, who strikes at random,
and frequently misses the object of his admiration. In August
appears the second brood of Lasiommata Megara, and Hip-
parchia Semele, though local, is now abundant; Blandina will
tempt the collector to Scotland, a worthier object of pursuit
than grouse. At this time, in certain seasons (for its appearance
is most uncertain), Cynthia Cardui is to be met with in clover-
fields and waste places; and Vanessa Atalanta begins to join
its congeners at sucking sweets from the flowers and fruits of
our gardens. Now, too, is the time for Antiopa to appear; but
those who see it will be lucky. The second brood of Argynnis
Lathonia, which is the only one usually found in this country,
may now be met with in woods, or lanes near woods, in the
South; and a few straggling specimens of a second brood of
A. Selene and Euphrosyne are also now occasionally to be met
with on the wing. When September sets in, the great harvest
of the collector for this Family is over : the Lasiommate, Aigeria
and Megera, and Cynthia Cardui, and the Vanesse, still con-
tinue in their respective haunts ;and perhaps a chance Lathonia
may yet redeem the day's excursion from being “ flat, stale
and unprofitable.” In October may yet be found stragglers of
To, Urtice and Atalanta, the latter especially appearing loath
to leave us, and sitting on the flowers of the dahlias, and
frequenting the ivy when in bloom.
 24

Any collector may reckon upon meeting with Aigeria,

Megara, Janira, Tithonus, Pamphilus, Io, Atalanta, Urtice,
the first season he looks after them; and by visiting woods
in the South, at the right time of year, he may calculate with
some certainty on finding Paphia, Aglaia, Adippe, Selene and
Euphrosyne; probably also Hyperanthus. Cardui and Poly-
chloros ave commoner in some seasons than others, and are not
always to be found. Galathea, Semele, Cinavia, Athalia and
Artemis are local species, and, though when found generally
abundant, one may collect for years without meeting with them.
Sibilla, Iris and O-albwm also their favourite resorts,
have
where they may be found not uncommonly, but are not of
general distribution. Blandina, Cassiope and Davus are all
exclusively northern species, and need not be looked’ for at
all in the South. Blandina and Davus are common in many
localities, and those who take them will probably be glad to
exchange with collectors in the South for Galathea, Sibilla,
Cinwia and Athalia. Cassiope is a scarcer insect, and, though
found in several parts of the Lake District and in the North of
Perthshire, is rarely taken in abundance. The collector may
thus in a few years obtain all the NympHaipm, except the
two rare species, Antiopa and Lathonia; and, though the
latter seems to occur pretty generally throughout the South
of England, though sparingly, and the former is scattered all
over the country, it may be many years before the collector
has the good fortune to meet with either of them.
 25

Subfamily I. Saryripr.

Contains five genera, thus divided :—

A. Wings black and white. Genus 1. ARGE.

AA. Wings not black and white.
B. Eyes hairy. Genus 2. Lastommata.
BB. Eyes naked. Genera 8, 4 and 5. Hrpparcuta, Ere-
BIA and CanonympHa. ‘This latter genus is distin-
guished from all, excepting Erebia Cassiope, by the
undenticulated hind-wings.

As the family resemblance of the Satyripr is rather strong,

I give here a table of all the species.
Galathea, I presume, is sufficiently distinguished by its
black and white colour; the remainder, thus :—

A. Fore-wings with-one black spot, with one white centre.

B. Hind-wings with three or four white-centred black spots.
C. Wings dark brown, with cream-coloured spots. L.
Aageria.
CC. Wings tawny, with brown markings. L. Megera.
BB. Hind-wings with no white-centred black spots. H.
Janira.
AA. Fore-wings with one black spot, with two white centres.
H. Tithonus.
AAA. Fore-wings with one black spot, with no white centre.
C. Pamphilus and many specimens of C. Davus,
though this latter is very variable, and frequently
has two to four black spots.
AAAA. Fore-wings with two black spots, with white centres.
D. Hind-wings with one white-centred black spot. H.
Semele.
DD. Hind-wings with two white-centred black spots.
H. Hyperanthus. This latter, however, is an
exceedingly variable species in the number and
distinctness of the spots, and is best recognized
by its dark black-brown colour.
D
 26

AAAAA. Fore-wings with three (or four) black spots, with

white centres, the two upper spots united. E.
Blandina.
AAAAAA. Fore-wings with four black spots, with no white
centres. EH. Cassiope.

The larvee of all the species feed on grasses, and have a

short forked tail, by which they may be at once recognized.

Genus 1. ARGE.

Eyes naked; antenne rather thick, with a long club;

wings black and white; hind-wings denticulated.

A. GataTtHEA (Marbled White). 2/”—2” 2’”. Creamy

white marbled with black, as much black as white; hind-mar-
; gins black, with a row
of whitish spots; fringes
» black and white. U. s.—
F.-w. near the apex with
1, h.-w. near the hind-
margin with 6, white-
centred black spots in
‘i white rings. VII m—
Nena VIII m.
Larva green, with two yellowish lines on each side; head
and bifid tail reddish (Dup.) On Timothy-grass (Phleum pra-
tense).
Very local. Meadows. Be.! BI.!! Brg.!! Ct.!! Do. Ep.!
Ha, K.!! Lw. Ly.! Pt. Pl. Te.! Wr. Y.! Dursley.

Genus 2. LasIoMMATA.
Eyes hairy ; antenne slender, with the club long or short ;
hind-wings more or less denticulated (much more so in A¥ge-
ria than in Megera).
Independently of the difference of ground-colour, the two
species may be readily distinguished by the under side of
hind-wings, which in Megera have 6—7 distinct white-centred
black spots, whereas in Avgeria there only a few dull whitish
spots, not surrounded with black.
 L. Aicerta (Speckled Wood). 1’ 8’”—2”. Brown, with
yellowish spots towards hind-
margins, which are brown. ,
F.-w. with 1, h-w. with 3, %
white-centred black spots in
yellowish spots. IV m—
Vm; VII and VIII.
Larva dull green, with a
rather broad whitish stripe
on each side (Sepp.) On 2
Triticum repens (couch-grass) and other grasses. WI and X.
Common everywhere in woods and shady lanes.
L. Mrezra (Wall), 1 9/”—2”. Fulvous, with rich
dark brown markings. F.-w. with a white-centred black spot
near the tip. H.-w. with three white-centred black spots near
the hind-margin, and an indistinct fourth at the anal angle.
V, VIII and [X.
Larva green, with three very a int pale dorsal lines, and a
more distinct pale line on each side. On various grasses. IV
and VII.
Common everywhere in lanes and hedgerows.

Genus 3. HrpparcHtIA.

Eyes naked; antenne slender, with the club long or short;

hind-wings more or less denticulated; subcostal and medial
nervures of fore-wings much dilated at the base.

The four species may be thus recognized :—

A. Under side of fore-wing tawny margined with brown.

B. Two white-centred black spots in fore-wing. H. Semele,
BB. One white-centred black spot in fore-wing.
C. The spot with one white centre. H. Janira.
CC. The spot with two white centres. H. Tithonus.
AA. Under side of fore-wings entirely brown, without any
tawny mixture. H. Hyperanthus.

D2
 28

a rayling). 2” 1/”—2” 9’. Dull brown.

aa scone Grape F.-w.—2 black spots,
with indistinct white
centres in the pale
part beyond the mid-
dle ;_ hin d
- margin
brown. H.-w.—1
whi -te
centred black
spot in the paler part
beyond the middle.
it VIT m—IX b.
Larva, upper part dull flesh-colour, with three dull greyish
green stripes; beneath dull greenish; with a dark lateral line
(Dup.) On various grasses. Y.
Local. On dry banks and rocky places. _Be.! Bi.!! BI. !!
Brg.! Bre.!! Da! Ed.) Bx! Geld! TD. tiwely Tiget
Ph.!! Sh.! Te..!! Tro! Wi. ! Wr.
H. Janrra (Meadow Brown). 17 9’’—1” 11’”, Dull
brown. F'-w.—A white-centred black spot near the tip, in a
fulvous ring in 3\, in a large central fulvous patch in 9. Vie
—VIlle.
Larva pale apple-green, with a white stripe on each side
(Dup.) On smooth-stalked meadow-grass (Poa pratensis) and
other grasses. V.
Abundant everywhere.
H. Trrnonus. 17 4’”—1” 7’, Brown, with a large cen-
tral fulvous patch in each wing. F'-w.—A black spot contain-
ing two white dots near the tip; & with ( without) a clouded
brown mark extending from the middle of the inner margin to-
wards the spot. H.-w.—@ a white-centred black spot near the
anal angle. VII and VIII.
_ Larva greenish or grey, with a dark dorsal line and two pale
lines on each side; head reddish (Sepp.) On annual meadow-
grass (Poa annua). VI.
Abundant in the South and midland counties of England;
common in the L.D.; but not occurring in Scotland.
H. Hyprrantuus (Ringlet) 91/7 7/”’—1 10”, Smoky
brown, with white-centred black spots, each in a pale tawny ring,
 29

indistinct in ¢, distinct in 9. F.-w., 1 to 8 spots; h.-w.,

2 spots. U.s. tawny brown, with very distinct white-centred
black spots, each in a tawny ring; f.-w., 2 or 3 spots, the third
having no white centre; h.-w., 5 spots. WI e—VIle.
Larva greenish grey, with a darker dorsal line, and two
paler lines on each side (Sepp.) On common millet-grass
(Milium effuswm) and annual meadow-grass (Poa annua). VI.
Common in woods and thickets. Generally distributed.

Genus 4. EREBIA.

Eyes naked; antenne slender, with the club rather long;

hind-wings slightly denticulated (as in Blandina) or rounded
(as in Cassiope); only the subcostal nervure of fore-wings much
dilated at base.
The species of this genus are also distinguished by the dark
brown-black colour of the wings, with reddish bands containing
black spots towards the hind-margims. They frequent moun-
tainous districts.
New species of British butterflies are more likely to occur in
this genus than in any other.
BE. Buanpina. 17 10’7—17 11”. Rich dark brown, with
a reddish patch near the
hind-margin of each wing,
and in tt generally three
white-centred black spots.
F.-w.—Upper pair of spots
united. Fringe sometimes
varied with pale grey, NE-
VER WITH wHITH. VIIm
—VIII m.
Larva “light green, with brown and white longitudinal
stripes; head reddish ” (Duncan). Foop UNKNOWN. _ s
Only in the North. Kendal. Colne. Wharfdale, in York-
shire. Castle Eden Dene. Arran, and other localities in
Scotland.
EB. Casstope. 17” 3’’—1”" 6”. Brown, with about 4
small black dots in a reddish fulvous patch, or each in a reddish
D3
 30

fulvous ring near the hind-margin of each wing. Number of

spots variable. VI.
Larva UNKNOWN.
Only in the North. In the L.D. at Styhead Tarn, Borrow-
dale, Langdale Pikes, &.; always at a great elevation in
marshy hollows on the mountain-sides. Rannoch, Perth-
shire.

Before it can be assumed that the total number of butterflies

occurring in Britain is fully known, more search must be made
for the species of the genus Errsia. Boisduval enumerates no
less than seventeen species occurring among the Alps, and three
species from Lapland. Now, till every part of our Welsh,
Scotch and Irish mountain districts has been fully explored,
who can say that none of these occur with us? Many of these
insects are excessively local; and there must be many a moun-
tain-side where the foot of an entomologist has never trod; or,
even if an entomologist may have been there, it was probably
at the wrong time of the year, perhaps in May or June;
whereas the undetected new British species was then either a
busily feeding larva or a quiescent pupa. Hntomologists
must be developed from those living among the mountains;
those who are on the spot have many opportunities denied to
the occasional tourist. Many a hill-side has had its botanical
treasures catalogued by a resident: cannot the same observer,
whose catalogue of plants being complete,—
“Othello’s occupation’s gone,”

—cannot he, I say, turn his attention to Entomology, and so

enable us to know the extent of our native riches ?
The search for undetected species is not by any means a
wild-goose chase. Cassiope was not always as common an insect
 31

as it is at the present day; and the following passage in

Stephens’ ‘ Illustrations,’ published in 1827, will be read with
considerable interest, as showing how long that insect was, from
its rarity, but a reputed British species :—‘ Described by My.
Haworth, about fifteen years since, from specimens in the col-
lection of the late Mr. Francillon, to whom they were presented
by T. Stothard, Esq., R.A., their captor and reputed discoverer
of the insect in Britain; but, however, a single specimen was
previously obtained by Dr. Leach from the cabinet of the late
Dr. Lettsom, which was said by the latter to have been taken
in Cumberland. From the circumstance of so many years
having ‘rolled on’ without other specimens of the insect occur-
ring, its native origin began to be questioned ;but the past sea-
son has undeniably set the question at rest, through the instru-
mentality and industry of Mr. Dale, who was furnished with its
locality from Mr. Stothard, and, accompanied by Mr. Curtis,
procured many specimens of the male from the grassy sides of
the mountains in the vicinity of Ambleside. The discovery of
the female is, however, due to an indefatigable collector—and
of
one who disposes of the insects he collects—Mr. Weaver,
locali-
Birmingham, who found several of each sex, in different
during
ties in the counties of Westmoreland and Cumberland,
the month of July.”
of Hu-
It is by learning the habits and times of appearance
ing for
ropean species likely to be found here, and by then seek
to
“~
of new Brit ish insec ts are most sure ly
them, that discoveries
e to many
be made. This is the plan lately adopted in referenc
ld not
of the small moths; and no reason exists why it shou
the larger
meet with a fair amount of success if applied to
moths, or even to the butterflies.
 32

Ligea may occur in the Isle of Arran; but why do not the
entomologists who reside there seek for it ?

Genus 5. Ca@NONYMPHA.

Eyes naked; antenne slender, with rather long club;

hind-wings rounded, not denticulated ; subcostal, medial and
subdorsal nervures of fore-wings much dilated at the base.
The two species have a family resemblance, but are distin-
guished readily by size; and Davus, which is an excessively
variable species (some of the Scotch specimens being quite as
pale as Pamphilus), may be always recognized with certainty
by the distinct white-centred black spots in tawny rings on the
under side of hind-wings. ~

C. Davus 1” 4’”—1” 6”’. Varying from brown to pale

tawny, with more or less distinet black spots in tawny rings,
F.-w., 1 spot near the tip;
h.-w., 3 or 4 spots towards the
hind-margin. U.s. darker,
with DISTINCT WHITE-CENTRED
BLACK SPOTS IN PALE TAWNY
RINGS, and with pale band-like
markings across the centre of
each. Ew. somewhat ful-
vous, with 1 to 4 spots; h.-w. somewhat ashy, with 6 or 7
spots. VI and VII.
Larva unknown.
Only in the North. On moors and mosses. Chartley Park,
near Uttoxeter. Chatmoss, near Manchester. Thorne Moor
and Hatfield Chase, in Yorkshire. Pr. L.D. Pentland Hills,
and other Scotch localities,

+ C. Pamrnitus (Small Heath), 1 1’”—1” 3”, Tawny

shading into brown at the margins. ’.-w.—A more or less
distinct blackish spot near the tip. U.s—F.-w. tawny, ashy
grey at the hind-margin and at the tip, where is a white-centred
black spot in a pale tawny ring; h.-w. ashy grey, brownish at
 33

base, a central whitish band, and then a narrow brown band,

in which are 3 to 6 white dots. VI—IX.
Larva fine apple-green, with 3 deep green stripes bordered
with whitish, the dorsal one being the largest; head and un-
det side yellowish green; anal points reddish (Dup.) On
annual meadow-grass (Poa annua), crested dog’s-tail-grass
(Cynosurus cristatus), &e. W—VIII.
Common everywhere.

Subfamily IT, Nympwaipt.

Contains two genera, the most striking characters of which
are furnished by the larve, which in Lrwenrrs are furnished
with numerous spines, whereas in ApATuRA they are smooth
and attenuated towards the tail.
Apatura may be distinguished from Liwenrris by the ocel-
lated spot on the hind-wings of the perfect insect.

Genus 6. LimMeEntITIs.

Antenne with a long slender club; wings denticulate ; hind-

wings with no ocellated spot.
Contains but one British species, of which the spiny larva
feeds on honeysuckle.

L, Srpriza (White Admiral). 2” 1/”’—2/7 5”. Blackish

wings,
brown, with a broad white band crossing the centre of the
 34

interrupted in the middle of the f-w. F.-w.—1 whitish spot:

between the base and the band, 2 on the costa near the tip,
and 1 on the hind-margin. U.s.—H.-w. silvery blue at the
base and inner margin. VI e—VIle. ’
Larva pale green, with a lateral white stripe on the last 7
segments; long, ferruginous, branched spines on the 8rd, 4th,
6th, 11th and 12th segments; short spines on the 7th to 10th;
two rows of short spmes on each side; BELLY GREEN (Dup.)
On Lonicera periclymenum (honeysuckle). V e.
Woods in the South. Ep. Ly.!! Wr. Tn. Beer Regis, Col-
chester, and Black Park.

Genus_.7. APATURA.
Antenne rather thick, with distinct moderately long club;
body robust ;hind-wings with an ocellated spot.
We have but one species, of which the smooth larva, very
stout in the middle and much attenuated towards the tail, has
often been compared to a green slug.

A. Irts (Purple Emperor), 2” 6/”’—8” 8’. Blachish

brown; 8 with, 2 without, a rich purplish blue gloss ; a broad
 35

white band crossing the middle of the h.-w. and extending into
the middle of the f-w. F.-w.—5 white spots in a curve from
the costa to the anal angle, and 8 near the tip. H.-w.—Anal
angle fulvous, and near it a black spot in a fulvous ring. VII.
Larva pale green, with oblique yellow lines and a yellow
stripe on each side; head with two green tentacle-like horns
(Dup.) On poplars and sallows. VI b and m.
Woods in the South, on the tops of oaks, Brg. Kp.! Le.
Ly. Pm.! St. Tn. Monkswood, Hunts. Clapham Park
Wood, Beds. Lincoln. Bourne; also near Ticehurst, Sussex.

The desire to possess Apatura Iris is one common to all col-

lectors of butterflies ;and when seen on the wing the desire to
catch instantly seizes the collector. The recipe usually given
is, to use a ring-net on the end of a pole thirty or forty feet
long. No doubt one might, by constant practice, learn to
handle such a net with great dexterity; but at best it is a
cumbersome, awkward weapon; and a wiser plan is, to watch
for opportunities of taking the Purple Emperor when he
descends from his throne.
~ All monarchs have their moments of relaxation; and I have
heard of Iris being ignominiously taken on the ground, feast-
ing beneath a gooseberry-bush, on fallen gooseberries. He
evidently had a penchant for home-made gooseberry wine, per-
haps esteeming it better than champagne. Muddy places
are also known as another resort of his majesty; and a
clever French entomologist, who, unfortunately for science,
died young (M. Pierret), says, “Il se repose sur les matiéres
excrémentielles;” and, however we may regret such coarse
taste in so lordly an insect, yet, if the fact be so, we do well
to profit by the knowledge of it to enrich our collections.
An entomologist once took shelter from a heavy shower under
 36

an oak-tree in Knowle Park, near Sevenoaks: the result was

that he found two specimens of Iris, at rest, on the lower part
of the trunk; and it might not be a bad speculation to profit
by wet and dull days during the season, by looking in such
places of repose.
Iris may probably, however, best be obtained by rearing it
from the larva; and those who wish to obtain fine specimens
should carefully search on the sallows in the localities which
are known to be frequented by the perfect insect.

Subfamily
III. Vanessrpr.
Contains three genera, best distinguished by the form of the
fore-wings, thus :—

A. With the projection in hind-margin of fore-wings hardly

perceptible. Genus 8. CYNTHIA.
AA. With the projection in hind-margin distinct.
B. Inner margin of fore-wings nearly straight. Genus 9
VANESSA.
BB. Inner margin of fore-wings deeply emarginate. Genu:
10. Grapra.

All the larve are spiny, but the larva of Grapra is distin
ie from the others by the tubercular processes on th
ead.

Genus 8. CYNTHIA.
_ Antenne with a short club; fore-wings with a slight projec
tion in hind-margin above the middle.
Larva spiny, solitary.
_ We have but one species in this genus, which appear
o'r: in no single locality do I find that it is a regula
visitor.
 C. Carpur (Painted. Lady). 2’ 5’’—2” 8”. Pale orange
red, spotted and mottled with black, bases blackish. /’.-w.—
Tip black, with 1 large and 4 small white spots. U. s.—F.-w.
ashy grey, reddish towards the base, with blackish and whitish
markings. H.-w. ashy grey, lined with whitish, and haying
4 many-coloured spots, each in a dark-outlined yellowish ring.
III h—V h, VI e—IX.
Larva brown, with 4 yellow lines (2 dorsal and 2 lateral);
8rd and 4th segments with 4 spines; 5th to 11th, 7 spines;
12th, 4 spines; 13th, 2 spines (Dup.). On thistles (Carduus
nutans, C. acanthoides and C. lanceolatus). WI—VII.
Generally distributed, but uncertain in appearance. Some
years very abundant.

Genus 9. VANESSA.
a
Antenne with the club rather prolonged ; fore-wings with
nner
distinct projection in the hind-margin above the middle;
in.
margin nearly straight; hind-wings with a short projection
hind-margin (except in Atalanta). e,
Larvee spiny, solitary (Atalanta) or gregarious (Io, UrticLo,
Antiopa and Polychloros), feeding on nettles (Atalanta,
Urtica), willows (Antiopa), or elms (Polychloros). All the
Species are single-brooded, except Urtica, of which there ap-
er. All
pears to be a succession of broods during the summ
the
the species hybernate, and reappear on sunny days in
E
 38

spring; but Atalanta is less frequently seen in the spring than

any of the others.

The five species may be thus distinguished :—

A. Wings black, with red bands. V. Atalanta.
AA. Wings deep dull red, each with a large many-coloured
eye-like spot. V. Io. ; :
AAA, Wings purplish chocolate, with white hind-margins.
V. Antiopa.
AAAA. Wings reddish orange, with black spots.
B. No white spot on costa of fore-wings. V. Polychloros.
BB. A white spot on costa of fore-wings near the tip.
V. Urtica.
\_V: Avananra (Red Admiral). ~ 2 7’”’—2/ 10’, Black.
F-w., 1 large and 5 small white spots near the tip, and a
broad deep red central band; h.-w., a brood deep red band at
the hind-margin, and 4 black spots in it; 1 large blue and
black spot at the anal angle. VIII—X b.
Larva yellowish grey, with a pale yellow lateral line; 3rd and
4th segments with 4 spines; 5th to 12th, 7 spines,— between
the 2nd and 3rd row of spines is a row of black V-like marks
:
head and legs black: prolegs reddish. On Urtica dioica
(nettle). VI—VIL.
Common everywhere.
# _V.To (Peacock). 2” 62" 9”. Dull deep red: hind-
margins brown. F’.-w., 1 small and 1 large blac
k costal mark,
beyond which is a large eye-like spot variously
coloured with
yellow, black, red, bluish lilac, rosy and white;
h.-w., a large
black eye-like spot shaded with bluish lilac,
plac
brown ring near the outer angle. IIT h—V h, ed in a pale
VII—Ix, ©
Larva black, with numerous white dots; 8rd
ments with 2 spines;
and 4th seg-
5th, 4 spines; 6th
13th, 2 short spmes. On Urtica dioica (net to 12th, 6 spines ;
tle). WI—VII.
Common in England; scarce in Scotland.

V. Aytiopa (Camberwell Beauty). 2” 10’.

chocolate, with broad whitish hind-margins Purplish
, adjoining which is
 39

a broad black band, containing 6 or 7 blue spots to each wing.

F.-w., 2 whitish costal spots beyond the middle. II h—V h,
VII—x.
Larva black dotted with white, with numerous spines, and a
large red spot on the 4th to 11th segments, each spot intersected
by the black dorsal line (Hub.). On Salix alba (willow), &.
VI—VU.
Occurs occasionally at Be. Brs. Bu. Cr. Ep. K. L.D. Le. M.
Pr. Ko bt. Wt. We. Y.
This insect is extremely irregular in its appearance, and has
hardly been seen since 1847.
V. Porycntoros (Large Tortoise-shell). 2” 6’”—2” 8”.
Deep ruxvous, with a broad dark border. F-w., 3 large
black spots on costa, 2 smaller in the centre, and 2 near the
inner margin; h.-w., a large black spot on costa, and flat blue
erescents in the dark margin. LT h—Vh, VI e—VIlle.
Larva tawny, with numerous spines and a broad blackish
lateral stripe (Sepp.). Onelm. VI e—VIL.
Occurs in the South, but not generally common. Be. BI.
Brs. Bu. Do.! Ep.! Hu. K. Law. Le. Ly.!! M. Pm.! Pt. Fr
He on ot! Te. To} Wa. Wi. Wr. Y.

2’7 1” fO!7 Of... BED

‘é_ V. Urnricu (Small Tortoise-shell).
DISH ORANGE, with a dark border, in which are semicircular,
,
erescentic, blue spots. F.-w., 3 large black spots on the costa
and
2 small in the centre, and 1 large on wmner margin,—
E 2
 40,

beyond the 3rd costal spot a WHITE spot; h.-w., basal half black.
If h—V h, VI—IX. :
Larva yellowish grey, with a black dorsal Ime and a broad
brownish lateral stripe, beneath which is a yellowish line; 3rd
and 4th segments with 4 spines; 5th to 12th, 7 spines; pro-
legs yellowish grey. On Urtica dioica (nettle). VI b—
Vill e.
Abundant everywhere.

Genus 10. GRaApTaA.

Fore-wings with a distinct projection in the hind-margin
above the middle; iner margin deeply emarginate; hind-
wings with a long projection in hind-margin,
Larva spiny, with two tubercular processes on the head.
G. C-arpum (Comma). 1” 11’’—2” 4’”. Deep fulvous,
with narrow dark brown margins,
with black and brown spots.
U. s., dusky brown; h. w., a cen-
tral white C-like mark. TV h—
V bh, VU—VIIL.
Larva pale fulvous; 7th to
13th segments whitish on the
back; head and 2nd segment
black; head with two short ear-
like projections (Dup.). On elm,
currant, sloe, hop and nettle,
VI—VIL.
Not in the eastern, metropolitan
and south-eastern counties, nor in
Scotland. Brs. Bu. Ct. Da.! Do. L.D.' Le. M. Pt. Se.! Sh.
Wa. Wr.! Y.! Gloucester. Carlisle. This has disappea
red
from many places where it was formerly abundant. All the old
writers record it as being “abundant near London,” and
many
entomologists now living can remember that, when they were
young, such was the case.
 41

Subfamily TV. Areynnipt.

Contains but two genera, thus distinguished :—

A. Under side of hind-wings with silvery streaks or spots.
Genus 11. ArGyNnIs.
AA. Under side of hind-wings with no silvery streaks or spots.
Genus 12. Metirma.
Larve spiny, or with fleshy tubercles furnished with spines.

Genus 11. ARGYNNIS.

Antenne with a short broad club; wings tawny, with longi-

tudinal black streaks and spots; fore-wings with the hind-
margin rounded or slightly concave; hind-wings beneath with
silvery streaks or spots.
Larve spiny (the spines long or short), feeding on different
species of violets in woods.

Of the six species, which may be distinguished as follows,

the first three are only single-brooded, but the three latter
appear double-brooded.
A. Under side of hind-wings with silver streaks. A. Paphia.
AA. Under side of hind-wings with silver spots.
B. Expansion of the wings above 2 inches.
C. Under side of fore-wings with no silver spots.
A. Adippe.
CC. Under side of fore-wings with silver spots near the
tip. A. Aglaia and A. Lathonia,
BB. Expansion of the wings under 2 inches. A, Selene
and A. Huphrosyne.

A. Paputa. 2” 6/”/—2" 11". Fulvous, with black stripes.

and spots. U. s.—H.-w. greenish, with a silvery hind-margin,
and 1 long and 2 short silvery BANDS. VU—VIU.
Larva black, with 2 slender sulphur lines down the back,
and several ochreous streaks on the sides; numerous spines,
2 long ones projecting over the head (Freyer). On Viola
canina (dog violet). Ve—VIb. ‘
E
 42
Generally distributed in woods in the South; also in Da.!
Hu. 8e.! Y.!
A lovely insect when fresh from the chrysalis.
A. Aprppe. 2” 1’”— 2” 3’", Fulvous, spotted with black.
U. s.—F.-w. WITHOUT silvery spots;
h.-w. greenish, with about 20 silvery
spots; the silver on the marginal
spots indistinct; between the mar-
ginal and central rows is a row of
small dull red spots, with blue
centres. VII.
Larva reddish grey, with black
dorsal spots on the 4th to 12th
segménts, and a white uninterrupted
dorsal line; numerous spines (Dup.)
On Viola odorata (violet) and JV. tri-
color (wild heartsease). V e—
VI b.
Woods and heaths. Bl. Brg. Brs. Ct. Do. Ep. Lw. Ly. !
Piet. obit. re. tyY<
A. Acuata, 2” 3/2” 6’, Fulvous, spotted with black.
U. s.—F.-w. with marginal silvery spots towards the tip;
h.-w. greenish, with about 20 distinct silvery spots. VII.
Larva blackish, with 2 pale yellow dorsal lines, and reddish
lateral spots on the 5th to 12th segments; numerous spines,
2 at the head, short and projecting over (Dup.). On Viola
canina (dog violet). V e—VI b.
Woods and heaths. BL! Brg.!! Brs.! Bu.! Or. Ct. Da.!
G.! I! L.D. Lw. Le.!! Ly. Pl. Sc.! Sh. St.! Te.! Wt.! Y.!
A. Larnonta. 2”—2’1/", Fulvous, spotted with black.
U. s.—H.-w. yellowish, with a marginal row of 7 silvery spots,
near which is a row of 7 dark brown spots, each with a silvery
dot in the centre; towards the base are 7 large brilliant silvery
spots. VI and IX.
Larva brownish, with whitish dorsal line and ochreous
lateral line; spines, prolegs and head pale tawny (Sepp.) On
Viola tricolor (wild heartsease). VIII b and ——?
 43

Occasionally found in the South. Exeter. Colchester.

Shoreham, in Kent. Harleston, near Norwich. Lavenham.
Eastbourne. Dover. Bristol. Peterborough.
A. Sevens. 17 7/7”—1” 10”. Fulvous, spotted with
black. U.s.—H.-w. straw-colour marbled with brown, MORE
THAN ONE large central silvery spot, and a row of small black
spots towards hind-margin. VI and s. VIII.
Larva black; spines paler; prolegs red (Dup.) On Viola
canina (dog violet), VI and IX.
Woods and thickets. Bl.! Brg.!! Brs. Cr.! Do. Ep.!! Ex.!
G. Ha.! L.D.! Lw.! Le. Ly.!! M. Pm. Pl. !! Bae R. Se.
Sh.! St.! Te.!! Tn. Wr.!! Wt.! Y.! Sutton, near Birming-
ham. Pentland Hills.
A. Eupurosye. 1” 8’’—1”" 10’. Fulvous, spotted with
black. U.s—H.-w. straw-colour marbled with reddish orange,
and wiTH oNE large central silvery spot. Ve, VI ands VIII.
Larva black, with a white lateral line, and 2 white dorsal
lines approaching each other on each segment; prolegs red
(Dup.) On Viola canina (dog violet). VI and IX.
Woods and thickets. Be. BI.!! Brg.!! Brs. Bu.! Cr.! Ct.!
Do. Ep.!! Ex.!! G.! Ha.! L.D.! Tw! Gael by MO
PilaPes!: Pl ll -Pri!:Se. Sh.) St.) Teo! To! Wat! Wis!
Wr.! Wt.! Y.! Near Richmond, in Yorkshire.

Genus 12. Merrit.

Antenne with a moderately long club; wings tawny, with

transverse black bands, and longitudinal black streaks; fore-
wings with the hind-margin rounded ; hind-wings beneath straw-
~ colour or yellowish, with darker margins, but with no silvery
ots.
i Larve with fleshy tubercles, furnished with spines; feeding
on plantain and scabious. They emerge from the egg in
autumn, live through the winter without eating, and become
full-fed early in spring.
ar on
The three species, which at first sight seem very simil
n
the upper side, may be readily distinguished by an examinatio
of the under side of the hind-wings, thus :—
 44

A. Under side of hind-wings pale straw-colour, with several

rows of black spots. M. Cinaia,
AA, Under side of hind-wings straw-colour, with several rows
of short black lines. M. Athalia.
AAA. Under side of hind-wings yellowish, with orange bands,
with one row of black spots near the hind-margin.
M. Artemis.

M. CINxTA. 1” 9’’—1” 11’. Deep fulvous, tessellated

with brownish black. U. s.—H.-w. pale straw
colour, with two fulvous bands edged with-
black, and with sEVERAL Rows of small black
spots. VI.
Larva black, with 3 or 4 transverse rows of
white dots on each segment; spines black;
head and prolegs tawny (Dup.) On plantain
(Plantago lanceolata). V.
yinaake in some localities in the Isle of Wight, especially
near Sandown. Pt. St. and Falkland, in Fifeshire.
The extremely local character of the species of this genus
renders the following account of the habits of Cinaia (quoted
from the Rev. J. F. Dawson’s communication to the ‘ Zoologist,»
1486, p. 1271) additionally interesting :—
‘As this Fritillary is rare in almost every part of the king-
dom, some account of its favourite haunts and habits may not
prove uninteresting. It cannot be accounted by any means
common here, being confined to a few localities only, though
where it does occur it is in general to be found in some abun-
dance. It is not to be expected in cultivated districts, but
breeds on steep and broken declivities near the coast, which the
scythe or the plough never as yet have invaded, and in such
spots it may be met with early or later in May, according to the
season. Near Sandown, on the side of the cliff, there is one of
these broken declivities, occasioned by some former land-slip,
 45

covered with herbage, which slopes down to the beach. A path-

way leads tothe base. On the 9th of May, 1844, a hot, sunny
day, each side of this pathway was completely carpeted with a
profusion of the yellow flowers of Anthyllis Vulneraria (var.
maritima) when I visited the spot ; and these flowers were the
resort of an abundance of these Fritillaries, which fluttered
about them or rested on their corollas, expanding and sunning
their wings, and presenting a most charming picture of entomo-
logical loveliness. The great abundance of the narrow-leaved
plantain, which also grows there, affords food for their larvee.
The spring of last year, on the other hand, was so very back-
ward, that on visiting that locality at a date some fortnight
later than the above, so far from either flowers or butterflies
being visible, the larvee were still feeding, and I could discover
but few chrysalides. These latter are found adhering, just
above the surface of the ground, to the knotted stems of the
plantain, which here consists of aged plants, each with but a
few stunted leaves; and occasionally on the under side of large
stones, which have fallen from the cliff; and they are suspended
and partly surrounded in the latter case with a fine web. They
are also generally to be found in pairs. The caterpillars evi-
dently prefer these stunted plants, for at the base of the decli-
vity, where the plantain grows luxuriantly, not one is to be seen.
They are black and spiny, with red head and legs: being
a
hatched in August, they pass the winter in societies, under
kind of tent, formed by a compact web, brought round and over,
the stems of grasses. I have found several of these societies
on the 27th of August, the individuals which composed them
being about a quarter of an inch long, rolled up like little balls.
All these societies occurred at the base of the declivity, where
 46

the herbage grows most luxuriantly ;and when the caterpillars

have attained sufficient strength in the spring, they are invari-
ably seen ascending towards the higher parts of the slope. And
herein I imagine that I recognize a beautiful instance of natu-
ral instinct, both in the butterfly and caterpillar: the former
deposits its eggs low down the declivity, where the young brood
may rest most securely sheltered and least exposed to the win-
try storms; but when the caterpillars are sufficiently advanced
in growth they ascend to the higher parts of the steep, to feed
and undergo their transformations: were the chrysalis formed
below, they would probably have too much moisture and too
little sun; whereas by being formed higher up they have a
sufficiency of both to bring them to maturity.
“This butterfly is single-brooded ; but there is a succession
of them, varying in duration according to the season. The
earliest dates on which I have met with it is May lst, the
latest in July ;but in the latter case the specimens were bred
in captivity. I never remember to have seen it so late in the
state of liberty ; not later indeed than the middle of June here.
They are very difficult to rear from the larve, and those that I
have bred are not only disclosed much later than in the state
of freedom, but are not nearly so fine and perfect. They in
general fly slowly and peacefully, except when alarmed, gliding
gently from flower to flower. I have taken as many as two
dozen without moving from the spot where I stood,
as they
successively visited the stems of the grasses round me.
“This Fritillary was much less plentiful last season
than
heretofore, and in some of its former haunts has
quite disap-
peared. It has many foes: for besides the march of improve-
ment in cultivation which gradually invades its haun
ts, the
 AT

same natural causes which promote its abundance also multi-

ply its enemies. Silpha obscura and tristis destroy the larve ;
and a large ground spider, very numerous in the spots which
it frequents, feeds on the perfect insect; it lies in wait till the
butterfly alights upon the low plants or on the ground, then,
rushing forward, seizes it by the neck, and holds it captive
with such tenacity, that both insects may almost be pulled in
pieces ere it will relax its grasp.”

M. Armanra. 17 6/’—179’". Deep fulvous, tessellated

with brownish black. U.s.—H.-w. straw-colour, varied with.
fulvous and with several angulated black lines, but wirHour
BLAcK spots. VI and VII.
Larva black, with numerous white dots; head and prolegs
black ;spines ferruginous (Dup.) On plantain (Plantago ma-
jor, P. lanceolata), &c. V.
Only in the South. “ Heaths and open places in woods. Ep.
ret St. Te.) Tat!

Mr. Tress Beale gives the following account of the habits of

Athalia in the neighbourhood of Tenterden :—* Chief locality,
Knock Wood. They are generally congregated in one par-
ticular spot—an open heathy place, where the underground is
of about one or two years’ growth. The metropolis is mostly
changed each year; for instance, I could point out four dif-
ferent places which have been occupied during the last four
years. Stragglers are of course to be met with in other parts
of the wood. They are fond of basking in the sun on thistles.
When in the net they generally feign death, close the wings :
and contract the legs.”

M. Artemis. 1” 6/’/—18’". Reddish fulvous, tessellated

with brownish black. U.s.—H.-w. yellowish, with reddish
 48

orange markings, & band of which colour near the hind-margin

contains A ROW OF BLACK Dots in yellowish rings. VI.
Larva black; a lateral band of white dots; head and spines
black; prolegs reddish brown (Dup.) On scabious (Scabiosa
succisa), plantain (Plantago), also, according to Mr. Reading’s
observations, on foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), and germander
(Teucrium Scorodonia). IV.
Moist meadows; local. Bl. Brg.!! Brs.!! Ct.! Hp.! Ex.
G. Ha. K.! Lw. Le. M.! Pt. St. Wi.! Wr. Y.! Carlisle.
Charnwood Forest, near Burton-on-Trent. Weston-super-
Mare.

Family HI. ERYCINIDZ.

Imago of the $ with only four legs fitted for walking, the 9
with six legs; larva short and onisciform, rather hairy; pupa
attached by the tail, and with a belt of silk round the body.
Of this family but one species occurs in Europe; it has in
the perfect state considerable resemblance to the preceding ge-
nus, though much smaller in size; it is not by any means un-
common in open places in woods in the South of England
at the end of May and beginning of June, and appears again,
though more sparingly, in August.

Genus 1. NEMEOBIUS.
Antenne slender, with rather short club; wings tawny, with
darker markings ; fore-wings with the costa and hind-margims
straight, the apex hardly rounded.
Larya short, onisciform.

N. Lucmva, 1” 1/’”"—1” 8/. Blackish brown, with tawny

spots; on both sides a marginal row of
yellowish or tawny spots, each with a
black dot in it. U.s.—H.-w., 1 basal
and 1 central band of white spots.
V e—Vie.
Larva reddish brown, with similar
' tufts of hair; a darker dorsal line and
black spiracles (Dup.) On the common primrose (Primula
vulgaris) and other species. VI and IX.
 49

In woods. Not uncommon in the South: rare in the North.

Bl. Brg. Ct.! Ep. Ha.!! L.D. Lw. By- 120; WP Pease!
Tn. Wi.! Wr. Wt. Bramham Park, near York. Clapham
Park Wood, Beds. Dursley, Gloucestershire.
The larva has never been found in England.

Family IV. LYCAANIDA.

Imago with six legs fitted for walking; larva short, onisci-
form; pupa attached by the tail, and with a belt of silk round
the body. Species mostly of smaller size than any of the two
first E'amilies.

This Family contains three genera, including eighteen

species, rather more than a fourth of our butterflies. They
have all short jerky flights, and many of the species never
rise far from the ground, and are easy of capture: they
frequent woods, meadows, heaths and chalk downs.

The first that greets us in the spring is Polyommatus

Argiolus, not unfrequently observed in gardens in April, but
most certain to be met with where much holly is grown. In
the same mouth Chrysophunus Phie@as appears, and may be
noticed settling on flowers in gardens, fields, lanes, &c, In
the month of May the little Blues begin to appear more
generally, and P. Alewis may be found in fields, lanes and
gardens; LP. Adonis in chalky situations, especially in waste
places, such as old chalk-pits; P. Agestis also frequents the
same localities. Thecla Fubi may be found on heaths and-
in open places in woods, and is very generally distributed.
Many of these May species continue to be met with till June
is far advanced, and at that time P. Alsus appears, but is
more restricted in its localities, though generally in great
F
 50

being
plenty where it does occur: it is an interesting species,
as
the smallest British butterfly. A second brood of C. Phile
also appears in June. July produces three of the Hair
er
Streaks, Thecla Pruni, W-album and Quercus ; the two form
ave, however, excessively local, though the latter is tolerably
generally distributed, frequenting oaks. Late in the month
used to appear the largest of this Family, C. dispar, at one
time found in the fenny parts of Cambridgeshire and Hunts.
Two of the rarest of our Blues, P. Acis and Arion, both local
species, are on the wing in July; P. Avgon is common in
many places on heaths, &c., and Arthur’s Seat is then the
resort of Artaweraes, which may also be found on the grassy
slopes at the foot of several of the Scottish Hills. In August
appears Thecla Betul@, tolerably distributed over the southern
portion of the island, and flitting along in hedges just i
advance of the collector; the second brood of 7. Rubi also
now appears, and later in the month the first specimens of
the last brood of C. Phileas may be observed. Of the Blues,
Artaxerxes, Corydon, Adonis, Alewis and Agestis furnish the
collector with plenty of sport, and stragglers of Artarerswes
may be met with in its particular haunts. In September we
find a great diminution of the species; except for Thecla
Betule (generally then in a tattered state), Chrysophanus
Phileas, Polyommatus Alexis and Agestis, the season is fairly
past. In October the only species to be noticed is C. Phlaas,
which still, on sunny days, loves to sit on the flowers of the
ragwort or scabious, its brilliant colours contrasting with the
flowers on which it sits, and attracting the attention of many
an un-entomological passer-by; more noticed then because so
few other butterflies remain to claim a share of our regards.
 ol

Thecla Quercus and Rubi are both common and generally

distributed, and have only to be looked for in their respective
habitats. Chrysophanus Phileas and Polyommatus Alexis are
so abundant everywhere, that it is hardly necessary to seek for
them. The only other Blue at all of general distribution
is P. Argiolus. By visiting localities where other species
occur (and some of my readers may be so fortunate as to be
themselves residents in such localities), Thecla Betula, Pruni,
W-album and Polyommatus Alsus, Arion, Corydon, Adonis,
figon, Agestis and Artaxerxes may all readily be obtained.
There will still remain, as desiderata to the growing collection,
Ohrysophanus dispar and Chryseis and Polyommatus Acis ;
and we are quite unable to indicate where these may now be
obtained. If any fortunate collector stumbles on either of
these species we shall be very glad to hear from him.

This Family contains but three genera, thus recognized :—

A. Hind-wings with short tails. 1. THrcra.
AA. Hind-wings without tails.
B. Wings coppery red. 2. CurysopHANus.
BB. Wings blue or brown. 8. Potyvommarus.

Genus 1. TuEcua.
Fore-wings dull brown, unicolorous or with a large blotch
of some other colour, or with pale markings near the hind-
margin; hind-wings tailed (except in 7. Rubi), and with a
transverse pale line on the under side (this line is either,
entire as in Betule, W-albwm and Quercus, interrupted as in
Pruni, or almost obsolete as in Rubi).
Larva feeding on trees, shrubs or papilionaceous plants.
All the species, except Rubi, single-brooded; of Rubi there
are two broods in the year.
FQ
 52

The five species may be thus recognized :—

A. Under side of the wings not green. streaks.
B. Under side of hind-wings with two white slender
T. Betule.
streak.
BB. Under side of hind-wings with one white slender
CG. Under side of hind-wings with an orange band near
hind-margin.
D. The orange band with a row of black spots on its
inner side. JT. Prunt.
DD. The orange band with a black line on its inner
side. J’. W-aibwmn.
OG. Under side of hind-wings with no orange band
near hind-margin (only two small orange spots).
T. Quercus. X
AA. Under side of wings green. T’. Rubi.

T. Berutz (Brown Hair Streak). 1 6’”/—1” 8’. Rich

brown. F-w., $ wiih an indistinct yellowish, 9 with a distinct
large orange, patch beyond ihe middle; h-w., 2 or 3 distant
orange spots towards the anal angle. Us. ashy fulvous;
h.-w. with 2 transverse white lines. VIII.
Larva pale green, with distinct oblique white lines (H. D. in
litt.) On Prunus spinosa (blackthorn), and Betula alba (birch).
(??H.D.] Vie—VII b.
Hedgerows in the South. Bl. Brg. Ep. Ly. Pt. Te. Zn.
Wi. Wr.

T. Prunt. 1” 9/”"—1” 4’, Brownish black. H.-w.—

THREE OR FOUR orange spots in a row towards the anal angle.
U.-s. brown; a central piuisH white line crossing both wings,
waved near the anal angle of h.w.; h.-w., A ROW OF BLACK
spots on the inner edge of the marginal orange band. VII.
Larva green, darker on the back; two rows of long yellow
spots on the back, and a row on each side above the legs; six
long oblique yellow stripes on each side (Dup.) On Prunus
spinosa (blackthorn). V.
Plentiful at Overton Wood and Monks Wood, Hunts.
 53

T. W-atpum. “1? 9/1" 5’, Blackish brown, with OnE

orange spot at the anal angle of h.-w. U. s.
brown; @ central wutre line crossing both
wings, and forming a white W near the anal
angle of h.-w.; h.-w., A BLACK LINE on the
inner edge of the marginal orange band.
ahd
Larva pale green, with short darker
oblique streaks on the side; sometimes
with two rows of reddish spots down the
back, and a dull red stripe on each side
above the feet (Dup.) On Ulmus campestris (elm). V e—=
VI b.
Brs. Ep. Pt. Y.

The following remarks of Mr. Stephens, published in 1827,

have been frequently quoted, but are worthy of repetition
here :—“ This species is usually esteemed a scarce insect in
the neighbourhood of London, and previously to the last
season I never saw it alive; but the boundless profusion with
which the hedges, for miles, in the vicinity of Ripley, were
enlivened by the myriads that hovered over every flower and
bramble-blossom, last July, exceeded anything of the kind
I have ever witnessed: some notion of their numbers may
be formed, when I mention that I captured, without moving
from the spot, nearly 200 specimens in less than half an
hour, as they successively approached the bramble-bush where
I had taken up my position. How to account for their
prodigious numbers I am perfectly unable, as the same fields.
and hedges had been carefully explored by me at the same
and different periods of the year for several preceding seasons,
without the occurrence of a single specimen in either of
its stages; and it is worthy of remark, that the hedges to
F383
 54

village were perfectly free,

the north and north-west of the
were in plenty.”
although the brambles, &c.,

eak). 1” att) ee
T, Quercus (Purple Hair Str with
plish blue. ¥'.-w.— 2
Blachish brown, tinged with rich pur spots
a vich purplish blotch. U. s. ashy grey; h.-w., 2 orange
d. Vil
near the anal angle, one of them being black-centre
and VIII.
reddish brown, with 2 rows of short oblique black
Larva
being paler; dorsal
stripes on the back, the intervening space
line black (Dup.) On oak. VI.
rs in the North of
Generally distributed in the South: occu ! L.D.!
England. Be.! BL! Brg.!! Brs.! Bu. Ep.!! Ex.!
St.! Te! Tn.!
Lw.! Le. Ly.! Pm.! Pt.! PL! Pr.! Se. Sh.!
Wr.) Wt.! Y.!
ies frequently
I find the statement that the larva of this spec
of the earth
undergoes its transformations below the surface
perfectly substantiated.

T. Rupr (Green Hair Streak). 1!’—1" 3". Brown, without

distant
spots. U. s. green; hw. with a central row of
indistinct white dots. Ve, VI [Link].
a row
Larva grass-green ;dorsal stripe whitish ; on each side On
(Och.)
of whitish spots, and a white line above the feet
bramble and papilionaceous plants. Wer
G.t
Woods and heaths. Be. Bl.! Brs.! Ct.! Ep.! Ex.! 4
Sh
Hia.! K.t.D. Lw. Ly. Mo Of Pmt Peri Pr.
St.! Te.!! Tn. Wi! Wr. Wt.! Y.! Dovedale, Derbyshire.

Genus 2. CHRYSOPHANUS.

Fore-wings coppery red, with dark hind-margin, and mostly

mo or more black spots near the middle; hind-wings not
ailed.
Larve feeding on sorrel and various species of dock.
C. Phiaas has three (?) broods in the year; the other species
are single-brooded.
 55

The three species may be thus distinguished :—

A. Hind-margin of fore-wings blackish, or black with no purple
tinge.
B. Under side of hind-wings dull brown, with faintly darker
spots. C. Phileas.
BB. Under side of hind-wings blue, with black spots.
C. dispar.
AA. Hind-margin of fore-wings blackish, with a strong purple
tinge. C. Chrysets.

No specimens of this last have occurred for forty years,

and its claim to be considered a British species is doubted
by many.

SS 6. Parexas (Small Copper). 1” 1"—1" 4". F-w. bright

copper-red, spotted with black,—hind-
margin BLACKISH; h.-w. blackish,
with a bright copper-red hind-margin.
U. s.—H.-w. asuy BRown, With faintly
darker spots. V e—xX b.
Larva green; a red dorsal line and
a red stripe on each side (Hreyer).
On Rumex acetosa (sorrel). V, VIL
and IX.
Common everywhere.

©. Dispan (Large Copper). 1” 7". Bright copper-red

BLACK.
with 1 or more black spots on each wing ; hind-margins
Pace blue, with distinct black spots. VII and
U. s—H.-w.
VIII.
paler stripe
Larva green, with a darker dorsal stripe, and one
water-
on each side (Freyer). On Tumex hydrolopathum (great
dock) and R. aquaticus. V1.
Formerly Whittlesea Mere and Yaxley. =

Concerning this species Mr. Bond writes me as follows :—

nal
“You are quite right in supposing that I have had perso
’ acquaintance with living Dispar. I much fear that I shall
 56

never have that pleasure again, as I am quite sure they have

disappeared from the Cambridge and Huntingdonshire fens.
All I can tell you about their habits is this,—that they were
very active and shy, and would only fly when the sun shone;
they would always settle on a thistle when they could find one
in bloom, flying off to attack any insect, no matter what, that
might come anywhere near them; not always returning, but
generally passing on to another place: It was very little use
following them if vou missed your first stroke with the net, as
they went away like the wind, and seldom let you get a second
chance ; indeed it was difficult to follow them, as keeping your
eyes on them and the boggy plates was rather a difficult job.”

C. Curyseis. 17 4’’. Bright copper-red; 3 with a rich

purplish blue tint near the hind-margins, on the costa of f.-w,
and on the inner margin of h.-w.; 2 duil copper-red, suffused
with brownish black. U.s. ashy. VILL.
Larva green, with a darker dorsal stripe, and 2 paler ones
each side (/reyer), On Rumex acetosa (sorrel) and R. obtusus
(dock). VI b.
Formerly taken near Epping, and in Ashdown Forest,
Sussex.

Of this species Freyer writes in 1852:—* Several years

ago I found the larve, for the first time, in a meadow, on the
25th May, while they were in the act of cating sorrel (umea
acetosa). The metamorphosis takes place on the surface of
the earth. The perfect insect appeared on the 16th June; it
flies in June, in meadows near woods, and is fond of settling
on the yellow flowers of Trollius Europeus and Ranunculus
acris. It is not abundant, and in some years is not met with
at all, although in the previous year it may have been no
 57

rarity. It is very easily caught, since it seldom flies far, but

goes merely from flower to flower.”

Genus 8. PoLyomMatus.
Wings blue, bluish or brown ; hind-wings not tailed; under
side of all the wings with numerous black spots, generally
surrounded by white rings (in Artuverves the black spots are
- omitted, the entire centre of the white ring being also white).
Larve fecding on papilionaccous and various other low
plants. The larva of P. Argivlus feeds on the flowers of the
holly and ivy. Many species are double-brooded, but of
others there is only one brood in the year.

The ten species of this genus may be thus distinguished :—

A. Under side of wings with no red spots.

B. Fore-wings with no black spots on the upper side.
C. Under side of wings pale blue. _BP’. Argiolus.
CC. Under side-of wings slaty grey.
D. The black spots on the under side with indistinct
whitish margins. P. Alsus.
DD. The black spots on the under side with distinct
white margms. LP. Acts.
BB. Fore-wings with six or seven black spots on the mid-
dle of the upper side. P. Arion.
AA. Under side of hind-wings with red spots at the hind-
margin.
E. Under side of fore-wings with two black spots
before the middle.
F. The whitish cilia interrupted with dark fus-
cous. P. Corydon aud P. Adonis.
FF. The whitish cilia entirely vee from fuscous
streaks, P, Alexis.
EE. Under side of fore-wings with no black spots
before the middle.
G. Under side of hind-wings with three or four
bluish metallic spots near the hind-margin.
PB Aigon.
 58

GG. Under side of hind-wings with no bluish

metallic spots near the hind-margin.
H. White spots of the under side with black
centres. P. Agestis.
HH. White spots of the under side with
no black centres. P. Artaxerxes.

P. Arcionus. 17 2’”—1" 5’. =Lilae-blue. F-.-w. some-

times tinged with blackish towards the hind-margin. U.s. pale .
silvery blue; f-w., & marginal row of oblong black spots. V
and VIII.
Larva yellowish green, with a dark green dorsal line (Och.)
On flowers of Ilea Huropeus (holly), Rhamnus Frangula
(buckthorn) and Hedera Helix (ivy). VI and X.
Generally distributed in the South, and occurs at Hu. L.D.!
M. and Y., but not in Scotland.”

P. Atsus. 8’”—1”, Dull brown, faintly shot with blue.

U. s. pale ashy grey, faintly tinged with light
blue; a marginal row of round black spots in
WHITISH rings on each wing. Ve—Vle and
VU?
Larva green, with an orange dorsal line, and
a row of short oblique orange streaks on each
side (Dup.) On Astragalus? V.
Principally on chalk and limestone. Brg.! Brs. Ct. Do.
Ed. Ha. L.D.! Lw.! Pl. Te.! Wi Wt.! Dovedale, Derby-
shire. Isle of Portland and Tadeaster.

P. Acts. 1 9/71” 4'", 3 dark purplish blue, with a

narrow brown margin; 9 brown. U. 8. pale greyish brown,
bluish at the bases; a marginal row of black spots in WHITE
rings on each wing, VII.
Larva unknown.

Mr. Newman writes ;—“ P. Acis is common in Hereford-

shire. TI used to take it in my father’s fields at Leominster
twenty-five years ago, I have repeatedly seen it since, and
=~
 59

suppose it to be as abundant as ever.” The Rev. Jos. Greene

took “two specimens (not good) of this rare species in a chalky
field near Lower Guiting, on the Cotswolds, the beginning of
July, 1849.”
Mr. Allis writes me :— I know of no captures within the
last seven years. The Birmingham collectors used to take it
in plenty, but none have occurred recently that I know of.”

P. Anton. 17 5’”—1” 7’"", Deep rich blue. Centre of

J-w. spotted with black; lind-margins broad and blackish.
U. s—Each wing with 3 rows of black spots, and without red
spots. VII.
Larva UNKNOWN.
Barnwell Wold, Northamptonshire.

The following passage is extracted from a communication

made to the ‘ Zoologist’ for 1852 ( p. 3350), by the Rey. Wil-
liam Bree, of Polebrook ;—* The great prize of all the butter-
flies of our neighbourhood, however, I hold to be Polyomma-
tus Arion, which, if I mistake not, was first discovered here
by myself some thirteen or fourteen years since. It is con-
fined entirely, as far as my experience goes, to Barnwell Wold
and the adjoining rough fields, with the exception of a single
specimen which I once met with in a rough field near Pole-
brook. Its flight is somewhat peculiar, being different from
that of others of the same genus, and more resembling that of
Hipparchia Pamphilus and Tithonus. Independently of its
manner of flight and size, it is in most instances easily distin-_
guished on the wing from the other Blues by its dark and
irony appearance. Many entomologists have of late years
visited Barnwell Wold in search of Arion; in short, a summer
“never passes without meeting in my rambles with brother
 60

entomologists from distant parts of the country: T rejoice, how-

ever, to be able to state that its annual occurrence does not
appear to be diminished in consequence.” Since the above
was written, the insect has apparently really become less
abundant.

P. Corypon. 17 3’’—1” 6’". 4 PALE SILVERY BLUE;

Q light brown. — U. s.—H.-w., Q a pvistinct black spot in a
white blotch near the middle, FAINTLY VISIBLE on the upper
side; a row of red spots towards the hind-margin. Fringe
chequered. VII e—VIlle.
Larva green; 2 rows on the back, each consisting of 8 short
yellow streaks, and a yellow stripe on each side above the feet
(Freyer). On species of vetch. V—VI.
On the chalk. Be. Brg.!! Brs.!! Ha. !! Lw.! Pt.

P. Anonts. 1” 4’”—1/ 6". 4 BRIGHT SMALT-BLUE; @

brownish slate-colour. U.s.—H.-w., Q an inpistinot black
spot in a white blotch near the middle, NoT VISIBLE on the up-
per side; a row of red spots towards the hind-margin. Fringe
chequered. V and VIII.
Larva dark green, with 2 rows on the back, each consisting
of 12 short yellow streaks, and a yellow stripe on each side
(Freyer). On various papilionaceous plants (Och.) W—VI.
On the chalk and limestone. Be. Brg.!! Brs. Do.! Ha.!
Iw. and Torquay.

The first real difficulty of the butterfly-collector consists in

the discrimination of the females of this and the preceding
species: the males can always be readily distinguished by the
great difference in the ground-colour of the upper surface of
the wings. Adonis well deserves its name, and is the most
splendid Blue we have. Corydon, however, has a peculiar
beauty of its own; it reminds one of the soft silvery appearance
of moonlight, whilst Adonis recalls the intense blue of the sky
 61
on a hot summer's day. These gay colours are confined to the
males; the females are clothed in sober garbs of brown. Co-
rydon boasts of a more or less distinct black spot on the upper
surface of the hind-wings; this in Adonis we seek for in vain;
and, besides, in Corydon we find the dark dashes in the white
fringes broader and more conspicuous than in Adonis. A
fainter point of distinction is, that the black spots of the under
side are more conspicuous in Corydon than in Adonis.
If any entomologist discovers some better point of distinction
we shall be happy to hear from him.
~f- P. Atexts (Common Blue). 1” 2’”—1" 5’", ilac-
blue; Q lilac-blue tinged with brown; a marginal row of indis-
tinct orange spots. U.s.—F-w. ashy brown ; 2 black spots in
white rings between the central spot and the base of the wing.
U. s.—H.-w., a row of red spots towards the hind-margin.
Fringe white, unchequered. V e—VII b and VII e—IX e.
Larva green, with a darker dorsal line, and a row of white
spots on each side above the feet (Dup.) On clover and bird’s-
foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus). IV and VIII.
Abundant everywhere.

P. Aigon. 1” 1’’—1” 2’, 8 purplish blue, hind-mar-

gins brown; @ brown, sometimes with a purplish blush.
F.-w.— 2 spotless. U. s—F’.-w., no spot between the central
spot and the base of the wing. U.s.—H.w., a row of red
spots towards the hind-margin. VII and VIII.
Larva brown; 2 rows of oblique white lines near the dorsal
line, and a white line on each side (Freyer). On vetches. VY.
On sandy heaths and chalky downs. Bi. Bl.! Brg. Brs.
Ep. !! Li. Ly.!! M.! Te. Y.! Brandon, Suffolk. 5.

P. Acestis. 17—1” 1’. Rich brown, with a marginal

band of orange spots. ¥'.-w., a central black spot. U. s.—
White spots, wit black centres; f.-w., no spot between the
central spot and the base of the wing. V and VIII.
G
 62

al spots and
Larva green, with a pale angulated row of dors
a central brownish line (Westw.) On Hrodiwm cicutarvum
(heron’s-bill). TV and VIl.
Only in the South. Be.! Bl.! Brg. !! Brs.! Ct. ! Do. Ep.
Ex. Ha. !! Lw.! Pt.! Pl. Sh. Te. Tn. Wi.!

A singular variety, with a white spot on the upper side in

centre of fore-wing, was taken near Brighton last July, by Mr.
H. Cooke. The under side entirely agreed with the ordinary
appearance of Agestis.

P. Arnraxerxes. 17 1’’—1” 2’. Rich brown, with a

more or less distinct marginal band of orange spots. F'-w., a
white central spot. U.s.—White spots wirHour black centres.
Vi and VII.
Larva “ pale bluish green, with a dark green dorsal line and
a pinkish lateral one; head glossy black ” (Logan in litt.) On
Helianthemum vulgare (common sun cistus). V.
Castle Eden Dene, and Richmond, Yorkshire. Arthur's
Seat, Edinburgh. Fifeshire, and other Scotch localities.

Mr. Logan writes me that this year he has not seen the
larva, and that he has seen but very few of the imago, adding:
—<“TI have not diminished their numbers, having always a
wholesome dread of exterminating species; but I believe a
dealer has, and a host of small boys who come out of Edin-
burgh, with orange-coloured nets, and bottle them up whole-
sale, five or sia together, alive, in the same receptacle, gene-
rally a match-box, along with Blues and anything else they
can find.
“This is one of the evils attendant on boys beginning too
early, before they can understand what they are about. Their
object seems to be, like that of sportsmen, to obtain as many
as they possibly can, no matter in what condition. Unfortu-
 63

nately, the Artaxerxes when at rest is very conspicuous, and

becomes an easy prey to these little marauders, whom I would
wish to encourage if it were possible ; but they are just-at the
age when their destructive energies are with difficulty to be
restrained.
“In addition to all this, Government has agreed to con-
struct a carriage-road between Edinburgh and Duddingston,
much to my disgust, as it is to come along the line of the pre-
sent footpath, and will destroy all the best localities for
Artaxerxes, Obelisca, &c.”

Family V. HESPERIDA.

Antenne inserted on each side of the broad head (thus

widely separated at their insertion, in comparison with the
other Families of butterflies); both sexes furnished with six legs
of uniform size; body comparatively robust; larve elongate,
the head large and the following segments narrowed; they
inhabit rolled-up leaves; pupa enclosed in a more or less
transparent cocoon.
This Family is represented in Britain by four genera,
comprising seven species; all are of small size, the largest
not exceeding one inch and four lines; their flight is short
and jerking, whence they have obtained the appellation of
« Skippers.”

The earliest to appear are Thymele Alveolus and Thanaos

Tages, which are to be met with during the month of May,
the former in moist localities near woods, the latter on dry
chalky or sandy hill-sides: this, from its dull dingy colour,
is not very easily observed when on the wing; but the gay
G2
 64

nish
little Alveolus, with its quadrate whitish spots on the gree
black wings, very readily attracts attention. At the end of
the month Pamphila Sylvanus makes its appearance: this
seems to be a very generally distributed species, and it may
generally be found in country lanes or by the edges of woods,
settling abruptly on flowers, and, as the collector approaches,
skipping a few paces farther off. In June the local Steropes
Paniscus appears, and, though generally in profusion where
it does occur, the collector can hardly expect to fall in with
it unless he makes an excursion to a known locality of the
species. ‘Towards the end of July Pamphila Sylvanus again
appears, and is then joined by its congener, P. Linea, which
is equally common in most localities. In August P. Sylvanus
still continues on the wing, and the pretty P. Comma is
ound abundantly in various localities on chalk, limestone
and sand. It is this month that Lulworth Cove, Dorset-
shire, is resorted to by those in want of Pamphila Actaon,
which has hardly occurred elsewhere in this country (if we
except the locality of Shenstone, near Lichfield, assigned by
Mr. Humphreys, who, when he there found the insect, reputed
it merely Linea). In August, too, the second brood of
Thanaos Tages is of regular occurrence, and that of Thymele
Alveolus is sometimes met with.
Thus the young collector may expect to meet with Alveolus,
Sylvanus and Linea his first season, and, if he moves about
a little, has a fair chance of finding Tages and Comma.
Paniscus and Actgon he must not expect to meet with, unless
he makes a pilgrimage to their respective shrines for the
purpose of personally cultivating their acquaintance.
 65

The four genera of the Family may be thus distinguished :—

A. Fore-wings with quadrate whitish spots upon a blackish
ground. Genus 1. THyMELe. :
AA. Fore-wings dull greyish brown, with darker bands.
Genus 2. THANAOs.
AAA. Fore-wings tawny or spotted with tawny.
B. Hind-wings blackish brown, with distinct pale tawny
spots. Genus 3. STEROPEs.
BB. Hind-wings tawny, more or less suffused with fuscous;
if with tawny spots, the spots are neither pale nor
distinct. Genus 4. PAMPHILA.

Genus 1. THYMELE.

Antenne short, not terminating in a hook; fore-wings with

rounded hind-margin ; hind-wings not emarginate near the anal
angle; wings dark, with whitish spots,—fringes chequered.
Wings in repose erect ?

We have but one species of this genus, which seems pretty

generally distributed.

T. Atveouus. 1’—1” 1". Blackish, tinged with green

and chequered with somewhat square
creamy white spots. V ands VIII.
Larva green or brown, with a dark
dorsal line, 2 white lines on the back,
and a white line on each side; head
brownish black (Hub.) On Rubus Ideus
(raspberry). IV.
Moist places near woods. Bl.! Brg.!! Brs.!! Cr. Ct.!
Ep.t Ex) G.! Ha! K. Ly.) Ly-f0.! Po, btPhoael
fivest et oni; Wa. Wi! Wr.! Wot “

Genus 2. THANAOS.

Antenne rather short, yet longer than in the preceding

genus, not terminating in a hook; fore-wings with rounded
G3
 66

hind-margin; hind-wings not emarginate near the anal angle;

wings dark, with darker bands,—fringes unicolorous.
Wings m repose horizontal.

This genus, like the preceding, contains but one British

species.

T. Tages. 1”’—1’’ 3”. Dull brown, with a marginal row

of pale dots. F'.-w. with 2 rather indistinct darker bands. V
and VIII,
Larva pale green, with 2 yellow lines on each side, and a
row of black spots above each (Dup.) On Lotus corniculatus
(bird’s-foot trefoil). WI and IX.
Dry places, slopes of hills, &c.. Be. Bi. Bl! Brg.!! Brs.W
Or. Ct.! Da. Ep.! “Ex.! G.! Ha.! Hu,! K. L. Date!
Ly.!! M. O.! Pm.! Pt. Pl. Pr.! Se. " Sh.! St.! Te.! Tn.
Wa. Wi.! Wt.! Y.! Broomsgrove and Dovedale.
‘

Genus 38. STEROPES.

Antenne not hooked at the tip; fore-wings rather long and

pointed; hind-wings not emarginate before the anal angle;
wings brown, with orange spots.
Wings in repose erect.

We have but one species in this genus, which, though

abundant where it occurs, appears extremely local.

S. “Panrsous, ~ 1/2? ey. oH", | Rich “dare urown,

chequered with orange-tawny spots.
U. s. similar, but paler. VI.
Larva brown, with 2 yellow dorsal
stripes; head black; second segment -
edged with yellow (Dup.) On plan-
tain (Plantago major). IX
A very local species. Castor Hang-
lands, near Peterboro’, and Monks Wood, Hunts ; Stowmarket ;
and Bourne, Lincolnshire.
 67

Genus 4. PAMPHInA.
Antenne sometimes hooked at the tip; fore-wings, in the
males rather pointed, and with an indentation in the hind-
margin ; hind-wings emarginate towards the anal angle ; wings
tawny, with darker markings; the males of all the species
with an oblique black patch from the middle of the inner
margin of the fore-wings.
Fore-wings in repose elevated ; hind-wings horizontal.

We have four species in this genus, one of which, Acton,

excessively local; they may be thus recognized :-—
A. Antenne not hooked at the tip.
B. Fore-wings dull dark tawny, with a paler curved mark
beyond the middle. P. Acteon.
BB. Fore-wings bright tawny, with no paler marks.
P. Linea.
AA. Antenne hooked at the tip.
C. The spots near tip of fore-wing not paler than the
other fulvous blotches. P. Sylvanus.
CC. The spots near tip of fore-wing whitish fulvous.
P. Comma.

P. Acrmon. 17—1” 1”. Dull rich brown, shot with

fulyous. F.-w.—é& with an indistinct paler, 2 with a distinct
fulvous, stripe from the base to the centre, beyond which is. a
curved row of fulvous spots. VIII.
Larva unknown. Professor Zeller saw a @ lay eggs on
Calamagrostis epigejos (wood reed),
A very local species. Lulworth, Dorsetshire, and Sidmouth,.
Devonshire; and Mr. Humphreys states that he met with it
in great abundance in 1835 at Shenstone, near Lichfield.

Mr. Douglas has given me the following note of his ex-~

periences of this insect in Dorsetshire :—
“Tn July, 1849, my late friend H. F. Farr was staying at
Weymouth for the benefit of his health, then fast declining,
 68

by reason of the malady which not long after caused his

death. I staid a few days in his conipany, and made some
entomological excursions with him to Portland and other
places adjacent ; for, although he was weak, his love of insects
clung to him still. One bright sunny morning we hired a
boat owned by one of the amphibious long-shore dwellers,
whom we took with us, and found he was a character, and
could turn his hand and his tongue to anything. An hour’s
sail across Weymouth Bay, during which we amused ourselves
by catching mackerel, brought us to the desired spot, ‘the
Burning Cliff’ (or Lulworth Cove), where we had been told
we should find Pamphila Acteén, and there, sure enough, we
saw it [Link]. The spot, close to the sea, is a kind of
undercliff, not very level, of no great extent, and covered
with thistles and large tufts of a long coarse grass or Cares,
about which our prey were skipping briskly. So abundant
were they that I often had five or six in my net at one
stroke, and in about two hours I caught a hundred, filling
my box and my hat; and Mr. Farr had nearly as many.
They were accompanied by a few of the common P. Linea,
which, in their flight, they greatly resembled. My un-
geological eyes detected nothing particular in the soil, and
I confess that two hours’ hard work in the sun had not
disposed me to look if any particular plant which might
serve as the food of the larve of this Skipper grew there ;
so that I can offer no supposition as to the cause of the
species being confined within such narrow limits in this
country.”

P. Linga. 1” 1/’—1” 3/”. Fulvous, shot with brown;

without any paler markings. VII.
 69

Larva green, with 2 white dorsal lines, and 2 white lines on

each side (Dup.) On grasses. VI.
Appears very generally distributed. Be.! Bl.! Brg.!! Brs.
Bu. Ct.! Do. Hd. Ep.!! Ex.! Ha.! K. Lw.! Le. Ly.!
et Pt. Pl! Sh.! St.! Te! To.! Tr. Wa. Wi.! Wr.!!
mole Vout

P. Synvanus. 1/7 2’”’—1” 4’", . Rich brown, with nume-

rous indistinct fulvous blotches and spots. U. s. INDISTINCTLY
spotted. V and VIII.
Larva dull green, with darker dorsal line; dotted with
black ; head brown ; beneath, on the 10th and 11th segments,
are snow-white transverse spots (Zeller). On Holcus lanatus
(meadow soft-grass) and other grasses. V b.
Appears very generally distributed. Be.! Bl.! Brg. !! Brs. !!
Bu. Ct.! Da. Do: Ed.! Ep.!! Ex.!! Ha.! K.! L.D.! Lw.!
ee ig) Mo Pm. 1 Pil) Pll. Prot Re. Sci, Sh.) St.) Tet!
@a.! Wa.) Wi.! Wr.!! Wt.! Y.!
P. Comma. 17 2/’—1” 4’. Rich brown, blotched and
- spotted with fulvous ; the spots towards the tip of f.-w. WHITISH
fulvous. U. 8s. GREENISH, with SQUARE WHITE spots. VIII.
Larva dull green mixed with reddish; second segment
white; 2 white spots near the bottom of the 9th and 10th
segments (Dup.) On papilionaceous plants. VI e—VII m.
“A. local species, generally plentiful where it occurs. Bl.
pre.) Ha! Gw.! Ly.! Pl Se.!

Having now brought the list of British butterflies to a close,

we cannot do better than call attention to the amount of ob-
servation which is still necessary to enable us to become well
acquainted with the natural history of each species.
One of our yery first observant entomologists wrote in July
last, “I never saw the larve of Phleas, nor of any of the
Husperiaz.” It will be observed that in the preceding
descriptions of larve the greater number are made from the
descriptions of the previous authors severally referred to; for,
though last summer we early called the attention of our corre-
spondents to our wish to see any larve of our British Rxopa-
LocERA for description, but very few of them had personal
acquaintance with any but the very commonest species.
A recent writer in the ‘New Quarterly Review’ has re-
marked :—‘‘ The metamorphoses of the British butterflies, of
which there are only about sixty-five, are proportionably less
known than those of the small moths! The books which
describe our butterflies, it is true, also give descriptions of
their caterpillars and their food; but these cannot be de-
pended upon: they are only copied from other books, and
may be traced back from author to author, until they turn out
to be the original descriptions of some old French, Dutch or
German entomologist, who looked at objects with a very dif-
ferent eye to that which we use. As such, they remind us
rather of the astonishment expressed by Mr. John Robinson’s
friend on finding he was really alive :—

* ¢ Somebody told me that some one said

That some other person had somewhere read
In some newspaper you were somehow dead !’”

Our readers are therefore recommended to catechize them-

selves, by seeing how many of the following questions they
can answer, with reference to those butterflies with which
they may consider themselves best acquainted :—

1. Where is the egg laid?

2. How soon is it hatched?
 41

3. How long does the larva live before changing its skin?
4, What change takes place in the form and markings of
the larva when it changes its skin ?
5. Is the larva gregarious or solitary ?
6. Is it active or sluggish?
7. Does it feed by night or by day?
8. What is its principal food-plant ?
9. On what other plants is it sometimes found ?
10. At what period is the larva full fed ?
11. What change takes place in the appearance of the larva
when full fed ?
12. Where does it change to pupa ?
13. How is the pupa suspended or attached ?
14. What is the form of the pupa ?
15. How long doesit remain in that state ?
16. What are the motions of the perfect insect ?
17. To what flowers is it most partial ?
18. Does it hybernate or not ?

When these questions can be answered with reference to each

species of our butterflies, we may then admit that their natu-
ral history is known ; and it would then become practicable to
write a good monograph of the group.
 Having now come to the end of the Butterflies, our next
consideration is the Moths. These are not by any means so
easily disposed of as the Butterflies ; for, whereas of the latter
we had only sixty-six species to consider, the number of species
of British moths will probably fall little short of two thousand
by the time we reach the end of this little Manual; for not a
year passes without the discovery of several species in this
country which were previously unknown as British. Indeed, it
is this continual addition of new species to our lists that has
called forth so hearty a reception for the ‘ Entomologist’s An-
nual,’ it supplying to the isolated provincial collectors a want
that had long been felt as an incubus on the study they were
pursuing.
Tt will be naturally imagined that to ascertain the name of a
moth is by no means so easy an affair as the discovery of the
name of a butterfly, on account of the much greater number of
species that have to be considered.
The first process must of course be to ascertain to which of
the groups of moths the species the collector has im hand must
be referred.
Moths, from the antenne not terminating in a club, are
termed HETEROCERA, and are divisible into nine groups,
thus :—

1. SpurNerna, consisting of the Sphinges or Hawk Moths.

2. Bompycrna, including the Ghost Moth, Goat Moth, Em-
peror Moth, and Tiger Moths.
3. Nocrura, comprising the bulk of the nocturnal or stout-
bodied moths, such as the Yellow Underwing, Wain-
scots, Silver Y, and Red Underwing.
 73

4. GHOMETRINA, consisting of an extensive group of slender-

bodied moths, with comparatively large wings, such as
the Thorns, Carpets, Waves and Pugs.
5. Pyratiprna, including the Pearls, Veneers or Grass-
Moths, and Knot-horns.
6. Torrrictna, consisting of a very extensive group of small
species, generally of dull colours, such as the Lozote-
nie, Sciaphila, &e.
=I. TryerNa, comprising the Clothes-Moths, Long Horns,
igen or Flat-bodies, Coleophore and Nepticule,
iC.
8. PreRopHorina, consisting of the Plume Moths.
9. Aucitrna, consisting of only one British species, the
Twenty- Plume Moth.

The Spurnerna are distinguished at a glance from the other

eight groups by the form of the antenne, these organs being
thickest in the middle, and attenuated towards the base and
towards the tip; in the remaining groups the antenne are
thickest at the base, and gradually taper towards the tip; so
by an examination of the antennse we can at once decide whe-
ther the insect we have before us belongs to the SpuHrverna or
not.
But supposing we decide that it is not one of the SpHinerna :
we have then to determine to which of the remaining groups it
is to be referred.
The first question that occurs is, Are the wings entire or
divided? If divided, that is, if each wing is slit up into several
pieces, it belongs either to the PreropHortina or to the Anuct--
Tina; to the former, if the fore-wings have one slit and. the
hind-wings two ; to the latter, if each wing has five slits, in
this way consisting of six separate feathers.
But supposing the antennz show that our species is none of
H
 74

the Spumvarna, and at the same time the wings are not divided:
in this case it may belong to any of the groups from No. 2 to
No. 7 inclusive.
Examine therefore the length of the fringes; if hase are
comparatively long for the size of the wings, such as we find
them in a Clothes-Moth, for example, the insect should pro-
bably be referred to the Tinera group. And let not the
reader be startled at the word probably: it is impossible, in
the present state of our knowledge, to lay down fiwed, cer-
tain rules by which, with hardly any trouble, to ascertain to
which group of moths a species should be referred. Some of
the Pyratipmya have the fringes of such length, that by that
character alone it is impossible to determine to which of the
groups a species should be referred.
If the fringes are not comparatively long, we reduce the
number of families in which we have to search for the proper
position of our specimen still further ; then are the wings ample,
that is, nearly as broad as long? and what is the form of the
body?
If the body be thick, rather short, and rather blunt: behind,
and the wings are broad, the insect may be assumed to belong
to the Bompycina; but if the body be moderately thick, rather
pointed behind, and the wings not broad in comparison with
their length, it may be suspected to be one of the Nocrurna;
whereas, if the body be slender and the wings broad, it in all
probability belongs to the Gzomerrina. If the wings be long
and triangular, and the body slender and rather long, the
inference would be strong that the insect should be referred to
the Pyratmra; on the other hand, if the wings are rather
broad, the fore-wings almost straight on the hinder margin, and

a
 75

the costa at the base suddenly convex, the insect may be pre-
sumed to belong to the Torrricrya. Exceptions occur to all
these rules, which can only be learnt by a little practice ; but,
for the assistance of our readers, the exceptions shall be put
prominently forward at the commencement of each group or
family.

SPHINGINA.
The Sphinges or Hawk-moths are divisible into four very
distinct families, viz.:—
1. ZyexNID&, including the Foresters and Burnet Sphinges.
2. SpHinerps#, including the Poplar Hawk, Privet Sphinx,
Death’s Head, Elephant Sphinges, &c.
8. Sesmp#, containing the Humming-Bird Sphinx and Bee
Sphinges.
4. AicERips#, including the Clear-winged Sphinges (ex-
cepting the Bee Sphinges).

The ZyG=NID# are at once known by their small size and

green or green and red fore-wings ; the SpHiNGID&, on the other
hand, are distinguished by their large size, the Death’s Head,
Sphinx Convolouli and Privet Sphinx being our three largest
Lepidopterous insects ; and the smallest of this family, Chero-
campa porcellus, is larger than any species in the other-
families; the Ses (though by some authors included in
the Sphingide) are recognised by their thick bodies and
shorter fore-wings: the AucERIIDH are at once known by the
transparent wings and narrow fore-wings, and bodies much
more slender than in the preceding family.
HQ
 76

The larve of all the Sprcra have 16 legs; those of the

7yoeNipm are fat and rather soft, without any caudal horn;
those of the SpHincip™ are firm and hard, with a distinct
of
caudal horn (excepting in Cherocampa porcellus); the larvee
the Srstipm resemble those of the preceding family; the
larve of the AlcERtps, from their mode of feeding in the
pith and wood of trees, differ essentially from all other larve
of this group—they are dull whitish and with no caudal
horn. ;
That the Sphinges, in proportion to their number, attract
an unusual amount of attention, is in no way surprising; their
large size, rapid movements and the splendour of many of
their larve, constitute them, as it were, the Comets of the
insect-collector. Many an entomologist probably looks back
to the time when he first saw the larva of the Privet Sphinx
as an event in his life: it is not unlikely that that larva has
been the spark to fire many a country idler with the desire to
study so beautiful an animal, and if this be so, we can well
excuse the larva for holding its head so high.
The Death’s Head has, on many accounts, been an object of
interest: its powers of squeaking, its habit of entering bee-
hives, and its capability of terrifying the bees, have been the
subject of numerous experiments. But the only samples of
this tribe which may be readily observed by the uninitiated
are the Burnets and Foresters, occurring in June and July in
meadows and chalk downs, and grassy slopes of hills, and the
Humming Bird Sphinx, which sometimes is a common visitor
in gardens. I have seen them in Devonshire, halfa-dozen at
a time, sucking the honey from the tubular flowers, without
ever resting in their aérial flight.
Many of the Sphinges are only occasional visitors with us,
and others, though certainly naturalized here, are of extreme
rarity.

Family I. ZYGAiNIDA.
Imago with the antenne slender at the base, much thickened
beyond the middle with scales only, or pectimated, never ter-
minating in a hook; wings clothed with scales; fore-wings
 ei

narrow; hind-wings rounded; larva fat, sluggish, soft, with no

caudal horn.
The perfect insects fly by day.
Of this family we have two genera, comprising six species;
they are sluggish insects throughout life—the sluggish larva
produces a sluggish imago: on this account they are rather
local—they will swarm in one meadow, and hardly a straggler
will be found in an adjoining field. The metropolis of this
tribe is the shores of the Mediterranean, and therefore it is not
strange that they are but poorly represented here, but it may be
reasonably expected that a few more species may yet reward the
efforts of the energetic collector.

None of this family appear in the perfect state before June,

and the last stragglers are passé in September: the principal
months for them are June and July. Then Procris Statices
may be found in meadows, and Procris Globularie on the
slopes of the downs at Lewes; whilst Anthrocera Filipendule
occurs, like a true cosmopolite, in midland meadows, on chalk
downs, on sand-hills by the sea, and high up the heathery hills
of Scotland, where it is a pleasant sight to see them booming
along with their peculiar heavy flight, reminding one, at first
sight, of a humble-bee: the other Burnets are less widely
distributed, and Anthrocera Minos has not been found on this
side of St. George’s Channel, coming to us from the “far
west” of Galway, from a quarter where no doubt much remains
to be done entomologically.
The young collector may reckon with some confidence on
obtaining Filipendule during his first year, but the other
species are so much more local that it is only by visiting some
of their especial localities he can expect to find them. I had
collected years before I met with Statices, and, except the two
H3
 78

any other
species above mentioned, to this day have never seen
of this family alive.

The family ZyemNrID#&. contains two genera, thus recognised

at a glance :—
A. Fore-wings green, spotless; hind- wings smoky brown.
Genus 1. Proeris.
AA. Fore-wings green with red spots or streaks; hind-wings.
red. Genus 2. ANTHROCERA.

Genus 1. Procris.

Imago with the antenne of the male pectinated, of the

female dentate; the wings entirely without markings; abdomen
not thick.
Larva of an oval form, contracted, slightly pubescent. Pupa
enclosed in a cocoon.
The larve of this genus are full-fed at the end of spring, and
the perfect insects appear in June.

The two species may be thus distinguished :—

A. Tip of antenne blunt. P. Statices.
AA. Tip of antenne pointed. P. Globularia.
P. Srarrces (Forester). $1 1’”—1" 2". 9 11%”—1".
F.-w. bluish green; h.-w. smoky brown. ‘Tip of antenne
BLuNT. VI b—Vlle.
Larva ashy grey, with a row of triangular black marks on
the back; a narrow whitish stripe on the side above a broader
fo ay head and fore-legs black (Hub.) On sorrel.
Vv— :
Brg.!! Brs.!! Bu.! Ca.! Ct.! Da.! Do. Ep.! Ha.! Hu.
K.! L.D.! Lw. Le.!! M. O.! Pr.! St.! Wa.! Wi.!! Y.!

P. Gropucaria, 2 1” 1/1" 2”, 9 Of OL!" Pe,

bluish green; h.-w. smoky brown. ° Tip of antenne POINTED.
VIm—VIU m.
 79

Larva blackish, with a row of triangular green spots on the -

back; and a blue stripe on each side, in which is a row of
yellow dots (Hub.) Foop (in this country) unkNowy. V—
VI
Brg. !! Ly. !! also near Cheltenham.

Mr. Unwin, of Lewes, has sent me the following notice of

this species :—‘“ Local and gregarious; an insect of very short
duration, and very sluggish; about the !4th or 15th of June
is its usual time of appearance, and it is quite necessary to
observe this, or you will not obtain them in fine condition,
and probably may be disappointed im finding it, whereas, by
visiting its localities regularly and punctually, at this period,
you may almost make sure of specimens in ordinary years. Its
localities are ‘ Bible Bottom,’ on Cliffe Hill, near Lewes; near
the Spittal Mill, Lewes, on a slope facing the west; and ina
valley at the foot of Hollingbury Hill, near Brighton.”

Genus 2. ANTHROCERA.

Imago with the antenne (of the male not pectinated) much
thickened beyond the middle; fore-wings elongate, green, with
red streaks or spots; hind-wings red, with dark margin;
abdomen thick.
Larva fat, cylindrical, slightly pubescent. Pupa enclosed in
a tough cocoon, pointed at each end.
The larve of this genus feed exclusively on papilionaceous
plants; they are hatched at the end of summer, remain quite
small through the winter, and feed up in the spring; the
perfect insects appear in June and July.
~

The four species at present known to us as British may be

thus recognised :—
A. Fore-wings with three elongate red blotches. 4. Minos.
AA. Fore-wings with distinct red spots. —
B. No red spot on the middle of the hind-margin.
 80

©. The second pair of red spots large and generally

united. A. Trifolit.
CO. The second pair of red spots small and never united.
A. Lonicere.
BB. A red spot on the middle of the hind-margin (forming
a sixth spot). A. Filipendule.
All the species of this genus are liable to have the red
markings replaced by yellow; and T’rifolii is subject to vary
to such an extent that sometimes all the red spotseare united,
forming a long irregular blotch, yet it cannot then for a
moment be mistaken for A. Minos, of which the wings are
less densely scaled, and therefore semitransparent, and the
antenn are much more blunt at the tip.
A. Minos. 17 1/”—1” 3’. “Subdiaphanous. F’.-w. bluish
green, with 3 irregular elongate
crimson dashes; h.-w. crimson,
with a very narrow purplish hind-
margin. VI m—e. ;
Larva pale yellow or greenish,
with 2 rows of 12 black spots on
each side. Head and _ fore-legs
blackish (Dup.) On Trifolium
montanum, bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus
corniculatus), and horse-shoe vetch (Hippocrepis comosa). V
and VI.
West of Ireland, Clare and near Ardrahan, in Galway.
A. Trirouu. 17 2/’”—1”" 5’. F.-w. greenish blue, with
5 deep crimson spots, 2 basal and confluent, 2 central and
GENERALLY CONFLUENT, and 1 beyond the centre; h.-w. deep
crimson, generally with a broad purplish hind-margin. An-
tenne RATHER SHORT and THICK, with CONSIDERABLE THICK-
ENING before the tip. VI—VU.
Larva green or yellowish green, with 2 dorsal rows of black
spots, and a row of black spots on each side (Boisd.) On
horse-shoe vetch (Hippoerepis comosa), bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus
corniculatus) and Trifolium procumbens, &e. V.
Bl.! Brs. Ct.! Do, Bipot! Hac! Kot we! Le. Lyf Maat
O.! St.
 81

A. Lontcere. 17 U’—1" 5’. F-w. greenish blue, with

5 deep crimson spots, 2 basal and nearly confluent; 2 central
NEVER UNITED, and 1 beyond the centre; h.-w. rather deep
crimson, with a narrow purplish hind-margin. Antenne
RATHER LONG and SLENDER with MODERATE THICKENING
towards the tip. VII.
Larva apple-green; on each side are 2 black stripes, inter-
rupted between the segments; on each segment is placed a
yellow spot between the 2 stripes (Boisd.) On bird’s-foot trefoil
(Lotus corniculatus) and horse-shoe vetch (Hippocrepis comosa).

Pree Bu. Dosa: Ean! Seat TesWack Wilk YA

A. FinrrenDu.# (Six-spot Burnet). U/—1” 5”. Fw.
greenish blue, with 6 deep crimson spots, 2 basal and confluent,
2 central, sometimes confluent, and 2 beyond the centre, some-
times confluent; h.-w. deep crimson, with a narrow purplish
hind-margin. VI—VII.
Larva yellow, with 2 rows of black spots on each segment;
head and fore-legs black (Hub.) On various leguminous plants.
V and VI.
Common throughout the country, and in most places
abundant.

Family II. SPHINGID:.

Imago with the antenne slightly thickened in the middle,
generally terminating in a hooked bristle: wings large, clothed
with scales ; fore-wings elongate and pointed, or with the hind-
margin indented: larva firm, naked, generally with a horn on
the back of the 12th segment; retires under ground to effect
its transformation.
The perfect insects fly at dusk or during the night.
Of this family we have five genera, comprising fourteen.
species; with the exception of the first genus, Smerinthus, the
species of which fly slowly and heavily, the flight of the
others is extremely rapid: it is difficult for the eye to follow
them, and their rapid revolutions render it no easy matter for
the tyro, who suddenly sees so large an insect “looming in the
 82

distance” in the twilight of a summer's evening, to succeed in

capturing “ the great unknown.”

_ With this family the collector enters upon a new phase of

his studies, for these insects are far more frequently met with
in the larva state than as perfect insects; indeed almost all
the specimens we find in collections are bred. It is true that
some species come to light, and others may be taken at
flowers, as was the case in 1846 with Sphinx Convolvuli, which
was captured on the wing by hundreds.
Now it will not be a very difficult matter to tabulate the
larve of the Spurnerp#, so that on finding a larva the
collector may speedily discover what it is :—

A. Larve with the anterior segments attenuated and re-

tractile.
B. With eye-like spots on the 5th and 6th segments.
C. With no horn. C. Porcellus.
CO. With a short horn. C. Elpenor.
“CCC. With a very slender, quite straight horn, of average
length. C. Celerio.
BB. With eye-like spots on the 4th segment. C. Nerii.
AA. Larve with the anterior segments not especially attenuated,
and not retractile.
D. Head pointed. above; sides dotted with white or
yellow.
E. A scutcheon on the anal segment behind the
horn. S. Tilia.
EE. No scutcheon on the anal segment behind the
horn,
F. Horn sky-blue. 8S. ocellatus.
FF. Horn yellowish above, reddish beneath. S.
: Populi.
DD. Head otha above; sides not dotted.
G. Horn turned backwards, and then recurved
upwards. . A. Atropos.
 83

GG. Horn with a simple curve backwards.

H. Horn smooth.
I. Spiracles black. 8. Convolvuli.
II. Spiracles orange. 8S. Ligustri.
HH. Horn rough and black. 8S. Pinastri.
HHH. Horn rough and red.
K. Dorsal line pale grey. D. Galii.
KK. Dorsal line red. D. Euphorbia.
KKK. Dorsal line black. D. Livornica.

By this table it is hoped that a collector, falling in with any

full-fed larva of this family, may be able to suspect to which
species it belongs, and if he then refers to the description of
the larva of that species, and finds that it agrees with the
caterpillar he has in hand, the presumption will be strong that
his suspicion is well founded.
The rare Sphinges seem in this country to have no settled
time of appearance in the perfect state; they are met with
sometimes at the end of autumn, sometimes in early spring,
but their natural periods of flight are known on the Continent,
and it is those that we cite here.
The earliest to appear are the three species of Smerinthus
ocellatus, Populi and Tilia, and Cherocampa porcellus, all of
which may be expected by the end of May, provided we have
seasonable May weather. Populi and ocellatus are frequently
observed on palings or trunks of trees, and Populi not un-
frequently comes to light; porcellus may be met with buzzing
over flowers (in its especial localities) at dusk. These species.
all continue to be found during the following month, and at
the same time Sphinx Ligustri appears frequenting gardens,
and also Cherocampa Elpenor. The rare Sphina Pinastri
appears in June, and the blossoms of the honeysuckle in the
t
 84

neighbourhood of extensive fir- woods should be carefully

watched at dusk by those desirous of adding this rarity to their
collections. Those who have opportunities of visiting sand-
hills on the coast, where the sea-spurge (Euphorbia Paralias)
grows, should now be on the look out for Deilephila Euphorbia.
In July stragglers of Smerinthus ocellatus and Populi still
occur, and Sphina Ligustri and Pinastri are also on the wing;
and in this month Deilephila Galii emerges from the pupa,
and may sometimes be found in gardens flying over tubular
flowers at early dawn, and if the desire to obtain so great a
prize induces collectors to -

«“ Shake off dull sloth, and early rise,”

it is but one of the numerous instances of the indirect benefits

derived from the study of Entomology.
Let any one bold enough to doubt make the experiment ot
visiting his garden before sunrise in July: the day before has
been excessively hot, but now, how different! a delightful
freshness breathes around; the grass is wet with dew; the
Petunias and Verbenas, also bathed with dew, exhale a’ perfume
grateful to the sense not only of Gali, but of man; the
eastern sky is tinged of a golden red, and, but for the warbling
of the lark, all is so calm and quiet that we cannot but feel
grateful to the Detlephila that has enticed us to so much
enjoyment.
There is an intensity of enjoyment in an early morning
walk, which no lie-a-bed can understand.
In the month of August Deilephila Galii may still be
found, and D. Livornica also now appears, but I am unable
a
 85

to recommend any special plan for finding it; Sphinw Con-

volvult should be looked for, but it does not appear every
year: when it was so abundant in 1846, it was observed
that the flowers of the Petunia were its “peculiar vanity.”
The Death’s Head (Acherontia Atropos) also appears towards
the end of August: it is very rarely observed on the wing.
In September Sphinx Convolvuli and Deilephila Livornica
still continue out, and Atropos remains even till October. In
the last-named month two of our great rarities appear, viz.
Cherocampa Celerio and Nerii: the latter species has its home
on the banks of the streams in Italy, but occasionally ranges
much farther to the North, and has on more than one occasion
been taken in the South of England. Celerio, though still a
rarity, is more frequently found here, and it appears to have an
extreme partiality for light, far more so than other of our rare
Sphinges ; perhaps this hint may be of use as contributing to
its more general capture.
With reference to the times of appearance of the larve of
the Spuinaipx, one (Livornica) appears in July, one (Atropos)
is findable in October; but the special months for these larvee
are July, August and September.
In July we have Acherontia Atropos, Sphinx Convolvuli
and Pinastri, Deilephila Livornica, Cherocampa porcellus and
Ellpenor.
In August the three Smerinthi, Atropos, Sphina Ligustri,
Deilephila Euphorbie and Galii, Cherocampa porcellus and
Elpenor.
In September Smerinthus Populi and Tilie, Acherontia
Atropos, Deilephila Huphorbiea and Galii, Cherocampa Celerio,
Ellpenor and Neri.
 86

Young collectors must not expect to complete their series of

this family the first year; they may reasonably expect to get
Smerinthus ocellatus and Populi, Sphina Ligustri and Chero-
campa Elpenor, either in the imago or larva states; and it
is possible some may be so fortunate as to get S. Tili@ and
C. porcelius; but the remainder will probably long remain as
“things hoped for,” and years may elapse before they have the
pleasure of placing in their collections such insects as Pinastri,
Euphorbia, Celerio, Livornica and Nerit.

The five genera into which this family is divided may be

thus recognised :—
A. Antenne not terminating in a minute bristle; hind-margin
of the fore-wings angulated. Genus 1. Sincere oat
AA, Antennee terminating in a minute bristle; hind-margin
of the fore-wines nO angulated.
B. Abdomen very thick. Genus 2. AcHmrontra.
BB. Abdomen stout, but not very thick.
C. Hind-wings rounded at the anal angle, or with hardly
perceptible projection. Genus 3. SPHINx.
CC. Hind-wings with spersepizble projection at anal angle.
Genera 4 and 5. DrrnepHiia and CH@ROCAMPA.

The essential difference between these two last is in the

structure of the caterpillar, which, in CuH#rocampa, has the
power of retracting the 3 anterior segments, a peculiarity
which has obtained for them the name of Elephants in
England and Cochons in France: the larve of DEILEPHILA
have not this peculiar feature, a retractile snout.

Genus 1. SMERINTHUS.
Antenne rather slender, gradually thickened, the tip pomted,
but not terminating in a bristle. “Fore--wings with the hind-
margin angulated or indented. Abdomen moderately thick.
Larva rough, green, with oblique lateral stripes; the head
 87

triangular, a conical horn on the 12th segment; enters the

earth to undergo its transformations.
The larvee feed on the leaves of sallow, willow, poplar, elm,
ash, &c., in autumn.

The three species may be thus distinguished :—

A. Hing-wing with a conspicuous bluish eye-like spot at the
anal angle. S. ocellatus.
AA. Hind-wing with a large brick-red blotch towards the base.
S. Populi.
AAA. Hind-wings with neither of the above-mentioned mark-
ings. 8S. Tilia.

S. ocetLatus (Hyed Hawk). 2” 8’’—8” 8’. F.-w. pale

rosy brown, clouded with olive markings; h.-w. rosy, shading
into brown at the hind-margin; near the anal angle is a large
round bluish eye-like spot. V—VLII.
Larva, skin rough, apple-green, dotted with white, with
7 oblique, white, lateral stripes, bordered above with dark
green; spiracles pinkish white, edged with violet. Horn
rough, sKY-BLUE; the tip greenish or blackish (Dup.) On
willow, poplar, apple, &c. VIII.
Bi.! Bl. Brg. Brs.! Bu.! Ca.! Da. Ep.! Ex.! Ha.! Hu.
329), Gow. Le.) Ly. Ml! Pl Prot Sef Sh. St.) Te: Taal!
Wa. Wi.! Wt.! Y.!
a e Poputt (Poplar Hawk). 2’ 9—3" 2". Ashy grey,
clouded with pale brown; basal part of h.-w. brick-red. V—
EL
Larva, skin rough, apple-green dotted with yellow, with
% oblique, yellow, lateral lines; spiracles white, edged with
reddish. Horn rough, yettowisH above, REDDIsH beneath
(Dup.) On poplar and aspen; sometimes on sallow and birch.
VIII and IX. bs
Bi.! Bl. Brg.! Brs.! Bu.!! Ca.! Ct. Da.! Ed.! Ep, !Hix.!
Gr Has! Hu.!! K. £.D.! Lwe! Get MW OPE M-Prat
Peese eon St) Pe. Tas! Tr. Wa. Wi Wire!
8. Trr1m (Lime Hawk). 2” 7'’—3". F-w. pale reddish
brown, shading into a very broad, sandy green, hind margin ;
rR
 88

an interrupted, broad, central olive band, and a whitish mark

near the apex; h.-w. sandy brown, with an indistinct blackish
band running from the outer angle to the anal angle; basal
part blackish, V—VI. a
Larva apple-green, dotted with yellow; with 7 oblique,
yellow, lateral lines, sometimes edged with red; spiracles
orange. Horn rough, blue above, yellow beneath: BEHIND
IT Is A VIOLET ESCUTCHEON BORDERED WITH ORANGE (Dup.)
On elm and lime. VIII m—IX e.
Bl. Brs.! Cas) Cti:! Do, Ep.! Ex:! Ha-! KiStdede.
Wa. Wt.

Genus 2. ACHERONTIA.

Antenne short, thick, terminating im a slender bristle;

wings entire; head large; abdomen very thick.
Larva smooth, head rounded; anal horn rough, recurved at
the tip; goes under ground to effect its transformations.
We have but one species of this genus; the perfect insect
possesses the power of squeaking, the only Lepidopterous insect
gifted with a voice; on this account, its large size, and delinea-
tion of a skull on the thorax, it is an object of terror with many
of the unlearned.

A, Arropos (Death’s Head). 4’ 1’’—5”. F-w, blachish

brown, with indistinct tawny markings ; a conspicuous yellowish
dot near the centre; h.-w. yellow, with a narrow black central,
and a broad black marginal, band. VITI—X.
Larva usually lemon-yellow; towards the head and lower
 89

part of the sides green; with 7 oblique, lateral, violet stripes;

spiracles black, edged with white; horn yellowish, rough,
inclined backwards, and then recurved (Dup.) Sometimes, but
very rarely, an extraordinary variety of the larva occurs, in
which the ground-colour is brownish olive, with the lateral
stripes darker, and the anterior segments are whitish; it may,
however, be immediately recognised by the peculiar form of the
anal horn. On potato, jasmine, Lycium barbarum (known in
gardens in the midland counties as the “tea-tree”), &c. VII
m—X b.
This. singular insect is. very widely distributed, and is some-
times common in the larva state. B.! Bl.! Brg.! Brs.! Bu.
Ca.! Da. Do. Hd. Ep. Ha. ! G. Ha. Hu. K. L.D. Lw. Le.
by M. Pl. Pr. Se: Sh. St. Te. Tn. Tr. Wi. Wt. Y.

Genus 8. SpHINX.

Antenne moderately long (not so stout as in ACHERONTIA),

terminating in a slender bristle. Wings entire; fore-wings
lanceolate; hind-wings rounded at anal angle, or with hardly
perceptible projection; head of moderate size; tongue very
long; abdomen stout and conical.
Larva smooth, with oblique lateral lines; head rounded:
anal horn pointing behind; goes under ground to effect its
transformations.

The only three European species all occur here; they may
be thus distinguished :—
A. Hind-wings with dark bands.
B. Ground-colour of hind-wings pale grey. S. Convolvuli,
BB. Ground-colour of hind-wings rosy. S. Ligustri.
AA. Hind-wings with no dark bands. S. Pinastri.

S. Convotvutr (Convolvulus Hawk). 38” 9’”—4” 9/7,

F-w. dark grey, with blackish streaks and with paler and
darker wavy markings; h.-w. pale grey at the base, shading
into smoky brown, with 1 basal, 2 somewhat confluent, central,
and 1 marginal, blackish bands. VIII e—IX,
Larva green or brown, with 7 oblique lateral sages
I
 90

curved
spiracles black in white rings; horn smooth and
(Dup.) On the small bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis), &¢.
VAL,
Gh
Bl. Brg.! Brs. Bu. Ca. Ct. Da. Do. Hd. Ep. Hae.
be Lys PLP Bed Ee
Has Ha, KE LD.
Wisie ©.
five
Mr. Atkinson informs me that, in July, 1838, he found
or six larvee of this insect feeding on a bed of the wild balsam
(Impatiens noli-me-tangere), a few miles from Dolgellan, in
Merionethshire, on the road to Bala.
In 1846 the perfect insect abounded throughout England
to an incredible degree (in the ‘Zoologist’ for that year,
pp. 1509—1518, the captures of several hundred specimens
are recorded), but the larve had not been observed that
summer, and many imagined the insects must have come
from abroad, but the extreme fineness of many of the speci-
mens, and their simultaneous appearance from Kent to the
Land’s End, and from Hampshire to Yorkshire, forbids the
acceptance of this explanation.

S. Licusrri (Privet Hawk). 38 7/’—4" 4". Fw. very

pale brown; streaked with black and clouded with brown from
the inner margin to the apex; h.-w. pale rosy, with 3 broad
black bands. VI—VII.
Larva bright green, with 7 oblique lateral white streaks
bordered above with lilac; spiracles yellow. Horn smooth
and curved; black, under side of lower half yellow. On privet
(Ligustrum vulgare) and lilac. VIII.
Bl! Brg.!! Brs.! Bu. (Ca,l! Ct.! “Do.!!) [Link]) Hitt!
G. Hay! -K. Lw.! Ly.) Plot! BR.) Se.08t:! Te. Tat Tra
Wa. Wi.! Wt.! Doncaster.

S. Prxasrrt. 2710’, Fw. bluish-grey, varied with brown

and black dashes; h.w. brown, without bands. VI m—VII m.
 G1

Larva green, with a red-brown dorsal stripe, and 8 lateral

" stripes, rather interrupted, of a citron-yellow; spiracles orange
edged with black. Horn black and rough (Dup.) On various
species of fir trees. WVII—VIII.
By many doubted as a British species; but Stephens cites
Colney Hatch Wood, Esher, and Rivelston Wood, near Edin-
burgh: I know of no recent captures.

Ratzeburg’s receipt for finding the perfect insect is as

follows :—* One first sees them at the flowers of the honey-
suckle; and where this plant occurs over arbours in villages
near the forests, one can with certainty expect them at evening
dusk, if they are abundant.”

Genus 4. DEILEPHTLA.
Antenne not long, terminating in a bristle; wings entire;
fore-wings lanceolate; hind-wings with a slight production at
the anal angle; head rather small; tongue rather large (much
shorter than in Spsinx; abdomen conical, elongate.
Larva smooth, with anal horn, the sides marked with con-
spicuous pale spots; anterior segments not retractile; change
to pupa at the surface of the ground among leaves.
The larvee feed on spurge, bed-straw, vine and fuchsias.

We have three British species, all of which are rare: they

may be thus distinguished :—
A. Veins of fore-wings not whitish.
B. Central portion of fore-wings rosy grey. D. Euphorbia.
BB. Central portion of fore-wings whitish. D. Galii.
AA. Veins of fore-wings whitish. D. Livornica.

Deilephila Hippophaes is a probable British species, which

should be looked for on the South Coast, where its food-plant,
the sallow-thorn or sea-buckthorn (Hippophaes Rhamnoides)
grows ; the green larva, with pink horn, is said to feed in June
and July, and again in September and October.
 92

D. Evenorsim. 2” 4/”’—2”" 7". F.-w. ROSY GREY, with an

spot near the costa, and
olive basal patch, a large olive central un,
to the inner marg
an olive streak running from the apex ; h.-w.
where it extends from THE MIDDLE to the anal angle
rosy; black at the base; a narrow blackish marginal band ;
anal angle whitish. VI.
2 rows of
Larva black, with numerous yellow dots, and with
than the
yellow spots on each side, the upper one much larger
lower one; a red dorsal line, and one on each side above the
black
legs; head and legs red; horn rough and red, the tip
(Dup.) On Euphorbia Paralas and E. Cyparissias (sea-
spurge). VIII m—IXm.
Scarborough; formerly taken by Mr. Raddon at Braunton
Burrows, near Bideford. Ss

The following notice of the habits of the larve of this

species, by Mr. Melhuish, who had unusual opportunities of
observing it last autumn, on the coast of Brittany, near
St. Pol de Léon (the larvee, indeed, were so abundant there
that he collected 400 in three days, the first week in Sep-
tember), will be read with interest by many :—
« All the larve that I saw at liberty were seen by me
between the hours of 8 and 6 p.m. They were invariably
actively engaged, either in feeding or in running over the
sand, which they did with great ease, from a plant which
they had stripped, in search of a fresh one. The eggs must
be always laid at the top of the plant, among the soft bud-
ding leaves, for this is, without exception, the position of the
youngest larvee: they then gradually work their way down
the plant till they reach the ground, when they run off in
search of fresh food, leaving behind them a broad trail in the
sand, in which each foot’s tread may be distinctly traced.
T believe that most plant-feeding larvee attach themselves to
 93

some peculiar part of their own plant in preference to other

parts, but the larva of D. Huphorbie clears literally everything
away before it leaves its post: leaves, stalks, flowers, seeds—
all are eaten, except the central stem, and even this in young
plants, which are bitten off level with the ground and dis-
appear altogether. You can always tell, from a great distance,
whether any larve will be found on a given bed, from the
appearance of the plants: if the stems are stripped, they are
gone, but sure to be found not far off; if the leaves are
withered, it is of no use looking for them,—you will only find
a few dead bodies,—they are all under ground; where there is
a green-looking bed of the Euphorbia you are sure of getting
a score or two. Though they will eat everything but the
stringy roots, yet they certainly prefer the seed-vessels or
young stalks, as these contain most of that milky juice which
is their great delight. If you break a twig and offer it to
them, they will disregard the leaves to fasten on the broken
end, and lick up the milk as it oozes out. The seed-vessels
they take between their front legs, and, raising themselves
into the ‘Sphinx’ posture, gnaw away at one till it is de-
molished, just like a monkey with an apple, their feet close
before their mouths. If interrupted at any time while feeding,
they turn round with the greatest fury and spit out a quantity
of green liquid, of an acid and disagreeable smell, similar to
that of the spurge-milk, only worse. When a larva, after
rambling about, finds a fresh plant to his taste, he sets to at
once upon the bottom leaves, merely raising up his head from
the ground, and devours all within his reach, before pro-
ceeding to climb the stem: these bottom leaves are, of
course, very inferior, but were the large larve who are old
 94

enough to travel to go and mount up to the top at once,

and eat all the tender shoots, of course all the tiny individuals
just out of their eggs would be starved. <A larva never turns
—it goes up or down, according to circumstances, but only
one way. They must swallow large quantities of sand, for
however sandy a leaf may be, if it is fresh, they never reject
it on that account. I should add that ‘frass’ and ‘trails’ are
proof positive of the recent visit of larvee, when not themselves
visible, as both are soon covered by the sand.”

D. Gaur. 2” 6’’—3”. E-w. dark olive-green, with a

broad paler hind-margin, and an irregular wuHittsH streak,
extending from near the base of the inner margin to the
apex; the dark margin of its outer edge begins considerably
BEFORE THE MIDDLE; h-w. rosy, black at the base, with
a narrow black marginal band, and a whitish anal angle.
VII m—VITI m.
Larva dull greenish grey, with a conspicuous pale yellow
spot in a broad black ring on the upper part of the side of
each segment; spiracles yellow; horn bright red. On bed-
straw (Galiwm verwm), and in gardens on fuchsias. VIII m
m.
Brg. Brs. Hp. Hx. Hu. L.D. Iw. M. Pl. Y. Felixtowe.

D. Livorntca. 3” 4”. F'-w. dark olive-green, with paler

hind-margin, and a pale ochreous streak from the base of the
inner margin to the apex; VEINS DISTINCTLY WHITISH; h.-w.
rosy, black at the base, a narrow black marginal band, and a
whitish anal angle. VILI—IX.
Larva greyish ochreous, with a broad black dorsal lina, and
a black line below the spiracles; on each side of the black
dorsal line are ten round pale ochreous spots, each (excepting
the last) nearly filled up by a round black spot; horn red, with
a black tip, curved and rough (Fwessly). On Galium (bed-
straw) and vine. VI—VII.
Brg. G. Le. L.D. Lw. M. Pl. Pr. Barnsley.
 95

Genus 5. CH#ROCAMPA.

Imago as in Demepuina.
Larva smooth, with the anterior segments retractile, and
with conspicuous ocellated spots on the sides of the 4th, or 5th
and 6th segments, generally with anal horn, but in Hlpenor
the horn is short, and in Porcellus it is altogether wanting.
The larvee feed on the oleander, vine, fuchsia, willow-herb
(Epilobium) and bedstraw (Galium).

We have four British species, which may be thus re-

cognised :—
A. Expansion of the wings above 4 inches; fore-wings with
large green blotches. C. Nerit.
AA. Expansion of the wings under 33 inches; fore-wings with
no green blotches.
B. Fore-wings with a central black dot in a white ring.
C. Celerio.
BB. Fore-wings with no central black dot nor white ring.
C. Ground-colour of hind-wings rosy. C. Elpenor.
CC. Ground-colour of hind-wings dull yellow. C. Por-
cellus.

C. Nerm 4” 2’”—4” 4’”, F-w. pale rosy grey, with

large irregular blotches of dull green, more or less intersected
with wavy whitish streaks; h.-w. purplish brown at the base,
shading into dull green at the margin, with a single curved
whitish line a little beyond the middle. X.
Larva green (or yellow), with 2 large ocellated spots on the
4th segment, and a longitudinal white streak on each side, and
numerous small white dots on the 6th to 12th segments; horn
short, blunt, curved downwards, orange-yellow (Dup.) On
oleander (Neriwm oleander), and has been found on peri-
winkle. IX.
Has occurred at Dover, Teignmouth and Brighton, always
singly; the capture of the last specimen is thus recorded in
the ‘Zoologist’ for 1852, p. 3624:—* On the 11th of Sep-
tember a specimen of Cherocampa Nerit was taken in Mont-
 96

pelier Road, Brighton, by a young gentleman at school, while

it was hovering about a passion-flower.”

CG. Ornerro. 3”—38 2”, F.-w. pale brown, marbled with

darker ; a waved dull ochreous band from the inner margin
before the middle to the apex, with a distinct pale margin on
its inner side; a black dot in a white ring near the centre of
the wing. H.-w. bright rosy at the base, paler towards the
margin, with a narrow marginal and broad central black band
connected by six black streaks. X.
Larva green or purplish brown. On the 5th and 6th seg-
ments are 2 round black spots, dotted with yellow and
encircled with a yellow ring; those on the 5th segment
larger. Horn brown, very slender and quite straight (Freyer).
On vine. IX. =
Brs. Da. Hu. L.D. Lw. Le. M. Pr. St. Tn. Wt. Doncaster
and Wakefield.

The following localities of capture indicate its partiality for

LicHt :—‘ Two on window-sills, and one brought me from a
chemist’s shop, into which the light had lured it.” “ Two
found by a mason whilst pulling old window-frames out, a
third at rest on a window-shutter.”
“ Crimine ab wno disce omnes.”

C. Exprenor (Elephant Hawk). 2’ 5’”—2” 6", F-w. dull

yellowish green, with hind-margin, costa and 2 oblique bands
rosy; h.-w. rosy, basal half blackish. V1.
Larva sometimes green, but generally dark grey, marbled
with black; 5th and 6th segments each with a large black
spot on each side, the upper portion of which contains a white
kidney-shaped spot nearly filled up with brown-grey; horn
short and black, tip white. Feeds on willow-herb (Kpilobiwm) ?
vine and Fuchsia. VII e—IX b.
Bi.!! Bl. Brg. Brs.! Bu.! Ga.! Ct.! Eip.! Hx. Ha. ! din,
K. L.D. Lw. Le. Ly.! M.! Pl! Pr.! Sc.!! Sh. St.! Te. Tn.
PEON ac
 C. Porcettus (Small Elephant). 1” 9’”’—2/ 1”", Dull
yellow, with broad rosy hind-margins. F.-w., costa rosy, this
colour extending into the wings at the centre and towards the
apex ; h.-w., costal part and inner margin blackish. Ve—VI.
Larva light brown mottled with dark brown or black, some-
times light green mottled with dark green or black; 5th and
6th segments each with an eye-like spot on each side, and a
few black spots indicating a similar spot on the 4th segment.
No horn. Feeds on bedstraw (Galium verum). VII—VIII.
Bi.!! Bl. Brg.!! Brs. Ca.! Hd.! Ep. Ha.! L.D. Lw.! M.
Ele rr.! St. Tn. Wa. Y.

Family III. SESIIDA.

Imago with the antennze much thickened beyond the mid-
dle, terminating in a hooked bristle. |Wings short and com-
paratively broad. Abdomen thick, with a broad tuft at the
tip. Larva smooth, elongate, with a horn on the back of the
12th segment. Pupa on the ground, amongst leaves.
The perfect insects fly by day, in the hottest sunshine.
Of this family we have two genera, comprising only three
species, all remarkable for that rapidity of flight which has pro-
cured for one of them the name of ‘“‘ The Humming-Bird Hawk
Moth.”
It is in the “merry month of May,” when the collector is
”

busy among the small Fritillaries (Selene and Huphrosyne)

K
 98

that the two clear-winged species of this family occur: they are
generally noticed buzzing at flowers in the open parts of woods.
Macroglossa Stellatarum is more of a garden insect, and may
be noticed stealing the sweets from our honeysuckles and other
tubular flowers from May till late in September.
Young collectors may reasonably hope to see it during their
first season; but it is not very easily caught on the wing; that
is to say, you must learn how to catch it, by striking at several
specimens and—missing them.

The two genera of this family may be at once distinguished

thus :—

A. Wings densely clothed with scales, not transparent. Ge-

nus 1. MacroGnossa.
AA. Wings transparent, only the margins clothed with scales.
Genus 2. Susi.

Genus 1 Macroatossa.
Wings densely clothed with scales ;head, thorax and body
with closely appressed flat scales.
We have but one species.

M. Srerrararum (Humming-Bird Moth). 17 11/’”—9”,

Smoky brown, with a central black dot, a waved black line on
each side of it, and indistinct black clouds towards the base.
H.-w. dull tawny, the base blackish brown, the hind-margin
reddish brown, V—IX.
Larva, skin rough, green, with white dots; a pure white
subdorsal line and a yellowish white line above the legs; fore-
legs ved; horn short, rough, nearly straight, dull blue, with
the tip yellowish (Dup.) Feeds on bedstraw (Galium Mol-
lugo). VII and IX.
Brg.!! Brs. Bu.!
-Ca.!!. Ct. Da. Do.! Ed. Ep.! Ex.
Ha. Hu. K. L.D.! Lw.! Ly.! M. PL! Pr. R. Se. Sh,
nite, To.! Tr Wa Whey:
 99

Genus 2. SESIA.
Wings with the entire disk transparent (only loosely clothed
with scales on the insect first emerging from the chrysalis);
head, thorax and body clothed with loose downy scales, very
similar to the pubescence of a humble-bee.
Larva feeding on honeysuckle and scabious.
The two species may be thus recognized :—
A. Hind-wing with rather broad red-brown hind-margin. _ 8.
Fuciformis.
AA. Hind-wing with very narrow brown hind-margin. S.
bombyliformis.

These insects have a remote resemblance to humble-bees.

S. Fuctrormis (Broad-bordered Bee Hawk). 1/7 9’? —

1” 10’. F.-w., base and costa black, tinged with GREEN;
central spot and BROAD
hind-margin RED-brown ;
h.-w., base black tinged
with green; hind-margin
RATHER BROAD and red-
brown. V.
Larva pale green, yel-
lowish dorsal and lateral
lines, violet above the
feet; spiracles brownish
red; horn curved, brown-
ish red or orange (Ochs.)
Feeds on honeysuckle. VII.
Bi. Ep.! Ex. Ha. Lw. Ly.! 0.! St. Wt.

S. pompyiirormts (Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk). 1” 6” —

1” 9", F-w., costa and a broad patch on the inner margin
black tinged with green; hind-margin brown, broad towards
the apex, NaRRow at the anal angle; h.-w., base tinged with
yellow, with a vERY NARROW brown hind-margin. V.
K2
 100

two rows of dull

Larva green dotted with yellowish white; h segments; the
to 12t
reddish spots on each side of the 5th
row of reddish spots;
white spiracles are placed in the lower
h; legs reddish, ex-
horn slightly rough, short, pointed, reddis Feeds on field
cept the anal pair, which are green (Dup.)
b.
scabious (Scabiosa arvensis). Vil e—VUI L.D. Lw. M.
Bl. Brg.! Ca.! Ep. Ex. Ha. Hu. K.!
O. St. Wi.! Y. Carlisle.

Family IV. AZGERIMDA.

wings nar-
Antenne slightly thickened beyond the middle;
a central
row, elongate, transparent, only the margins and
blotch with scales; abdomen rather long.
the
Larva smooth, whitish (withno horn), feeding within
in to a
stems or roots of trees and shrubs, and changing there
pupa, which has spines on the hinder segments. g
The perfect insects fly slowly, or occasionally hover amon
bushes and flowers.
Of this family we have two genera, comprising thirteen spe-
cies, several of which are still great rarities with us.

Towards the middle or end of May specimens of Sphecia api-

s of
formis may be observed sunning themselves on the trunk
poplars. At the same period Trochilium culiciforme may be
met with flying swiftly in woods; and 7’. sphegiforme is also at
large, but, being so great a rarity, I cannot give directions
where it may be found. In June the three named still con-
tinue out; and then also appear those three rarities, 7’. vespi-
forme, chrysidiforme and scoliaforme, which have occurred at
Epping, Folkstone and Llangollen respectively ;and the four
commoner specie—s7’.cynipiforme, so partial to the Hyde-
Park oaks; T’. tipuliforme, which frequents the currant-bushes
of our gardens, by no means assisting their vigorous develop-
ment; J. myopeforme, which is found in orchards, among
 101

apple and pear trees; and T. formiceforme, which is to be

sought for in osier-beds. July arrives, and the stragglers of
S. apiformis are still left for those laggard entomologists who
are just in time to be not too late for a species; S. bembecifor-
mis is to be found amongst sallows. T°. scoligforme, myopa-
Sorme and formiceforme still remain out, and T. ichneumoni-’
forme appears, and is best obtained by sweeping the herbage
in those places where it is known to occur; it continues
during the following month, when it and 7. formiceforme are
the sole representatives of the numerous little colony of Clear-
wings.
Those who wish to open the campaign before May would do
well to look after the larvae of the various species in April, as
in April and May all the known larve are to be met with in
the pith or beneath the bark of the various bushes and trees
on which they feed. °
The young collector may expect to meet with T. tipuliforme
his first season; perhaps, also, T. myopeforme or one of the
other commoner species: the rarities must be waited for.
But a word of caution when you see a Trochiliwm seated on a
leaf: don’t try to catch it with a pill-box, however quiet it may
look; don’t, or you will miss it; for, just as you approach it,
it will give a jump ora jerk, and you will find you have the
pill-box in your hand, but the Sphina you were going to catch
is gone, somehow; so you will have to scratch your head, and
look so stupid.
The two genera may be readily distinguished thus :—
A. Abdomen moderately stout; no anal tuft. Genus 1.
SPHECIA.
AA. Abdomen slender, with an anal tuft. Genus 2. TrocHtiium.
K3
 102

Genus 1. SPHKCTA.

Antenne (pectinated in the males) terminating in a slender

tuft of hair; wings with the entire disk transparent (only
loosely clothed with scales on the insect first emerging from
the chrysalis); abdomen rather stout, pointed, not with an
expansive anal tuft.
Larvie feed on poplars and sallows.

The two species may be thus distinguished :—

A. Head yellow; thorax black, with a yellow patch on each
side in front. S. apiformis.
AA, Head and thorax blackish, with a yellow collar. 8. bem-
beciformis. :

These insects are very sluggish in their habit, and, from

their transparent wings and yellow-belted bodies, look very
much like large wasps or hornets, when seen at rest.

S..aptrormis. 17 4’”/—1" 7’, Coste yellowish brown;

hind-margins fringed with
brown; head yELLow; tho-
rax blackish above, with a
yellow PatoH on each side
in front. V e—VII.
Larva whitish yellow,
- with a darker dorsal line
and a large blackish brown
head (Ochs.) Lives in
stems and roots of poplars.
VITI—IV.
Ca.!! Ct. Ep.! Ha. G. Ha. Sh.! Te.

S. pempectrormis. 17 8’”—1” 9’’’, Coste yellowish

brown; hind-margins fringed with brown; head BLACKISH;
thorax blackish, with a yellow cortar. VII.
Larva whitish, with brownish spiracles (Steph.) Feeds in
the wood of the sallow. IX—Y.
 103

Bi.!! Brg.! Brs. Bu. Ca:! Ep.! Ha. Hu.! L.D. Le. M,!
Peo! Se.!! Te. Y.!

Genus 2. TRrRocHILium.

Antenne (simple, ciliated or pectinated in the males) termi-

nating in a slender tuft of hairs; hind-wings transparent ; fore-
wings generally with the basal half transparent ; abdomen slen-
der, with a more or Jess conspicuous anal tuft.
Larve feed within the stems of currant, birch, oak, apple,
willow, &c.

The eleven species may be thus tabulated :—

A. Fore-wings brown, not transparent. T. vespiforme.
AA. Fore-wings transparent, at least towards the base.
B. Abdomen with yellow or whitish belts.
C. Abdomen with six or seven belts; anal tuft slender.
T. ichneumoniforme.
CC. Abdomen with four belts; anal tuft large, black in
the $, yellow in the 2. I’. cynipiforme.
CCC. Abdomen with three or four belts; anal tuft large,
black. TZ’. tipuliforme.
CCCC. Abdomen with two belts; anal tuft black at the
sides, orange-red in the middle. 1. chrysidt-
forme.
CCCCC. Abdomen with two belts; anal tuft yellow.
T. allantiforme.
CCCCCC. Abdomen with two belts; anal tuft dark fus-
cous shading into saffron. 1’. scolieforme.
CCCCCOC. Abdomen with one belt; anal tuft black.
T. sphegiforme.
BB. Abdomen with red belts.
D. Apical portion of fore-wing reddish. T’. formica-
forme.
DD. Basal portion of fore-wing tinged with reddish:
T. culiciforme.
DDD. With no reddish scales on the fore-wing. T.
myopaforme.
The above ought to enable any one to ascertain the name of
 104

a species of Clear-wing; but, in case they should confuse

between cynipiforme and tipuliforme, it may be mentioned that
the former has a small yellow spot at the base of the fore-wing,
which is wanting in the latter.

T. vesprrorME. 17 2/”—1” 3’”. F-w. dark fuseous,

rather transparent towards the base; h.-w., transparent, with
dark fuscous cilia; abdomen black, with 3 yellow belts; an-
tenne of the male strongly ciliated. VI.
LARVA UNDESCRIBED. Feeds in the branches, stems and
roots of poplar (Populus nigra), more rarely in aspen (P. tre-
mula. LV.
Ep.

T. cupystpirorME. 10’. F-w. with the costa and hind-

margin black, and a large black spot beyond the middle, reach-
ing half-way across the wing; inner margin orange-red ; apical
hyaline patch nearly filled up with orange-red; h.-w. with
black margin and cilia; head and thorax black; abdomen
black, with 2 pale yellowish rings; anal tuft black at the sides,
orange-red IN THE MIDDLE. Vle.
Larva UNKNOWN.
The only recent capture was the specimen taken by Mr.
Brewer last summer near Folkstone.

T. ICHNEUMONIFORME, 8’77-—10’’, F-w., margins black-

ish; hind- and inner margins tinged with ochreous; central
spot black; h.-w., fringe blackish; head and thorax blackish;
abdomen black, with 6 yellowish rings in the ¢, 7 in the &.
VU—VIII.
Larva UNKNOWN.
Brs. Hp. Pl. Sc. Te. Isle of Portland, and used to be
taken at the Charlton sand-pit.

T. cynrprrorme, 73/”7—11’’, F.w., costa and hind-mar-

gin BuuE-black; inner margin and central spot blue-black
tinged with orange; h.-w. with black fringes; head black;
thorax black, with a yellow collar and a yellow stripe on each
side; abdomen black, with 4 yellow rings. VI.
 105

Larva whitish, with a brown head (Westw.). Feeds in the

bark of oak.
Brs. Ep. O. Pm. &e. Hyde Park.
T. SPHEGIFORME. 17” 1/”. F.-w., margins black; hind-
margin with a purple gloss ;central spot purplish black ; h.-w.,
fringes purplish black; antenne black, with a broad white ring
before the tip; head black; thorax black, with a white stripe
on each side; abdomen black, with one white ring; anal tuft
BLack. V m—VIb.
Larva UNDESCRIBED. Lives in stems of alder (Alnus gluti-
nosa)—(Staud.)
Bu. M. Y.

T. scOLIZFORME. 1”—1” 3/", F'-w., costa and hind-

margin bluish black ; central fascia broad, bluish black, wiTH A
WEDGE-SHAPED PROJECTION TOWARDS THE BASE; h.-w., fringes
bluish black; antennz bluish black, in the Q straw-colour
below the apex; thorax black, with 2 lateral oblique yellow
lines ; abdomen bluish black, with two yellow rings; anal tuft
dark fuscous, shading into sarrron. VI—VII.
Larva UNDESCRIBED. Feeds in the trunks of birch (Betula
alba}—{Staud.) IV.
Taken by Mr. Ashworth at Bryn Hyfryd, near Llangollen,
in North Wales. ©

T. ALLANTIFORME. 10’. F-w., margins and central fas-

oia blue-black ; abdomen black, with 2 slender yellow belts ; anal
tuft YELLOW.
Larva UNKNOWN.
A single specimen, taken by Mr. Chant at Greenhithe, is
in the rich collection of Mr. Shepherd.

T. tiputiroRME. 9/’’—]0”’.. F’-w., margins and central

spot black tinged with orange; hind-margin distinctly streaked
with orange; h.-w., margins black tinged with orange; fringes
paler; head black; thorax black, with a yellowish stripe on
each side; abdomen black, with 3 yellowish rings; anal tuft
black. VI.
 106

brown,
Larva whitish, with a darker dorsal line; head pale
nd segment; two
the hinder part showing through the seco ind the lobes of
beh
linear brown spots on the second segment X—IV.
the head. Feeds on pith of currant-bushes. ! G.! Hu. K.!
Brg.! Brs.! Bu.!! Ct.! Da.! Ep.! Ex.
Wa.! Wi.! Y.!
Lw.! Le.! M.! PL! Sc.! Sh. Te. Tn.!
T. wvopzrorme. 8”—103/". F'-w., margins blackish ;
blackish ;h.-w.,
hind-margin tinged with purplish ; central spot
omen black, with
fringes blackish ;head and thorax black; abd
1 broad red ring. VI—VII.
LARVA UNDESCRIBED. Feeds in the stems and branches of
apple trees (Staud.) V.
Bre. ip. K. Lw.!

T, cunicirorme. 1”—1" 1". F.-w., costa, hind-margin

THE BASE
and central spot blue-black ; INNER MARGIN TOWARDS ck;
ax blue-bla
REDDISH ; h.-w., fringes blackish; head and thor
I b.
abdomen blue-black, with a broad red ring. V e—V
-yel-
Larva whitish yellow, with a brown head and a honey
low second segment (Freyer). Lives in the trunks and
(Alnus
branches of birch (Betula alba), more rarely in alder
IV.
glutinosa)—(Staud.) ; and betrays itself by its frass (Freyer).
Kip. MM. ¥.

T. vormrcmrorme. 10/’—114/". F-w., margins black

tinged with red, the TIP BROADLY RED ; central spot black’
h.-w., fringes blackish; head and thorax
black; abdomen black, with a broad
dark red ring. VI-—VIII.
Larva whitish, with brownish head,
and brownish spots on the second seg-
ment (Hub.) Feeds in the shoots of
willows, especially Salia triandra and
S. viminalis. V.
Ca.! Ep. K.
 BOMBYCINA.
The insects of this group are called Sprxner by the Ger-
mans, the aptness of which name is at once seen, as it is to
this group that all the larvee which produce the stix of com-
merce are referable; as entomologists know all larve can spin ;
but the silkworm and a few other larve are the only spinners
which are made use of by man.
The group is but poorly represented in Britain (or even in
Europe); hence our few species are divided amongst a great
number of genera; and the vast gaps which occur whenever
we attempt a regular arrangement of our species show how dif-
ficult it is to comprehend the scheme of entire groups, from
the examination only of the species occurring in a single
country.
Twelve families are represented in Britain.

1. Heprarip®, including the Ghost Moth and other

~ $wifts.
2. ZEUZERIDH, including the Goat Moth and Wood
Leopard.
3. Noropontip#, including the Puss Moth, Lobster
Moth, Prominents, Buff-Tip, &c.
4, Lrparip®, including the Tussocks, Vapourers, Brown-
Tail, Gold-Tail, &e.
5. Lirnosip#, including the Lithosie and allied genera.
6. CHELONID#, including the Tiger Moths, Ermines, &e.
7. Bompycips, including the Eggers, Lackeys, Drinker,
and Lappet Moth.
8. EnpRomID#&, containing only one species, the Kentish.
Glory.
9. SaruRNID£, containing only one species, the Emperor
Moth.
10. PLaryprERYGIDH, containing the Drepane and allied
genera.
 108

era Penthophera, Psyche

11. Psycr1p#, comprising the gen
and Fumea.
only two species, Hetero-
12. CocHi1opopip%, containing tudo.
genea Asellus and Limacodes Tes
a tabular arrangement
The following is an attempt at
of these families :—
r than the thorax; a space be-
A. Antenne very short, shorte base. 1. Hu-
tweenthe hind-wings and fore-wings at the
PIALIDA.
thorax; a space between
AA. Antenne not shorter than the .
the wings at the base. 2. ZEUZERIDS
n the thorax; no space be-
AAA. Antenne not shorter tha
tween the wings at the base.
9. SaTURNIDE.
B. Hach wing with an ocellated spot.
BB. Wings with no ocellated spot.
©. Collar well developed. duller than
D. Wings variegated; hind-wings rather kings.
fore-wings, but with similar spots and mar
8. HENDROMIDS.
htly coloured
DD. Wings variegated; hind-wings brig e of
and spotted ; abdomen coloured ; antenn
the male pectinated. 6. CHELONIDE.
at most with
DDD. Wings not variegated; fore-wings gs
a pale costa and few dark spots; hind-win
unspotted ;abdomen coloured only at the tip;
5. Li-
antenne of the male simple, filiform.
THOSIDE.
CC. Collar slightly developed.
E. Antenne of the male simple. 12. CocHLIoPo-
DIDE.
EE. Antenne of the male pectinated.
F. Wings of the males unicolorous grey or black,
or reticulated; females wingless. 11. Psy-
CHIDE.
FF. Wings not unicolorous grey or black, nor
reticulated; females with wings fully de-
veloped (or, as in Orgyia, with very short
wings).
 109

G. Abdomen slender in both sexes. 10. Pta-

TYPTERYGIDSE.
GG. Abdomen rarely slender in the male, never
in the female.
H. Fore-wings with a projecting tooth of
scales on the inner margin. (Many of
the) 3. NoropontTips&.
HH. Fore-wings with no projecting tooth of
scales on the inner margin. 7. Bom-
Bycipz#; 4. Liparm£®; and (some
of the) 3. NoroponTip2&.

Family I. HEPIALIDA.
Imago with the antenne extremely short, shorter than the tho-
rax; wings distant at the base, elongate and somewhat lanceolate.
Larva elongate, naked, with horny plate on second segment;
feeding on the roots of plants. Pupa with short spines on the
segments. ‘
About the middle of May, nearly simultaneous with the
blossoming of the purple clover, Hepialus lupulinus appears
in meadows at evening dusk: it flies here and there below the
tops of the grass with extreme rapidity. The beginning of
June H. Humuli. also frequents meadows, and H. hectus is
found near woods. The males of both these species fly ina
peculiar oscillating way, as though attached to the extremity of
a pendulum. The same month H. Velleda, which flies as
‘«daftly” as H. lupulinus, appears in its respective localities ;
and at the end of July and in August H. sylvinus is on the
wing. The beginner may safely expect to meet with H. lupu-.
linus and Humuli his first season, and, as none of the species
are rare, he may get all in a few years.

This family comprises but one genus, which it is therefore

unnecessary to characterize.
L
 110

Genus 1. HEPprauus.

We have five British species, which may be readily distin-

guished as follows :—
A. Fore-wings with two oblique pale bands.
B. The pale bands parallel. H. hectus, é.
BB. The pale bands meeting on the inner margin, nearly at
a right angle.
C. The first pale band starts from the base of the wing.
D. Fore-wings not dappled with darker spots; fringe
not chequered. H. lupulinus.
DD. Fore-wings dappled with darker spots; fringe
chequered. H. Velleda.
CC. The first pale band starts at some distance from the
base of the wing; both bands are more slender and
straighter than in the two preceding species. H.
sylvinus.
AA. Fore-wings with no pale bands.
E. All the wings white. H. Humuli, @.
EE. Fore-wings dull yellow streaked with brick-red.
H. Humuli, &.
In H. hectus 9 the pale bands are wanting, but are re-
placed by indistinct parallel darker markings.
Varieties of H. lupulinus occur with the pale bands more or
less obliterated, and in H. Velleda there is a variety (formerly
called Carnus) in which they are entirely wanting ; but the spe-
cies may be recognized by the chequered fringe of the fore-wings.

+. H. uectus (Golden Swift), 1 1’”’—1’ 2’. Fringes

‘spotted; o, f-w. dull orange, with 3 oblique rows of more or
less connected whitish spots; Q, f.-w.
pale brown, with indistinct oblique
darker markings. VI.
Larva greyish, shining; head yel-
lowish; 2nd, 8rd and 4th segments
dark grey (Freyer). IV. At the roots
of moss. Feeds on the leaves of the
dandelion.
Moist places near woods, generally distributed and common.
 Bry

H. wupurinus (Common Swift), 1/”—1’ 6’”, Fringes

unspotted ; f-w. pale brown, with a whitish streak from the
base towards the inner margin, and an interrupted whitish
streak from near the inner margin to the apex. Very variable.
2, markings more indistinct. V e—VI m.
Larva whitish; head and fore-legs shining, brownish yel-
low; 2nd, 8rd and 4th segments with a yellowish brown
plate above. IX—IV. On the roots of herbaceous plants.
Abundant everywhere.

H. Houmuri (Ghost). 2”—2" 4" a, snowy white, with

brownish coste and fringes; 2, f.-w. deep dull yellow, with
irregular central spots and an interrupted marginal band,
brick-red ; h.-w. dull and lead-colour at the base, shading into
dull orange at the costa and hind-margin. VI.
Larva whitish ochreous; head reddish brown; 2nd segment
with a reddish brown plate in front; spiracles black (Hub.) At
the roots of hop, burdock, nettle, &e. VIII—IV.
Abundant everywhere.
H. Verena (Beautiful Swift), 1’ 2’”—1” 9”. Fringes
spotted ; f.-w. pale reddish brown, with whitish spots and dark
brown blotches; a whitish streak from the base towards the
inner margin, and another from thence to the apex.
There is a constant variety which has the f.-w. dull reddish
brown, with a white spot beyond the centre. VI—VTI.
LARVA UNDESCRIBED.
Feeds on the roots of the common fern (Pteris aquilina).
Principally a northern species; where it occurs generally very
abundant. Bu.!! Ct. Da. Hd. G.! L.D.! M.! Pr. Se.!
Wi.

H. sytvinus. 1” 3’”’—1” 10’. Fringes orange and un-

spotted; f-w. dull orange, with indistinct darker markings,
and with an oblique white streak from near the base to the
inner margin, and another from the inner margin to near the
apex ; h.-w. greyish brown, slightly orange at the hind-margin.
VII—VIII.
Larva UNKNOWN.
13)
 112

!! Bu.!
Not an uncommon species. Bi.! Bl. Brg.! Brs.
Ly. M.!
Ca.! Ct. Da.! Ed. Ep. Ha. Hu. L.D.! Lw.!
Pr. Sc.! St.!! Te. Tn, Wa.! Y.!

Family II, ZEUZERIDA.

the
Imago with the antenne as long as, or longer than
thorax; wings rather distant at the base; ovipositor of the
female exserted.
Larva naked, with horny plate on second segment; feeding
in the wood of trees or stems of reeds. Pupa with spiny
roughnesses on the segments.

These are sluggish insects of large size, appearing in June

and July. The young collector shouid be on the look out both
for Aisculi and Ligniperda on palings or trunks of trees.

This family contains but three British species, forming as

many genera.
A, Antenne of the male pectinated at the base, the apex
filiform.
B. Wings white, spotted with blue-black; abdomen stout in
the female, rather slender in the male. Genus 1.
ZEUZERA.
BB. Wings pale brown, with faintly darker markings; ab-
domen slender in both sexes, elongate in the female.
Genus 2. PHRAGMATACIA.
AA. Antenne of the male moderately pectinated throughout
i length; abdomen stout in both sexes. Genus 3.
OSsUS.

Genus 1. ZEUZERA.

Antenne of the male pectinated to the middle, then simple;

of the female simple, towards the base woolly: fore-wings with
the tip rather pointed.
 113

Z. Aiscutt (Wood Leopard). 2”—9" 7’, Bay. semi-

transparent, white, with numerous blue-black spot
s: h.-w.
similar; spots less distinct. VIT
Larva yellow, with raised shining black spots;
head with
two black spots; 2nd segment black in front: anal
segment
with a black patch (Ochs.) In the wood of various
trees, prin-
cipally elm, horse-chestnut, pear and apple. X—Y.?
Occurs in the Parks and several of the suburbs of Lond
on,
also at Bl. Brg. Brs. Bu. Ca.! Ep. Ex. Ha. K. Lw.
St.
ine Y.-

Genus 2. PHRAGMATHCIA.

Antenne of the male as in Zzuzera, of the femal

e ciliated
throughout their length; fore-wings narrow, with the tip
round; abdomen slender, elongate, in the female of extraordi-
nary length.

me Amonpimis. 91/15/71 97 By, greyish ochreous,

with faintly indicated darker dots, which are more distinct in a
curved streak from the base towards the anal angle; h.-w.
whitish grey. VI. S
Larva yellowish ; head and 2nd segment brown (Ochs.) .In
the stems of the common reed. IV.
Occurred abundantly in Whittlesea Mere and Yaxley Fen
before they were drained.

L3
 114

Genus 8. Cossus.
of the female
Antenne of the male pectinated at the tip,t.
n stou
dentate ; wings large and broad ; abdome
F.-w. pale brown,
C. LIgNIPERDA (Goat). 2” 10’”—3" 9’”.
short, irregular, wavy,
elouded with whitish, and marked with
similar but indistinct
transverse lines ;h.-w. pale smoky, with
markings. VI—VII. black on the
Larva dirty yellowish or flesh-colour, reddish
ows, poplars,
back; head black (Ochs.) In the wood of will
oaks, &. WIIlI—X.
North. The
Common in most places; less frequent in the ence , by
its pres
footid odour of the larva [Link] to recognize
it has crawled.
the smell it imparts to the ground over which

Family III. NOTODONTIDA.

pectinated
Imago with the antenne' longer than the thorax,
, the thorax
in the male; abdomen thick, not gaily coloured fore-
sometimes with bright markings (Curtula, Bucephala);
the inner
wings frequently with a projecting tuft of scales on ) forms
margin,—this, when the wings are in repose (roof-shaped
whence the
a little prominence on “the outline of the wing,
ies.
ordinary term of Prominent applied to several of the spec sin-
find the
Larva of very variable form: at one extreme we
long pro-
gular Cerura larvae, with only fourteen legs, and two ©
at the other extreme we
jecting tails from the last segment;
as
have larvae with sixteen legs and no peculiarity of form, such
y
Chaonia and Bucephala ; most have, however, the peculiarit
of holding the hind segments of the body erect when in repose ;
r
generally quite naked, though downy in Bucephala and rathe
hairy in Curtula: very frequently there are projections on the
back of the twelfth segment.
Pupa smooth, rarely enclosed im a cocoon.
Few of this family are common; many are extremely rare;
May, June and July are the principal months for the perfect
 : 115

insects; August and September the principal months for the

larve. Two species, Lophopteryx Carmelita and Petasia nu-
beculosa, emerge from the pupa in April; on the other hand,
two, Ptilophora plumigera and Petasia cassinea, do not appear
till October. The commonest species are Cerura vinula, No-
todonta ziczac, Pterostoma palpina, Leiocampa dictea, Lo-
phopteryx camelina, Diloba ceruleocephala, and Pyga@ra
bucephala (the two last. being plentiful in the larva state),
The young collector may reasonably expect to meet with
these his first season. The perfect insects are found on
palings and trunks of trees; they may also be attracted
by light.

The following is given only as an attempt at a tabular

arrangement of this group :—

A. Inner margin of fore-wings with no protuberance.

B. Tip of fore-wing not gaily coloured.
C. Fore-wings whitish, with bluish grey markings. Ge-
nus 1. CERURA.
CC. Fore-wings whitish, with transverse blackish mark-
ing. Genus 6. Drymonta.
CCC. Fore-wings ochreous-brown, with transverse black-
ish markings. Genus 7. GLUPHISIA.
COCC. Fore-wings ochreous-brown, with paler clouds.
Genus 2. STAUROPUS.
CCCCC. Fore-wings reddish ochreous, subdiaphanous.
Genus 5. PrinopHoRa.
CCCCCGC. Fore-wings purplish grey, with conspicuous
central whitish blotch. Genus 10. Drvosa.
CCCCCCC. Fore-wings greyish, with darker longitudi-~
nal streaks. Genus 11. Prrasia.
BB. Tip of fore-wing gaily coloured.
D. Tip of fore-wing rich chocolate. Genus 18. Cuos-
TERA.
 116

DD. Tip of fore-wing pale ochreous. Genus 14. Py-

GBRA.
AA. Inner margin of fore-wings with a protuberance.
EK. Hind-margin of fore-wings entire.
F. Fore-wings ovate, with transverse markings.
Genus 38. NoropontTa.
FF. Fore-wings elongate, rather transparent, with
transverse markings. Genus ]2. PERIDEA.
FFF. Fore-wings elongate, narrow, with longitu-
dinal markings. Genus 8. LErocampa.
EE. Hind-margins of fore-wings notched or dentate.
G. Palpi excessively prominent and hairy. Ge-
nus 4, PreRosToMa.
GG. Palpi not with any unusual developments.
Genus 9, LopHorprEeRyx.

Genus 1. CERURA.
Antenne pectinated in both sexes, most strongly in the
male; fore-wings with no projection on the inner margin,
white, with grey markings.
Larva smooth and shining; anal prolegs wanting, replaced
by two projecting tails on the back of the last segment; green,
with broad dark mark along the back.
Pupa enclosed in a very hard cocoon, attached to the bark
of the tree on which the larva had fed.

We have four species, which may be thus recognized :—

A. Fore-wings with a distinct dark grey central band.
i8}s Fore-wings white. C. bicuspis.
BB. Fore-wings greyish white. C. furcula and bifida.
AA. Fore-wings with no distinct dark grey central band. C.
vinula.

The latter species is much larger than the others, and, as

it is called “the Puss,” the lesser species have been termed
“ Kittens.”
i}
 117

C. Brcuspis. 17 8’’. [Link]. wuirr, with a broad dark

grey central band; beyond the middle is a dark grey costal
spot, sharply defined by the white marginal portion of the
wing.
Larva yellowish green, the yellowish red dorsal stripe
attenuated to the hump of the 4th segment, expanding to the
Sth, where tt reaches the spiracle and sometimes includes it,
then diminishing to the tail (Dup.) Feeds, in preference, on
the beech (Dup.), birch (Preyer). IX—X. Preston.

C. rurncunA. 17 3/’—1” 6”’. F-w. GREYISH WHITE, with

a broad dark grey central band, its hinder margin GENERALLY
SHARPLY INDENTED a little below
the costa; beyond the middle,
on the costa, is a dark grey spot.
VI e—VIII b.
Larva yellowish green, dot-
ted with reddish and dark
green ; the reddish dorsal
stripe is spotted and margined
with yellow, its red border
being interrupted at the 6th and 7th segments (Ochs.) On
sallow (Salix caprea). IX.
Brs. Ca.! Ct. Da. Ed. Ep. G. Ha. L.D. Lw.! Ly. M.
Pi Pr St. Wet. Y.! Carlisle.

C. prripa. 1” 8’”—1”10’”,. FE .-w. GREYISH WHITE, with

a broad dark grey central band, its hinder margin oNLy
SLIGHTLY INDENTED below the costa; beyond the middle, on
the costa, is a dark grey spot. VI—VIII b.
Larva pale green dotted with brown; a brown dorsal stripe
on the 2nd and 8rd segments, diminishing to a blunt point;
it begins again in the middle of the 4th segment and gets gra-
dually broader to the 8th, where it reaches so far down the
sides as to include the spiracles; it then diminishes gradually,
and widens again on the 13th segment. On poplar. VIII

Bi! Bre:! Brs. Bu. Ca.! Ct. Ep, Hates Kiem

Sty Wie ¥!
 118

C. vinuta (Puss). 2” 6’”—3’". F.-w. whitish, with nu-

merous grey V-like markings beyond the middle. V—VI.
Larva dark green, with a hump on the 4th segment, then a
brownish blotch (bordered with white) along the back, attain-
ing its greatest breadth at the 8th segment (not extending so
low as to include the spiracles), and thence diminishing gradu-
ally to the tail. On sallow, poplar and willow. VI—VUI.
Common everywhere.

Genus 2. STAUROPUS.

Antenne of the male pectinated, the tip filiform; of the

female filiform throughout their length: fore-wings with no
projection on the inner margin.
Larva naked; anal prolegs wanting; second and third pairs
of anterior legs remarkably long.
S. Fact (Lobster). 2 8’. F.-w. pale brown, grey at the
base, reddish towards the inner margin; a black dot at the
base; a waved, indented, yellowish, transverse streak beyond
the middle; and a row of blackish spots towards the hind-
margin. VI m—VILIb.
Larva reddish brown, with two humps on each segment
from the 5th to the 9th; the anal segments are carried erect ;
from the last protrude two little tails (Dup.) On beech, oak
and birch. WVIII—IX.
Rather scarce. Bl. Ep. Ea. Ha. Lw. Ly. Pl. Dursley.

Genus 8. NoropontTa.

Antenne pectinated in the male, simple im the female;

fore-wings dark-coloured, with a projection on the inner mar-
gin; the hind-margin round.
Larva naked, with sixteen legs, with three or four humps
on the back of the 5th to 8th segments, and a lesser hump on
the 12th segment.
 119

We have three species, which may be thus known :—

A. Fore-wings not with a large oval patch of various shade
s
beyond the middle.
B. Hind-wings greyish brown. N. dromedarius.
BB. Hind-wings white. N.. tritophus.
AA. Fore-wings with a large oval patch, of various shades of
purple and brown, beyond the middle. N. ziczac.

N. DRoMEDARIUS. 1 8’”—2/". Fw, smoky brown,

with a reddish tinge; a yellowish patch at the base of the
costa; 2 waved, transverse, red-brown streaks, 1 before and
1
beyond the middle; and between them, near the costa, is
a yellowish spot, with a red-brown centre: H.-w. GREYISH
Brown. VI.
Larva yellowish green; a purplish brown dorsal stripe on
the 2nd to 4th segments; the 5th to 8th have small humps,
reddish in front; another is on the 12th. On birch. VIii.
Not an uncommon species. Bi. Brg. Brs. Ct. Ed.! Ep.!
oHe.! LD. Ly.! M. Pl. Pr. Sc.! Wa. Y, Carlisle:
[Link]. 1/10’. F.-w. dull brown, with a yel-
lowish tinge; 2 waved, transverse, brown streaks, 1 before and
1 beyond the middle; between these is an elongate kidney-
shaped spot, of a dull ochreous, with darker centre, and con-
nected with the costa by a patch of the same colour: u.-w.
WHITE, with the cilia at the anal angle dark fuscous. V and
VIII.
Larva dark green, with humps on the 5th, 6th, 7th and
12th segments; a reddish dorsal streak from the head to the
5th segment; along the spiracles is an interrupted reddish
streak (Ochs.) On aspen, poplar and birch. VII and IX.
Very rare, but widely distributed, and has occurred in
Essex, Scotland and Gloucestershire.

N. ziczac (Pebble Prominent). 1/ 7’”—1” 10’. Buy.

pale brown, with a faint rosy tinge towards the costa; Bryonp
THE MIDDLE IS A LARGE OVAL PATCH OF VARIOUS SHADES
OF PURPLE AND BROWN, with a dark brown curved line on its
basal edge. V—VI and VIII.
 120

three last
Larva ashy grey or violet-grey, or reddish brown;
segments each have
segments ferruginous ; 6th, 7th, and 8th
stripes; sp}
a pyramidal hump; on each side are three pale
and IX—X.
racles white (Dup.) On poplars and sallow. VI
Da. !
The commonest of the genus. Bi. Brs.! Bu. Ca.!!
Se.! St.
Kip. !Ex. G.. Ha.!! “Hu! L.D.! Lw.! Ly. M. Pr.
Te. Wa. Wt. Y.! Carlisle.

Genus 4. PrErostoMa.

Antenne pectinated in both sexes, most strongly in the

in
male; palpi very long, clothed with thick scales, projecting
front of the head; abdomen of the male slender; fore-wings
with a conspicuous projection on the inner margin near the
base.
Larva smooth, with sixteen legs, and with no protuberances.

P. parpina. 1 8/’—2’. F.-w. greyish ochreous, irregu-

larly streaked with blackish, and with 2 indistinct, oblique,
dark grey bands beyond
the middle. WI—VII.
Larva pale green, with
four imterrupted dorsal
white lines; a yellow line
along the spiracles, edged
above with black on the
Qnd to 4th segments
(Dup.) On sallow and
poplar. VI and X.
Brg. Brs. Bu. Ca.!
Ct. Ep. Hae. Ha.! LD,
Lw.! Ly. Pl. Sh. St. Tn. Wa. Y. Carlisle.

Genus 5. PriLopHoRA.

Antenne highly pectinated in the male, simple in the

female; wings subdiaphanous ; fore-wings with no projection
on the inner margin.
Larva smooth, with sixteen legs, and with no protuberances.
 121

Poeiumicena, 1” 4/1" gr Bw. reddiah brown ;

all the veins distinctly visible as fuscous streaks ; a
very indis-
tinct pale yellowish fascia beyond the middle.
Larva pale green, with a bluish green dorsal line, bord
on each side by a white line; two very slender whiti ered
sh lines
as the legs; belly, legs and head pale green. On
maple.
—VI.
Occurs at Marlow and Halton, in Buckinghamshire.

Genus 6. Drymonta.
Antenne pectinated in the male, simple in the female ; fore-
wings (with no projection on the inner margin) white varied
with fuscous; a broad white fascia beyond the middle.
Larva smooth, with sixteen legs and with no protuberan
ce.
We have two species, readily distinguished by the presence
or absence of a black spot in the centre of the fore-wings.

D. cHaonta. 1” 6”—1" 8’, Fi. dark greyish brown,

with 2 wavy, transverse, whitish streaks before the middle;
a
broad, curved, whitish central band, In WHICH Is A BLACK SPOT
towards the costa ; immediately beyond is another waved,
indented, white streak. V.
Larva whitish green, with a yellow line on each side of the
back, and a broader yellow line along the spiracles, going from
the anal prolegs to the mouth. On oak. VII.
_ __Not a common species. Brs. Ep.! Ha. Ly. M. Wa. Wt.
Y. Carlisle. Cockermouth.

D. Doponma. 1/7’. F.-w. whitish, with a broad fus-

cous fascia before the middle, and two curved slender fascize
beyond the middle; the central white band with no Brack spor.
V—VI.
Larva pale bluish green, with two white lines on the back;
a row of white dots on the side, and a yellowish line along the
spiracles (Hreyer). On oak and birch. “VIT—VIII.
Not a common species. Ct. Ep,! Ha. L.D. Ly. Cocker-
mouth.
M
 122

Genus 7. GLUPHISIA.

Antenne broadly pectinated in the male, slightly in the

female ;wings short and broad ; fore-wings with no projection
on the inner margin, grey, with darker markings.
Larva smooth, with sixteen legs, with no protuberances.

G. crenata. 17” 2/’—1” 3’”, F.-w. brownish ochreous,

with four transverse black lines and cloudy blackish bands ; in
the palest central portion of the wing is an ill-defined pale
lunate mark. V—VI.
Larva pale green; dorsal line spotted with ferruginous, bor-
dered on each side by a yellow line (Dup.) On poplar. VIII.
Very rare. Has only been taken at Epping, and at Halton,
in Bucks.

Genus 8. LE1ocaMPa.

Antenne pectinated in the male, ciliated in the female;

fore-wings (with a slight projection on the inner margin)
whitish, with a dark brown stripe near the inner margin, and
a blotch near the tip of costa of similar colour.
Larva smooth, with sixteen legs, the 12th segment a little
thickened.
We have two species, very similar, but readily distinguished
by the characters pointed out in the descriptions.

P. prcrma (Swallow Prominent). 1/ 11/”—2” 4’, F.-w.

whitish, varied with pale and dark brown; in the hind-margin
are several linear wuirtsH streaks, the lower one WEDGE-
sHapED: h.-w. whitish; a dark brown spot at the anal angle,
cme A WHITISH LINE BETWEEN IT AND THE FRINGE. V—

Larva greenish white, with a yellow stripe on each side, or

dull brown (compiled from various authors). On poplar and
willows. IX.
Commoner than the following. Bi. Bl. Brs. Bu. Ca. Ct.
 123

Da. Ed.! Ep. G. Ha.! Hw.! L.D. Lw. M. Pl. Pr. R. Sc.
Sh. Te. Tn. Y. Carlisle.

P. picrzorpEs (Lesser Swallow Prominent). 1/7 §’””/—2” 2/7”,

F.-w. whitish, varied with pale and dark brown; in the hind-
margin are several linear whitish streaks, the lower one TRIAN-
GuULAR and wHiTEe: h.-w. whitish; a dark brown spot at the
a ile NOT SEPARATED from the fringe by a whitish line.

Larva deep brown, with a broad yellow band on each side,

and extremely glossy, showing in certain lights a purple tinge
like Apatura Iris (H. Doubleday in litt.) On birch. IX.
Bi. Brg. Brs. Hd. Ep.! Ha. L.D. Ly. M. IAL enc
Cockermouth.

Genus 9. LoPHOPTERYX.

Antenne pectinated in the male, simple in the female ; fore-

wings (with a distinct projection on the ner margin) brownish
red or reddish grey.
Larva not hairy, with sixteen legs, with protuberances on
the 12th segment only, or on several segments, or without pro-
tuberances.

We have three species, thus distinguished :—

l spots.
A. Fore-wings brownish red, with no yellow costa
B. Fore-wings with no pale blotch at anal angle. L. came-
lina.
M 2
 124

BB. Fore-wings with a large whitish blotch at anal angle.

L. cueullina.
AA. Fore-wings reddish grey, with two yellow costal spots.
L. Carmelita.

L. Cametina (Coxcomb Prominent). 1/7 5’”—1” 9/””,

F.-w. brownish red, darker towards the inner margin, with two
wavy and indented, blackish, transverse streaks. Vie vii
Larva greenish ; a yellowish green line along the spiracles,
which are black, and each followed by a small red spot; 12th
segment with two small projecting tubercles, with red tips.
On birch, hazel, &. WVIII—xX.
The commonest species of the genus, and very generally dis-
tributed.

L. cvountmya. 1” 5/1” 6” Ww. brownish red, darker

towards the inner margin, with a large ochreous patch at the
base of the costa; along the lower half of the hinder margin is
4 LARGE WHITISH BLOTCH clouded with pale grey, and inter-
sected by a slender ochreous streak, in which is a black
line.
Mie
Larva green or pale reddish, with a broad darker spot be-
hind the head extending to the 5th segment ; two short blunt
humps on each of the middle segments; the hump on the 12th
segment has the tip red (Ochs.) On maple. VIIT—IX,
Not common. Halton, in Bucks.

L, Carnmurrra. 1” 9’"_1” 10’ Puiw, reddish grey,

darker towards the costa; ON THE COSTA ARE TWO PALE YELL
OW
spots, from which proceed transverse lines formed of black
dots. IV m—V m.
Larva green, with a rough surface, caused by numerous
raised yellow dots; a yellowish white line along the spiracles
(Freyer). On birch. VI. 3
Ep. L.D. Carlisle; occurs also at Birch Wood and West
Wickham Wood. This species appears to be gradually
becoming commoner. A few years ago it used to be a great
rarity.
 Genus 10. Dinosa.
Antenne of the male pectinated, of the female simple;
fore-wings (with no projection on the inner margin) grey, with
two central whitish blotches.
Larva smooth and soft, with sixteen legs ; no protuberances.

D. cHRULEOCEPHALA (Figure of 8). 1% 4/”—1" /7

F.-w. leaden grey, with a
faint rosy tinge; in the
middle towards the costa
are two kidney -shaped
whitish spots, resembling
the figure 8. IX.
Larva pale yellow, with
a broad, lateral, slate-blue
band (or pale green); head
blue spotted with black. On hawthorn and other plants. VI.
Very common andgenerally distributed.

Genus 11. Prrasta.

Antenne pectinated in the male, simple in the female ; fore-

wings (with no projection on the inner margin) grey, with
darker longitudinal streaks.
Larva smooth, with sixteen legs, with the 12th segment
thickened ; in repose they elevate the anterior segments simi-
larly to many of the Sphingina larve, as Duponchel quaintly
has it, ‘elles semblent regarder le ciel.”
We have two species, readily distinguished; moreover, one
is autumnal, the other vernal.

P. casstnza (Sprawler), 1 6’”—1” 7”. F.-w. pale

greyish brown, with a blackish streak from the base along the
middle ; beyond are numerous irregular blackish streaks. X.
Larva shining green, inclining to yellowish; three white
dorsal lines and a lateral sulphur-yellow stripe on each side,
M3
 126.
meeting round the anus (T’reitschke). On lime, sallow, oak,
&e. W—VILL.
Not rare. Brg. Brs. Bu. Ca. Ct.! Da. Ep. Ha. Ha.
IDs Lyi PtP: “Sh. Te. Y. Carlisle.

P. nuBecutosa. 17” 1/”’—1” 8’. F-w. reddish grey,

with black longitudinal streaks, with 2 indistinct, pale, trans-
verse streaks, one near the base, the other, much serrated,
beyond the middle; near the costa are two central pale spots.
IV.
Larva green, with numerous raised whitish dots ;an oblique,
lateral, whitish streak on the 4th segment, and a slender yel-
low band across the 12th segment. On birch (and elm).
V—VI.
Hitherto rare. Rannoch, Perthshire.

Genus 12. PERIDEA.

Antenne: pectinated in the male, simple in the female ; fore-

wings (with a slight projection from the inner margin) greyish,
not densely clothed with scales.
Larva smooth, with sixteen legs; no protuberances.

P. rREpIDA. 2” 3/7’—2” 5’”". EF-w. smoky brown, with

an ochreous tinge; 2 reddish brown angulated streaks before
the middle, and a curved, indented, dark brown streak beyond
the middle; some red-brown ‘spots before the hind-margin.
V—VL
Larva yellowish green, with two white dorsal lines; an
oblique red stripe margined with yellow on the side of each
segment (Ochs.) On oak. VII—IX.
Not common. Ep. Ha. Ly. M. Sh. Te. Y. Carlisle.
Cockermouth.

Genus 13. C1LosTERa.

Antenne pectinated in the male, slightly so in the female;
fore-wings shorter than the body, rather broad, with transverse
lines ; no projection on the inner margin.
 127

Larva rather thick and hairy, with sixteen legs and a few
tubercular processes.

We have two species, readily distinguished by the size, and

by the distinctness and extent of the chocolate tip of the fore-
wings.

_C. rectusa (Small Chocolate Tip). 10’”’—1” 1’. F.-w.

purplish grey, with 4 pale transverse streaks, the 3rd rather
indistinct; the 1st and second generally unite on the costa
and on the inner margin; on the costa, beyond the third
streak, is a rather small reddish orange spot, Not EXTENDING
TO THE TIP OF THE WING. V.
Larva blackish grey, the back greenish grey; a row of yel-
low spots on the sides; along the spiracles a double yellow
line; on the back of the 5th and 12th segments is a black
hairy wart (Ochs.) On sallows, &c. IX.
Brg.! Brs. Ca.! Ep. Ha. Pm. Y. Carlisle.

CG: eurruta (Chocolate Tip)... 17 3’”—1/ 4" |F-w.

grey, slightly tinged with purple, with 4 yellowish transverse
streaks, the 3rd indistinct, the first 2 never united; beyond
the 4th a reddish brown spot OCCUPIES THE ENTIRE TIP OF
THE WING, reaching nearly to the anal angle. Vand ?
Larva dull reddish white powdered with black, with two
rows of orange tubercles on each side; the 5th and 12th seg-
ments have each a little velvety black tubercle on the back
(Dup.) On sallows and poplars. VI—VII and VIII—IXx.
This appears to have become a scarce insect. Brs.! Bu.
Ep. Ha. Lw. Y. Carlisle.

Genus 14. Pyamra.

Antennz crenulated in the male, simple in the female; |
fore-wings (with no projection on the inner margin) elongate,
with a pale patch at the tip. .
Larva downy, with sixteen legs and no protuberances.

i
 128

P. sucepHata Buff Tip). 2” 8’”’—2” 6’, F.-w. pur-

plish grey, hoary towards the inner margin; 2 transverse
streaks, 1 before and 1 beyond the middle; the tip with a
large pale ochreous or buff spot: h.-w. yellowish white. VI
—VIl. :
Larva dark yellow; a broad black dorsal line and three
black lines on each side above the spiracles: head, legs and
spiracles black. On oak, lime, nut, sallow, &. VII m—
IX m.
A very abundant species and generally distributed. The
gregarious larve frequently strip the branches on which they
feed.

Family IV. LIPARID:.

Imago with the antenne longer than the thorax, pectinated

in the male; abdomen often very thick in the female, some-
times with a tuft of wool at the anus; fore-wings with no pro-
jecting tuft of scales on the inner margin; female sometimes
subapterous (Orgyia).
Larva hairy, generally with tufts of hair, and frequently
with two fleshy protuberances on the 12th segment; always
with sixteen legs.
Pupa hairy, generally with tufts of hair along the back; en-
closed in a cocoon of slight texture.

The larve of several of this Family are of great beauty:

they feed on trees or shrubs, excepting that of Lelia cenosa,
which feeds on reeds and other water-plants. All the species
fly in the evening, except the two species of Orgyia, which fly
in the day-time during the hottest sunshine.
Two species, Pudibunda and Coryli, pass the winter in the
pupa state, the imago appearing in May. Of all the others
the larve, which have hybernated in various stages of growth,
may be found in May, the perfect insects appearing in June,
 129

July or August. The larva, however, of Orgyia antiqua, is

rarely to be found before June; but then you can go on
finding it till September.
The young collector may expect to obtain Pudibunda, Anti-
qua, Salicis and Auriflua his first season. Monacha, Dispar,
Fascelina, Coryli, Canosa and Chrysorrhea are local species,
not to be found everywhere. Gonostigma is rare; and V-
Nigrum, not having been taken for many years, is considered
by some not to be a British species.

The group may be tabulated thus :-—

A. Antenne filiform (or crenulated) in female.
B. Female with fully developed wings.
C. Above 14 inch in expansion; fore-legs hairy. 3. Da-
SYCHIRA.
CC. Under 14 inch in expansion; fore-legs not hairy.
4, Demas. .
BB. Female with rudimentary wings. 5. Orayta.
AA. Antenne ciliated in female.
D. Wings spotted.
E. Female with pointed naked tail. 1. Psinura.
EER. Female with round woolly tail. 2. Hypo-
GYMNA. .
DD. Wings spotless or nearly so.
F, With coloured anal tuft. 9. Porruesta.
FF. With no anal tuft.
G. Wings smoky white. 6. Lata.
GG. Wings white. 8. STILpNorTra.
AAA. Antenne pectinated in female. 7. Lrucoma.

Genus 1. Pstnura.
Antenne of the female ciliated; abdomen of the female
pointed, not tufted; ovipositor generally exserted.

We have only one species.

 130

P. Monacna (Black Arches). 1/7 5’”—2” 1”. Fw.

white, with numerous irregular, transverse, black markings ;
h.-w. smoky grey ;
terminal half of the
body pinkish. VII
—VITI.
Larva whitish; a
broad brown dorsal
streak, interrupted
on the 4th, 8th and
9th segments ; on
the 3rd segment are
two large black spots on the back, and on each of the 5th
to 12th are two smaller black spots on the back (Hub.) On
fir, oak and apple (Ochs.) VI—VII.
Bl. Brg. Ct. Ep.! Ha. Lael Ly.!! Pls Dus Wall We.
Barnsley and Doncaster.

Genus 2. Hypogymna.
Antenne ciliated in female; abdomen of female very thick
and rounded, clothed with wool.

There is only one species in this genus.

H. pispar (Gipsey). 1/’ 7’”’—2’’ 6’”. 8 smoky brown,

2 yellowish white ; f-w. with obscure darker markings; a
blackish spot before the centre, and a V-like blackish central
mark towards the costa. VIII.
Larva blackish brown, peppered with yellowish; a row of
reddish tubercles on each side, and a row of tubercles on each
side of the back, blue on the 2nd to 5th, reddish on the 6th to
12th (Dup.) All sorts of trees. V—VIL.
This species is apparently less common here than formerly.
Ha. St. On the Continent it is frequently to be numbered
amongst injurious insects, from its abounding to such an
extent as to defoliate the trees. i
 Genus 8. DAsyYcHIRA.

Antenne crenulated in female; fore-legs very hairy.

Larya very beautiful, with twfts of coloured hair down the
back.
We have two species, readily distinguished by the charac-
ters hereafter given. Of one (Pudibunda) the larva is full-fed
_ in the autumn; of the other the larva hybernates small, and
feeds up in the spring.

D. rascettna (Dark Tussock). 1” 6’”—1” 97. Fi-w.

grey powdered with blackish; 2 blackish transverse streaks
POWDERED WITH YELLOWISH; h.-w. Grey. VI.
Larva black, with yellow hairs; on the 5th to 8th segments
are black tufts, with white hairs on each side; a longer black
tuft on the 12th segment. On various plants. IX—YV.
Seems rather partial to heathy situations. Bl. Ca.! Ed.
Ha. L.D. Ly. St. Y. Lytham! Carlisle.

D. puprpunDA (Pale Tussock). 1/” 10’”’—2” 4”. F-w.

PALE grey; a short, blackish, transverse streak near the base:
a slender black band before the middle ; a curved, black, trans-
verse line beyond the middle: h.-w. pale greyish brown (¢,
h.-w. whitish), with a grey central band. V—VI.
Larva pale yellowish green (or reddish yellow); incisions
between the 5th to 8th segments above deep velvety black, 5th
to 8th each with a dense yellow tuft on the back, and the 12th
with a longer dull red tuft. Onhop, &e. Known in hop-
gardens as the hop-dog. VIII—X.
Generally distributed and common.

Genus 4. Demas.

Antenne of male only slightly pectinated, of female filiform ;

thorax crested; fore-legs not hairy. ;
Larva with tufts of hair.
 132

D. Coryir. 1” 2’”—1” 5’, F.-w. grey, with 2 wavy

black, indented, transverse streaks, 1 before, 1 beyond the
middle ; the space between them is much suffused with brown,
and towards the costa are two spots, an orbicular and a reni-
form one. V e—VI. '
Larva flesh-coloured, with a broad black dorsal line; the 5th,
6th and 12th segments have tufts of reddish hairs on the back;
head yellow (freyer). On willow, birch, alder, sloe, beech and
oak. VIII—IX.
Bl. Brs. Ot. Ep.! G. Ha.!! L.D. Lw. Ly. St: Te. Wa.

Genus 5. ORGYIA.

Antenne of female crenulated; female with rudimentary

wings and large bodies; fore-legs hairy.
Larva very elegant, with pencilled tufts of hair.

We have two species, of which the males fly by day. They

are readily distinguished as follows :—

A. With no white spots on the costa near the tip of fore-wing.

O. antiqua.
AA. With several small white spots on the costa near the tip
of fore-wing. O. gonostigma.

O. anriqua (The Vapourer). ¢ 9/”—1" 6", @ rich

brown ; f.-w. clouded with darker brown; a white spot near
the anal angle. VII—X.
Larva blackish spotted with pink; the 5th to 8th segments
each with a tuft of ochreous hairs on the back ; two long
blackish tufts on the 2nd segment pointing forwards, and one
on the 12th segment pointing backwards; a slender lateral
tuft on each of the 5th and 6th segments. On all sorts of
trees and shrubs. VI—IX.
Generally distributed and common. Abundant in the me-
tropolis itself.

O. gonostiema. 1/7tt 4/’7,

Vt
Oy lene orange-brown; SEVE-
RAL SMALL WHITE SPOTS NEAR THE TIP, PRECEDED BY A
 133

SMALL ORANGE SPOT NEAR THE Costa ; a white spot at the

anal
angle: h.-w. BLACKISH BRowN. VI.
Larva black, with an orange stripe on each side of the back
and one on each side; the 5th to 8th segments each with
a
broad tuft of brownish hairs upon the back; two long blackish
tufts on the 2nd segment pointing forwards, and one on the
12th pointing backwards. On bramble, hazel and oak.
Ep. Doncaster and near Coombe Wood.

Genus 6. Latta.
Antenne of male very densely pectinated, of female ciliated ;
fore-legs not hairy; body of female large.
Larva tufted, and with long tufts of hair in front.

Pe cerosa. —1 61" 10’”. Smoky white; ¢, f.-w.

tinged with yellow; legs yellow. VII.
_ Larva yellowish ; 2nd segment with two long tufts of
brownish hairs pointing forwards; a similar tuft on the 12th
segment pointing backwards; the 5th to 8th each bear a
lemon-yellow tuft on the back (Freyer). On reed (Arundo
Phragmites) and Cladium Mariscus. VII.
Burwell Fen.

Genus 7. Lrvcoma.
Antenne nearly alike in both sexes, pectinated, but not
_ densely so; wings semitransparent; legs not hairy.
Larva tufted.
We have only one species, which many doubt as British.

L. Vau-nierum. 1 7’’’—2/’ 1’. Satiny white; f.-w., a

black V beyond the middle near the costa. VI.
Larva black on the back ; sides reddish yellow; on the back
are eight tufts of hair, the three middle ones reddish yellow,
the remainder white (Ochs.) On oak, lime and beech. Y.
No certain localities are known for this species.
N
 134

Genus 8. STILPNOTIA.

Antenne of male rather densely pectinated, of female cili-

ated; forelegs not hairy; wings not densely clothed with
scales, but more so than in Leucoma.
Larva not with tufts of hairs.

S. Saniors (White Satin). 1” 10’”—2” 2’. Satiny

white, spotless ; legs black ringed with white. VII e—VIII .
Larva whitish, with a black line on each side of the back,
interrupted by a row of red velvety tubercles; sides bluish
white dotted with black, each with a row of red tubercles (Dup.)
On poplars and willows. V and VI.
A common species in many places. Bi.! Bl. Ca. ! Ep.
Ex: Ha. K. Lw.! Le.! R.! St. Tn. Wi.!! Wt.! ”South-
port !!

Genus 9. PorRTHESIA.

Antenne pectinated in male, ciliated in female; wings

densely clothed with scales; abdomen tufted in both sexes;
fore-legs hairy.
Larva not with dorsal tufts of hair; a tuft of hair proceeding
from a little fleshy protuberance on each side of the head.

We have two species, readily distinguishable by the colour

of the anal tuft.
A. Anal tuft brown. P. chrysorrhea.
AA. Anal tuft yellow. P. auriflua.

P. curysonrua@a (Brown Tail). 1’ 3’’—1” 6”. Satiny

white, spotless; fi-w. rarely with a black spot near the anal
angle; anal tuft golden Brown. VIII.
Larva black, with reddish hairs; a white stripe on each side
of the back, interrupted on each segment by a slender reddish
streak; several small reddish spots on the 2nd to 4th seg-
ments, and a reddish:tubercle on the back of each of the 11th
and 12th segments (Dup.) On sloe, hawthorn, &. V, VI.
 135

Much less common than the following. Ep.! Lw.!! Ly.

R. St.! Te. Tn. Lytham!!

P. avririua (Gold Tail), 17 3””—1” 10/7, Satiny

white ; f.-w. with a brownish black spot near the anal angle;
anal tuft yeLtow. VIII.
Larva black, with dorsal stripe interrupted on 5th, 6th and
12th segments, on which there are small humps: a row of
white spots along the reddish subdorsal lines; a reddish line
above the legs. On hawthorn, apple, oak, &. V, VI.
- Throughout the South of England an abundant species, and
occurring as far North as Carlisle.

Family V. LITHOSIDZ.
Imago with the antenne filiform in both sexes; collar well
_ developed; thorax unspotted; abdomen unspotted, sometimes
with pale belts and a pale tip; f.-w. mostly narrow.
Larva hairy; sixteen legs. Feeds on lichens.
Pupa rather short, smooth, enclosed in a cocoon.

The species of this Family are comparatively of small size,

and are especially distinguished from the other groups of the
Bombycina by the narrowness of the fore-wings. <A Lithosia,
indeed, has much resemblance in form to a Crambus. The
larvee, from their lichenivorous habits, are not often met with,
and many are still unknown to us. The perfect insects are all
evening flyers: they may sometimes be beaten from the
branches of trees on which they repose, or they may be
attracted by light.
Rubricollis is the only species known to pass the winter in
the pupa state, and is therefore the earliest to appear in the
perfect state. It is found in June. Aureola and LIrrorella
also come out towards the end of that month. July is the
N 2
 136

month for this family, as then Miniata, Aureola, Helvola,

Oomplana, Complanula, Quadra, Mesomella, Trrorella, Mun-
dana and Senex are to be met with. The two last-named spe-
cies may also be found in August, when they are joined by
Stramineola, Griseola, Pygmeola and Muscerda. Rubricollis
is in the larva state in August and September. The other
known larve of this family are to be found in May and June.
None of the species are rare, though several are local; and
in a few years the young collector may expect to obtain all the
species. Of course he must visit Horning Fen for Muscerda,
and Deal for Pygm@ola. The commonest of the family are
Complanula, Rubricollis and Mundana; and these the tyro
may expect to meet with his first season, though perhaps he
will hardly take Mundana for a moth, owing to its transparent
appearance.

The family may be thus tabulated :—

A. Fore-wings moderately broad; the costa much ‘arched.
1. Mivrocurista.
AA. Fore-wings narrow. 2. Lirgosia. 38. Qinistis. 4.
GNOPHRIA.
AAA. Fore-wings triangular.
B. Fore-wings opaque. 5. Cysosia.
BB. Fore-wings semitransparent. 6. Patina.
AAAA. Fore-wings short, rounded. 7. Nuparza.

Genus 1. Mitrocurista.

Tmago: costa of fore-wings much arched; fore-wings with

transverse, wavy, dark streaks.
We have only one species.

M. mintata. 1/1”, F.-w. yellow tinged with rosy; an.

 137

acutely undulated curved line beyond the middle, followed by

a row of black dots. VII.
Larva dull brown, with long
blackish hairs; head reddish brown,
towards the mouth orange-yellow
(Ochs.) On lichens, oaks, beech
and birch. V—VI.
Notan uncommon species. BI.!
Brg.!! Brs. Ep.! Ex.! Ha. Lw.!
ty. Pir Se. St. 'Te.'Tn.! Wt.! Y.!

Genus 2. LirHosta.

Imago: costa of fore-wings but slightly arched, sometimes

almost straight; fore-wings often unicolorous, or with paler
costa, rarely spotted, never with transverse lines.

There are eight species, which may be thus recognised :—

A. F.-w. spotted. L- muscerda.
AA, F.-w. unspotted.
B. F.-w., costa pale, sharply defined.
C. Pale costa of equal width to hind-margin. L. com-
plana. |
CC. Pale costa attenuated towards hind-margin. L.
complanula.
BB. F.-w., costa pale, not sharply defined.
D. Thorax ochreous. L. helvola.
DD. Thorax grey. L. griseola.
BBB. F.-w. unicolorous.
E. H.-w. not unicolorous. L. pygmeola.
EE. H.-w. unicolorous.
I. F.-w. dark ochreous-yellow. L. aureola.
FF. F.-w. straw-yellow. L. stramineola.

L. aurrona. 1” 2’. Fi-w. DEEP DULL YELLOW. H.-w.

paler. VI—VII.
Larva black, with two lemon-yellow, red-spotted, interrupted
~ stripes on the back, on which, behind the head, in the middle
N3
 138

‘and towards the anus, are white spots (Ochs.) On the lichens
of the fir and pine. V—VI.
Brg. Ep. Ha. Lw.

L. weLvoia. 17 1’”—1” 3”. F.-w. dull grey, with the

base, the costa broadly and the hind-margin narrowly, yellow-
ish; h.-w. greyish, VII.
Larva black, with a black-brown head; a yellow stripe on
each side of the back; on the last segments these stripes be-
come broader, approach each other, and almost form a spot
(Treitschke). On lichens growing on oak and beech. VI b.
Rather a scarce species. Ly. Y.

L. srramingota. 1” 4’”—1” 5’, F.-w. pale ochreous;

h.-w. paler. VIII.
Larva UNKNOWN.
Brs. Ca.! Ep. Ha. Iw. Lympstone.

L. comptana. 17 3’7—1 4’. F.-w. leaden grey, with a

yellow stripe on the costa, of
EQUAL WIDTH TO THE HIND-
maRGIN. VII.
Larva black with short hairs;
a yellow-, red- and white-spotted
stripe on each side of the back,
and a narrow reddish yellow
line above the feet (Ochs.) On —
lichens growing on sloe and firs. V—VI.
Much rarer than the following. Brs. Ep. Lw.! M. PL.
Sh. St. Wt.

L. compianvuxa (The Common Footman). 1” 3’”—1” 4’””.

F.-w. leaden grey, with a yellow stripe along the costa, of equal
width to beyond the middle, and THEN ATTENUATED TO A
POINT AT THE TIP. VIL.
Larva black, unspotted, with a narrow reddish yellow stripe
from the 5th to 11th segments just above the feet (Treitschke).
On lichens growing on walls and on poplars. V—VI.
Generally distributed and common in the South, but does
not appear to occur in Scotland.
 139

L. erisroua. 1 4’’—1’"5’”, Faw. pate Grey, with

the costa narrowly yellowish ; h.-w. yellowish grey. VIII.
Larva UNKNOWN.
Bi. Brg.! Brs.! Ca.! Ep.!! Ex.!! Ha.!! K.! Sw. Sc.!
Wa! Lympstone!!

L. premmota. 11’’—1”. F.-w. pale yellowish grey, with

the costa pale yellowish; H-w. PALE YELLOW, DARK GREY
TOWARDS THE costa. VIII.
Larva UNKNOWN.
On the coast at Deal.

L. muscerpa. 1/’—1” 2’, F.-w. pale brownish grey;

the costa sometimes paler at the base; TWO BLACK DOTS near
the middle of the inner margin, and rour BLAcK Dots from
beyond the middle of the costa towards the anal angle. VIII.
Larva UNKNOWN.
Occurs in Horning marshes, near Norwich.

Genus 8. CE2NISTIS.

Imago: costa of fore-wings slightly arched; fore-wings with

a pale blotch at the base or spotted, never with transverse lines.
We have but one species, of which the sexes are very dif-
ferent in appearance. It is readily known by its large size,
and is appropriately named “‘ The Large Footman.”

Gi. quapra (The Large Footman). 1” 9’”—1” 11”.

$, f.-w. dull grey, darker towards the hind-margin; the base
yellow, with a black patch on the costa: ?, f.-w. deep yellow,
with 2 conspicuous black spots beyond the middle. VII.
Larva blackish grey, with a double, toothed, yellow line on
each side of the back, in which are placed scarlet hairy warts;
a black spot on the 2nd, 7th and last segments: head black-
(Ochs.) On lichens growing on oak, beech, &. V—VI. .
Brg. Brs. Do. Ep. Ha. Ly.!! M. R. Sc. Wa.
 140

Genus 4. GNOPHRIA.

Imago: fore-wings, costa but slightly arched; wings uni-

colorous.
There is but one species.

G. Rupricotyis. 1” 1/’—1” 4”. Dull smoky black,

with reddish collar and yellow tail. VI.
Larva greenish grey, with black longitudinal stripes spotted
with red and white; head dark brown, with two white lines
(Ochs.) On various lichens. VIII—IX.
Common in many places. BJ. Brg.! Ca.!! Ct.!! Ep.!
He, Ha.!! L.D.! Lw.! Ly. M. Pl. St. Wa. Wi. !! Wt. 7Y.!
Lympstone, Dursley, Guisbord’, Carlisle; also at Thornhill,
Dumfriesshire.

Genus 5. Cyposta.
Imago : fore-wings opaque, spotted, triangular, the costa
slightly arched.
We have only one species.
C. MESOMELLA. 1/7 2/1" 4", Fw. whitish, with yel-
lowish costa and hind-margin ; a black dot on the costa beyond
the middle, and one nearly opposite towards the hind-margin;
h.-w. greyish brown, paler towards the base, with yellowish
cia. WIT.
Larva greyish, with a blackish stripe on each side of the
back; head reddish (Hubner). Onlichens. V?
BL! Brg.! Ca! Ep. Ex. Ha. Lw. Ly.! Tn.! Wa.! Y.!
Ashburton and Chatmoss; Carlisle!

Genus 6. Purinna.
Imago: fore-wings semitransparent, spotted, triangular, the
costa nearly straight.
 141

We have but one species, which, when caught, falls down in

the net as though dead.
[Link]. 8’’—1’ 5’. Dull yellow; f.-w. with 3
oblique rows of black dots, 1 before the middle, 1 rather be-
yond the middle, and the 3rd near the hind-margin, the num-
ber of dots in this last varying from 1 to 6; h.-w. with 1 or 2
blackish dots at the outer angle. VI—VU.
Larva black, with a yellow dorsal line of lozenge-shaped
spots, and longish lateral spots (Ochs.) On variouslichens. V.
Brg. !! Ha. Wt. Newhaven and Shoreham, and Woodchat
Park, Gloucestershire ; Oban.

Genus 7. NupDARIA.

Imago: fore-wings short, rounded, slightly clothed with

scales or very transparent, with transverse dark markings.
Of this genus we have two species, readily distinguished by
the characters hereafter given.
N. munpana. 10”’—11’”. Very TRANSPARENT, pale
brownish yellow; f.-w. with 2 DISTINCT ANGULATED BANDS,
1 before and 1 beyond the middle ;
a distinct black spot in the middle
towards the costa, and an indistinct
fuscous band towards the hind-mar-
gin; H.-w. sportess. VII—VILI.
Larva dull bluish grey, with a
sulphur-yellow dorsal stripe; head and a conspicuous spot on
the back of the 8th segment black (Freyer). On lichens.
V e—VI b. ;
Common: generally distributed.
N. senex. 10’—11”’. Dull ochreous, HARADLY TRANS-
PARENT; f.-w. with a black spot BEyonD the middle near the -
obliquely
costa; towards the base are THREE BLACK DOTS
BLACK
placed ; before the hind-margin is an indistinct BAND OF
ports: h.-w. with an indistinct BLACK SPOT near the costa.
VII e—VIII.
 142

Larva UNKNOWN.
Ca. ! Ep.! Ha.!! La. Sh. St. Te. Ye!

Family VI. CHELONIDZ.

Imago: antenne generally pectinated in male, though
sometimes filiform ; collar well developed; thorax sometimes
spotted; abdomen gaily coloured and spotted ; wings gaily
coloured and spotted, hind-wings sometimes especially so.
Larva hairy, not having tufts of hair; sixteen legs; gene-
rally polyphagous. Feeding on low plants.
Pupa smooth, enclosed in a cocoon.

This Family contains the- most splendid and gaudily

coloured of our British moths. The unlearned always take
them for butterflies, as though it were an axiom that beauties
must be butterflies, and that moths were always miserable-
looking: entomologists know of no such distinction.
The palm of beauty must, we think, be accorded to the
Cream-spot Tiger (Aretia villica); but the Scarlet Tiger
(Hy-
percompa dominula) is hardly less splendid; and A. caja
and
Nemeophila Plantaginis would always attract attention by
their gay appearance.
Many of the species fly in the hot sunshine, though
a few
(as the Ermines) are more partial to the shades of even
ing.
The larve of a few of the species pass into the pupa
state
before the approach of winter; but more generally
the larve
hybernate, and feed up in the spring; and the earl
y sunny
days in April we may see the Tiger caterpillars busily
engaged
discussing some dock or nettle on a weedy bank. Later
in the
season we find these large brown caterpillars wanderin
g in all
directions ;and probably there are few children abov
e eight
 143

years of age who are not well acquainted with the larva of A.
caja, however little they may know of the insect it produces.
In May Plantaginis, Fuliginosa and Mendica appear in the
perfect state; in June Dominula, Russula, Villica, Plantagi-
nis, Fuliginosa, Menthastri, Papyratia, Lubricepeda, Mendiea
and Jacobee may be met with; in July Menthastri and Lu-
bricepeda continue to occur, and Caja, Grammica and Cribrum
appear in the perfect state. Pulchella (for which we have
often trudged along many a stubble field in vain) does not
appear till September.
The commonest of the family are Caja, Menthastri, Lubri-
cepeda and Jaccbe@; and the collector must indeed be green
who does not find these his first season. Papyratia, Gram-
mica and Pulchella are rare, and one may collect for many
years without obtaining either. Cribrwm is less rare now than
formerly, though local, occurring in the New Forest. The
other species, Dominula, Russula, Villica, Plantaginis, Fuligi-
nosa and Mendica are moderately common in many localities,
and may be obtained by using due diligence.
The family may be thus tabulated :-—
A. Antenne of male pectinated.
~B. F.-w. narrow. 9, EuLEPIA.
BB. F.-w. broad.
C. F.-w. rather transparent. 7. D1aPHora.
CC. F.-w. densely clothed.
D. F.-w. pale, with minute black dots. 6. Sprnosoma.
DD. F.-w. with one central spot. 2. HurHEmonta.
DDD. F.-w. streaked and spotted. 8. Arcria. 4.
NEMEOPHILA.
AA, Antenne of male filiform.
Ki. F.-w. semitransparent. 5. PHRAGMATOBIA.
EE. F.-w. densely clothed with scales.
 144

F. H.-w. red.
G. H.-w. spotted. 1. Hyprrcompa.
GG. H.-w. spotless. 8. CALLIMoRPHA.
FF. H.-w. white, spotted. 10. Detopeta.

Genus 1. Hyprercompa.

Imago: antenne filiform in both sexes; hind-wings red,

spotted.
We have only one species.
H. Dominuta (Scarlet Tiger). 2/7 1/”—2” 4". BF-w.
dark green, with yellow and white spots; h.-w. crimson, with
black spots towards the margins. VI.
Larva black, with short blackish hairs placed on shining
black warts; a broad pale yellow stripe on the back and one
on each side much intersected by the black ground-colour.
On numerous low plants. VIII—V.
Bl.! Brs. Ew. Ha.! Wi. Ashburton! Burwell Fen!

Genus 2. EuTHEMONIA.
Imago: antennx of male slightly pectinated; fore-wings
with one central spot; hind-wings rather dull; female smaller
than male.

There is only one species in this genus.

E. Russuta (Clouded Bat) lO 71/1074 dh oefeee

 145

pale yellow, WITH THE MARGINS REDDISH; a central black

spot margined with reddish near the costa; Q, f.-w. orange,
with reddish orange veins, and a darker central spot towards
the costa. VI. '
Larva black brown, with a yellow red-spotted dorsal line
and white spiracles; hairs reddish (Ochs.) On plantain, dan-
delion, and other low plants. IX—V.
Occurs in heathy places, amongst fern. BI. !! Brg.! Do.
Mp. He Lw. Le. .Ly.!!, Plic Pr...[Link] St. Te. Wt. Y.!
Guisboro! Haldon, near Exeter; and Chatmoss.

Genus 8. ARCTIA.

Imago: antenne pectinated in male; fore-wings streaked

and spotted: hind-wings very gaily coloured and spotted.
We have two species, readily distinguished as follows :—
A. Hind-wings reddish orange, with blue-black spots. A.
caja.
AA. Hind-wings yellow, with a black spots. A. villica.
A. casa (Tiger). 27 17”7—2” 11”, F.-w. brown, with
numerous irregularly ramifying whitish streaks and spots;
H.-W. REDDISH ORANGE, with 6 or 7 BLUE-BLACK spots. VII.
Larva black, with long white hairs on the back; reddish
brown hairs along the sides and on the anterior segments;
HEAD AND LEGS BLACK. On various low plants. IX—VI b.
Common everywhere: generally abundant.
A. vintica (Cream-spotted Tiger). 2’ 1/7” — 2” 5/””,
 146

E'.-w. black, with about 8 creamy white spots; H.-w. DEEP

YELLOW, with 4 or 5 small central BLAcK spots, and an irregu
-
lar black patch at the anal angle. VI.
Larva black, with brown hairs: HEAD AND LEGS DULL
REDDISH. On various low plants. IX—V.
Bl.! Brg.!! Brs.! Ep. Ex.! K. Lw. LyPla Delt Tau
ee Wort

Genus 4. NeMEOPHILA.
Imago: antenne pectinated in male: fore-wings
streaked
and spotted ; hind-wings less gaily coloured than
in the pre-
ceding genus, streaked and spotted with black.

We have but one species.

N, Pranraainis (Wood Tiger), 1/56/11, 6)

black, with whitish streaks and spots, tinged ite
with yellow at
the margins; h.-w. dull deep yellow, with the
margin black, and black spots on the hind-mar base and inner
gin. V e—VI.
Larva dull brown ; 2nd, 8rd, 4th, 11th, 12th
and 13th seg-
ments with rather long blackish hairs, the
intermediate seg-
ment s with ferruginous hairs (Dup.) On plaintain. IX—Iy.
Brg.! Ct.! G. Ha. Hu.!! L.D, Lw. M. Pro) Seth iTe.
Wi. Wt. Y.! Dursley; Dovedale: Castle
Peutland Hills; Carlisle !
Eden Dene;

Genus 5. PHRAGMATOBIA.
Imago: antenne filiform in both
Sexes ; wings semi-
transparent ; fore-wings dull; hind-wing
s faintly tinged with
rosy. ;
P, ruLternosa (Ruby Tiger) 1 OV
dish brown, with a black spot beyond Be Wow ved.
the middle; h.-w. black
or dull pink, with black margins; 2
fringes pink. V{I—VII.
central black spots ;
Larva yellowish brown, inclining to
blackish, with brownish
 147

hairs (Ochs.) On dock, nettle, plantain, and other low

plants. IX—IV.
Generally distributed, and not uncommon.

Genus 6. SprmosoMaA.
_Imago: antenne pectinated in male; wings white or buff,
with black spots; abdomen deep yellow, spotted with black.

We have three species, thus distinguished :—

A. Wings white.
B. Fore-wings with many spots; hind-wings with about
four spots. S. menthastri.
BB. Fore-wings with few spots; hind-wings spotless. S.
papyratia.
AA. Wings buff. 8S. lubricepeda.

S. menrHastrt (White Ermine). 17 7’’—1” 9”. Fw.

whitish, more or less tinged with yellow; numerous black
spots more or less ar-
ranged in 4 curved
transverse rows. VI
—VII.
Larva black, with
long brown hairs; an
orange stripe straight
down the back; spi-
racles white. On all
low plants. VIII—IX.
Common everywhere: generally abundant.
S papyratia. 1” 6/”—1” 8”. ¥.-w. whitish, with 2
black dots beyond the middle near the costa, and with 1 or
more small black dots towards the tip; H.-W. WHITE, SPOTLESS.
VI.
Larva dark brown, with long hairs; spiracles yellow (Hub.)
On various low plants (Ochs.) IX.
Ca. Lw. M. Pr. Wa. Wi. Not a common species.
02
 148

S. LUBRICEPEDA (Buff Ermine). 1 6//—1” 9/”. Pale

ochreous ; f.-w. with 2 or 3 black spots near the base, placed
in a straight row; 2 black spots near the middle of the costa,
and an oblique row of black spots from the apex to the inner
margin :h.-w. with 2 or 3 black spots. VI—VII.
Larva whitish, with long pale brown hairs; a broad dark
grey stripe, darkest at its lower edge, on each side of the slen-
der whitish dorsal line; sides with pale grey oblique stripes.
On all low plants. VIII—IX.
Common everywhere: generally abundant, but not occur-
ring in Scotland.

Genus 7. DrapHora.
Imago: antenne pectinated in male; fore-wings rather
transparent; colours differing in the two sexes; abdomen con-
colorous with hind-wings, and with darker spots.
There is only one species.
D. meNDIcA, 1 8/7 yer smoky black, 9
white ;f.-w. with 8 to 10 black spots, irregularly plac smoky
ed; h.-w.
with 5 or 6 black spots. V—VI.
Larva brownish green or grey, with a paler
dorsal line;
head and legs reddish (Ochs.) On dock, plaintai
n, nettle, and
various low plants. VII—IX.
Rather acommon species. Bi. Brs.! Bu. Ca.! Ct.! Da. !
Kp.! Ex.! Ha. Hu.!! Zap. ! Ly.! M.
Sh.! St.) Te. Tn) Wi Y. PLY Pr. 9gem

Genus 8. CattrmorrHa.
Imago: antenne filiform in both sexes
~-spotless; abdomen spotless. ; hind-wings red,

We have only one species.

C. Jacopmm, 17 8/71 5" By.
a narrow red stripe near the costa, and smoky grey, with
hind-margin ; h.-w. red, with blackish 2 red spots on the
margin. VI.
 149

Larva slightly hairy, black, annulated with orange-yellow;

head black (Ochs.) On Senecio Jacobea (ragwort), generally
in companies. VII—VIII.
Common and generally distributed in England ; in Scotland
a great rarity.

Genus 9. EULEPIa.

Imago: antenne slightly pectinated in male; fore-wings

narrow, elongate, pale, with black markings.

We have two species, thus distinguishable :—

A. Wings yellow. E. grammica.
AA, Fore-wings whitish; hind-wings grey. L. cribrum.

KE. egramuica. 1//4/’—1/’5’, F.-w. pale buff, with 6 to 7

longitudinal black streaks; h.-w. yellowish, with moderately
broad blackish margin, and black central lunule. VII?
Larva black-brown, with an orange-yellow dorsal stripe,
white lateral line, and reddish hairy warts (Ochs.) On Festuca
duriuscula (fescue-grass), Calluna vulgaris (heather), &e. V.
Has occurred at Windsor and the Isle of Anglesea.
E. crrprum. 1” 4”. White, with 4 blackish bands
slightly interrupted; 2 blackish streaks, 1 on the disk and 1
on the fold; on the former are 2 black dots beyond the
middle: h.-w. grey, with darker margin. VII.
Larva black, with short black hairs; a white dorsal line
and finer whitish lateral lines (Freyer). On Calluna vulgaris
(heather). VIII—V.
Blandford, and in the New Forest,

Genus 10. DEIOPEIA.

Imago: antenne filiform in both sexes; fore-wings white,

gaily spotted with red and blue-black.
We have only one species in this genus. It is one of the
prettiest, most elegant insects we have, and might justly be
prized for its beauty, as well as for its rarity.
03
 150

D, putcHerta. 1” 5/”—1” 8’. —F.-w. whitish, with 5

transverse wavy series of crimson spots, intermixed with 6
wavy transverse series of blue-black spots; h.-w. milky white,
with an irregular blackish margin towards the outer angle.
IX.
Larva bluish grey, with black hairs; a broad white dorsal
stripe; black spots; and a red band, interrupted in the mid-
dle, on each segment (Ochs.) On Myosotis arvensis (field
forget-me-not). VII.
Hip. M. St. Wt. A very scarce species. It has the repu-
tation of being generally found in stubble fields.

Family VII. BOMBYCIDA.

Imago: antenne pectinated in male, generally filiform in

female; abdomen not gaily coloured or spotted; hind-wings
paler than fore-wings, and with faint markings. ‘
Larva hairy, not with tufts of hair.
Pupa smooth, enclosed in a cocoon, which is sometimes of
very firm texture.

This Family does not, with us, comprise many species.

We miss in the perfect insects the gay colouring of the Chelo-
nid@ ; yet the larvee of many species are excessively beautiful ;
and one needs but to mention the Eggar, the Drinker and the
Lackey to recal to the mind of the reader three very splendid
larvee. n
The species are of very various sizes, Trichiura Cratagi
being under 1} inch in expanse, whereas Lasiocampa Quercus
and Gastropacha quercifolia both attain a size of 3 inches.
The males of Lasiocampa Quercus (and, I believe, also of
Trifolit) fly briskly in the middle of the day; and those who
are so fortunate as to have bred a female, by taking her to the
hunting-grounds of the other sex, may speedily obtain as many
 151

specimens as they require; for the males will be so bold in

pursuit of the object of their affections that they will not hesi-
tate to enter even the pocket of the collector, if the “‘ladye-love”
is ensconsed in a box therein.
** None but the brave deserve the fair.”

The other species which fly at dusk, or after dark, may also
be readily ‘‘assembled,” as the phrase is, by the charms of a
recently hatched female.
This mode of enticing specimens is not peculiar to this
family, though I know of no species that assembles so vi-
gorously as the Oak Eggar; it may, however, be satisfactorily
tried with many of the Lrrparip# and CHELonip4, as well as
with Endromis versicolora and Saturnia Pavonia-minor.
With the exception of Hriogaster Lanestris, which appears
in February, Trichiura Crategi in September, and Pecilo-
campa Populi in November and December, all the other spe-
cies appear in the perfect state between April and August,
having passed the winter in the larva state. Ilicifolia appears
at the end of April and in May; in the latter month Rubi also
appears. In May and June every species but the two just
named may be collected in the larva state. In July Quercus,
Castrensis, Neustria, Potatoria and Quercifolia appear in the
perfect state; and they may likewise be met with in August,
when L. Trifolit also appears.
The commonest of the family are Rubi, Quercus, Lanestris,
Neustria, Potatoria and Quercifolia ; and these the young col-
lector may reasonably expect to get his first season. Trifolit
is a coast insect, though abundant in most places on the coast;
and Castrensis is partial to the muddy banks of the Thames
 152

below Erith. Populi and Cratagi are hardly to be called

scarce; and Ilicifolia will no doubt become common when
more sought for in its moorland haunts.

The family may be thus tabulated :—

A. Antenne: of male deeply pectinated.
B. Palpi inconspicuous. 1. LastocaMpa.
BB. Palpi forming a beak. 6. ODoNESTIS.
AA. Antenne of male slightly pectinated.
C. Palpi beaked; hind-margins of wings dentate. 7.
GASTROPACHA.
CC. Palpi not beaked: hind-margins of wings not den-
tate.
D. Wings densely clothed with scales.
E. Wings grey. 4. TRICHTURA.
EE. Wings ochreous or brown. 5. CLISIOCAMPA.
DD. Wings sparingly clothed with scales. 2. ERto-
GASTER.
DDD. Wings semitransparent. 3. Pa@cILocaMPa.

Genus 1. LastocaMpa.

Imago: antennz deeply pectinated in male, serrated in

female; abdomen of female large or moderately large, but
not tufted ; wings densely clothed with scales, or (as in L.
Rubi) rather diaphanous.
Larva not gregarious.
Pupa in a cocoon, which is firm and egg-shaped (whence the
term Kggars), or of slighter texture and fusiform (as in
L. Rubi)

We have three species, which may be thus tabulated :—

A. Fore-wings spotless. L. Rubi.
AA. Fore-wings with one central white spot.
B. Pale band of fore-wings narrow, oblique. L. Trifolit.
BB. Pale band of fore-wings broad, nearly straight. L.
Quercus.
 153

L. Rust (Fox). 1 10’”/—2” 6’, # reddish brown, 2

purplish brown; f.-w., 2 central, pale yellowish, transverse
lines, 1 before and 1 behind the middle. “V e—VI.
Larva with long hairs, golden brown on the back, black be-
tween the segments ; sides, head, legs and prolegs black. On
heath, &. VIII—IX.
Common and generally distributed.

L. Trrrouu. 1” 11/”—2” 9’”, Pale reddish brown;

- fore-wings, a central white spot towards the costa: a NARROW,
curved yellowish band extending FRoM THE COSTA NEAR THE
Tip TO THE MIDDLE of the inner margin. VIII.
_ Larva black, with pale tawny hair on the back, greyish on
the sides ;a bluish white stripe on either side of the back; an
orange-red spot on each side of the back, on the 3rd and 4th
segments. On clover, lucerne, melilot and broom. TX—VI.
_ This species appears especially attached to the coast. Bi.!
Bl.! Ly. Pl.!! R.! Te. Lytham! Eastbourne.

L. Qurrcus (Oak Eggar), 2” 4’”—3’", 3 rich choco-

late-brown; beyond the centre a deep yellow band, which
shades into chocolate at the hind-margin; f.-w., a white central
spot towards the costa, and sometimes an ochreous patch
towards the base; @ similar, but the chocolate-colour is re-
placed by tawny. VII—VIII.
Larva black, with rusty greyish hairs; a lateral white stripe
above the white spiracles ;above this, on the 8rd and 4th seg-
ments, is a red-centred white spot on each side. On various
plants. VIII—V.
An abundant species, and generally distributed.

The specimens occurring in Scotland and Cornwall are

much darker than the typical specimens ; besides, the larva,
then twelve months old, forms its cocoon in September, and
the moth appears early in June. It is a subject which will
probably yet repay further investigation, as the question of the
extent of the variation of species is still little understood.
 154

Genus 2. ERIOGASTER.
Imago: antenne pectinated in male, simple in female; ab-
domen very stout in female and slightly tufted; wings not
densely clothed with scales.
Larve gregarious throughout their lives.
Pupa enclosed in a firm egg-shaped cocoon.

E. tanesreis (Small Eggar). 1/7 4’”—1’ 9’. F.-w. pale

purplish chocolate, with whitish basal and central spots;
between the latter and the hind-margin is a faint, whitish,
linear band. II.
Larva blackish blue, with two rows of hairy reddish yellow
warts on the back, and three white spots between these on
each segment; a white [Link] each side (Ochs.) On sloe,
hawthorn, &. V—VI.
Bi. !!-Brg.! Brs.!! Bu.!! Ca.! Ct.! Da.!! Do. Ep.! Ex,
Han! Ho. LDS iw. fe: VProse. St. “Te eabees
Will You
The larva being gregarious throughout its life, the species is
abundant wherever it occurs.

Genus 3. PacrnocaMPa.
Imago: antenne of male pectinated, of female simple; ab-
domen moderately stout, not tufted; wings moderately clothed
with scales.
Larva not gregarious, with long hairs on the sides above the
legs.
Pupa enclosed in a firm oval cocoon.

P. Popurr (December). 1/7 5’’—1’" 8’, F.-w. bluish

black, with an orange patch at the base, margined outwardly
with a pale, transverse, vellow line; beyond the middle is a
pale yellow, curved, indented, transverse line. XI e—XII.
Larva grey marbled with ochreous, with a dark grey band
on each segment, in which are several whitish spots ;subdorsal
line orange, interrupted ; two red spots on the back of the 2nd
 155

segment. On hawthorn, poplar, lime and oak ; ofte

n in the
chinks of the bark. V—VT.
Bi.! Bl. Brg.! Brs.! Bu. Ca. Ct. Da.! Ep.!
Ha.! Hu.
Pe .D.! Lw. Ly. M. Pl. Pr. Sh.! St. Te)
Wal Y.!

Genus 4. TrricHtuRA.
Imago: antenne pectinated in male, ciliated in female;
abdomen slightly tufted, the tuft bifid in the male;
wings
densely clothed with scales.
Larve gregarious when young, dispersing before attaining
their full size.
Pupa enclosed in a very firm cocoon, of an oval shape.

die Cravaeties 1’ 8/1/60 3) fw: pale grey, with a

darker central band, bordered inwardly by an inden
ted black
line which runs obliquely up to the middle of the base, and
outwardly by a sharply indented black line: 2 brownish grey,
with a central darker band; the other markings indistinct.
1d-¢
Larva bluish black ;two red hairy warts on each segment,
and between them a white or yellow stripe; on each side
a
row of white spots (Ochs.) On hawthorn, sloe and sallow.
V—VI.
Bl. Brs. Bu. Da. Do. Ep.! Ha. L.D.! Lw. Ly. Prsah.
St."Wa. Y.! Carlisle.

Genus 5. CLIstocAMPA,
Imago: antenne pectinated in male, ciliated in female:
abdomen of female rather stout and pointed; wings densely
clothed with scales.
Larva gregarious when young, dispersing before becoming
full-fed.
Pupa enclosed in a cocoon, of moderately firm texture, not
transparent, because intermixed with a sulphur-coloured
powder.
 156

We have two species, thus distinguished :—

A First streak on fore-wings of male terminating in the base.
C. castrensis.
AA. First streak on fore-wings of male terminating in the
inner margin. C. neustria.
C. casrrensts (Ground Lackey). 17 2’7—1” 7". ,
f.-w. pale ochreous, with 2 reddish brown transverse streaks;
beyond the second is frequently a cloudy brown band; h.-w.
BRrowN: @ reddish brown; f.-w. 2 indistinct pale bands.
VuU—VIUII.
Larva many-coloured; an INDISTINCT WHITISH dorsal line,
then a broad orange-brown stripe; below this is a silvery grey
stripe, in which, on each of the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 12th seg-
ments, is a black spot; hairs aLL GOLDEN BRowN, and longer
than in Neustria. On Artemisia maritima (sea wormwood),
Plantago lanceolata (plantain), and Daucus Carota (wild car-
rot)—(Curtis). V—VI.
A maritime insect, found on the banks of the Thames
below Erith.
C. neustRia (Lackey), 1 2’’—1” 7’. Varies from pale
ochreous to sandy red; f-w. with 2 transverse brown streaks
from the costa TO THE INNER MARGIN; the intervening space
sometimes darker. VII—VITI.
Larva many-coloured ;&@ BRIGHT WHITE dorsal line, then a
broad orange stripe (intersected down the middle by a black
and blue stripe), then a silvery blue stripe, in which, on each
of the 3rd, 4th and 12th segments, is a black spot; hairs park
BROWN ABOVE, golden brown towards the legs. On orchard
and other trees. V—VI.
Excessively abundant and generally distributed in the
South of England, but not occurrmg further North than
York, where it is rare.

Genus 6. ODONESTIS.

Imago: antenne of male deeply pectinated, slightly pecti-

nated in female. Palpi long, forming a beak in front; abdo-
men of female thick, of male slightly tufted.
 157

Larva not gregarious.

Pupa enclosed in a somewhat dense elongated cocoon,
pointed at each end.
x
O. potatorta (Drinker), 2/’—2’ 6’”. g dull reddish
yellow; 2 deep yellow; f.-w., a small white central spot, a
white dot between it and the costa, and an oblique dark line
from the apex to the inner margin. VII—VIII.
Larva dull dark bluish grey, with a subdorsal line of orange
spots on each side; along the spiracles are short white tufts of
hair and oblique orange streaks. On grasses. X—V e.
Generally distributed and very common.

Genus 7. GASTROPACHA.
Imago: antenne pectinated in male, hardly less so in female ;
palpi projecting in front, forming a beak; abdomen of female
very thick; hind-margins of wings dentate. When reposing,
the costa of the hind-wings projects considerably beyond the
costa of the fore-wings.
Larva not gregarious, with fleshy protuberances on each side
above the legs.
Pupa enclosed in a rather firm cocoon, of an elongate oval
form.

The two species, independently of size, are distinguishable

as follows :—

Fringes unicolorous. G. quercifolia.

Fringes spotted. G. ilicifolia.

G. QuERcIFOLIA (Lappet). 2” 2’”—3” 38’’. Brownish

red clouded with blackish; f.-w. with 3 angulated, indented,
black streaks, and an indistinct central black spot. VI. %
Larva variable, grey or dull reddish ; a slight hump on the
12th segment; the incisions between the 2nd and 4th seg-
ments blue-black ; a more or less distinct whitish lateral stripe,
ie
 158

sometimes very broad and obliquely placed. On sloe, willow,

&. V—VI.

\Ca.! Ep.! Ex. K. Lw. Ly. St. Wi.

G. Ircrronia. 1” 6/”—1” 8/”, F.-w. rusty grey, with 2
oblique lines of blackish dots before the middle, and an oblique
whitish band, not reaching to the costa, beyond the middle.
Fringe of all the wings ferruginous, varied with pale yellowish.
TV e—V m.
Larva grey, with reddish hairs; a broad black dorsal line,
interrupted on each segment by a reddish spot, and a white
stripe on each side of it; a broad, bluish, lateral stripe (Hub.)
On sallow and bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus). VI—VIILI.
Cannoch Chase, and near Sheffield.

At Leipsig it is nearly every year brought for sale in the

market in hundreds, by the country people, who gather bilber-
ries. This may prove a useful hint to some of our own bil-
berry-gatherers.

Family VIII. ENDROMID.

Imago: antenne pectinated in male, only slightly pecti-
nated in female; hind-wings slightly paler than fore-wings, and
with similar markings; wings without any eye-like spots.
 159

Larva smooth, with the 12th segment thickened.

Pupa in a loose cocoon beneath moss.

This Family only contains one British species; though it is

not improbable that the other European species, Aglia Tau,
will eventually be found here. (The male Tau flies swiftly in
beech woods, during the day, early in May). _‘Versicolora flies
in the first half of April, by day. It is not easy to catch even
when you see it. It is more easily obtained by rearing the
larva. The young collector must not be impatient if he should
not collect it his first season. ’

Genus 1. EnDROMIs.

E. verstcotora (Kentish Glory). ¢ 2” 4’, Q 2” 8’.

F.-w. orange-brown; a white patch at the base; a curved,
‘black, transverse streak before the middle, inwardly margined
with white; a black V-like mark in the middle towards the
costa; a much-indented, curved, black, transverse streak be-
yond the middle, outwardly margined with whitish; several
white streaks running into the hind-margin. IV.
Larva whitish green, attenuated anteriorly ; a pyramidal
hump on the 12th segment. On each side of the back are
ten oblique white streaks ; sides dotted with black and ferrugi-
nous; spiracles white (Dup.) On birch. VII.
Brg. Brs. Ct. Ipswich; and St. Leonard’s Forest,
Horsham. Rannoch.

Family IX. SATURNID&.

Imago: antenne pectinated in both sexes; wings broad, of
similar colours and markings, each with an eye-like spot. Ze
Larva with short bristles arranged like stars on the tuber-
cles.
Pupa enclosed in a pear-shaped firm cocoon, open at the
narrow end, but with a protecting cap inside.
P2
 160

This Family, like the preceding, contains but one British

species ;but, unlike the Kentish Glory, the Emperor Moth is
almost everywhere abundant, though generally obtained in the
larva state. The adult larva is very pretty; it is often found
upon heather in the autumn.

Genus 1. SATURNIA.
S. Pavonia-minor (Emperor). ¢ 2” 3/9” 4” ma?
a” 8’ 2/7 10", Near the centre of each wing a dark
hke spot, eye-
consisting of a roundish black spot in a yellow ring,
surrounded by a black ring, between which and
the basal side
of the yellow ring is a whitish crescent: 3, f.-w.
rosy brown,
h.-w. dull orange; 2 soft grey,-all the wings with
marginal band. YV. a brown

Larva green; each segment with seven pink tuber

cles in
black rings, each tubercle bearing a tuft of short black
hairs ;
spiracles orange. On heath, &e. WIIL—IX.
Common and generally distributed.

Family X. PLATYPTERIGIDA.
Imago: antenne of male pectinated, of female
form;
mostly fili-
abdomen slender in both sexes; wings
of small size,
comparatively broad, sometimes hooked.
 161

Larva not hairy, with several little prominences on the back,

with fourteen legs ; the anal prolegs wanting, thus resembling
CERURA.
Pupa enclosed in a cocoon amongst leaves.

There is something startling in arriving, immediately after

such splendid large insects as the Kentish Glory and the Em-
peror, at such diminutive representatives of the Bompycrna as
Cilia spinula and the little Drepane. The connecting links
must be sought for among the exotic species.
The slender form of the species of this Family has often
caused them to be mistaken for GromETRINA, from which
group they are at once removed by a reference to the larve.
All the species (with the exception perhaps of Sicula) appear
to be double-brooded, appearing in the perfect state in May
and August, and as larve in June and September.
Sicula is the only species which is rare with us. Unguieula,
though local, is abundant in many beech woods. The young
collector may expect to get Spinula his first season, and pro-
bably Hamula, Falcataria or Lacertinaria; at any rate, he
will get all these in a few years, besides Unguicula, if he visits
its haunts.

This Family contains three genera, which may be thus

tabulated :—
A. Fore-wings rounded. 1. Crnrx,
AA. Fore-wings hooked.
B. Hind-margin of fore-wings toothed. 2. PLATYPTERYX. -
BB. Hind-margin of fore-wings not toothed. 3. Drupana.

P3
 162

Genus 1. CrInrx.

Imago: antenne of female perfectly filiform; fore-wings

rounded. Wings in repose almost vertical, meeting at their
inner margins over the back.

C. sptnunaA. 11”. F.-w. white, with a large brown blotch

on the middle of the inner margin, and a large, oval, greenish
grey spot in the middle of the wing; hind-margin clouded
with dark grey. V—VI and VIII.
Larva dull chocolate-brown, with a pair of conspicuous
tubercles on each of the 3rd and 4th segments; on the 4th
segment begins a dark tawny rhomboidal spot on the back, a
dusky prolongation of which [Link] towards the anal
segment. On sloe and hawthorn. V e—VIb and VII e—
VIII.
Common and generally distributed throughout England.

Genus 2. PLATYPTERYX.

Imago: antenne of female ciliated; fore-wings hooked at

the tip, and with the hind-margin dentate. Wings in repose
nearly flat.

P, LAcERTINARTA, 1/3 ’/’—1’’ 5’”. F.-w. ochreous or

brown, with 2 slightly waved, brown, transverse lines, between
which is a single black spot; an indistinct, slender, pale band
towards the hind-margin. V e—VI and VIII.
Larva pale brown and yellowish, varied with spots and
clouds of darker brown; two raised tubercles on each of the
3rd and 4th segments, and two others on the 12th segment
(Dup.) On birch. VI and IX.
Brg. Brg. Ct. Ep. Ha. Ha. L.D.! Lw. Ly. M.! Se!
Sh. St. Tn. Wa.! Wt. Y. Castle Eden Dene; Carlisle.
Not an uncommon species.
 163

Genus 3. DREPANA.
Imago: antenne of female ciliated or dentate; fore-wings
hooked at the tip, the hind-margin being entire. Wings in
repose flat, the hind-wings being then exposed to view.

There are four species, thus distinguished :—

A. Fore-wings with a dark central blotch.
B. Blotch containing small yellowish spots. D. stcula.
BB. Blotch containing no spots. D. falcataria.
AA. Fore-wings without any central blotch.
C. Fore-wings with two central dark spots. D. hamula.
CO. Fore-wings with one central dark spot. D. ungut-
cula.

D. stcuna. 17 5’”—1” 7”, F.-w. brownish ochreous,

with 2 wavy, transverse, darker lines, and between them a
large central tawny blotch, IN WHICH ARE SEVERAL SMALL YEL-
LOwIsH spots; a black spot in the middle of the second
streak, and beyond it a violet patch edged with black: h.-w.
paler, with 3 wavy streaks; yellow spots between the 2nd and
3rd, and a black spot on the 3rd. V e.
Larva reddish brown; on the back is a broad pale yellow
stripe, with brown spots, most abundant on the Qnd, 8rd and
4th segments; on the 4th segment are two tubercles (Dup.)
On oak, birch and lime. V—VI.
A specimen taken in Leigh Wood, near Bristol, in May,
1837; a second, in the same locality, in June, 1856.

D. ratcatanta. 1” 8/7—1” 6/”. F-w. yellowish

ochreous, with 3 wavy, transverse, blackish lines; 2 small
black spots between the 2nd and 3rd, and a round blue-black
blotch on the 8rd; a reddish brown and black line runs from
the inner margin to the apex of the wing: h.-w. pale ochreous,
with 5 wavy transverse lines. W—VI and VIII? ;
Larva pale green; a broad dark red-brown stripe on the
back; two little tubercles on each of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th
 164

and 6th segments (Dup.) On birch, alder, aspen, willow and

oak. V and IX.
BL@Brg. Brs. Bu. Ct.! Ep.! Ha. Hu. L.D. Lw.! Ly-
M. Pr. Sc. Sh. St. Tn. Wt.! Y.! Carlisle.

D. wamuta. 17’—1” 4’”, Pale ochreous-brown, with

2 paler transverse lines ; f.-w., 2
black spots between the lines ;
h.-w. of 2 paler. V—VI and
VIII.
Larva greyish brown; a broad
dorsal stripe, greenish brown on
the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 12th and 18th
segments, yellowish brown on the others, edged with yellow on
each side; 4th segment with twe tubercles on the back (Dup.)
On oak and birch. VI and IX.
Brg. Brs. Ep.! Lw. St. Lympstone ; Carlisle.

D. unevicuta. 17” 1”—1” 3’”. F.-w. pale ochreous-

brown, with a slight reddish tinge; a broad darker central
band, in which is a dark brown spot: h.-w. paler ochreous-
brown, with a dark central band. V and VIII.
Larva reddish brown, with a dark brown dorsal stripe from
the 6th to 10th segments; the 2nd to 4th segments with a
yellow line on each side, meeting on the back of the 5th; one
raised tubercle on the 4th segment (Kleemann). On beech.
VI and IX.
Brs.!! Ep.!! Ha.!! St.! Zn. Wa.! Generally abundant
where it occurs.

Family XI. PSYCHIDA.

Imago: antenne of male pectinated, of female simple or

none; wings of male broad, female entirely wingless.
Larva constructs a moveable case, in which it lives, and in
which it changes to a pupa.

Though the males in this Family, especially of the larger

 165

species, have a complete Bombyciform appearance, from the

robustness of the short bodies and highly pectinated antenne,
the wingless females seem widely remote from the group to
which their lords claim affinity; and, as similar wingless
females occur among the Tiverna, it is not surprising that
many have been disposed to place in one group all the case-
bearing moths which have wingless females. The female of
Psyche, not only without wings, but deprived of legs or an-
tenn, is so totally opposed to all our ideas of a moth, that it
requires some little faith, on first beholding this helpless egg-
bag, which never quits the case in which it is bred, to believe
that it is really the perfect insect of a female Bompyx. The
males fly by day in search of the females. ‘The latter are
easily obtained by rearing; and it is probable the cases of this
sex are placed in more exposed situations, in order that they
may be more readily found by the winged sex, since the col-
lector is far more apt to breed females than males.
The construction of the cases varies much according to the
different species. The case most frequently found (that of
Nitidella) is formed of pieces of grass-stems placed lengthwise,
side by side; but the case of the larger species (such as Nigri-
cans) is a much more elaborate construction.
The species are all in the larva state in early spring or
middle of summer, the perfect insects appearing from one to
two months after the larve are fed up. Nitidella and Radiella
are the commonest, and the tyro will perhaps meet them his
first season. Fusca is not frequently met with, and the other
species are local, Nigricans and Opacella haunting the New
Forest, whilst Reticella frequents the banks of the Thames at
Gravesend and Sheerness.
 166

There are two genera, thus distinguished :—

A. Female vermiform, without legs or antenne. 1. PsycHE.
AA, Female with legs and antenne. 2. FuMEA.

Genus 1. Psycux.

Imago: antenne of the male plumose, abdomen rather

thick; female wingless, no legs nor antennte, never emerging
from the case.

In this genus we have at present three species, the males of

which may be thus distinguished :—
A. Fore-wings with a dark spot beyond the middle. P. nigri-
cans. >
AA. Fore-wings with no dark spot. .
B. Wings pale blackish, with darker margins. PP. opa-
cella.
BB. Wings dull fuscous. P. fusca.

P. niertcans. 1’%. Dull blackish; a darker spot at the

termination of the discoidal cell; body clothed with dark grey
down. VI.
LARVA UNDESCRIBED.
Not uncommon in some seasons in the New Forest, the
large cases being very conspicuous.

P. opaceLta, 9/’—10’”’. Wings pale blackish, rather trans-

parent, with darker margins; thorax and abdomen clothed
with short blackish down. WII.
Larva UNDESCRIBED.
Has been taken in the New Forest Not common.

P. rusca. 11’. Semitransparent, dull fuscous. VI.

Larva dull brown; head black, with two white lines; 2nd,
3rd and 4th segments black, prettily marbled with white: case
covered with pieces of leaf and grass put crossways round it.
On sallow, bramble, &e. WIII—VI.
Darlington. Formerly taken plentifully at Hornsey Wood.
 167

Genus 2. Fumma.
Tmago: antenne of the male pectinated, abdomen slender;
female wingless, but with legs and antennze. When it escapes
from the pupa, it emerges from the case, and sits on the
outside.

The males of the three species of this genus may be readily

distinguished as follows :—

A. Wings without markings.

B. Wings dull black. F’. radiella. ;
BB. Wings shining brownish black. F’. nitidella.
AA. Wings whitish, with transverse darker markings. F.
reticella.

[Link]. 6’’—7’”. Slightly transparent; dull black.

BY.
Larva UNKNOWN.
Ep. K.!

F. sirmpenia. 6/’—6}’’’.. Shining brownish black ; h.-w.

darker. VII.
Larva reddish or yellow, with a shining chestnut-brown
head, and the 2nd, 3rd and 4th segments with spots of the
same colour. Case composed of pieces of stem of grass placed
parallel to one another (Ochs.) On sloe, elm, sallow, &c.
V—VI.
Brs.!! Hp. Ha. K. M.!! Pr.! Te.
The commonest species in this genus.

F. nericerta. 42/’%. White, with slender, transverse,

fuscous bands and streaks, whence it appears reticulated. VI.
Larva UNKNOWN.
Has occurred near Sheerness and below Gravesend, among
Plantago maritima.
 168

Family XII. COCHLIOPODID.

Imago: antenne not pectinated, at the most slightly den-

tated; wings rather short and broad, alike in both sexes, with
rather long fringes.
Larva smooth, onisciform, with no perceptible legs.
Pupa enclosed in a firm cocoon amongst leaves.

These singular insects, of which only two occur in Europe,

appear removed from all the other Lepidoptera by the struc-
ture of the larve. These larve feed up in the autumn, and
the perfect insects appear in June. LL. testudo is not uncom-
mon, at times, where it occurs; but the perfect insect flies
actively by day, and soon tatters itself. H. asellus seems
almost confined to the New Forest.

There are only two genera, thus distinguished :—

A. Fore-wings unicolorous. 1. HETrRoGEnEa.

AA. Fore-wings with transverse markings. 2. LrwacopEs.

Genus 1. HerrrRoGEnna.
Imago: fore-wings trigonate, without markings; abdomen
slender.

H. asetius. 10”. Spotless; f-w. shining yellowish

brown ; h.-w. dark fuscous. VI e—VII.
Larva greenish, with raised dots, with a broad yellow stripe
on the back, inclining to reddish on the side (L'rettschke). On
oak, beech and poplar. VIII—X.
Ly. Wt.
 169

Genus 2. LmracopEs.
Imago: fore-wings rather oblong, with transverse markings;
abdomen rather stout. The insect might readily be taken for
a Noctua.

L. testupo. 1”. Yellowish brown or brownish; f.-w.

with an oblique transverse line in the middle, followed by an
angulated one, the included space being generally darker than
the rest of the wing; h.-w. brown, ochreous at the anal angle.
VI.
Larva green, with shining raised spots; on the back are two
whitish lines, margined with reddish yellow ; a yellow lateral
line (T’reitschke). On oak and beech. IX—X. dren
Stites

Brg. Wt. West Wickham Wood.

With this species we arrive at the termination of the Bom-

BYCINA, which, it will be observed, are on many accounts a
very unsatisfactory group.
The revolution that has been caused in our cabinets, by rare
Noctue being taken in abundance at sugar, has not extended
to this tongue-less group, which cannot be attracted by our
sweets; and till larva-collecting and larva-rearing is more ex-
tensively practised among the collectors of the larger Lepi-
doptera we must not be surprised that so many of the Bompy-
cINA are scarce in collections.
 170

NOCTUINA.
As it is to this group of insects that the bulk of night-flying
moths belong, they are very aptly named after their nocturnal
habits.
We have about 300 ‘British species; and to the collector
they are are well known by their great predilection for sweets.
It is for the Nocturna that he spreads sugar on the trunks of
trees. Yet in this group we meet with several genera of day-
flying species, and others which rarely or never visit
the
sugared trees.
The group is perhaps best recognised by the moderate
ly
stout body and the generally narrow fore-wings, under whic
h the
hind-wings are folded in repose ; so that the insect then
looks
much smaller than it does when the wings are all expa
nded.
I well remember my surprise when I first beheld a Tryp
hena
pronuba, dull reddish brown, inconspicuous thing
, as it looked,
display its yellow under wings, and grow,
as it seemed, to
three times its previous size.

Before commencing to describe any of this group

well to mention that a certain pattern occurs it will be
very constantly
in the mark ings of the fore-wings; thus, near the
costa of the
fore-wings, about the middle, are two
spots, called the stig-
mata; that nearest the base of the wing is round or
1s called the orbicular stigma (abbreviated orb. oval, and
is kidney-shaped, and is called the reniform st.); the other
stigma (abbreviated
ren. st.); beneath the orbicular stigma is freq
uently a third, of
a wedge-shape, called the claviform stigma (clay
Besides these marks, are four transverse
. st.)
lines; that nearest
 171

the base rarely reaches more than half across the wing, and is
named the half-line (h.1.); the next, before the middle of the
wing, is the inner line (i. 1.); then, beyond the middle, is the
elbowed line (el. 1.); and beyond follows the subterminal line
(subt. 1.) Between the inner line and the elbowed line is fre-
quently a less distinct broader line, the central shade (cen. sh.)
_ The three stigmata may be well seen in Agrotis eaclama-
tionis, and the first three limes and central shade in Grammesia
trilinea; but in few species are they totally wanting, though
at times much obscured by the shading on the wings.

In the following pages the arrangement adopted will be that

of M. Guenée, in his great work on the Nocrurtites of the
whole world; and those who want further information on the
subject are referred to that valuable work.

The Nocrurna are divisible into two main groups, TrirFDx

and QuADRIFIDH.
The Trrripx, which comprise nineteen-twentieths of the
European Nocru#, are divisible into three sections, Bom-
BYCIFORMES, GENUINZ and Mrnorss.
The Quapririp#, of which very few occur in Europe, has
four of its sections represented here, VarincatzZ, Inrrusz,
Liveatz and SERPENTINE.
Of the Triripm the imago is generally of moderate size
(sometimes small); the hind-wings usually are much folded
under the fore-wings, the inner margins of the latter in repose
frequently overlapping; the median vein of the lower wing
generally with three branches.
The pupa is usually under ground, and the larva generally
has sixteen legs, and consequently few loop when walking.
Of the Quapririp® the imago has the wings generally
broad (sometimes of very large size); the hind-wings are but
little folded, and the inner margins of the fore-wings rarely
overlap in repose; the median vein of lower wing generally
with four branches. 5
Q
 172

The pupa is rarely under ground; the larva rarely has six-
teen legs, more frequently fourteen or twelve, almost always
looping more or less when walking.

The three sections of the Triripz= may be thus briefly

characterized. :—
Bompycirormes. Imago: the PALPI GENERALLY SHORT;
fore-wings rather thick; hind-wings slender. Pupa in a
cocoon or among leaves. Larva with sixteen legs, OFTEN
HAIRY, solitary or in little families.
GENUINE (which includes seven-eighths of the European
Noctua). Imago: PALPI GENERALLY WELL DEVELOPED;
fore-wings very thick ; hind-wings slender, generally of
dull colours. Pupa generally subterranean. Larva with
sixteen legs, smooth, solitary.
Mivores. [hraco or sMauu stzE; body generally slender;
fore-wings not very thick, triangular; hind-wings well
developed, often sharing the colours and markings of the
fore-wings. Pupa subterranean, or in a cocoon on the
surface of the ground. Larva with ren or sixteen legs,
smooth, solitary.

The section BompyctrorMes comprises three families,

and, though very easily separated in the larva state, it is by
no means easy to poimt out good characters for the perfect
insects; and to tabulate them seems impossible. The three
families are,
1. Nocruo-BomBycipm. 2. Bryopuinmps. 3. Bompy-
COIDA.

Family I. NOCTUO-BOMBYCIDA.
Imago of moderate size; body mostly smooth. Larva
smooth or with little eminences, living on trees or shrubs
quite exposed, or between leaves united by silk.

The insects of this Family come readily to sugar; and, as

the two pretty Thyatire and several species of Cymatophora
 1738 ’

are common, the young collector may expect to add them to

his collection at an early period. C. flavicornis, from its early
appearance, induces us to sugar the birch-trunks in March.

This Family comprises but two genera, which may be

readily distinguished thus :—
A. Fore-wings spotted or streaked with gay colours. Genus 1.
THYATIRA.
AA, Fore-wings not spotted nor streaked with gay colours.
Genus 2. OCyMaToPHORA.

Genus 1. THyatira.
Imago: antenne rather short, pubescent; abdomen long,
rather slender, crested on the first segments; fore-wings ob-
long, marked with gay colours. Larva not hairy, in Batis
with little dorsal prominences on several of the segments (thus
reminding one of the Notodontide@). In repose the anal pro-
legs are raised from the surface on which the larva rests.
They feed, perfectly exposed, on bramble-leaves.

Our two species, both highly beautiful, are very different in

appearance.
T. perasa (Buff Arches). 1 5’’—1” 7’. F.-w. pale
olivaceous grey; an OBLIQUE WHITE STREAK FROM THE COSTA
beyond the middle of the inner margin, and 4 WHITISH STREAK
FROM THE APEX TO THE ANAL ANGLE; the central portion of
the wing is much filled up with dull brownish orange, at the
hinder edge of which is a series of wavy, indented, brown
lines. VII.
Larva dark rich brown, with a conspicuous whitish spot on
each side of the 5th, 6th and 7th segments (Hub.) On
bramble. IX.
Bi.! Brg.! Brs.! Bu.! Ca. Ct. Ex.! Hu. K. L.D. Lw.!
Ly.!! M.! Pl! Sc. Sh. St. Tn. Wt! Wr. Y.
a3
‘
 174

T. Barts (Peach Blossom). 1/7 5’’’—1” 6”. F.-w."oliva-

ceous brown, WITH FIVE PINK spots (of the colour of peach-
blossom), the largest at the
base, the smallest on the
inner margin, 1 at the anal
angle and 2 beyond the
middle of the costa. VI,
Vas
Larva reddish grey mar-
bled with brown, with a
rather large tubercle on the back of 3rd segment, and a smaller
tubercle on the back of each of the 6th to 10th segments (Hub).
On bramble. IX.
‘Bi. Brg.! Brs.! Bu.! Oadix. ! Ha! Hu! Tete iiee
yal! Mw Pl. Se. St. Th. Wt! Wr. Y.

Genus 2. CYMATOPHORA.

Imago: antenne rather short, thick, velvety in both sexes;

abdomen sometimes slender, not crested ; fore-wings moderately
broad, with numerous transverse lines, ground-colour greyish
or greenish.
Larva smooth, rather flattened beneath; the head large.
Feeds on trees, between two leaves united by silk.

A table of the species would take up more space than we

could well afford. Our readers are requested to give their
attention to the descriptions.

C. pupnaris. 1 3’’”—1" 4", F.-w. pale grey, with nu-

merous wavy darker bands and streaks: Two BLACK SPOTS on
the disk beyond the middle. VI e—VII.
Larva bluish grey ; a row of white dots on each side of the
back; sides and belly whitish (Hub.) On birch. VIII—IX.
Bi. Brg.!! Bu. Ct. Da.! Ha.! Hu.! L.D. Lw. Ly. Pl!
me; cota!! Tn, Wt. Wres,
C. rLuctuosa. 1/7.5/’—1” 6”, F.-w. wuitisa, with a
VERY BROAD dark brownish band in the middle; clouded with
 175

grey towards the hind-margin ; ashort black dash runs inwards

from the costa a LITTLE BEFORE the tip. VI.
Larva yellowish white, with a black-brown head (Treitschke).
On birch. IX—X.
Ex. Hu. L.D. St. Tn. Wr.

C. pinuta. 1” 2/71” 4”. F.-w. pale grey, with a

slight ochreous or rufous tinge ; TWO STRAIGHT, SLIGHTLY
WAVED, brown bands, 1 before and 1 beyond the middle: h.-w.
WHITISH OcHREOUS, with obscure darker central and marginal
bands. VIII—IX.
Larva grey, with some minute white dots; a blackish line
on each side, below which the sides and belly are whitish;
spiracles and row of spots above the legs black (Hub.) On
oak. VI.
Brg.!! Brs.!! Bu.! Hu.! L.D.!! Lw.! Ly.!! M.t! St.
rt Wa. Wet.!. Wr. .Y.1!

CG. Or. 175’”—1” 6’. F.-w. dull greyish (the stigmata

slightly paler), with broad, slightly curved, dark brown band
before the middle; BEYOND THE MIDDLE IS A RATHER OBLIQUE
AND MUCH INDENTED, SLENDER, DARK BROWN BAND; a short
black streak at the apex: h.-w. dull greyish brown. VI—
Vil.
Larva pale yellowish green; dorsal line darker ; the
whitish spiracles placed on a yellowish line (Gu.) On pop-
lars. VII—VIU.
Brs. Ca. Ct. Ha. Lw. St.! Tn. Wr. Y. Marlow.

C. ocuraris (Figure of 80). 1” 4’”/—1” 5”. F.-w. pale

brownish, sometimes with a rosy tinge; with the 1.1. and el. 1.
black, curved and slightly indented; the space between them
aler, and THE STIGMATA WHITE, FILLED UP WITH BLACK.
VI e—VII b.
Larva very pale yellowish green, with greenish dorsal line™
and greenish line along the spiracles, which are reddish ; a
row of black dots above the legs (Frey.) Onaspen. VIII

Ca. Ha. Wr.

 176

C. rLavicornis (Yellow-horned). 1/7 6’’—1” 7”, F.-w.

PALE GREENISH GREY, varied with darker; with 3 transv
erse,
indented, black lines before the
middle and 2 beyond the mid-
dle: h.-w. GREYISH BROWN,
paler towards the base. III.
Larva whitish or dull green-
ish, with whiter dots, pale -
brownish between the seg-
ments; a row of black dots
along the spiracles (Hub.) On birch. IX.
Bi. Brg.! Brs.! Hu. Lw. M.!! Sh. We. Y.

C. nipens. 17 5’”—1” 6”. Bu w. @REEnisy BROWN,

with a whitish blotch at the base of the costa, and a slende
r,
whitish, oblique streak before the middle; towards the hind.
margin is another slender, whitish, indented streak: h.-w.,
BASAL HALF WHITISH ;hind-margin brown, shading gradually
into whitish. IV.
Larva dark bluish grey, with conspicuous whitish dots ;
dorsal line paler; sides and belly whitish (varies, being
some-
times yellowish with several longitudinal green lines, or
dull
bluish with several longitudinal black lines)—(Hub.) On
oak.
IX.
Brg. Ex. L.D. Lw. Ly. M. St, Wr. Y.

Family II. BRYOPHILIDA.

Imago of small size; body slender, crested above.
smooth, the ordinary spots warty and shining Larva
; feeds on
liche
ns, on walls, early in the morning, conceali
ng itself
during the day in little nests it forms in the
wall. (See Shield’s ‘ Practical Hints,’ p- 13). chinks of the

This Family contains but one genus, two

species of which
are represented here. Perla is very common generally, and
the young collector may expect to meet
it his first season.
 Li7

Glandifera is more local. The gaily-coloured larve are gene-

rally in little companies together, and often collected by the
uninitiated, who tempt them with every plant they can find
for them in the neighboprhood, never dreaming that they feed
on the wall on which they are found; not that they eat the
bricks, only the lichens that grow amongst them.

Genus 1. BryoPHILA.

We have but two species, readily distinguished by the

characters given.

B. perta (Marbled Beauty). 11’”—1’ 1’. F.-w. white

or whitish, varied with bluish grey, the dark basal mark being
separated from the central grey marks
by an UNINTERRUPTED WHITE BAND
from the costa to the inner margin.
VU—VIII.
Larva bluish black, with a broad
orange dorsal stripe ;_spiracles black-
ish: head shining black. On l-
chens. II—IV.
Bi.! Brg.!! Brs.!! Bu.! Ca,! Ct.!! Da.! Hd.!! Ex, Hu.!!
Tw.! M.!! Sc. Sh.! St. Tn.! Wi! Wr. Y.!
B. auanpirera, 1//7—1” 2’”. F.-w. greenish or greenish-
grey, varied with darker, the dark basal spot being UNITED
with the dark central markings By A BLACK or dark DASH NEAR
THE INNER MaRGIN. VII—VILL.
Larva green; a broad dark olive-green dorsal stripe, enclos-
ing a white, interrupted, longitudinal line ; head black
(Boisd.) On lichens. II—IV.
Brg.! Brs.! Bx. ! Plt!) Wr.
 Family III. BOMBYCOIDZ.
Imago of moderate size; body thick and hairy, sometimes
crested above. Larva with the ordinary spots warty, and
more or less tufted with hair, sometimes very hairy. ‘This is
the only Family of Nocrurna of which the larve are so hairy
that they might be readily mistaken for BomBycrna.

The commonest of this Family is the well-known A cronycta

Psi, which may be found at rest on trunks of trees
and
palings, &c., from May to August; and from the middl
e of
August till late in October its polyphagous larva is frequ
ently
noticed. Megacephala is conimon on poplars, and Aceris
among chestnuts and sycamores; and Rumicis
comes so
freely to sweets that the tyro may expect to obtain
all the
above four his first season. A. tridens and leporina are not
rare in the South, and Menyanthedis is common
on the
northern moors; Acronycta strigosa and Simyra
venosa must
be sought for in the fen districts ; A, Ligustri may
be obtained
at sugar, or in the larva state amongst young ash trees;
Sali-
cis comes to sugar in the North of England,
and Myrice@ is
common on rocks and at sugar in the North
of Scotland.
Three species are still rare with us, Diphtera Orion
and A.
Almi and auricoma, but will probably turn up some
day in
abundance.
This Family comprises three genera, thus
distinguished :—
A. Fore-wings with transverse markings.
B. Ground-colour of fore-wings green.
Genus 1. Drer-
TERA.
BB. Ground-colour of fore-wings pale
or dark grey. Ge-
nus 2, ACRONYCTA,
 179

AA. Fore-wings with no transverse markings, ochreous, with

darker longitudinal streaks. Genus 3. Suryra.

Genus 1. DipuTera.
Imago: antenne velvety in the male, simple in the female;
abdomen crested on the first segments ; fore-wings oblong,
green, with distinct black markings.
Larva hairy, reminding one of the larva of Stilpnotia Sali-
cis. Feeds on oak, perfectly exposed.
Pupa in a cocoon, not under ground.

We have but one British species.

D. Orton. 1” 4”’—1” 6’. FE .-w. pale green, with 3

longitudinal white streaks, and with 8 transverse black bands;
head pale green; FRONT OF THE COLLAR BLACK, TOP OF THE
COLLAR GREEN. VI.
Larva reddish or yellowish grey, with curved silky hairs;
back black, interrupted by large oval spots of pale yellow (Gu.)
On oak. VIII—IX.
>. Brg. Da. Ly. Tn. Wt.

Genus 2. ACRONYCTA.

Imago: antenne simple in both sexes ; abdomen not

crested (except in Ligustri); fore-wings oblong or rather elon-
gate, whitish, grey or dark grey.
Larva excessively variable, humped or cylindrical, downy,
slightly hairy or very hairy; feeding on trees or shrubs, per-
fectly exposed.
Pupa in a cocoon amongst moss, or in crevices of bark,

This genus constains thirteen species, which may be thus

tabulated :—
A. F.-w. rather uniform in colour, not blotched.
B. A distinct dagger-like mark at anal angle. A. Tridens
and A. Psi.
 180

BB. No distinct dagger-like mark at anal angle.

©. Stigmata and lines indistinct. A. Leporina.
CC. Stigmata and lines distinct. A. Aceris.
AA. F.-w. with a large dark blotch along the inner margin.
D. The el. 1. greyish white. A. Strigosa.
DD. The el. 1. dark grey. A. Alni.
AAA. F.-w. with a conspicuous pale blotch beyond the ren. st.
E. H.-w. whitish. A. Megacephala.
EE. H.-w. brownish. A. Ligustri.
AAAA. F.-w. with a dark blotch along the hind-margin. A.
Menyanthedis.
AAAAA. F.-w. with numerous transverse dark markings, but
not blotched.
F. The el. 1. forms a conspicuous white spot on
the inner margin. A. Rumicis and A. Salicis.
FF. The el. 1. forms no conspicuous white spot on
the inner margin.
G. H.-w. fuscous. A. Auricoma.
GG. H.-w. white. A. Myrice.

A. TRIpENS. 1” 4’’_1’’ 6’, F.-w. pale grey, varied

with darker; with 4 conspicuous black marks, 1 a strong
black line from the middle of the base, emitting two or three
short branches,—1 near the costa beyond the middle, some-
thing like an X,—1 at the anal angle, like the Greek letter
,—1 somewhat similar, but less conspicuous towards the
apex», «VI.
Larva orange-red above, with a small black hump on the 5th
segment, and a whitish black-crowned hump on 12th segment
(Sepp.) On various plants and shrubs. VIII—IX.
Brg.! Brs. Ca. Ex. Ha, Hu. Lw. Sh. St. Wt. Wr. Y.

A. Pst (Common Dag-

ger). 42/ 5/eeat ye

Resembles the preceding —

so closely that no specific
characters are distinguish-
able. VI—VIIT.
Larva greyish black,
 181

with a broad pale yellow line down the back; a big black
hump on 5th seg. (not with a long tuft of hair as in Cuspis)
and a short black hump on 12th seg. On various plants.
VITI—x.
Abundant everywhere.

A. teportna (Miller). 1/7 6”’—1” 9’”. F.-w. white dust-

ed with grey, with a short black streak from the base, 2 short
black streaks from the costa near the middle, and with the
blackish el. 1. rather distinct; h.-w. white. VI—VII.
Larva pale green, with very long white hairs, looking like
carded wool and almost concealing the caterpillar; on the 2nd,
3rd, 4th, 11th and 13th seg. are a few dark hairs. On
birch. IX.
Brg. Brs. Hu. L.D. Lw. Ly.! M. Pm. Pl. St. Tn.
WVt. Y..
A. Aceris. 7 7’’’—1/9’". F.-w. pale grey marbled
with darker; h.-w. white, some of the veins blackish; tho-
rax PALE grey. VI. _
Larva yellowish, with long tufts of orange hair; a lozenge-
shaped white spot edged with black on the back of each seg.
(Dup.) On sycamore and horse-chestnut. VIII—IX.
Brg.! Ca.! Lw.! St. Tn. Wt.

A. mwecacerHaLa. 17 7/’’—1” 8’. FE.-w. dark grey

marbled with black; a pale blotch near the costa beyond the
middle, in the angle of the el. 1.; the orb. st. often pale: h.-w.
whitish ;thorax park grey. VI—VII.
Larva yellow grey, dotted with black all along the back;
spots raised and reddish; 10th seg. with a large pale blotch.
On poplar. VIII.
Common in the southern and midland counties, and appa-
rently not occurring in Scotland.

_ [Link]. 17 2/”—1” 3/”. F.-w. pale grey, shaded

with black towards the inner margin; the extreme base of the
inner margin is fulvous; the ren. st. pale greyish ochreous,
and the el. 1. is pale greyish white. VII
R
 182

Larva green at sides, with a reddish brown stripe along the

back, dotted with black towards the sides and edged with yel-
lowish; a slight eminence on the back of the 5th and 12th
seg. (Hub.) Onsloe. IX.
Cambridge.

A. Aunt. 1” 7’, F.-w. grey, with a broad blackish

blotch extending from the middle of the base along the inner
margin, and touching a small blackish blotch on the costa be-
yond the middle; h.-w. white, tinged with brownish towards
the hind-margin. VI.
Larva purplish black, with a transverse yellow spot on the
back of the 2nd to 12th seg.; with two long, clubbed, black
hairs on each seg. (Hub.) On alder, birch, sallow, willow,
lime, oak, &e. VII, VIII.
Brg. Bu. Ha. Hu. Lw. Ly. M. Pm. Sh. Wa. Wr. Y.

A, Lieverrr, 1/7 §//—1! 9/4" “Paw, greenish brow

varied with black, and also with paler markings ; the outli n
of the orb. st. and a large blotch towards the costa near
ne
the
apex whitish: h.-w. pale brown; thorax WHITISH,
MARBLED
WITH DARK Brown. VI, VII.
Larva slightly hairy, green, with white dorsal line
spots, yellow lateral line, and red spiracles (Hub.) and
On ash
and privet. VIII.
Brg>!. Bras, Ca... Ch) Ex: Ha. WIND. Le, Ly. Meg Prae
St.! Tn. ! Wt.-Wr. Y. er

A. Romer, 1 BV Hewes aro

varied with black, the el. 1. terminating on the inne grey
r margin
in 2 white spots, the subt. 1. formed of whitish
spots; h.-w.
brown, paler towards the base; thorax pale
grey varied with
darker grey. WV—VII.
Larva blackish ; anterior half of each seg.
black above, with
a white spot on each side and an orange spot
in the middle; a
white stripe spotted with red on each side
On various plants. VIII, IX.
; spiracles white.
Common everywhere,
 183

A. aurtcoma. 1” §’”—1" 7", F.-w. rather dark grey,

the in. 1], and el. 1. blackish; a dagger-like streak from the
middle of the base, and another intersecting the el. 1. near the
anal angle; basal edge of inner margin slightly ochreous:
h.-w. fuscous or whitish fuscous. VII, VIII.
Larva purplish grey, with the dorsal spots reddish orange;
a white stripe along the sides, enclosing the black spiracles,
and a row of black dots above them (Hub.) On bramble, bil-
berry, birch, &. IX.
Brg. Hu. Tn.

A. Menyantuipis. 1 4’”—1” 6’. F.-w. pale grey

clouded with darker, with a black streak from the base, reach-
ing to the in.1.; the 2 stigmata margined with black ; the el. 1.
is curved and indented, and in it towards the anal angle is a
y-like mark; beyond it the hind-margin is dark grey. VI,
Vil
Larva black, with a broad dark red stripe above the feet;
dorsal spots black (Treitschke). On heather and Myrica Gale.
IX?
Hip i.D. M. Sh. S&-Y.
A. Saticis. 1” 5/”, F.-w. brownish grey varied with
black, the el. 1. terminating in 2 whitish spots; an irregular
row of white spots forms the subt. 1.: h.-w. brown, paler
towards the base; thorax DARK GREYISH BROWN, with a few
paler markings. Closely resembles Rwmicis, but smaller and
darker. VI.
Larva brownish black; a row of blue spots across the
middle of each seg.; a crimson stripe above the feet from 3rd
to 11th seg. (Curtis, fig.) On sallow. VIII.
Hu. M. Halifax, Keighley, &c.

A. Myricm. 17 4’’. F.-w. pale grey, varied with dark

grey and black, with no conspicuous pale markings; h.-w. -
white, with the veins faintly brownish. V, VI.
Larva unpescripep. On Myrica Gale. VII, IX.
Plentiful at Rannoch.
QR
 184

Genus 3. SrmyRa.

Imago: antenne velvety in male, simple in female; abdo-

men not crested; fore-wings rather pointed, with no appear-
ance of stigmata or lines.
Larva hairy, feeding on low plants.
Pupa in a silken cocoon.
The perfect insect reminds one excessively of Leucania, but
the hairy larva at once separates it from the Lrucanrp&.

We have only one species.

S. venosa, 17 4’”’—1’76/”, F-w. pale greyish ochreous,

dusted with grey, with a slender dark streak along the fold,
and sometimes with the hind-margin dotted with black; h.-w.
white. VI.
Larva whitish, with blackish dorsal and dark grey lateral
stripe ;dorsal and lateral spots raised and yellow (Sepp.) On
Poa aquatica and other water plants. IX (Freyer).
Ca.! St.

The characters of the section Gunuinz we have already

given at p. 172.
This section alone comprises seven-eighths of the European
Noctuz, and nearly four-fifths of the British species.
The Grnurnm# are divisible into several families, nine of
which are represented here.
As their characters do not admit of their being placed in a
tabular form, we must content ourselves here with enumeratin
g
the nine families :—

1. Leucanips. 2. Apamipm. 3. CARADRINIDE. 4.

Noctums. 5. Ortruosmipm. 6. Cosmipa. 7. Hapunipa.
8. Xypinips. 9. Henrornips.
 185

Family I. LEUCANIDA.
Imago small or of medium size; the body smooth; fore-
wings of pale colours, rarely with markings.
Larva long, feeding in stems, or merely concealed, but then
marked with numerous fine lines.
Pupa either in a subterranean cocoon, or in the stem in
which the larva has fed.

Several of this family are very common; and Leucania

pallens, the Common Wainscot, will surely fall to the lot of
the incipient his firstsummer. In July and August it (and in
many places L. impura) may be found in gardens at flowers, or
at sugar, at lime-blossoms, or the Glyceria fluitans. L. comma
is also, in some places, a common garden insect. Nonagria
Typhe occurs commonly in August and September, amongst
Typha latifolia (a plant very generally called, though impro-
perly, “the bull rush”). Indeed, most of this family are marsh
insects; and the still undrained fens, wherever such exist,
should be visited by those who wish to find a spot where the
species of this family “most do congregate.” It is in such
haunts that L. obsoleta, pudorina, straminea, Phragmitidis,
Meliana flammea, Senta ulve, Nonagria despecta, concolor,
Hellmanni, neurica, geminipuncta, Canne and crassicornis
occur.
The little Nonagria fulva is common in many woods; and
it is pleasant, in the dusk of a September evening, whilst a
delightful dampness is arising around you, to watch them.
skimming over the long grass growing by the sides of the
pathways with which the wood is intersected. L. turea and
lithargyria come freely to sugar, the former, though local,
R3
 186

being plentiful where it occurs. L. conigera is more fre-

quently taken at flowers, and is sometimes observed on the
wing by day during bright sunshine.

This Family comprises five genera, of which, however, three

consist only of single species. They may be thus separated :—

A. Fore-wings lanceolate. Genus 3. MELIANA.

AA. Fore-wings not lanceolate ; the hind-margin indented.
Genus 4. Srmnva.
AAA. Fore-wings not lanceolate ; the hind-margin at most
truncate. Genus 1. Synra. 2. Leucanra. And 5.
NonaGRIA.
The two last, though excessively similar in the perfect state,
are readily distinguished by the habit of the larva, that of Leu-
cania, though frequently hiding in stems, being an external
feeder, whilst that of Nonagria lives entirely within the stems
of reeds or grasses feeding on the pith.

Genus 1. Synra.

Imago: antenne of the male pubescent ;abdomen long and

smooth; fore-wings pale, with darker longitudinal streaks.

8. muscunosa. 1” 3/”, E\-w. pale brownish ochreous,

with pale whitish ochreous streaks, 1 along the inner margin,
1 along the fold, 1 along the disk, terminating in the apex.
VL.
LaRVA UNKNOWN.
Two specimens have occurred at Brighton.

Genus 2. Lmucanta.
Imago: antenne of the male pubescent ;abdomen long and
smooth ; fore-wings generally with pale veins, rarely with the
lines or stigmata visible, the ren. st. generally reduced to a
small central spot.
 187

Lary smooth, pale, with fine longitudinal lines; feeding

on grasses, and hiding during the day either amongst the tufts
of grass or the interior of cut stems, but not eating the pith.

The eleven species of this genus may be thus recognised :—

A. F.-w. with two distinct transverse lines (the i. 1. and el. 1.)
B. Both stigmata visible. L. conigera.
BB. Only the ren. st. visible. L. turca.
AA. F.-w. with the two lines indicated by rows of dots. L.
lithargyria.
AAA. E.-w. with only the el. 1. indicated by a row of dots. L.
~ obsoleta.
AAAA. F.-w. with only the el. 1. indicated by two dots.
C. H.-w. dark grey. L. impura.
CC. H.-w. whitish.
D. Hind-margin of f.-w. dotted with black. L. stra-
mined.
DD. Hind-margin of f.-w. not dotted. LL. pallens.
AAAAA. F.-w. with no trace of the transverse limes.
E. F.-w. with no markings. L. Phragmitidis.
EE. F.-w. with paler veins.
F. F.-w. with a reddish tinge, with no black dash
from the base. LL. pudorina.
FF. F.-w. with a black dash from the base.
G. H.-w. white. LL. littoralis.
GG. H.-w. grey. L. comma.

L. contepra. 17 3’/”—1"5’”. F.-w. reddish ochreous;

the i. L. and el.1. dark brown; stig. paler ochreous; the lower
end of the ren. st. white. VI, VII.
Larva whitish yellow, with darker dorsal line; a dark brown
subdorsal stripe, beneath which is a whitish, a brownish, and
then another whitish line (Hub.) On some kind of grass.
a
IV?
Brg.! Brs. Ca. Ct.! Da. Ed.!! Ha.! Hu. Lw. M. Pl.
Stak Aili, See

L. rurca. 17 7”—1" 10". F.-w. dull dark red, with a

 188

brownish tinge ;with the i. and el. lines dark brown; orb. st.
invisible; ren. st. like a slender whitish lunule. Vivi
Larva yellowish grey, marbled; dorsal line whitish; a
series of very obscure dorsal lozenges, paler on each side (Gu.)
On grasses in woods, principally on Luzula. II, III.
A local species. Lw.! Ly.! M.

L. uirnareyria. 1// 6/’—]” 7’, B.-w. reddish ochreous,

with a slight greyish tinge; the i. 1. and el. 1. composed of
dark brown dots; orb. st. invisible; ren. st. pale ochreous,
its
lower end whitish. VII.
Larva whitish, with darker dorsal line, and three rather
broad stripes on each side, the middle one darker than the
other two (Treitschke). On chickweed (Alsine media) and
plantain (Plantago). IIT?
Common everywhere. >
L. opsotera. 1” §/”—1" 6/7. Baw. pale ochreous
dusted with grey, the veins paler; the lower end of the
ren. st.
forms a whitish spot beyond the middle; the el. 1. composed
of
black dots. VI.
Larva yellowish grey tinged with rosy ; dorsal line
whitish,
edged with dark green; subdorsal line slender and whitish
pale line along the black spiracles (Gu.) On the reed (Aru ; a
ndo
Phragmites). VIII, IX.
At Hammersmith marshes and elsewhere, among reeds.

L. urrroratis, 1/7 4/17 8" Haw, pale ochreous; a

central white streak from
the base to the hind-margin,
margined on both sides with
dark fuscous; h.-w. wurrn.
Vil.
LARVA UNDESCRIBED.
On sand hills on the
coast. Bi.! Brg. and Isle
of Wight.
 189

L. puporina. 1” 5/’—1”" 7’. FE .-w. neppIsH ochreous

dusted with grey, with the veins paler, but with no spots;
h.-w. greyish, with reddish fringes. VII.
Larva yellowish grey, with whitish dorsal line; with three
whitish lines, one black line, and two rows of black dots on
each side (Freyer). On several grasses. III, IV.
Brg: Ca! Se! Y.!

L. comma. 17 4/’—1 5’. F.-w. pale ochreous; veins

whitish ; between the veins are several black dashes, the most
conspicuous runs from the base above the fold: h.-w. greyish,
paler at the base. VI, VII.
Larva reddish brown, with three rows of black dots on each
side (Klemann). On sorrel and various grasses. Autumn
and spring.
Bi.! Brg.! Brs.! Bu.! Ca.! Ct. Hu.! Lw. M. Se.! Sh.
n.! Wt. Wr. Y.!

L. straminga. 1” 3’’—1” 6’. F.-w. pale ochreous,

with a faint reddish tinge; the veins paler; a darker reddish
central stripe from the base to the middle, where there is a
small black dot; the el. 1. is a row of black dots, of which 2
only are distinct : h.-w. whitish, with a central row of dark
spots. VI.
Larva yellowish flesh-colour, with two rows of blackish dots
on each side of the dorsal line: on the sides are numerous short
fine lines, alternately black and pale flesh-colour (Gu.) Feeds
on several grasses. II, IL, IV.
At Hammersmith marshes.

[Link]. 17 4/’—1” 6’”. F.-w. pale ochreous dusted

with grey, the veins paler; 3 conspicuous black dots, 1 nearly
in the centre, 2 midway between it and the hind-margin : h.-w.
park Grey. VI—VIII.
-
Larva yellowish grey, with a white dorsal line, and white
subdorsal line edged above with black (Hub.) On species of
Carex. TI, IV, V.
Common everywhere.
 190

L. pattens (Common Wainscot). 17 3/”—1 5’, Fw.

pale ochreous or reddish ochreous, sometimes slightly dusted
with grey; the veins paler; 3 very faint dark dots, 1 nearly
in the centre, 2 between it and the hind-margin: h.-w. whitish
or very pale grey at the hind-margin, shading into white at
the base. VI—VIII.
Larva greyish flesh-colour ; two rows of black dots on each
side of the dorsal line ; subdorsal line above edged with black;
beneath this are three stripes, one reddish, one grey and one
pale flesh-coloured (Gu.) On various grasses. III, IV.
Common everywhere.

L. Paraemitipis. 1 3’’—1” 4’, F.-w. pale ochreous,

with a slight olive tinge, darker towards the [Link], with
neither spots nor markings. VII. .
Larva dirty white, with a row of large, irregular, violet-
brown spots on each side ; head and anal seg. shining black
(Treitschke). In the young stems of the reed (Arundo Phrag-
mitis). V.
In the Cambridge fens; also in Greenwich marshes.

Genus 8. MErrana.
Imago: antenne pubescent in the male; abdomen very
slender, long, smooth ;wings thin ;fore-wings lanceolate, with
neither lines nor stigmata, only with paler veins.
The only species has at first sight considerable resemblance
to a Chilo.

M. rrammea 1” 4/1” 5”, Faw. pale greyish

ochreous towards the costa, separated by a dark streak running,
from the base to the apex, from the darker (more fuscous) por-
tion of the wing; the veins paler; el. 1. indicated by a row of
black dots: h.-w. whitish grey. VI.
Larva unknown.
Scarce : occurs in the Cambridgeshire fens.
 191

Genus 4. Senta.
Imago: antenne pubescent in the male; abdomen very
slender, very long, smooth; wings thin; fore-wings oblong,
slightly indented at hinder margin ; the two stig. distinctly
indicated.
Larva elongate, pale, with fine longitudinal lines; feeding
on reed.
Pupa enclosed in the reed-stems.
The slender form of this insect also reminds one of Chilo,
though, from the broader fore-wings, it has less resemblance
than the preceding genus.

8S. Utyz. 17 2’”’—1” 3’. F.-w. greyish, more or less

streaked with pale ochreous; the i. 1. and el. 1. indicated by
dots ; stig. indicated by their pale ochreous margins; some-
times the stig. are quite black; hind-margin dotted with black:
h.-w. whitish ; central spot and faint band beyond the middle
greyish. VI, VII.
Larva yellowish ochreous, with several fine lines (Treitschke).
In reed (Arundo Phragmites). IX, IU, IV.
In the Cambridge fens; also at Hammersmith.

_ Genus 5. NonaGRIia.

Imago: antenne pubescent in the male; abdomen long,

smooth, thick in the female: fore-wings rather narrow, of dull
colours, sometimes with stigmata, but rarely with visible lines.
Larve elongate, uncoloured (like most internal feeders),
with very distinct horny plates and shining spots. Feed in
the interior of reeds and grasses.
Pup enclosed in the stems in which the larve have lived.
The nine species we have here may be thus distin-
guished :—
A. Species small, from 10 to 14 lines in expanse.
B. F.-w. reddish ochreous.
C. Body very slender. N, despecta.
 192

CC. Body not very slender.

D. H.-w. dark grey. N. fulva.
DD. H.-w. whitish. N. Hellmann.
BB. F.-w. whitish ochreous. N. extrema.
AA. Species of medium size, from 13 to 19 lines in expanse.
E. F.-w. with two white spots for the ren. st. WN.
geminipuncta.
EE. F.-w. with one black spot surrounded by white.
N. neurica.
EEE. F.-w. with neither the above markings; tip
of f-w. pointed. N. Canne.
AAA. Species large, 18 lines to 2 inches in expanse.
F. F.-w. with the i. 1. indicated by dots; h.-w.
with a black line on hind-margin. UN.
Typhe.
FF. With neither of the above-named characters.
N. crassicornis.

N. pespecTa. 10’’—11’’. F.-w. pale reddish ochreous

dusted with grey; the veins dark
grey ; the 1. u. and el. 1. indicated by
black dots; h.-w. whitish, pale grey
towards the hind-margin. VI, VII.
Larva UNKNOWN.
A marsh species. Ca. !!

N. rutva. 11/’—1” 2”. F.-w. reddish ochreous, more

or less dusted with grey ; the veins darker and the el. lL. indi-
cated by black dots: h.-w. dark grey, whitish towards the base.
VIII, IX.
Larva short and thick, dirty white, with reddish dorsal
stripe; a blackish line above the black spiracles (Treitschke).
In the stems of Poa aquatica and Carex. V, VI.
The commonest of the small species. Bi. Brg.! Brs.!
Bu.!! Ca.! Da.! Ed! K. M.! Se.! ¥.!

N. concoror. 1/’—1’ 1’’. F-w. warrtse ochreous;

the i. 1. indicated by a few indistinct dark dots, the el. 1. by a
 193

row of distinct dots; hind-margin truncate at the apex: h.-w.

grey, some of the veins whitish. VI.
LARVA UNKNOWN.
Has occurred in the fen districts of Cambridgeshire.
N. Hetmanni. 17—1” 2’. F.-w. reddish ochreous
dusted and veined with darker; the el. ]. forming an indistinct
row of blackish dots; hind-margin not truncate at the apex:
h.-w. pale grey, whitish grey at the base. VI.
Larva UNKNOWN.
In the fens round Cambridge.

N. neurnica. 1” 1’/’—1” 3/”. F.-w. reddish ochreous

streaked with blackish; a broad, blackish, central streak from
the base; lower end of ren. st. black surrounded by white;
hind-margin dotted with black: h.-w. pale grey, whitish
towards the base; hind-margin dotted with black. WII, VIII.
Larva dirty white, with pale red dorsal line (Treitschke).
In the stem of the reed (Arundo Phragmites). IV, V.
Has occurred at Yaxley.

N. geminipuncta. 1” 1’7—1” 4”", F.-w. brownish

ochreous, with a faint olive tint; 2 black dots on the disk
before the middle, and 2 small white spots beyond the middle:
h.-w. grey. VIII.
Larva dirty white dotted with brownish ; head shining
brownish red; spiracles black (Gu.) In the stems of the reed
(Arundo Phragmites). V.
In the Cambridgeshire fens, and at Hammersmith.

N. Ganne. 17 4771" 7", Few. reddish oehreous,

with a black spot on the disk beyond the middle; the el. 1.
‘forms a row of black dots; apex rather acute: h.-w. grey,
sometimes greyish ochreous, with a: darker central band.
VIII. $
Larva greenish or yellowish, with the dots black; head
brownish ; plate of the 2nd and anal segments greenish white ;
spiracles black (Treitschke). On Typha latifolia. V.
Has occurred at Yaxley.
 194

N. Typos. 17” 6’”—2’. F.-w. ochreous shaded with

brownish ; most of the veins paler; the i. ]. and el. 1. indicated
by black dots, the subt. 1. by a row of wedge-shaped dots ; h.-w.
whitish, greyish brown towards the hind-margin; a blackish
line on the hind-margin. VIII, IX.
Larva dull flesh-colour; pale dorsal line; head yellowish
brown; plate on 2nd segment brownish; anal plate black-
brown ; spiracles blackish (T’reitschke). In stems of reed-mace
(Typha latifolia). V, VI.
Common among the Typha. Bi.! Bu.!! Ca.! Hu.!! K.!
MPL Wa. Wr: 8e.! Yo!
N. orassicornis. 1/7 8’”—2/’. F'.-w. ochreous, with a
slight reddish tinge, much dusted with blackish; el. 1. a row
of black dots: h.-w. pale greyish ochreous or whitish, with
darker central line, but no dark line on the hind-margin.
Vit e—x.
LARVA UNDESCRIBED. In the roots of the reed (Arundo
Phragmites). VI, VII.
Biol Brg: Drs. Bu.! Hu. Wr, Setey.

Family IT. APAMIDAi.

Imago of small or medium size, with the wings of dull
colours, in repose roof-shaped ; the markings well defined,
and the three stigmata generally distinct; abdomen gene-
rally smooth, sometimes crested.
Larvee thick, dull-coloured, generally shining; head small,
retractile, living concealed, either at the roots of plants or
under the low herbage, or in stems.

This Family embraces a considerable variety of insects.

The best-known examples are the Dark Arches (Xylophasia
polyodon), the Cabbage Moth (Mamestra Brassica), and Apa-
mea oculea, all of which are so abundant during the summer
that our most unfledged readers are more likely to wish they —
did not see so many of them than to wonder where to find
 195

them: they swarm at sugar, come freely to light, and are also
to be seen on palings. The following species are all so com-
mon that the tyro should make it a point of duty to obtain
them before the close of his first season :—Gortyna flavago, at
light, in September; Hydrecia nictitans, at sugar, at light or
flying over flowers, in July and August; H. micacea, at sugar
or flying at dusk, in September; Avylia putris, flying at dusk
along weedy banks, at the end of June; Xylophasia rurea and
lithowylea, at sugar or on palings, in June and July; Helio-
phobus popularis comes very freely to light in August; Ce-
rigo cytherea, at sugar, in July ;Luperina testacea, on palings,
at sugar or light, in August and September; Mamestra Persi-
caria, at sugar or on palings, at the end of June; Apamea
basilinea, at sugar, light, or flying along hedges at dusk, in
June; A. gemina, at sugar or on palings, in June and July;
Miana strigilis, at sugar, in June and July; M. fasciuncula,
flying in meadows at dusk, or at sugar, at the end of June;
and M. furuneula, fiying freely before dusk, at the end of July.
The following species are rare :—Xylomyges conspicillaris,
Aporophyla australis, Laphygma exigua, Heliophobus hispida,
Pachetra leucophea, Luperina Dumerilii.
The remainder may be obtained by visiting their especial
haunts and localities; and in a few years the collector will
find he possesses all but the above six rarities, and perhaps
even one or two of them.

This Family comprises eighteen genera, eleven of which con-_

tain only single species. Three genera, Laphygma, Miana
and Celena, consist only of species of small size; the re-
mainder are of moderate size, Xylophasia polyodon and Hy-
dracia Petasitis being the two largest members of this family
$2
 196

we have. In two genera, Heliophobus and Pachetra, the

males have strongly pectinated antenne ; in Aporophyla the
antenn of the male are slightly pectinated, and in Chareas
and Luperina the antenne of the male are dentate or strongly
pubescent; in the other genera the antenne of the male are
either perfectly simple or only slightly pubescent.
Only two species approach a gay colouring: Gortyna flavago
has dark yellowish fore-wings, and Cerigo cytherea has yel-
lowish hind-wings.
Tn most of the genera the lines and stigmata are tolerably
distinct; the subt. 1. is frequently much indented in the
middle, so as to form a W (as in X. polyodon, M. Brassica,
&c.); the ren. st., from its pale colour, is very conspicuous in
Hydrecia nictitans, X. scolopacina, and M. Persicarig, in the
latter especially, from the almost black ground-colour of the
fore-wings. =
The following are the names of the genera included in this
Family :—
1. Gortyna. 2. Hypreora. 8. Axyrta. 4. XYLOPHASIA,
5. Dipreryvera. 6: Xynomyers. 7. APOROPHYLA. 8. [La-
pHyGMAa. 9. Nervurta. 10. HetiopHosus. 11. CHARZAS.
12. Pacnerra. 18. Cerigo. 14. Lupsrrna. 15 eeMine
MESTRA. 16. ApAMEA. 17. Miawa. 18. CELmna.

Genus 1. Gortywa.
Imago: antenne crenulated in the male; abdomen long,
smooth, very large in the female; fore-wings yellow, with
darker markings; the three stig. very distinct.
Larva dull-coloured, with warty spots ; feeding in hollow
stems of thistles, burdock, &c., and changing to pupa inside
the
stem.

G. FLAVAGO. 1" 970707 He dante yellow streaked

and shaded with brown; i. 1. and el. 1. with broad brow
margins ; orb. st. pale yellow.
nish
VIII, IX.
Larva pale dull yellow, with conspicuous black dots
;
on 2nd seg. grey-brown; anal seg. tinged with greyish plate
brown
(Sepp.) In stems of bur-
dock (Arctiwn Lappa),
water betony (Scrophularia
aquatica), thistles, &c. VI.
Bi.!! Brg.! Brs.! Bu.!
Pann Ut. )Dat Ext Hu
melt Me! PL Se.!! Sh.
Wr. Y.

Genus 2. Hypractra.
Imago: antenne crenulated in the male; abdomen some-
times slightly crested at the base ; fore-wings rather pointed,
the lines distinct, the ren. st. and sometimes the orb. st. dis-
tinct.
Larva dull-coloured, with warty spots; feeding in roots of
plants.
Pupa in an earthen cocoon.

We have three species, thus distinguished :—

A. The ren. st. conspicuously pale. H. nictitans.
AA. The ren. st. not conspicuously pale.
B. F.-w. browh, with no rosy tinge. H. Petasitis.
BB. F.-w. pale brown tinged with rosy. H. micacea.

H. wiotrrans. 17 2’/’—1” 5’”, F.-w. reddish brown,

with darker transverse markings; orb. st. always orange; ren.
st. either orange or white.
wail, VIII.
Larva dull brown; plate of
Qnd seg. darker and shining ; a
row of brown dots on each side
of the dorsal line (T’eitschke).
On roots of various grasses.
iy, Vis. Ay
Bi.! Brs. Ca. Da. Ed.! Ex.
Pee) TAD.) Ly. M.1) Plt! Set! Stel Tal Wak.

83
 198

H. Perasttrs. 1/7 8’’—1/ 10’”. _¥.-w. dull brown, with

the stig. and a broad ill-defined band towards the hind-margin
paler; h.-w. greyish brown, with darker central lime. VIII.
Larva dull whitish, with black dots; head, plate of 2nd and —
plate of anal seg. reddish brown (F’reyer). In stems and roots —
of the butter-bur (Tussilago Petasites). WI, VII.
Ed. M.!! On the banks of streams where the butter-bur — ,
abounds.

H. micacea. 1’ 3’’—1’ 7’, F.-w. pale brown, with

more or less of a rosy tinge; a broad dark patch below the
stig. between the i. 1. and el.1.; h.-w. whitish grey, with darker
central line. VITI—IX.
Larva pale flesh-colour, with a greyish tinge, with black
dots; plate of 2nd seg. pale ochreous-yellow (Freyer). In the
roots of various Cyperacere. =
Bie!) Brg. Brs.! Bu.! Ca: “Da.t Eid: Hix. ia) ee ee
Mel PL Set! Sh. Wr. Y.!

Genus 8. AXYLIA.
Imago: antenne filiform in both sexes; abdomen short,
smooth; fore-wings oblong, with longitudinal markings, the
fringe varied.
Larva thick, dull-coloured; the 12th seg. with a slight
hump. Feeds on low plants.
Pupa subterranean.

A. purris. 1’? 2/1” 4’”". F-w. pale ochreous, brown

along the costa; stig. with blackish centres; the i. 1. very
much indented; el. 1. a double row of black dots. VI, VII.
Larva brown; dorsal line yellowish, with 1 yellow and 2
white dots on each seg., and a triangular greenish black blotch
on the 5th and 6th (Gu.) VIII. On low plants.
Bi! Brg. Brs.! Bu.! Ca.! Ct.!! Da.! Edi! Exs! Ha.!
K! [Link] Dw, M.) Plt Sell-Sh. St Ta wr. ya
 199

Genus 4, XYLOPHASIA.
_~ Imago: antenne long, pubescent in the male; abdomen
_ long, crested; fore-wings long, more or less denticulated.
Larve large, shining, of dull colour, with shining warty
_ Spots ; living concealed beneath stones or at the roots of low
_ plants.
Pupa enclosed in a slight earthen cocoon.
We have six species, which may be thus distinguished :—
A. Subt. 1. indistinct.
B. F.-w. whitish ochreous. X. lithoxylea.
BB. F.-w. reddish ochreous. X. sublustris.
BBB. F.-w. brown or reddish ochreous, with dark brown
hind-margin. X. rurea.
AA. Subt. 1. distinct.
C. Subt.1. much toothed, with distinct W. X. polyodon.
CC. Subt. 1. not toothed, only waved.
D. Ren. st. ground-colour. X. hepatica.
DD. Ren. st. whitish. X. scolopacina.

[Link]. 17 5/’—1" 7". Very variable. F.-w. red-

dish ochreous, with a more or less whitish tinge; with 3 dark
red-brown blotches,1 at the base of the inner margin, 1 along
the costa, and 1 along the hind-margin ; sometimes a broad dark
brown band occupies the central portion; in other specimens
the f-w. is almost entirely of a uniform red-brown, with only
the margins of the ren. st. pale ochreous. VI, VIL.
Larva very shining, dark or brownish red; 2nd seg. dark
brown, with three fine yellow streaks; dorsal line white edged
with brown; a brown lateral streak edged above with red
(Treitschke). On low plants, Primula, Rumex, grass, &c.
ee iV.
Common everywhere.
X. urrHoxyina (Light Arches). 1/7 9’”7—17 11’. F.-w.
whitish ochreous, brownish between the stig. and hind-margin;
the el. 1. a row of black dots. VI, VII.
 200

LARVA UNKNOWN.
Common everywhere.

X. suptustris. 1 8’”—1” 9’, F.-w. reddish ochreous,

with a red-brown blotch between the stig. reaching the fold;
el. l. an indistinct row of blackish dots; hind-margin reddish
brown. VI, VII.
LARVA UNKNOWN.
Brg. Brs. Ca. Ct. Lw.! Pl. Sc. St. Y.! Marlow.
-X. potyopon (Dark Arches). 1/ 9’’—2’’. F.-w. greyish
brown, with 4 short black streaks, 2 from the base, 1 (some-
times wanting) between the stig. and 1 below the stig. ; subt. 1.
yellowish grey, its middle forming a distinct W. In dark-
coloured specimens the i. |. and el. 1. are distinct. VI, VII.
Larva dull livid greyish brown, with conspicuous shining
black spots; 2nd and anal seg. black. On roots of several
grasses and low plants. IV, V.
Abundant everywhere.

X. HEpaTicA. 1” 7/”—]” 8’, E.-w. pale brownish

ochreous, with a reddish tinge; a reddish brown blotch at the
base towards the inner margin; a paler blotch between the
stig.; hind-margin reddish brown, intersected by the paler
Silos dl, WA Wane
Larva dull grey marbled with darker; whitish dorsal line;
plate on 2nd seg. reddish brown, with three whitish streaks ;
anal seg. with a black plate (Freyer). On the roots of several
low plants. IV, V.
Brg:!) Bras! Bu. J Ca. Da.) Ex. Ha!) Hae Kel alae
Ly.! M. Pl.! St.! Tn.! Wa.! Wt.! Wr. Y.

X. sconoractna. 1/’ 4’”—1/’ 5’, F'.-w. whitish ochreous,

with a faint reddish tinge; a dark red brown blotch on the
imner margin near the base; a paler blotch between the stig. ;
rep. st. whitish ; a reddish brown band along the hind-margin,
intersected by the paler subt. 1. VII, VIII.
Larva slaty grey, with dorsal and subdorsal lines paler;
 201

lower part of the sides pale sulphur-yellow (Freyer). On seve-

ral rushes, Scirpus, Briza, &c. ‘ :
Bu. Hu.! M. St. Marlow.

Genus 5. DIprERYGIA.

Imago: antenne short, filiform in both sexes; abdomen

crested; fore-wings rather dentate at the anal angle; lines and
stigmata indistinct ;a pale blotch at the anal angle.
Larva elongate, attenuated in front and thickened behind;
the 12th segment a little humped. Living concealed among
low plants.
Pupa in a cocoon on the surface of the earth.

D. Prvastet 1” 4/”—1” 6”, F.-w. brown-black ; inner

margin ochreous-brown ; a large ochreous-brown blotch of irre-
gular form towards the anal angle; thorax ochreous-brown,
with the sides and front dark brown-black. VI.
Larva rich brown; dorsal line darker; a broad dirty white
line along the spiracles (Gu.) On Rumex in autumn,
K. Lw. M. St. Wr.

Genus 6. XYLOMYGES.

Tmago: antennse pubescent in the male; abdomen crested

at the base; fore-wings oblong, subdentate, with longitudinal
markings; the lines and stigmata not defined.
Larva of dull colours, attenuated in front ; feeding on low
plants, concealed during the day.
Pupa subterranean.

X. consprerutaris. 1” 8’. Variable. F.-w. dark brown,

with pale greyish ochreous inner margin, and transverse bands
towards the hind-margin ; or f.-w. greyish brown, with 2 con-
spicuously paler blotches beyond the middle, 1 on the costa
the
and the other on the inner margin, separated by a streak of
darker ground-colour: h.-w. whitish, with greyish brown lunule
and hind-margin, and dark brown veins. IV e—V b.
 202

Larva reddish brown marbled with brown and whitish, with

a broad paler line along the spiracles, edged above with darker
(Gu.) On Lotus and other low plants. VII.
Wr. Darenth Wood.

Genus 7. APOROPHYLA.
Imago: antenne of the male thick, slightly pectinated ; ab-
domen crested at the base; fore-wings oblong, with longitudi-
nal markings, intersected by the lines, which are well-defined.
Larva cylindrical, smooth, with distinct lines; living con-
cealed amongst low plants.
Pupa subterranean.

A. austratis. 1” 5/”, F.-w. grey clouded with darker,

- especially along the costa,
and with several fine black-
ish longitudinal lines ; a
strong black line from the
middle of the base; the
subt. 1. is a row of blackish
wedge-shaped spots: h.-w.,
$ whitish, 9 dark greyish
brown. VIII, IX.
Larva reddish yellow on the back; dorsal line paler; spira-
cular line dusted with brown atoms, edged above with black
spots (Gu.) On various low plants. III.
Brg. Lw. Pl.

Genus 8. LapHyema.
Imago: antenne slightly pubescent in the male; body slen-
der, slightly crested on the first seg.; fore-wings oblong, nar-
row; hind-wings white and hyaline.
Larva cylindrical, attenuated anteriorly.
Pupa subterranean.

L. exteva. 1, F.-w. grey-brown marbled with darker ;

the orb. st. ochreous, inclining to orange; h.-w. white, with
veins and limpid margin brown. VI.
 203

Larva UNKNOWN.
Ventnor and Sandown, Isle of Wight. Worthing.

Genus 9. NeurRIA.

Imago: antennz pubescent in male, slightly pubescent in

female ; abdomen slightly stout, rather hairy ; fore-wings
rather oblong, with pale nervures, lines and spots.
Larya short and thick ; living (concealed) on low plants.
Pupa subterranean.

N. Saponartz. 1” 6’”—1”" 8’, F.-w. brown, with the

veins, stig. and TRANSVERSE lines pale ochreous-brown. VI.
Larva reddish grey streaked with brown; the line of the
spiracles and the belly whitish; head and plate on the 2nd
seg. brown (Freyer). On several low plants, particularly on
Silene. VII, VIII.
Brg. Bu. Ca.! Ct.! Ha. Lw. Wt. Y.!

Genus 10. HrLiopHoBus.

Imago : antenne of male broadly pectinated, of female
slightly dentated; abdomen smooth, hairy in male, thick in
female; f.-w. thick, with pale nervures; lines and spots dis-
tinct; a row of dark wedge-shaped spots before the hind-
margin.
Larva thick, attenuated at each end; living concealed at the
roots of low plants.
Pupa subterranean.
There are two species, thus separated :—

A. Space between subt. 1. and hind-margin of wing dark

brown. H. popularis. .
AA. Same space whitish ochreous. H. hispida.
H. porutaris (Feathered Gothic), 1” 7’’”—1" 8”
F.-w. dark brown, with the veins, stig. and subt. 1. whitish.
VIII.
 204

Larva metallic bronzy brown, darker above, with dirty

white lines; the plate on the
2nd and anal seg, shining
black (Gu.) At the roots of
grass. IV, V.
Bi. ! Brg. Brs.! Bu. Ca.!
Ct.! Da. Hd. Ex. Ha.! Lw.
Ly. M.! Se. Sh. Tn. Was
iWin Ye

H. wispma. 1’ 4’. F.-y. dark fuscous, with the stig.,

veins, i. 1. and el. 1. and straightish subt. 1. conspicuously
whitish ochreous ; outer margin of ren. st. almost straight.
Larva grey dotted with black; the dorsal and subdorsal
lines more distinctly dotted (Dup.) On lettuce, plantain, &c.,
under stones. XI.
Plymouth and the Isle of Portland; also at Exmouth.

Genus 11. CHARmAS.

Imago: antenne of male pubescent ;abdomen not crested,
slightly hairy ; fore-wings short, thick, rather hairy, with a
forked pale spot at the end of the discoidal cell.
Larva smooth, dull-coloured, with distinct lines ; the plates
of 2nd and anal seg. horny. Living concealed at roots of
grasses.
Pupa subterranean.
[Link]. 1” 21" 6", F sw. brown, with a central
vein whitish, conspicuously so just beyond the middle, where
it branches ; 3 stig. ochreous-grey; the subt. 1. is a row of
blackish wedge-shaped spots. VII e, VIII, IX b.
Larva brown or blackish, with the dorsal and spiracular
lines yellowish; head and plates of 2nd and anal seg. blackish
(Gu.) On the roots of various grasses.
Brg. Brs. Bu. Da.! Ed.! Hu. L.D. Lw. M.! Pl. Gh.
Se.! St. Wr. Y.
 205

Genus 12. PAcHETRA.

Imago: antenne of male strongly pectinated; abdomen

crested in both sexes; fore-wings subdentate, thick and hairy,
with very distinct lines and spots; hind-wings slightly hyaline.
Larva thick velvety, larger posteriorly ; living concealed
amongst grass.
Pupa in a cocoon amongst moss.

P. revcopaHma. 1! 7"—1" 8", F.-w. greyish ochreous

shaded with fuscous; stig. conspicuously paler, margined with
’ whitish; the tooth-like marks before the indistinct subt, 1.
blackish. VI e.
Larva greyish yellow; dorsal line of a nankeen-yellow; sub-
dorsal line indistinct; head and plate of 2nd seg. pale shining
brown (Gu.) In tufts of grass growing in woods. X—IV.
Mickleham : a few have occurred at sugar on the downs.

Genus 13. CERIGO.

Imago: antenne pubescent in male; abdomen long, smooth,

long
with a tuft of hair in both sexes; fore-wings thick, with
fringes; the spots distinct.
Larva elongate, dull-coloured, with longitudinal streaks ;
feeding on grass, scarcely concealed during the day.
Pupa subterranean.

C. cyruerra, 1” 6’”—1” 9". F.-w. dull grey-brown,

owish, with a
with the i. 1. and el. 1, whitish; h.-w. dull yell
broad blackish grey hind-margin. VII, Vill. the sides
Larva greyish yellow, with first three seg, and
brownish; the lines black (Gu.) On grasses growing on dry
and stony hills. IX—IV. [Link] Liv]
Bi. Brg.! Brs. Bu. Ca.! Ct. ! Das Hast Kt
Ly. !! M. St. Wa, Wt. Wr. Y,
 206

Genus 14. LuPERINA.

Tmago: antenns pubescent in male; abdomen smooth,
thick in female; fore-wings slightly dentate, with lines and
spots distinct.
Larva thick, dull-coloured; spots rather distinct. Living
inside the stems or amongst the roots of low plants.
Pupa enclosed in an earthen cocoon.

There are three species, thus distinguished :—

A. Fore-wings brownish ochreous.
B. A black dash below the stig. L. testacea.
BB. No black dash below the stig. 2. Dumerilit.
AA. Fore-wings dull brown. . cespitis.

L. restacka. 1’ 4’’—1” 6’, F.-w. greyish ochreous

tinged with brown, generally with 3 blackish streaks, 1 at the
base, 1 on the inner margin, and 1 below the stig.; between
the el. 1. and subt. 1. is a paler band: h.-w. white. VIII, IX.
Larva dull flesh-colour ;head and plate on the 2nd seg. pale
yellowish brown (Treitschke). On the lower part of the stems
of grass. IIT.
Bi. !! Brg, !! Brs.! Bu.! Da. Hd. “iis! es Pia
Livy,! MM. Pl se. Shi! Wall -Wae “Ys!
L. Dumerium. 1” 2’. F.-w. ochreous varied with brown;
a brown patch towards the inner margin between the i. 1. and
el. 1., and a brown band before the hind-margin, the band pre-
ceding which is conspicuously pale, and the stig. are also pale
ochreous. VIII.
Larva UNKNOWN.
One specimen only has occurred in the Isle of Arran.
L. cesprris. 1” 5/”’—1” 6’, F.-w. dull brown; the
stig. margined with pale ochreous; i.1. and el. 1. black ;subt.1.
whitish and sometimes very indistinct: h.-w. white, with
brownish hind-margin and dark brown central line. VIII,
IX,
 207

Larva brown, with the lines pinkish white ; head yellowish

brown; 2nd and anal seg. blackish (Freyer). On various spe-
cies of grass. VI.
Bi. Brg. Lw. M. Wt. Y.

Genus 15. MAmEsTRA.

Imago: antenne rather long, simple in male; abdomen

rather long, crested, at least on the first segment; fore-wings
entire or slightly dentate, of dark colours, with distinct lines
and spots.
Larva elongate, dull-coloured; feeding on leaves of low
plants, concealed during the day.
Pupa subterranean, in an earthen cocoon.

We have six species, thus distinguished :—

A. F.-w. ochreous-brown. M. anceps.
AA. F.-w. blackish; ren, st. white, M. Persicaria.
AAA, F.-w. dark grey or dark brownish. indis-
B. Two white dots at edge of ren. st.; subt. l. very
tinct. M. abjecta,
; subt. 1,
BB. Ren. st. margined with white or whitish
rather distinct.
©. Ren. st. filled up with dark, M. furva.
MM. albi-
CC. Ren. st, ochreous-grey, lower half darker.
colon.
M.
CCC. Ren. st. whitish, with a few black scales.
Brassica.
the subt. 1.
M. albicolon may be further distinguished by
being formed of yellowish white dots.
wn ;
M. apsucta, 17 8/7—1/ 9", F.-w. dark greyish bro
argin of the ren. st.
the el. 1. and subt. 1. slightly paler; hind-mk grey, shading into
appears as 2 white dots: h.-w. rather dar
whitish at the base, VII.
Larva UNKNOWN.
C. Lw. Y.; also near Gravesend.
TQ
 208

M. anceps, 1” 7’’’—1’ 8’, ¥,-w. ochreous varied with

pale brownish; the margins of the ren. st. almost whitish :
h.-w. pale greyish ochreous, with a darker band along the hind-
margin, and darker central line and lunule. VI.
Larva pale brown, with three faintly darker streaks; the
spots black ; 2nd and anal seg. black (Bork.) XII—II.
Foop UNKNown.
Bi, Brg.! Brs.! Bu.! Ca.! Ct.! Ed. Ha.! Hu. Lw. M.
St, Wa.! Wt. Wr. Y.!

M. atpicoton. 1” 7’, F.-w. grey clouded with dark

brownish grey, with a row of yellowish white dots forming the
subt. 1.; margin of ren. st. white. Ve—VI b.
Larva grey-brown marbled with darker; spiracular line pale
yellowish ;spiracles white, encircled with black (Sepp.) Foop
uNKNown. VII, VIII.
Bint LD St,
MS Suna le ig te eee taal dae brownish ;
i. 1, and el. 1. blackish; subt. 1. whitish ochreous ; margins
of
ren. st. whitish. VII, VII.
Larva shining, transparent, of a pale violet-brown, with all
the spots, the head, and the plates of the 2nd and anal seg.
shining black (Freyer) On Aira canescens. TLI—VI.
Ed.!! Ex. L.D. Se. St.

M, Brassiom. 1/7 8/71” 9/", Fw. dark grey varied

with black; ren. st. margined and almost filled up with white;
subt. 1. much indented and whitish, V e—VII.
Larva dark grey, greyish or green, with darker dorsal and
whiter spiracular line; the subdorsal line rarely distinct, some-
times whitish ; spiracles white. On cabbages and other plants.
IX
Abundant everywhere.

The larva of this species is at times very destructive, feeding

in the hearts of the cabbages. Not unfrequently it gets
boiled, and is sent to table,
 209

M. Persicarim. 1” 6’’—1" 8’". F.-w. blackish, with

a purplish gloss; ren. st. conspicuously white; subt, 1, indi-
cated by yellowish dots:
h.-w. dark grey, shading
into whitish at the base,
with a dark grey lunule.
Vi, VIL.
Larva pale green or red-
dish grey, with whitish dor-
sal line, and semi-lozenge-
shaped darker marks along
the back from the 5th to the
12th seg.; spiracular line paler; 12th seg. with a slight
hump. On various low plants. VII, IX.
Brg. Bu. Ca.! K.! Lw. Ly. M. Pl St.! Tn. Wa.!!
Wt. Wr. ;

Genus 16. APAMEA.

Imago: antenne pubescent in male; abdomen long, crested ;

fore wings slightly dentate, with distinct spots; ren. st. gene-
rally margined with white.
Larva short, attenuated at each end; skin tough and
shining, with distinct lines ; spots often shining. Living
principally on grasses, concealing itself often in the stem.
Pupa subterranean.

There are seven British species, thus distinguished :—

A. F-w. with one central very strong black streak from the
base. A. basilinea.
AA, F.-w. with two black streaks from the base, one central
and one on the inner margin,
B. F.-w. pale bluish grey. A. conneaa. =“

BB. F.-w. brownish.

C, Hind-margin of ren. st. conspicuously whitish. 4,
unanimis.
OC. Hind-margin of ren, st. not conspicuously whitish,
A. gemina.
T3
 210

AAA F-.-w. with no black streaks from base.

D. Veins adjoming ren. st. whitish. A. fibrosa.
DD. Veins adjoining ren. st. not whitish.
KE. Thorax pale, with a brown line in front. A.
ophiogramma.
EE. Thorax dark, with no line in front. A. oculea.

A. BastningA. 1” 4’’—1” 6’’, F.-w. greyish ochreous,

with a faint brownish tinge; A SHORT BLACK STREAK FROM THE
CENTRE OF THE BASE; margins of ren. st. whitish, its lower
half filled up with blackish. VI.
Larva brownish, with the dorsal and subdorsal lines ochreous,
and a row of black dots between them; spiracular line and
belly whitish; spiracles black (Hub.) On grains of wheat,
VIII, TX; and on various low plants, I, II.
Common everywhere.

A. connexa, 1” 3/”—1’’ 4”, F.-w. pale bluish grey;

2 short black streaks at the base; a brownish blotch between
the stig. and a very conspicuous dark brown-black blotch on
the middle of the inner margin between the whitish i. ]. and
ae. Wp Avilile
LARVA UNKNOWN.
Hu. Sc. Sheffield.

A. cemina, 1/7 5/”7—1" 7", F-w, pale brownish, with

2 short black streaks from the base, and 1 between the i. 1. and
el. 1, beneath the stig; the hind-margin is rather narrowly
dark brown, the transverse lines appear a little paler than the
ground-colour, and the margins of the ren. st. are sometimes
whitish. Very variable in intensity of colour. VI, VII.
Larva dark grey, with whitish dorsal and subdorsal lines,
and a row of black dots between them; spiracular line
ochreous ; spiracles black, with a row of black spots above
them (Freyer). On grass. IX, X, IV, V.
Common everywhere.
A, unaniuis, 1/7 8/’—1" 4", Fw, pale brown varied
with dark brown, with 2 blackish streaks from the base; the
 211

margins of the ren. st. whitish, its hind-margin conspicuously

son Villy VIL. ;
Larva dull grey ;white dorsal line; a row of black dots be-
tween it and the whitish subdorsal line; spiracular line
whitish (Freyer), On grass. Depo erhlake ID
Bi. Brg. Brs. Ca. Ct. Da.! Ed. Ha.! K. Lw. M. 8t.
Tet Y.

A. opprocgRamMaA. 1” 3’7—1”7 4’. F.-w. dark brown

along the costa; inner margin broadly pale greyish-ochreous,
the brown portion margined with whitish, projecting deeply
into it in the middle; a dark brown dash near the anal angle;
thorax greyish ochreous, paler in front, with a dark brown line
along the top of the front. VI.
Larva UNKNOWN.
Tn all the marshes around London, amongst willows.

A. rrprosa. 1” 5’”—1” 6’”. F.-w. pale brown, with the

inner margin and a broad fascia towards the hind-margin
whitish brown; ren: st. whitish, and the veins immediately
adjoining the lower end of it generally of the same colour;
hind-margin dark brown. VII, VIII.
Larva whitish; dull reddish brown along the back; 2nd
seg. black (Treitschie). In flower-stems of [ris Pseudacorus.
TV, V.
Ga. Bd. Se. Yet

A. ocurma. 17 1/’—1”" 8”. Very variable in colour and

markings. F.-w. pale brown, brown, red-brown or black-brown,
sometimes darker towards the costa, sometimes with a broad
medial band, often with a broad pale band before the hind-
margin; ren. st. generally conspicuous, sometimes white, often
a
whitish or ochreous; thorax brown or dark brown, without
dark conspicuous line on the front. VII, VIII.
Larva dull grey or greenish white; subdorsal and spiracular
lines dull reddish (Treitschke). On various grasses. IV, V.
- Abundant everywhere.
This is one of the most abundant of our Noctwina.
 212

Genus 17. Miana.

Imago of small size; antenne short, thick, pubescent in
male; abdomen rather slender, crested; fore-wings oblong,
thick, generally elbowed at anal angle; lines and spots dis-
tinct ; ren. st. concolorous.
Larva smooth, attenuated at each end, shining; feeding
inside stems or on leaves of grasses.
Pupa contained in an earthen cocoon.

We have six species, thus separated :—

A. Hind-margin elbowed.
B. Inner edge of pale band beyond the middle curved.
C. F.-w. blackish brown. ~ M. strigilis.
CC. ¥.-w. reddish ochreous. M. fasciuncula.
BB. Inner edge of pale band beyond the middle straight.
D. F.-w. rosy grey. M. literosa.
DD. F.-w. brown. M. furuncula.
BBB. No pale band; f.-w. pale ochreous. M. arcuosa.
AA. Hind-margin not elbowed. M. eapolita.
This last is the smallest species of the genus.

M. srrieis. 1/—1/” 1’. F.-w. blackish brown ;

before the hind-margin is frequently a broad pale band, which
is sometimes whitish or grey, at other times slightly rosy;
a strong black dash between the pale i.}. and el. 1. beneath the
stig. VI, VII.
Larva greyish or pale greenish; belly and lines paler; spi-
racles black (Gu.) In stems of grasses. III, IV.
Abundant everywhere.
M. rascruncura. 10’”—1. E.-w. reddish ochreous
more or less mixed with grey, a broad central band being
darkest ; before the hind-margin is a pale curved band; the
lower end of the el. 1. is whitish. VI, VII.
LARVA UNKNOWN.
Bi.) Brg. Brs.! Bu.! Ca.! Ct.f Da. Ed.! Ha.! Hu. Ki!
L.D.! Lw. M.!! Se.!! Sh.! St.! Wa.! Wr. Y.!
 213

M. urrerosa. 1/’—1” 1’. ¥-w. pale grey varied with

dark grey, delicately tinged with rosy; a broad pale band be-
yond the middle, the inner edge of which is straight. VI, VII.
Larva UNKNOWN.
Bi.) Brg. Ca.! Da.! Eds! Ex.! Hus L.D.! Lw: M.!!
pent St, b Tn. ¥.
M. rurunoura. 10/’—1” 1’. F.-w. pale or dark brown,
with a broad whitish band beyond the middle, the inner edge
of which is straight. VII.
Larva UNKNOWN.
Abundant everywhere.

M. expoura. 8’’”—9/”, F.-w. shining, greyish brown, with

more or less of a reddish tinge, with a darker central band ; the
whitish lower half of the el. 1. forming
the inner edge of a pale not sharply de-
fined band before the hind-margin : h.-w.
dark grey, with whitish fringes. VII.
Larva UNKNOWN. -
Darlington.

M. arocuosa. 10’’—12’’, F.-w. ochreous; i.1. and el. 1.

indicated by black dots; hind-margin slightly darker; 9 with
the f.-w. paler and the markings darker: h.-w. of the ¢
pale grey, whitish towards the base; of the ? grey. VEE
Larva UNDESCRIBED. In the stems of Aira cespitosa.
Bi. Brs. Bu. Ct.! Ed. !! Ex. K.! Ly. M.!! Sh, Wa.!
Weta Wr: Y.

Genus 18. CELENA.

Imago: antenne pubescent in male; abdomen slightly

hairy, not crested; fore-wings oblong, rounded ; ren. st. always
distinct.
LARVA UNDESCRIBED,
 214

C: Haworrau. 1/—1/1/"; Fw, reddish brown, with

broad darker central band, in which the ren. st. is conspi-
cuously whitish, this colour also
extending to the veins immediately
below the lower end of it; the cen-
tral and subdorsal veins generally
entirely whitish; a slender, pale,
rather oblique band before the
hind-margin. VII—IX.
Larva UNDESCRIBED. On cotton- grass (Hriophorum),
VeVi
Common on heaths in the North. Da. Ed.! M. Se.!! Y.!

Family II. CARADRINID

ZA.
Imago rather of small size: the body smooth; fore-wings
(roof-shaped in repose) rather oblong, with the lines and some-
times with the stigmata well marked.
Larva short and thick, with short stiff hairs ;feeding
on
low plants.
Pupa in a subterranean cocoon,

This Family comprises but seven British species, two

only
of which, Hydrilla palustris and Acosmetia caliginosa, are
rare.
Grammesia trilinea, which comes freely to sugar in June, or
may be taken flying in meadows, in company with
Hepialus
Humuli, is one of our most abundant Noctue. Caradrina
cubicularis is also a most plentiful insect, and, from
its paler
under wings, is very conspicuous when flying at
dusk along a
hedge: it comes freely to light, and is frequent
ly found in
stables. The other three Caradrine are by
no means rare,
but, as obscure dingy things, are likely to be negl
ected by the
tyro.
 215

The four genera comprised in this Family may be recog-

nised by the markings of the fore-wings, thus :—
A. F.-w. with three lines; no stigmata. Genus 1. Gram-
MESIA,
AA. F.-w. with two lines and the ren. st.
B. Female much smaller than male, with narrower wings.
Genus 2, HypRInna.
BB. Female but little smaller than male; wings of similar
form. Genus 3. ACOSMETIA.
AAA, F.-w. with the four lines (more or less distinct) and
both the stigmata. Genus 4. CaRaDRINA,

Genus 1. GRAMMESIA.
Imago: antenne rather long, pubescent in the male; fore-
wings with no stigmata; the three first lines well indicated;
THE EL, L. ALMOST STRAIGHT.
Larva short and thick, almost onisciform; the head small;
very sluggish. Concealed amongst the leaves of the low plants
on which it feeds.
Pupa subterranean.
G, triuineaA. 17” 6’’—1” 7’. T'.-w. greyish ochreous,
with the h.1., i. 1. and el. 1., and cen. sh. brownish. Ve—VI.
Larva reddish brown; dorsal line whitish, with two rows of
black dots on each side; subdorsal and spiracular lines dark
brown (Freyer). On plantain. IV, V.
Bi.! Brg.!! Brs.! Bu.! Ca.! Ct.! Ex. Ha.! Hu.! K,!
Lw. Ly.! M.!! Sc.!! Sh.! St. Tn.! Wa, Wt.! Wr. Y.!
A dark variety, in which the cen. sh. is almost lost in the
darker ground-colour (Bilinea), occurs at Epping and Lewes.

Genus 2. Hyprinna. 2

Imago: antenne short, pubescent in the male; abdomen

slender (rather long in the male); fore-wings oblong, with
scattered scales, appearing hairy. The female very different
from the male, smaller, with the fore-wings very narrow.
 216

Larva thick, attenuated at each end; living concealed

amongst the low plants on which it feeds,
Pupa subterranean.

H. patusrris. 17 1/’—1” 2’. F,-w, dull brownish,

with the ren, st. blackish; thei.]. and el. 1. dark brown: h.-w.
pale greyish brown, with darker central lunule. V e—VIb.
Larva brownish; head black; dorsal line whitish, with two
rows of white dots on each side; spiracles black (Treitschke).
On plantain and other low plants. VII, VII.
One specimen at Compton’s Wood, near York; flying over
grass in a damp place.

Genus 3. ACOSMETIA.

Imago: antenne short, pubescent in the male; abdomen

very slender; fore-wings broad, shining, with a silky appear-
ance. Female similar in form, only a little smaller.
Larya UNKNOWN.

A. catietnosa. 1’. F.-w. shining greyish brown, with

very faint indications of a darker ren. st. and the i.1., el. 1. and
subt. 1.; it appears almost unicolorous: h.-w. dull greyish
white. VI.
Larva UNKNOWN.
New Forest. It flies at dusk or during the day in moist
places in woods.

Genus 4. CARADRINA.

Imago: antenne rather short, filiform; abdomen not espe-

cially slender, but less robust than in Grammesia ; fore-wings
thick, silky, with distinct lines and stigmata; hind-wings slen-
der and often iridescent.
_ Larva short, attenuated at each end; the head very small;
sluggish ; feeding on low plants, concealed during the day.
Pupa subterranean.
 217

We have four species, two of which, Alsines and Blan

da,
are very similar, and have long been confounded in collections,
The perfect insects, unless in fine condition, are not easy to
determine; the larve afford a constant character.

The other species may be distinguished by the colour of the

hind-wings, thus :—
A. Hind-wings whitish or whitish ochreous at the base, darker
beyond the middle. C. Alsines and blanda.
AA. Hind-wings dull white. C. Morpheus.
AAA. Hind-wings pearly white. (C. cubicularis.
C. MorrHevs. 1” 83’’—1” 4’, Bw. grey or greyish
ochreous ; the lines and stig. darker, the ren. st. conspicuously
so: h.-w. dull white, tinged with grey towards the hind-mar-
gin, and with grey central lunule. VI—VIII.
Larva greyish brown, with a row of wedge-shaped black
streaks on each side of the back; spiracular line paler (Sepp.)
On teazle and other plants. IX—IV.
Bi.! Brg.! Brs. Bu.! Ca.!! Ed. Ex. Lw. M. Se.! Sh.
oo Wa.! Wt. Wr. Y.!
C. Austnes. 1” 2’”—1” 3’, F-w. pale brown, with a
slight reddish tinge; the stig. DARKER BRowN, margined with
yellowish ; the lines and cen. sh. DISTINCTLY DARKER brown ;
h.-w. whitish ochreous, with darker hind-margin. VII.
Larva greyish, with lateral streaks; subdorsal line pale,
bordered above by a fine line ParaLLeEL to it; spiracular line
broad, pale, with some blackish oblique spots above it (Gu.)
On dock, chickweed, plantain, &. III, IV.
Probably in most of the localities of the following, with
which it has hitherto been confounded.

C. puanpa. 1’ 2/1” 3’”, F.-w. brown, WITH A FAINT

VIOLET TINGE, DUSTED WITH WHITE TOWARDS THE COSTA; stig.
HARDLY darker than the ground-colour, edged with yellowish ;
the lines and cen. sh. darker, but nor strikingly so: h.-w.

U
 218

whitish at the base, with brownish grey hind-margin and veins.

VI, VII.
Larva similar to that of C. alsines, except that the fine line
above the subdorsal line is oBLIQuE (Gu.) On various low
plants.
Bi.! Brg.! Brs. Ca.! Ct.!! Da.! Ed, Ex.!! Ha.!! K.
Liv. .M. Se!) Tn. t Wa.l Wt. Y,.!

C. cusicunaris. 1”—1” 3’’. EF .-w. greyish ochreous,

with faint indications of the lines darker, the first two, as spots
on the costa, almost black; the orb. st. small and rather indis-
tinct; the ren. st. large and conspicuous, dark grey: h.-w.
pearly white; a dark brown line on the hind-margin. VI—
Vist
Larva: back reddish grey; sides dark grey; head shining
black (T'reitschke). On chickweed (Alsine media). IX—IV.
Common everywhere.

Family IV. NOCTUIDA.

Imago of moderate size ;antennee ciliated, pectinated or only

pubescent in the male; fore-wings smooth or shining, narrow,
crossing one another a little in repose, which give the insect
a very elongate appearance, forming a roof almost flat.
Larve thick, smooth, shining or velvety, generally of dull
colours ; living on low plants, and concealing themselves either
under leaves on the ground or even in subterranean galleries.
Pupa subterranean, smooth and shining, enclosed in an
earthen cocoon.

This Family contains several of our best-known Noctue ;

the Yellow Underwing (Z'riphana pronuba), which we so often
start im strawberry beds and hay fields; the white under-
winged Agrotis segetum and exclamationis, which haunt our
flower beds at dusk on a summer’s evening; the heath-loving
A. porphyrea; and that abundant wayside pest in August and
 219

September, Noctua wanthographa. These insects can hardly

have escaped the notice of the least observant. Several others
of the Family are also sufficiently common for the tyro to
expect to fall in with them his first season, such as Rusina tene-
brosa, at sugar, in June; Agrotis puta, at sugar, in August;
A. suffusa, in September; A. nigricans, in July; T'riphena
Tanthina and interjecta, at sugar or flying along hedges before
dusk, in July and August; 7. orbona, abundantly at sugar;
and 7’. fimbria, so little a rarity now-a-days that it ought to
fall into the hands of the tyro at least in his second season.
Of the genus Noctwa the following are all common, and may
be taken at sugar, light, or flying along hedges at dusk, viz.,
Augur, Plecta, C-nigrum, Festiva, Bella, Umbrosa (the two
last partial to the flowers of the Glyceria fluitans), Baja,
besides Xanthographa, already mentioned. Several of this
Family are local; thus, Agrotis valligera, ripe and cursoria
are to be found on sand hills on the coast; lunigera is to be
met with in the Isle of Wight, and Ashworthii in North
Wales; cinerea is most frequently found about Lewes, Noctua
depuncta in the neighbourhood of Carlisle, sobrina in Perth-
shire, and swbrosea in the fens of Huntingdonshire ; Triphena
subsequa in the New Forest and Sherwood Forest. Then,
wherever there is any extent of heather, Agrotis agathina and
Noctua glareosa and neglecta may be expected. A. lucernea
has the peculiarity of flying briskly by day over loose stones
(where it is no easy matter to chase it) on the slopes of moun-
tains, and abounds at Arthur’s Seat, Swansea, &e. Agrotts
fennica is unique; saucia, though taken almost every autumn
at ivy-bloom, is considered rare ; pyrophila, a northern
U2
 220

species, still remains rather rare; and Noctua ditrapezium

is yet to be counted as a rarity; its head-quarters, or its
habits, not being sufficiently known.
This Family comprises only four British genera, which
may
be thus distinguished :-—
A. Hind-wings dark grey, with the fringes darker. Genus 1.
Rusia.
AA. Hind-wings yellow or orange. Genus 8. TRIPHENA
.
AAA. Hind-wings whitish or grey, with paler fringes.
B, Fore-wings rather elongate; the clay. st. gener
ally well
marked. Genus 2. AGrotis.
BB. Fore-wings moderately oblong; the clay. st.
rarely
visible. Genus 4. Nocrua.

Genus 1. Rusrya.
Imago: antenne of the male strongly pectinat
ed ; abdomen
rather slender, not crested ; fore-wings
dull-coloured; up-
WINGS DARK GREY, WITH THE FRINGES DARKER.
Larva velvety, slightly attenuated at each
end; feeding on
low plants through the winter.
Pupa enclosed in an earthen cocoon but litt
le below the sur-
face of the earth.

R. reneprosa. 1 3’/—1” 4’ Bow. dull smoky brown,

with the lines blackish; cen. sh. dark brown;
5 or 6 ochreous
dots on the costa, and outer edge of
ren. st. tinged with
ochreous. VI, VII.
Larva vich brown ; subdorsal line compos
ed of oblique black
streaks, and bordered above posteriorly
with pale brown; dor-
sal line dark brown, on the first 5 segmen
ts having a slender
white line down the middle; spiracul
ar line pale brown. On
Polygonum aviculare and other low plan
ts. IX—ITI.
Bi. Brg.!! Brs. Bu. Da, Ed. Ex. Hu.
Mol t.!! Tol We y.1 K. Lw.! Ly.!
 221

Genus 2. AGROTIS.

Imago: antenne pubescent, ciliated or pectinated in the

male; abdomen not crested; fore-wings rather elongate, with
distinct lines and spots; THE CLAY. ST. ALMOST ALWAYS DIs-
tinct; hind-wings wuitisH or pale grey, with the fringes PALER.
Larva thick, with distinct horny plates, sometimes with the
spots shining and warty, sometimes quite smooth and the
spots concolorous ; living concealed amongst the roots of low
plants.
Pupa subterranean.

Of this genus we have no less than twenty-three species, the

first seventeen of which may be thus tabulated :—
A. F.-w. with the i. 1. excessively angulated. A. valligera.
AA. F.-w. with the i. 1. not excessively angulated.
B. The orb. st. almost linear. A. puta.
BB. The orb. st. oval or round.
C. A black dash proceeding from the outer edge of ren. st.
A, suffusa.
CC. No black dash proceeding from the outer edge of
ren. st.
D. Inner margin of f.-w. broadly ferrugimous. A. fen-
nica.
DD. Inner margin of f.-w. not broadly ferruginous.
E. Orb. st. conspicuously pale. A. lunigera.
EE. No quadrate black spot between the stig. ; orb.
st. not conspicuously pale.
F. The three stig. well defined.
G. The clay. st. entirely blackish. A. eaela-
mationis.
GG. The clav. st. only outlined with blackish.
H. H.-w. white or pale grey. A. segetum. =
HH. H.-w. dark grey. A. corticea.
FF. The clav. st. hardly perceptible.
I. F.-w. blackish brown; the ren. st. dark
grey. <A, saucia.
U3
 222

IT. F.-w. pale grey, with distinct lines and

[Link]. A. cinerea.
Ii. F.-w. greyish ochreous.
K. Lower half of ren. st. dark grey.
A. cursoria.
KK. Entire ren. st. brownish. A.
Tipe.
EEE. A quadrate black spot between the stig.
L. No pale streak from the base.
A. nigricans.
LL. A pale streak from the base
near the costa.
M. The streak whitish. 4. Tyi-
tree.
MM. The streak greyish ochre-
ous. A. aquilina.
LLL. A pale streak from the base
along the costa.
N. A pale spot in subt.1 at
analangle. A. agathina.
NN. No: pale spot in subt. 1.
A. obelisea.
The remainder of the genus I am unable to get in a tabular
form. A. precow is readily known by its green fore-wings and
reddish band before the subt.1. A, porphyrea has the i. 1. as
angulated as in A. valligera; but the dull red ground-colour
of the fore-wings distinguishes it readily, besides its being so
much smaller an insect.

The other four species, 4. ravida, pyrophila, lucernea

and
Ashworthit, may be thus distinguished from each other
(the
broader and more truncate fore-wings assist to separ
ate them
from any of the preceding Species) :—
Ashworthit. F.-y. slaty grey, with the lines black; the
stig. distinct.
Lucernea, F'.-w. greenish grey, with the lines dark
er; the
stig. indistinct.
Pyrophila. F.-w. dull brown; h.-w. greyish brow
n.
Ravida. F.-w. dull reddish brown; h.-w, whitish,
 223

A. VALLIGERA. 17 8/”—1/75’"", _ F’.-w. grey more or less

tinged with ochreous, with sharply darker markings, especially
the clav. st.; the pale orb. st.
in a dark subcostal patch; ren.
st. dark grey, surrounded by
whitish; a row of black wedge-
shaped spots precedes the subt. 1.
is, VLE.
Larva dull greenish grey,
with paler dorsal and darker
subdorsal lme; two rows of
black dots between them; a row
of short white streaks on each
side of the spiracles (freyer). At the roots of grasses. X—V.
Be iiarlebideh GD. toSterY;

A. puta. 1” 2’”’—1” 3’. ¥.-w. greyish ochreous, with

a brown-black blotch at the base of the costa, and another be+
yond the middle, enclosing the ren. st.; the orb. st. is almost
linear. Varieties occur with the f.-w. of a uniform dark grey-
brown, with only the inner margin at the base and the mar-
gins of the orb. st. paler. VIII, IX.
Larva UNKNOWN.
Bi. Brg.!! Brs.! Ca. Ex. Ha.! Lw. Ly. Pl. St. Tn. Wa.

A. surrusa. 1/7 8’”—1’ 11’. F.-w. pale grey, broadly

suffused with black-brown along the costa, with a black dash
proceeding from the middle of the outer edge of the ren. st.,
and with 2 black wedge-shaped marks a little beyond it, pre-
ceding the dark hind-margin: h.-w. greyish white, with a
pearly tinge, with the veins brownish. VI?—IX.
Larva shining grey, without any markings (T’reitschke). On
the roots of grasses.
Common everywhere.
A. rennica. 179’, “F.-w. dark violet-grey along the
costa, broadly ochreous or ferruginous on the inner margin;
the stig. with distinct yellowish outlines ” (H.-S.) WII, VIII.
LARVA UNKNOWN.
One specimen has occurred in Derbyshire.
 224

A. saucta. 171’, F.-w. dark blackish brown, often

clouded with red towards the costa; the ren. st. distinctly
darker: h.-w. whitish, with the margins, veins and central
lunule dark brownish grey. VII—IX.
Larva greyish brown, with darker lozenge-shaped marks
along the back, intersected with paler dorsal line; subdorsal
line and spiracles dark brown (Freyer). On plantain and dock.
XI.
Brg. Brs. Ca. L.D. Lw. Ly. M. Sh. Wr.

A. seceTuM, 1/7 3’’—1" 8’, F.-w., & greyish brown,

sometimes with an ochreous tinge, often suffused with darker
towards the costa; the lines and stig. darker, and a dark cloud
at the hind-margin; @ dark greyish brown, with all the
markings more or less concealed in the ground-colour: h.-w.
white. VI and IX.
Larva shorter and fatter than A. eaclamationis, greenish
grey, with paler dorsal line; pale brown subdorsal line; spi-
racles and ordinary spots black (Hub.) On roots of various
grasses. IX—YV,
Abundant everywhere.

A. LunigeRa. 1” 4/1” 7", Fw. grey shaded with

reddish brown ; the orb. st. conspicuously pale grey; the ren.
st. outlined with black, filled up with red-brown, with a pale
streak on the inner edge: h.-w. white, with a dark grey line on
the hind-margin: ¢ with grey margin, yeins and lunule.
VII.
Larva UNKNOWN.
Ed. Isle of Wight.

A. ExcLamationis. 1/7 4/1” 9’, Baw, pale brown

more or less tinged with reddish grey; clay. st. entirely
brown-black ;ren. st. conspicuously darker; on the costa are
3 pale spots at the commencement of the first 8 lines. VI—
VIII.
Larva dull dirty grey, with subdorsal and spiracular lines
paler; spiracles and other spots black (Hub.) On roots of
grasses and various low plants. IX—Y.
Abundant everywhere.
 225

A. corticga. 1” 4”’—]” 7”", F.-v. pale greyish brown

clouded and rRRoRATED with darker; a dark brown blotch
near the base; the stig. dark brown ; inside of clav. st. paler,
sometimes with a broad dark brown band towards the hind-
margin: h.-w. greyish brown. VII.
LarvA UNDESCRIBED.
i pret) Brs.i Casi Eds! Ha. .Delw. IPL SsteTa.!
Wa. Wy. Y.

A. cryerEA. 1 4’, F.-w. pale slaty grey, with the 1st,

2nd and 3rd transverse lines black; cen. sh. rather cloudy
dark grey; ren. st. dark grey. VI.
Larva shining greenish brown; dorsal and subdorsal lines
darker ; between them are small, oblique, dark streaks
(Treitschke). On roots of various low plants. IX—V.
Brg. Brs. Ha. Lw.
A. nipz. 1/7 6’, F.-w. greyish ochreous; the lines
rather indistinct; the el. 1. and subt.1. indicated by dots;
orb. st. very small and hardly darker than ground-colour; ren.
st. darker, almost brown; clay. st. small: h.-w., d white, with
a dark line on hind-margin; Q greyish white, with pale brown
veins. VI, VII.
Larva UNKNOWN.
L.D.
A. oursopra. 1” 4/71” 6’. F-w. pale greyish
ochreous, with the lines darker; margins of the stig. whitish;
the lower half of the ren. st. dark grey; a dark brown cloud
along the hind-margin: h.-w. whitish, with pale grey marginal
band, veins and central lunule. VII, VIII.
Larva pale ochreous, with dark brown dorsal line ; spiracu-
cular line whitish, edged above with brown; ordinary spots
black (Freyer). On spurge (Euphorbia Esula). V, VI.
Bi.!! Ed.! L.D.

A. nigricans. 17 3’’—1" 7’. F.-w. dull dark brown

clouded with black, sometimes with a reddish tinge; the most
conspicuous markings are, a short blackish streak from near
 226

the middle of the base, a black spot before the orb. st., and a
rhomboidal black spot between the stig.; orb. st. sometimes
pale; ren. st. always so, especially its hind-margin. WI—
Vi
Larva shining brown, with black dots and a paler indented
line (Treitschke). On low plants. V, VI.
Brg. Brs.! Ca,! Da. Ed.!! Ex. Ha.!! Hu. K.! M.!
Se.! Sh. St.! Y.!!

A. Trrrret, 1” 2//1" 3’", F-w. greyish brown, with

darker cloud; a whitish grey streak from the base near the
costa; stig. conspicuously paler; hinder edge of the ren. st.
well defined ;8 wedge-shaped black spots precede the rather
distinct subt. 1. WIII.
Larva shining grey (Treitschke). On grass and low plants.

Bi.!! Brg.! Brs.! Da.! Bd.! Ex.! L.D.! Lw. M. Se!

Stl! Y.
A. AQuITINA. 1! Q/"_]/" BY", Baw, pale brownish more
or less tinged with ochreous or grey; a pale ochreous streak
from the base near the costa: stig. conspicuously paler; hind-
margin of the ren. st. ill defined; 3 or 4 blackish wedge-
shaped streaks precede the very indistinct subt. 1. VII,
VU.
Larva: head pale brown; body lighter ; dots black ; sides
brownish grey (Lreitschke). On Galium verum (yellow lady’s
bedstraw). V.
Bi. Brg.! Ca. Lw. M. Pl. Sec.! Y.!

A. OBELIscA. 170 A”/_]!’ 6/7, By, greyish brown, with

the costa from the base broadly ochreous-grey ; a
blackish
brown streak from the middle of the base ; a black-br
own spot
precedes the orb. st., and a black-brown rhomboidal
spot lies
between the stig. VIII.
Larva: head pale brown; body much lighter;
hardly perceptible; dark grey dorsal stripe (Lreitschkblack dots
e). On
low plants. V.
Brg.! Ed.! Se.
 227

A. acaruina. 1/7 1”—1/7 5’. Fw. reddish grey, with

base to
the lines blackish; the costa broadly paler from the
beyond the middle; a conspicu-
ous, wedge-shaped, black spot be-
fore the pale orb. st., and the
space between the 2 stig. also
lack; in the subt.1. is a pale
spot near the anal angle. VIII.
LARVA UNKNOWN.
Ly. Weybridge ; West Wick-
ham. Among heath.
A, vomenvers. 117’—17 9’. Bw. dull dark red, with
several short
blackish lines margined with pale grey, and with e;
st. whit
black streaks, especially along the fold; the orb,
ren. st. pale reddish grey. V1, VIE
picuous white
Larva reddish orange, with a row of cons
head brown (Hub.)
spots down the back, edged with blackish ;
On heath. VIII. M2 Sc sh:
Bed Bes.) Kd.!! Bx.) Hu! Lw. Ly-!
Tn. Wa.! Y.!
eee Lr 1 Oe Ew: dull greenish, varied
portion of the stig.
with paler and with darker lines; central before the subt. Ik
band
reddish, and a narrow, reddish, waved
VIII.
Larva dull ochreous, with whitish dorsal and spiracular
and 13th segments whitish
lines; head ochreous ; Qnd, 12th
V.
(Roesel). On various low plants.
Bd. GD. M.! Sh.
[Link]. 17 8/’7—1” 9’, F.-w. dull brown, sometimes
paler and the ELONGATE
with a slight rosy tinge, with the lines etimes preceded by a
som
obliquely placed orb. st. also paler,
n the stig. sometimes black :
dark margin; the space betwee
hind-margin and veins.
h.-w. whitish, with pale greyish brown 3
Vile vid:
with paler dorsal lme; a
Larva pale brownish ochreous,
te sub dorsal line edg ed abo ve with brown and surmounted
whi
line whitish, with a row of
by a row of white dots; spiracular
 228

brownish spots above it (Freyer). On dock and other low

plants. IV.
Bu. Ca.! Da.! Ed. Ha. Se. !! St. Wr. Y.!
A. PYROPHILA, 1/7 9’//__]// gvtr. F.-w.
greyish brown
lines slightly paler; rovnp orb. st. hard
ly
mostly filled up with dark brownish: h.-w paler; ren. st.
. greyish brown.
Vili
Larva dull grey-brown (Zreitschke). On
grasses and low
plants. IV.
Hd. Ha. L.D. Wa. Wr. Y.
A. LucurnEa. 1/7 4/1" 8/7, Biw. shining grey, with
a slight greenish tinge; lines and cen.
sh. darker; stig. not
perceptibly defined: h.-w. dark greyish brown. VII.
Larva dark greenish grey, with a
dou
yellowish white spots, each spot bounded ble dorsal series of
shade (Logan in lit.) On dandelion
anteriorly by a black
and other low plants.
Teer,
Hd.t) L.D. Pi.
A. AsBwonrei. 1! 6/1” 67 Busy
. slaty grey, with the
4 lines black, first 8 very distinct; el, 1.
much serrated ; stig.
hardly darker than ground-colour ; cen.
sh., passing between
them, forms there a quadrate black Spot
: h.-w. grey ; the veins
alittle darker. VII.
Larva green; dorsal line pale ; lateral line whitis
mounted by a row of black spots. h, sur-
(Will eat heather and hare-
bell, Campanula rotundifolia),
Llangollen.

Genus 8. Tripnmna,
Imago : antenne slightly pubescent
in the male ; abdomen
not crested, flattened, terminating
in a truncate tuft of hair;
fore-wings elongate, thick; HIND-wING
s well developed, vet-
LOW, WITH A BROAD BLACK BORDER.
Larva thi ck, larger posteriorly, with
dorsal surmounted by a row of bla distinct lines, the sub-
ck dots; feeding on low
plants, and concealed by day amongst
leaves or on the ground.
Pupa subterranean,
 229

The six species of the genus may be thus distinguished :—

A. H.-w. with no black lunule, nor black at the base.
B. H.-w. orange, with very broad black border. 7’. fimbria.
BB. H.-w. yellow, with rather narrow black border. T.
pronuba.
AA. H.-w. with a black lunule, or the base black.
C. The black border broad; the lunule none or indistinct.
D. F.-w. with two pale violet blotches on the costa;
(h.-w. with no lunule). 7. Ianthina.
DD. F.-w. dull red, with no violet markings; (h.-w.
with a lunule almost concealed in the black at
the base). T’. interjecta.
CC. The black border rather narrow; the lunule very
distinct.
E. A black spot on the costa of f.-w. before the
subt. 1. TJ. subsequa.
KE. No black spot on the costa of f-w. T. orbona.

1. JaAnraina, 1/7 6’’—1” 8/’’, ¥.-w.. brownish, with a

violet or reddish tinge; a pale blotch from the costa extending
to the orb. st., and a pale waved band beyond the ren. st.:
h.-w. orange, clouded with black at the base, and with a broad
black band before the hind-margin. VII, VIII.
Larva greyish ochreous, with paler dorsal line; a pair of
conspicuous black spots on each of the 9th to 12th segments ;
spiracles white (Hreyer). On primroses and various low
plants.
Common everywhere.

T. rrupria (Broad-bordered Yellow Underwing). 2’’—

2” 3’”, F.-w. pale or dark olivaceous, with the margins of
the stig. and 2 hinder lines conspicuously paler: the space be-
tween these 2 lines forms a broad pale band, with only a con-
spicuous blotch on the costa: h.-w. deep orange, with a broad
intensely black band before the hind-margin, broadest towards
the costa. VI, VIL.
Larva brown, with paler dorsal line; a row of oblique
whitish stripes, alternating with some white spots, in the place
x
 2380

of the subdorsal line (Dup.) On primrose and various low

plants. III, IV.
Bi. Brg.! Brs. Bu. Da. Ed. Ee. Ha. Hu.!! L.D. Lw.
Ly.!! M. Pl. Pm. Sc.! Sh. St. Tn.! Wt. Wa Y.
T. ivrensecta. 1” 3/’—1” 4’, F-w. dull dark reddish,
with darker lines and cen. sh.; the lower half of the ren. st.
dark grey: h.-w. yellow, clouded with grey along the mner
margin of the costa, in which cloud is a darker central lunule ;
before the hind-margin is arather broad black band. VII, VIII.
Larva whitish ochreous streaked with pale yellow and
brownish; dorsal line narrow and white; subdorsal line white,
edged on each side with reddish; pale spiracular line edged
above with a broad brownish stripe (Gu.) On various low
plants. III, IV.
Bi. Brg. Brs. Bu. Ca. Ctl! Halt! K. Lw. Ly; M. Pm.
Pie Set Sh. St.) Ta. Wael We Wr Xe

T. supsequa. 1” 7’, F.-w. greyish brown, with the

usual markings of varied intensity; at the commencement of
the 4th line is a BLAcK spor on the costa: h.-w. dull yellow,
clouded with grey at the base; a dark grey central lunule and
a black band before the hind-margin. VII.
Larva brownish grey, with a slight greenish tinge; 2nd seg-
ment dark brown; dorsal and subdorsal lines paler; above the
latter is a row of quadrangular blackish spots (freyer). On
various low plants. III, LV.
Ly. Sherwood Forest.

T. onpona. 1 6’’—1’” 10’’. F.-w. greyish brown or

greyish ochreous, with the usual markings of variable intensity;
NO BLACK spoT on the costa before the 4th line: h.-w. yellow-
ish, clouded with grey at the base; with dark grey central
lunule and blackish band before the hind-margin. VII, VIII.
Larva ochreous-brown, marbled with darker on the back,
and with a conspicuously paler spiracular line; the whitish
spiracles are placed in large brownish blotches (Hub.) On
various low plants. III, IV.
Abundant everywhere.
 231

T. pronusa (Common Yellow Underwing). 1” 10’”—

9” 3", F.-w. excessively variable in colour and marking,
varying from reddish ochreous to dark reddish brown, some-
times with the costa broadly paler at the base, always with a
black spot on the costa before the 4th line: h.-w. yellow, with
a narrowish black band before the hind-margin. VI—VIII.
Larva grey or dirty yellowish green, with the dorsal and
subdorsal lines paler; the latter surmounted by some large
blackish spots from the 8rd to the 11th segments; spiracular
line indistinct (Gw.) On almost all low plants. IV.
Abundant everywhere.

Genus 4. Noctua.

Imago: antenne generally only slightly ciliated in the

male, very rarely pectinated (only in Subrosea); abdomen not
crested, slightly flattened: fore-wings obtuse at the tip (less
elongate than in Agrotis); the stig. always distinct; THE CLAY.
ST. GENERALLY OBLITERATED.
Larva thick, slightly larger posteriorly; with very distinct
lines, the subdorsal surmounted by a row of black spots.
Feeding on low plants, and concealed among grass or dead
leaves during the day.
Pupa subterranean, not enclosed in a cocoon.

There are eighteen British species already known to us in

this genus. They may be thus distinguished :—
A. The inner edge of half line of h.-w. distinctly margined with
black.
B. The outer edge of h. 1. not margined with black.
©. The black margin of h. 1. forms two distinct spots.
D. F.-w. slaty grey. N. glareosa.
DD. F.-w. ochreous. WN. depuncta.
CO. The black margin of h. |. forms a line, not spots.-
N. rhomboidea.
BB. The outer edge of h. 1. margined with black, at least in
the middle with a black blotch; (a black spot on
costa at subt. 1.)
x
 232

E. Orb. st. triangular and flattened out, something

likea V. WN. C-nigrum.
EE. Orb. st. of an irregular oval form (not triangu-
lar).
F. Inner edge of ren. st. curved. N. ditrapeziwm.
FF. Inner edge of ren. st. straight. N. triangu-
lum.
AA. The inner edge of h. 1. not margined with black.
G. F.-w. dull brown, with no purple gloss.
H. Ren. st. margined with black; no cen.
sh, N. augur.
HH. Ren. st. not margined with black; cen.
sh. distinct. N. wmbrosa.
GG. F.-w. brownish, with more or less of a
purple or rosy tinge.
I. A pale streak along the costa from the
base ; (h.-w. white). N. plecta.
Il. No pale streak along the costa from
the base.
K. A black spot on costa before the
subt. 1. N. baja.
KK. No black spot on the costa before
the subt. 1.
L. Cen. sh. forms a dark spot be-
tween the stig.
M. F.-w. dark brown (purplish or
dull reddish).
N. Orb. st. of the ground colour.
N. brunnea.
NN. Orb. st. paler than the
ground-colour. N. bella.
MM. F.-w. reddish ochreous or
reddish grey.
OQ. Hind-margin of ren. st.
distinct. N. festiva.
OO. Hind-margin of ren. st.
indistinct ; (antenne of
male pectinated). N.
subrosea.
 233

LL. Cen. sh. forms no dark spot be-

tween the stig.
P. Lower half of ren. st.
not dark grey. N. Dahli.
PP. Lower half of ren. st.
dark grey.
Q. H.-w. whitish. N.
xanthographa.
QQ. H.-w. grey.
R. F.-w. with dark
hind-margin. UN.
sobrina.
RR. F.-w.- with no
dark hind-mar-
gin. N. neglecta.

N. euargosa. 1” 4’”’”—1” 6/”. F.-w. pale grey faintly

tinged with rosy, with 3 conspi-
cuous black spots, the first being
the inner edge of the h.1., the se-
cond immediately preceding the
orb. st., the third lying between
the stig.: h.-w. white in ¢, pale
greyin 9. IX. —
Larva pale brown ; dorsal and
subdorsal lines paler, edged with
dark brown ; spiracular line yellowish (Bdv.) VI.
Bee id Hu. [Link] Lwé Ly /M.! -Pl-Sestt Ta ¥.

N. pepunota, 1” 5/’’—1” 6” F.-w. ochreous shaded

with brown, with 2 conspicuous
black spots, the first forming the
inner edge of the h.1., the se-
cond immediately before the orb.
st.; between the stig. is a brown-
ish spot: h.-w. greyish brown.
VII, VII.
Larva greyish brown; sub-
dorsal line whitish, with a row
cen}
 234

of black dots; spiracles white, in black rings (Hub.) On sor-

rel and other low plants. IV, V.
Kix. L.D.! M. Seu!! St.
N. aucun. 1/7 8’/—1"9’”, F.-w. dull brown; the lines
paler, with darker margins; the 3 stig. conspicuously mar-
gined with black. VI, VII.
Larva brownish orange; dorsal line paler; subdorsal line
formed of oblique black streaks alternating with white spots;
spiracles white, edged on each side with yellowish; head dark
brown (Hub.) On various low plants. IV, V.
Common everywhere.

N. pueora. 17 1/’—1” 2’”. F.-w. reddish brown, with

a broad whitish-ochreous streak along the costa to beyond the
middle; a white line from the middle of the base to the orb.
st.; immediately beneath itis a blackish streak, which extends
to between the stig., which are margined with white: h.-w.
white. VI and VIII?
Larva dull reddish brown ; subdorsal line composed of a row
of white dots (Hub.) On various low plants. IV.
Common everywhere.

N. C-nierum. 1” 4’’—1” 7’. ¥F.-w. greyish brown

with a rosy tinge; from the i. 1. to the ren. st. is a conspicuous
black blotch, in which les the whitish orb. st., of a flattened
triangular form; before the subt. 1. isa small black spot on the
costa :-h.-w. pale grey. VII, VIII.
Larva greenish grey, with yellowish dorsal line, pale green
subdorsal line, and white spiracular line, the space between the
a two lines being dark green (Hub.) On various low plants.
[V.
Common everywhere.

N. pirrapezium. 1” 6’’—1” 8’, F.-w. DaRK RosY

BROWN, palest along the costa; h. 1. with black margins; a
blackish spot before the orb. st. and between the stig.; a
blackish spot on the costa precedes the subt. 1.: h.-w. yellow-
ish grey, with darker hind-margin and central lunule. VIL,
 235

Larva greyish ochreous with a slight reddish tinge, with

darker marks along the back, most conspicuous on the 11th
and 12th seg. (Hub.) On various low plants. V.
Birchwood and New Forest.

N. rrrancutum. 1” 6’”—1” 8’. F.-w. pale brownish

with a slight rosy tinge; h. 1. black-margined on both sides;
i. 1. black-margined externally ;a dark brown spot before the
rhomboidal orb. st., and a dark brown spot between the stig. ;
on the costa before the subt. 1. is a blackish spot: h.-w. grey-
brown. VI.
Larva reddish ochreous, marbled with darker along the
back ;with some elongate black spots along the subdorsal line
on the 8th to 12th seg., most conspicuous on the 11th and
12th (Hub.) On various low plants. IV.
Bi. Brg.! Brs. Bu.! Ca.! Da. Ex. K.! Lw.! Ly.! M.!
Phy Ste Tae Weel ¥.

N. RnHomporeEa. 17” 5/”7—1” 8”, F.-w. dark brown,

with a faint purplish gloss; a conspicuous black spot from the
costa to the fold before the orb. st., and a blackish spot between
the stig., which are delicately margined with yellowish. Vail.
Larva reddish brown, with the dorsal and subdorsal lines
whitish, the latter interrupted on each segment, and connected
- above with a whitish spot (Freyer). On various low plants.
TeV
Brs. Da. Se.!! Wa. Wr.

N. prunnea. 1” 5’’—1 8’". F.-w. dark brown, with a

faint purplish gloss ; ren. st. conspicuously ochreous-grey, its
lower end dark grey; between the stig. is a dark brown spot;
before the subt. 1. the costa a little darker, but not forming a
conspicuous spot: h.-w. greyish brown, with the fringes rosy.
Vii.
Larva brown, marbled with yellow along the back; with”
some conspicuous yellow spots along the subdorsal line, which
is replaced by a series of black oblique streaks ; spiracular line
pale greyish yellow (Hub.) On various low plants. IV, V.
Bi. Brg.! Brs.! Bu.! Ca.! Da.! Hu.!! Ki! LiDe! iat
Ly.! M.! Se.!! St. Tn.! Wa. Wt! Ye!
 236

N. Festiva. 1” 3’’—1” 5’. F.-w. ochreous clouded

with grey or rosy; the stig. generally paler; lower half of the
ren. st. greyish; the space between the stig. dark; before the
orb. st. is generally a small dark brown spot ; beyond the el. 1.
is frequently a dark band; on the hind-margin is a row of
black dots. WI, VII.
Larva reddish, slightly mixed with ochreous and grey,
darkest along the back; with a row of oblong blackish spots
along the subdorsal line from the 5th to 12th segments (Hub.)
On various low plants. IV, V.
Abundant everywhere.

N. Danni. 1” 4’’—1” 6”, F.-w. reddish brown; cen.

sh. darker, but not forming a dark spot between the stig.; ren.
st. generally conspicuous from-its paler margins: h.-w. grey-
brown. VII, VIII.
Larva reddish mixed with grey, with paler dorsal and sub-
dorsal lines ; above the latter is a row of black dots in white
rings (Hub.) On various low plants. IV, V.
Brs. Ed. Hu.! L.D.! Lw. Ly, M.!: Pm.
N. suprosea. 1” 8’, F.-w. pale shining grey with a
strong rosy tinge ; stig. conspicuously paler ; a reddish brown
spot before the orb. st., and another between the stig. :h.-w.
et with a dull grey marginal band and central lunule.
Wi,
Larva greyish flesh-colour marbled with brown; dorsal and
subdorsal lines lemon-yellow, edged with brown; spiracular
line broad, sulphur-coloured (Gu.) On Myrica Gale (bog
myrtle). V, VI.
In the fens of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire.
N. seria, 1 8/”—1” §’", Fw. dull reddish brown,
with darker cen. sh., forming a dark brown spot between the
stig., which are conspicuous from their pale yellowish grey
margins. VI? VIII.
Larva greenish grey, with darker-edged white dorsal line;
spiracular line pale greenish ochreous, edged above with
darker, with faint indication of lateral oblique stripes along the
subdorsal line. On various low plants. VI, VIL
 237

Bi.! Brs.! Bu.! Ca.! Ed. Ex. Ha. K.! L.D.! Lw.!
feet Mt) PL! Sh. Tn.t Wa.!-Y.!

N. umprosa. 1” 5’”—1” 6”. F.-w. dull brown, with

darker lines and cen. sh. unusually well defined; stig. not
paler than the ground-colour, and with dark margins. VIII.
Larva whitish grey, with black subdorsal lines (T’revischke).
Qn grass and other low plants. IV, V.
Bi.! Brg.! Brs.! Bu.! Da. Ed.!! Ex.! Ha.! Hu. K.
L.D.} Lw. Ly.! M.! 8c. !! Sh. Wa. Wr. Y.!
N. pasa. 17 6/”7—1” 7". FE .-w. rather pale reddish
brown, sometimes with greyish tinge ; a conspicuous black
spot on the costa before the subt.1.; ren. st. dark grey, espe-
cially its lower half; cen. sh. darker, not forming a spot be-
tween the stig. VII.
Larva yellow-ochreous marbled with brownish, with yellow-
ish dorsal line edged with black ; yellowish subdorsal line,
from which, on the 5th to 12th seg., an oblique yellow streak
proceeds to the middle of the back (Hub.) On various low
plants. IV, V.
Common everywhere.

N. soprina. 1/7 4’”/—1’” 6”. F.-w. purplish brown; the

lines rather darker; the stig. barely outlined; the lower half
of ren. st. dark brown; the subt. 1. forms a pale line in the
dark hind-margin : h.w. grey-brown. VII.
Larva violet-grey marbled with yellowish white, with the
dorsal and subdorsal lines ochreous-yellow, interrupted ; spira-
cular line pale greyish, edged above with darker (Gu.) Poop
UNKNOWN.
Rannoch, in Perthshire.

[Link]. 1 5/’/—1” 7’. Fw. pale grey (with a

faint ochreous tinge) or reddish; lines faintly darker or indi
cated by black dots ; stig. slightly paler than the ground-
colour; the lower half of the ren. st. dark grey: h.-w. rather
dark grey. VIII.
Larva green when young, afterwards livid or brownish (Gu.)
 238

On twigs of heather at first, then on various low plants,

On heaths, sa0 a Oa ee,

N. xantHoerapHa. 1/7 5’”—1” 6’, F.-w. greyish

brown, with more or less of a reddish tinge; lines and central
band darker; stig. conspicuously pale ochreous-grey; lower
half of ren. st. dark grey; h.-w. whitish, with a rather broad
greyish hind-margin. VIII.
Larva greyish ochreous ; dorsal line paler; lateral line
whitish, surmounted by a row of black spots. On grass.
XI—IV.
Abundant everywhere.

Family V. ORTHOSIDZ.
Imago: autenne of the male pubescent or ciliated; abdo-
men not crested, often depressed ; fore-wings more or less
pointed at the tip; the two stigmata visible; the lower half of
ren. st. often dark grey; the lines distinct; the subt. 1. often
straight.
Larva cylindric, velvety, with no eminences; feeding on the
leaves of trees or low plants, and concealed during the day.
Pupa subterranean, enclosed in a cocoon of earth and silk,

The insects of this Family nearly all appear in early spring

or at the close of autumn, and are associated in the mind of
the collector with sallow-bloom and ivy-bloom. Some of the
Aanthias, it is true, appear in August; but only two species
appear in the middle of summer, Orthosia suspecta and wpsi-
lon. In the spring all the species of Teniocampa and Trachea
“appear, also hybernated specimens of Cerastis, Scopelosoma
satellitia, Dasycampa rubiginea, and Hoporina croceago. In
September we find species of Anchocelis and Xanthia, Orthosia
lota and macilenta. In October appear the Chestnuts (Ceras-
 239

tis) and Dasycampa rubiginea and Scopelosoma satellitia. Only

three of the Family are rare with us—Pachnobia alpina, of
which only two specimens are known; Cerastis erythrocephala,
which has only once occurred; and Dasycampa rubiginea, one
of the great prizes for autumnal sugarers. A few species are
local, such as Teniocampa leucographa, T. opima, Orthosia
suspecta, AXanthia gilvago, and Cirredia xerampelina. The
following species are so common that the young collector must
be very stupid if he does not take them the first year :—
Trachea piniperda, Teniocampa gothica, rubricosa, instabilis,
stabilis, munda and cruda, Orthosia upsilon, lota and macilenta,
Anchocelis rufina, pistacina, lunosa (these last two very fond of
light), and litwra, Cerastis vaccinii, spadicea, Scopelosoma
satellitia, Xanthia cerago, flavago and ferruginea.
Young collectors must be cautious not to admit the larva of
the Satellite (Scopeldsoma satellitia) into their breeding-cages,
as it has a depraved taste, and, instead of confining itself to a
vegetable diet, it eats with avidity other larve, not disdaining
even to eat those of its own kind. Yet the perfect insect will
be welcomed gladly, as on a mild night at the end of January
or in February it is already on the move, and perhaps one of
the first captures at sugar in the new year.

There are eleven genera in this Family, which are not very
easy of tabulation.
A. The stig. conspicuously pale. Genus 1. Tracuza; and
2. PACHNOBIA.
AA. The stig. not conspicuously pale.
“

B. Abdomen not flattened.

CO. F.-w. grey or reddish (ochreous in O. macilenta); ge-
nerally with lower half of ren. st. dark grey. Genus
3, TaniocaAMpa; and 4. ORTHOSIA.
 240

CC. E-w. grey or reddish; generally with paler veins;

lower half of ren. st. not darker. Genus 5. An-
CHOCELIS.
CCC. F.-w. yellow (reddish ochreous in X. ferruginea).
D. Hind-margin of f-w. not angulated. Genus 10.
XANTHIA.
DD. Hind-margin of f.-w. angulated. Genus 11.
CIRREDIA.
BB. Abdomen flattened.
EH. F-.-w. yellowish orange.
Ff. H.-w. white. Genus 9. Hoportna.
FF. H.-w. dark grey. Genus 8. Dasycampa.
EE. F.-w. reddish brown.
\
G. Hind-margin of f.-w. dentate. Genus 7.
ScorELOSOMA.
GG. Hind-margin of f.-w. not dentate. Genus
6. CERASTIS,

Genus 1. TRACHEA.
Imago: antenne of the male slightly ciliated; abdomen
short and hairy; fore-wings thick, with a hairy texture; the
stig. large and distinct.
Larva long, smooth, of bright colours ; feeding on fir trees.
Pupa subterranean.
T. prrperpa. 1” 3/7—1” §/”, Fw. reddish brown
varied with pale orange; the h. 1., i. 1. and el. 1. darker; orb.
st. whitish, with a pro-
longation towards the ren.
st., which has the margins
whitish, and is filled up
with orange. III, IV.
Larva green, with white
dorsal, subdorsal and spi-
racular lines, the latter
bordered beneath by an
orange line. On fir trees.
eat, VILE
Bi.! Ed. Hu. Ly. M.! Se.! Wa.! Y.!
 241

Genus 2. PACHNOBIA.
Imago: antenne of the male pubescent ;abdomen smooth;
fore-wings silky, with very distinct lines and spots.
Larva UNKNOWN.
P. auprina. 1 5/”. F--w. pale grey, beyond the middle
brownish ; the first three lines slender, dark grey; the subt.1.
composed of wedge-shaped black spots, Two OF WHICH EXTEND
TO THE REN. st.; orb. st. pale grey and not margined towards
the costa; ren. st. brown-grey; the cen. sh. between the stig.
darker; clay. st. outlined with black, but not very distinct :
h.-w. pale grey. VIII.
One taken by Mr. Douglas, in 1839, on Cairn Gowr, in
Perthshire, at an elevation of 3000 feet; a second taken by
Mr. Foxcroft, in 1854.

Genus 3. TaNIOCAMPA.

Imago: antenne ciliated in the male, or often pectinated;

abdomen smooth, a little depressed ;fore-wings entire, thick,
powdery ; the orb. and ren. st. well marked, the lower half of
the latter filled up with dark grey. The wings in repose form
a very sloping roof.
Larva long, smooth, attenuated im front and slightly
thickened behind; feeding principally on trees.
Pupa short, enclosed in a loose earthen cocoon.
_ All the species of this genus frequent the blooming sallows
in early spring.

There are eleven species, thus distinguished :—

A. A conspicuous black spot between the stig. and before the
orb. st. 1’. gothica. 5
AA. No conspicuous black spot between the stig. or before the
orb. st.
B. F.-w. reddish brown, with indistinct subt. 1.
 242

C. The stig. conspicuously paler. TT’. leucographa.

OC, The stig. only margined. T’. rubricosa.
BB. F.-w. pale or dark grey or ochreous; if reddish brown,
with a distinct subt. 1.
D. Subt. 1. distinct.
EK. Subt. 1. sharply indented near the costa. T.
instabilis.
EE. Subt. 1. hardly indented near the costa.
F. F.-w. grey or dark grey. TT’. opima.
FF. F.-w. reddish or brownish ochreous. T°.
stabrlis.
FFF. F.-w. pale greyish ochreous. 7’. gracilis.
DD. Subt. 1. indistinct.
G. Subt. 1. preceded by two small black spots.
T. populeti.
GG. Subt. 1. preceded by two large black spots.
T. munda.
GGG. Subt. 1. preceded by no black spots.
H. H.-w. white with a pink tinge. TZ’. mi-
niosa.
HH. H.-w. grey. T. eruda.

T. corntca. 1/7 8’’”—1” 5’”, Fw. greyish purple; the

h. 1.,i.1. and el. 1. dark brown or almost black; the subt. 1.
pale ochreous; stig. of the ground-colour, BUT THE SPACE BE-
TWEEN THEM AND UNDER THE ORB. ST. BLACK, and a small
black dash in the fold. ITI, IV.
Larva green, irrorated with yellowish dots; dorsal and sub-
dorsal lines yellowish ; spiracular line white (Hub.) On broom,
clover, lilac, &c. VI.
Common everywhere.

T. vevcograpHa. 1” 4’"—1/’ 5’”’. F.-w. reddish brown,

paler before the subt. 1.; the i.1. and el.1. faintly indicated by
black dots; oRB. sf. GREYISH OCHREOUS; ren. st. a little
darker, its lower half almost brown. eve
Larva green, sprinkled with brown and white dots; spiracu-
lar line rust-coloured, bordered above with black (Treitschke).
On plantain. VI, VIT.
L.D. Y. Leith Hill, near Dorking; Marlow.
 243

T. RuBRtcosa, 1” 3’’”—1” 5’””,_ F.-w. reddish grey; the

four Ines commencing as dark spots along the costa, but not
continued across the wing; a dark spot on the costa running
between the stig. ; lower half of the ren. st. brownish. II, IV.
Larva dull reddish brown; dorsal and subdorsal lines
whitish ; spiracular line white; a row of white dots above the
_subdorsal line (Hub.) Ondock. VI, VII.
Bi.! Brs.! Bu.! Ca.!! Da. Ed. Hu! K.!! Lw. Ly. M.!
Piese tSanstiw wer. Y.!

T. msraprnis. 1/ 4’”/—1” 6”, F.-w. pale grey, dark

grey or reddish grey; the subt.1. pale ochreous, the other
lines of variable intensity ; stig. with pale ochreous margins;
lower half of ren. st. blackish; the cen. sh. is also con-
spicuously darker. III, IV.
Larva green, dotted with black; dorsal, subdorsal and spi-
racular line yellowish green (Freyer). On oak, willow and
sloe. V, VI.
Common everywhere.

T. oprwa. 1” 5’”—1” 6’, F.-w. brownish grey; the

space between’the i. 1. and el. 1. generally darker ; the margins
of the stig. and subt. 1. pale ochreous. IIT, IV.
Larva brownish above; the sides yellowish green; the dor-
sal, subdorsal and spiracular lines paler (Gu.) On sallow. VI.
Bi.! Brs. L.D. M. Y.

T. poputert. 1774/’—1/ 5”. F.-w. grey with a faint violet

ns
tint; the lines commence as black spots on the costa; margi
of the stig. and subt.]. greyish ochreous, THE LATTER PRE-
CEDED BY TWO BLACK SPOTS NEARLY IN THE CENTRE. LL TV.
LARVA UNKNOWN.
Bi. Brs. Bu. Ca. Ct. Ha. K. L.D. M.! Site YC

T. srapinrs 17” 3’’—1” 5/”. F.-w. reddish ochreous.

rens
more or less clouded with grey, with dark grey cen. sh.;
the
st. nearly filled up with grey; margins of stig., subt. lL. and
veins running through it pale ochreous: h.-w. greyish brown .
pin, [Ve
¥2
 244

Larva pale green dotted with yellowish; dorsal and spiracu-

lar lines distinct, yellowish; subdorsal only indicated ; front
edge of 2nd seg. and line across the 12th seg. yellowish. On
elm and oak. VI, VII.
Abundant everywhere.

T. cractuis. 17” 5/1” 6”. Fuw. PALE GREYISH ,

ocHREOus: the lower half of ren. st. dark grey; subt. 1. pale
ochreous, preceded by a darker line: h.-w. whitish grey, with
darker lunule and spots before the hind-margin. III, IV.
Larva rather dark green; dorsal and subdorsal lines paler,
anda row of pale green dots between them; spiracular line
whitish, edged above with green (Freyer). On willow. V, VI.
Bi.! Brs. Cas Da. lx. Hu. K. LL.D. LwioWr Xe
T. mintosa, 1” 3’’’—1” 5’, EF-w. orange-grey, darkest
between the 1.1. and el.1.; orb. st. nearly of the ground-colour,
but with paler margins; ren. st. dark grey: h.-w. wHITISH,
WITH FAINT ORANGE TINT, with darker central spot and line
before the hind-margin. ITI, IV.
Larva blue; dorsal and subdorsal lines yellow; spiracular
line yellowish, with a row of whitish dots above it (Hreyer).
On oak. V. :
Ls! Laws Lye Yi

T. Munda. 1” 7/’—1” 8’, F-w. greyish ochreous, with

a reddish tint; subt. 1. indistinct, PRECEDED IN THE MIDDLE
BY TWO DISTINCT
BLACK ‘spots; lower
half of ren. st. dark
grey ; cen. sh. slight-
ly darker than the
ground-colour, III,
iN.
Larva brown; dor-
sal line yellowish grey,,
with a row of yellow-
ish dots on each side;
spiracular line pale
grey, edged above with dark grey ; beneath it is a conspicuous
 245

white spot on the 5th and 6th segment (F’reyer). On elm and
aspen. V, VI.
Bi. Brs.! Bu. Ca. Ex.! Ha, Hu. K. L.D. Lw. Ly. M.!
mii St. Wr. Y.
T. onupa. 1” 17/’—1" 2’, F.-w. pale brownish ochreous;
margins of stig. pale ochreous; REN..ST. DARK GREY; subt. 1.
very indistinct; the other three lies indicated by black dots.
rr TY.
Larva pale green, sometimes greyish or brownish ; dorsal
and subdorsal lines whitish green, between them a row of
dark green dots; spiracular line and incisions of the seg-
ments yellowish (Freyer). Onoak. V.
Common everywhere.

Genus 4. ORTHOSIA.

Imago: antenne of male pubescent; abdomen smooth, but

slightly hairy; fore-wings rather pointed at the tip, smooth,
sometimes shining, the lines and spots tolerably distinct; the
lower half of ren. st. blackish. The wings in repose form a
very sloping roof.
Larva thick, velvety, marbled; the spiracular line only con-
stantly distinct; feeding on trees or low plants; concealed by
day among bark or in the herbage.
Pupa subterranean, enclosed in an oval cocoon.

We have four species, which may be thus recognized :—

A. Subt. 1. wavy and not very distinct.

B. Subt. 1. preceded by a row of dark spots. 0. upsilon.
BB. Subt. 1. not preceded by a row of dark spots. O. sus-
pecta.
AA. Straight and very distinct.
C. F.-w. grey. 0. lota.
CG. F.-v. ochreous. O. macilenta.
O. suspecta. 17 1/”—1” 3’”. F.-w. reddish brown
with a faint violet tint; the first three lines darker; the subt.].
x¥3
 246

paler; stig. with paler margins, rarely paler than the ground-
colour. VII, VIII.
Larva UNKNOWN.
Hidecliete ie DMiel: ¥.

O. upsiton, 1’ 4”’—1’ 5’”, F.-w. purplish grey, with

darker cen. sh., most conspicuous between the stig.; subt. 1.
ochreous-grey, PRECEDED BY A ROW OF WEDGE-SHAPED BLACK-
isH spots. VIL.
Larva blackish brown; a broad paler dorsal stripe, enclosing
a central chain-pattern ; spiracular line ochreous-grey ; all the
legs very sprawling. On willow and poplar. VI.
Bie Bree!) Bul’ Cag! Hix! SKE ives wee

[Link]. 1 8//—1" 4”. FE -w. GREY, sometimes with

an ochreous tint; lower half of ren. st. blackish; subt. 1. pale
ochreous, preceded by a reddish line. IX, X.
_ Larva greyish brown with a violet tinge, with white dots;
dorsal line white, interrupted (Z'rettschke). On willow. V, VI.
Common everywhere.

O,. macttenta, 1” 4’”—1” 5’, F-w. YELLOWISH

ocHREOUS, with slightly darker cen. sh.; lower half of ren. st.
erey or blackish; subt. 1. pale yellow, preceded by a reddish
line; the other lines indicated by black dots. IX, X.
Larva veddish brown, with numerous white dots; dorsal,
subdorsal and spiracular lmes white; the head remarkably
small (Freyer), On beech. IV, V.
Bi.! Brg. ! Brs.! Ca.! Ct.! Da.! Huy KY li ii
Ty Mt! Shall St. Wises

Genus 5. ANCHOCELIS.

Imago: antenne of male slightly pubescent; abdomen not

crested, hairy at the sides; fore-wings pointed at the tip,”
smooth, slightly shining, often with the veins paler than the
ground-colour, with distinct lmes and spots. The wings in
repose form a very sloping roof.
Larva rather elongate, velvety, marbled, with distinct lines ;
 247

feeding on low plants, under which they are concealed

during the day.
Pupa subterranean.

Of this genus we have four species, which may be thus

recognised :—
A, H.-w. grey.
B. Hind-margin of h.-w. pale rosy. A. rujina.
BB. Hind-margin of h.-w. grey or dark grey.
C. Orb. st. very slender ; no black spot on the costa
before the subt. 1. A. pistacina.
CGC. Orb. st. of usual. form; a conspicuous black spot on
, the costa before the subt. 1. A. litura.
AA, H.-w. whitish, with grey marginal band and central
lunule. A. lunosa.

A. rurina. 1” 3’7—1/ 5’, F.-w. orange-grey, with a

tawny band between the h. 1. andi. 1.; tawny cen. sh., and
tawny band between el. 1. and subt.1., the lines themselves
being pale greyish ochreous, IX.
Larva orange; dorsal line paler, a row of whitish dots on
either side; spiracular line broadly white (Hub.) On oak. V.
Bi. Brg.! Brs.! Bu.! Ct.! Ed. Ex, Ha, Hu.! ihyUl:
Lw.! Ly.! M.! Se.!! Tn. !! Wa. Wr. Y.!

A. prstactna, 17 4/”—1’ 5’, F.-w. reddish grey or

greyish ochreous or reddish ochreous, with the veins sometimes
paler; the stig. dark grey, with paler margins; THE ORB. ST.
EXCEEDINGLY NaRRow; the lines are paler than the ground-
colour, but frequently with darker margins; along the costa
are 8 or 4 blackish spots: h.-w. erry, with darker central spot.
IBYLE
Larva green or dull ochreous, with white spots; the dorsal
and subdorsal lines darker; spiracular line whitish (Gu.) On,
various species of dock (Rumea). V, VI.
Bi.! Brg.! Brs.! Ca.! Ct.! Ex. Ha,! K.! Lw.!! Ly.
Sc.!! Sh.!! St. Tn. !! Wa.! Wr.! Y,!
 248

A. tunosa. 17 8/’—1/ 4’, F.-w. reddish ochreous or

greyish brown, generally with the veins paler; the yellowish
subt. l. preceded by a row of black spots; stig. grey or dark
grey; the orb. st. only slightly flattened; H.-W. WHITISH, WITH
GREY BAND NEAR THE HIND-MARGIN, and dark grey central
lunule. IX.
Larva dull greyish green, sometimes green ; dorsal and sub-
dorsal lines whitish; spiracular line slender, white, and bor-
dered above with black; the spots are black (Gu.) On grass.
IV.
Bi.! Brg.! Brs.! Ca.! Da. Hd. ! Hx.t KY! dD. } lie
Lyy PL Sei! Shol! St. Tn. Wat Wr.
AC aTuRA. . 1% "977" A ew. reddish Draownemal!
the lines commencing as black spots along the costa, THAT AT
THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE SUBT. L. THE LARGEST; orb. st.
generally of the ground-colour; ren. st. dark grey: h.-w. dark
grey. 1X; X.
Larva green or pale brown; the spots yellowish; spiracular
line whitish; dorsal and subdorsal lines and incisions of the
segments paler than the ground-colour (Freyer). On willow,
alder, and various low plants. VI, VU.
Common everywhere.

Genus 6. CERASTIS.
Imago: antenne of male pubescent; abdomen broad, much
flattened, not crested ; fore-wings smooth, shining; apex trun-
cate; hind-margin slightly denticulate, In repose the wings
are almost flat.
Larva elongate, velvety, dull-coloured, with the plate on the
2nd segment well marked ; feeding on low plants, under
which it is concealed by day.
Pupa subterranean.

There are three species, thus distinguished :—

A. Hind-wings rather pale grey, with paler central band. .
Vaccinit. .
AA. Hind-wings grey, with no central band.
 249

B. F.-w. dark reddish brown; stig. indistinct. C. spadicea.

BB. F. w. reddish ochreous or reddish brown ; the stig.
paler. C. erythrocephala. (Distinguished also by its
larger size).
+ ©, Vacorntr (Chestnut), 1/7 2’’—1”" 3’”, F-w. reddish
brown; THE LINES PALER; a dark band between the h. 1. and
i, l., and between the el. 1. and subt. ]. and darker cen. sh.;
lower half of ren. st. dark grey: h.-w. rather pale grey, gene-
er A PALE BAND beyond the middle. X, X1; IL h—

Larva dark brown: dorsal and subdorsal lines paler; the

spots pale grey; spiracular line greyish ochreous (Gu.) On
oak and on low plants. VI, VII.
Common everywhere.

C. spapicEA (Dark Chestnut). 1 2’”—1” 3’, F.-w.

dark reddish brown, wit HARDLY ANY DISTINCT MARKINGS;
lower half of ren. st. blackish; subt. 1. and sometimes the el. 1.
paler: h.-w. dark grey, WITH NO PALE BAND. X, XI; HT h—
sep Ih:
Larva dark brown; blackish brown between the subdorsal
and spiracular lines; these lines are pale brown; the less dis-
tinct dorsal line of the same colour (Gu.) On sloe, hawthorn
and low plants. V, VI.
Bi,! Brg,! Brs,! Bu. !! Ca,!! Ot.! Da.! Ha.! Hu. K.!
ie iaw.! Ly,! M.! Sh.! St. Tn, Wa, Wt.! Wr. Y.

C. erRyTHRocEPHALA. 1” 5’’—1” 7", F.-w. reddish

ochreous or reddish brown: the stig. greyish ochreous ; the
lower half of the ren. st. containing 2 or 3 black dots: h.-w.
grey, with no pale band. X, XI.
Larva brown-grey, with white dots; 2nd segment with a
black plate, in which are two white lines (T’reitschke). On low
plants. V.
Near Brighton ; one specimen in November, 1847.
In France this is as common in some localities as C,
Vaccinit.
 250

Genus 7. ScopELOsoMA.
Imago: antenne of male ciliated; abdomen smooth, much
flattened ; fore-wings oblong; hind-margin dentate. In repose
the wings are nearly flat.
Larva elongate, velvety, much attenuated anteriorly; feed-
ing on low plants, trees, &c., when young; afterwards car-
nivorous,

S. SATELLITIA (Satellite). 1/7 8’’—1’7 10’. F.-w. reddish

ochreous shaded with brown; the lines rather darker; orb. st.
of the ground-colour;
REN. ST. WHITE or bright
orange, WITH TWO MINUTE
spots of same colour aT
EACH END OF IT. X,X1L;
NSS Wein,
Larva dark black-
brown, with three white
lines on the back of the
2nd seg., and a white
spot on the 2nd, 8rd, 4th, 5th and 12th seg. below the spira-
cular line (Hub.) On oak, beech, elm, &e. V, VI.
Common everywhere: generally abundant.

Genus 8. DasycampPa.
Imago: antenne of male pubescent; abdomen smooth,
rather flattened ; fore-wings not denticulate, with distinct lines,
but dotted ; lower half of ren. st. very distinct.
Larva cylindrical, covERED WITH SHORT TUFTS OF HAIR :
feeding on low plants.
Pupa in a loose cocoon, mixed with earth.
In a group of insects where all the larve are so constantly
naked the occurrence of the hairy larva of this genus is rather
startling.

D.’ nupretnga, 1” 4”’’—1” 5’, Fw, pale yellowish

 251

orange, with numerous black dots; the lower half of ren. st.
forming a black spot. X, X1; HT h—IV h,
Larva yellowish brown, with a blackish spot on the back of
each seg. (Gu.) On oak and various other plants. VI, VIL.
Brg. Brs. Ex. Ly. Pl. Wr.; and of course Norbury Park,
Mickleham, Surrey.

Genus 9. Hoportna.

Imago: antenne long, slightly pubescent in male; abdo-

men smooth, much flattened ; fore-wings indented on the
costa, acute at the tip, with distinct lines and spots.
Larva not attenuated; head large, flattened; 12th segment
slightly humped; feeding on oak.
Pupa subterranean.

H. crocrago. 1” 3’’—1” 4’”. F.-w. pale orange; the

first 3 lines formed of black dots; the subt. 1. dark grey; the
cen. sh. is narrow, greyish
orange, and sharply. angu-
lated in the middles: h.-w.
white, with a dark grey cen-
tral band. X, XI; III h—
Vb:
Larva reddish yellow; a
row of oblique blackish lines
down each side of the back
from 5th to 12th seg., which
meet in the middle of the back (Gu.) Onoak. V, VI.
Brg. Lw. Ly. Tn. Wr.

Genus 10. XANTHIA.

Tmago: antenne of male slightly ciliated ;abdomen slen-
der, a little flattened; fore-wings, tip pointed, slightly falcate, ~
yellow or ferruginous, with distinct lines and spots; subt. 1].
often composed of dots. In repose the wings form a very
inclined roof.
Larva short, thick, attenuated in front; feeding in the
 252

catkins or buds of trees, at least when young; afterwards feed-

ing on low plants.
Pupa subterranean.

We have six species in this genus :—

A. F.-w. yellow.
B. F.-w. with lines; no blotches. X. citrago.
BB. F.-w. with blotches.
C. Head and front of thorax purple. X. flavago.
CC. Head and front of thorax yellow.
D. Hind-margin of f.-w. yellow; hind-wings white.
X. cerago.
DD. Hind-margin of f.-w. purple; hind-wings yellow-
ish. X. aurago.
AA, F.-w. ochreous. -
KE. H.-w. whitish. X. gilvago.
EE. H.-w. grey. X. ferruginea.

X. crrraco. 1” 4/’—1’" 5’, Fw. pale orange, with

the h. 1. and i. 1. slightly darker; the el. 1. and almost straight
cen. sh. brownish: h.-w. whitish. IX.
Larva grey; dorsal and subdorsal line whitish, the latter
edged above on each seg., with a black spot and three or four
white dots; spiracular line whitish, edged above with black
(Freyer). On lime. V, VI.
Bi.’ Brs. ! Ex. ! Ha, Hu. K. iw. M. Sh. Sti. cee
X. cerago. 1” 4’”—1” 6”, FE-w. pale yellow, with
dull purplish band near the base, and a broader irregular pur-
plish band beyond the middle; lower half of ren. st. dark grey;
head and front of thorax PALE YELLOW: h.-w. white. IX.
Larva violet-brown ; dorsal line bordered by two pale lines;
spiracular line greyish (Gu.) In the catkins of sallow; after-
wards on low plants. IV, V.
Bi. Brs.! Bu.!! Ca! Cte Da. Ed?) Ha Ha. DS see
Ly Mol Sev Sh. “St. Tat. Sem
X. ruavaco, 1 4-1" 5’, F.-w. deep orange, with
a purplish blotch on the costa near the base, and a broad
 253
irregular purplish one beyond the middle; lower half of ren.
st. dark grey; head and front of thorax purPLisH. IX.
Larva reddish brown, with numerous brown, red, yellow and
white dots, by which a paler lateral stripe is formed (Freyer),
On various low plants. VI.
Bi.! Brs.! Bu.! Ca.! Ct.! Da. Ed. Ex. Ha. Hu. Lw.
mM.t-Se. '! Sh. Se°[Link] Y-!
X. auraco. 17 $/7—1” 5’”, FE -w. DEEP ORANGE, with
greyish purple band near the base, and another beyond the
el. 1., which is only intersected by the orange subt. 1; stig.
(srs grey: h.-w. PALE ORANGE-GREY, whitish towards the
ase. ;
Larva grey, with oblique darker streaks (Treitschke). On
beech. V.
bee. Dis. Ha. St: Wy. Y-
X. eruvaco. 17 3/”—1" 5”. F.-w. OCHREOUS WITH A
GREYISH TINGE and dark grey markings; a broad dark grey
cen. sh., and dark grey band beyond the el. 1.; some blackish
spots generally before the subt. 1.; lower half of ren. st. dark
grey. IX.
LarvA UNDESCRIBED, because so common (Gu.) On the
seeds of the elm.
Bu. Ca. Sh. Y. Doncaster, Rotherham; Bourne, in
Lincolnshire.

X. Ferrvernga. 17 5/7—1” 7’. F.-w. REDDISH

ocHREOUS more or less tinged with grey, especially towards
the hind-margin, where the pale ochreous subt. 1. is preceded
by a REDDISH LINU; lower half of ren. st. dark grey; orb. st.
of the ground-colour, but very distinctly margined. IX, X.
Larva pale reddish brown, with many smaller darker spots ;
dorsal line paler, most distinct on the hinder segments ; spira-
cular line pale (T’veitschke). 2
On the young buds of the poplar. IV, V.
Common everywhere.
 254

Genus 11. Crrrapra.

Imago: antenne of male slightly ciliated ;abdomen smooth,
slender, hardly flattened: fore-wings dentate and distinctly
angulated ; lines well marked.
Larva short, thick, marbled ; living on ash.
Pupa subterranean.
C. xERAMPELINA. 1” 4’”—1/’5’”. Fw. deep yellow,
with purplish grey hind-margin, and BROAD PURPLISH GREY
BAND BETWEEN THE I. L. AND EL. L., but not reaching to the
costa, including, however, the darker ren. st. IX.
Larva greyish brown, marbled ; spiracular line paler, inter-
rupted, and edged with black; subdorsal line pale and edged
above with darker (Gu.) Onash. VII?
Brs. Bu. Ca. Da. Ha. Sc.! St. Wr. Y.

Family VI. COSMID.

Imago of moderate size; antenne generally simple; abdo-
men smooth, slender in male, often with a projecting ovipositor
in female ; fore-wings rather acute at the tip. Wings in
repose forming a very inclined roof. ;
Larva elongate, bright-coloured, rather flattened beneath ;
living enclosed between leaves of trees (in the style of a Tor-
trie larva).
Pupa short, often covered with a bluish dust; enclosed be-
tween leaves or amongst moss, or in earthen cocoons upon the
surface of the ground.

This Family is the least extensive we have yet come to

among the Nocruina, comprising only eight British species.
Some of them are pretty, from the contrast of colours or
sharpness of marking; and most of the species are common,
and, though a few are rather local, none seem actually rare.
The young collector may reasonably expect to meet with
 255

Tethea subtusa, Cosmia affinis and diffinis his first ‘season;

and of C. trapezina he will probably meet with more than he
likes (in his breeding-cage), the appearance of one being as
ominous as that of a large pike in a preserve of young trout.
Cosmia pyralina and Dicycla Oo may be met with readily by
Visiting their haunts; and a similar step would probably
result beneficially in supplying the collector with Euperia ful-
vago and T’ethea retusa.
As the Cosmie mostly appear during the wet weather so
prevalent at the end of July, there is perhaps, in the minds of
many collectors, rather an unpleasant association of ideas with
these insects.

The four genera in this Family may be thus tabulated :—

A. F.-w. dark olive-green. Genus 1. Trrnra.
AA. F.-w. ochreous. -
B. Stig. conspicuously whitish ochreous; the clav. st. dis-
tinct. Genus 3. Dicycna.
BB. Stig. hardly paler than ground-colour ; no clay. st.
Genus 2. HKupErta.
AAA. F.-w. reddish ochreous or reddish brown. Genus 4.
Costa.
Euperia may always be instantly separated from Cosmia by
the angulated inner line.

Genus 1. TETHRA.
Imago: antenne simple; thorax slightly crested: abdomen
flattened, hairy at sides; ovipositor of female not protruded;
fore-wings smooth and shining, the tip rather falcate, the lines ~
and spots very distinct.
Larva smooth, shining, flattened beneath, attenuated be-
hind; feeding between two leaves tied together with silk.
Pupa short, shining, not dusted.
Zao
 256

We have two species, very similar, but which may be thus

distinguished :—
A. L.1. and el. 1. almost parallel. TT. retusa.
AA. I. 1. and el. 1. converging at inner margin. T’. subtusa.

T. suptusa. 1” 1’’—1” 2’. F-w. olive-grey, with all

the lines and margins of the 3 stigmata pale yellowish; the
stig. are filled up with dark grey; THE I. L. Is NEARER THE
BASE ON THE COSTA THAN ON THE INNER MARGIN. VII, VILL
Larva yellowish green; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale yel-
low ; spiracular line pale yellowish ; head whitish green;
mouth black (Gu.) On poplar. IV, V.
Bi. Brs. Bu. Ca. Ex. Ha.! Hu. K. L.D. Lw. M.! St.
Wr. Y.

T. retusa. 17’—1” 1’, — F.-w. dark olive-brown; the 3

first lines and margins of the stig. pale yellowish; THE I. L.
NEARER THE BASE ON THE INNER MARGIN. THAN ON THE COSTA
(in fact, nearly parallel to the el. 1., which itself turns outwards
on the costa). VIII, IX.
Larva green, with the dorsal, subdorsal and spiracular lines
whitish; head black (Hub.) On sallow and poplar. V.
Ca. Tn. Wa. Wr. Y.

Genus 2. HUPERIA.

Tmago: antenne ciliated in male; abdomen slightly de-

pressed in male; female with protruded ovipositor; fore-wings
with rather indistinct markings, the two middle lines almost
parallel.
Larva smooth, elongate, almost cylindrical, with distinct
lines and spots; living exposed on trees.
Pupa covered with a violet dust, enclosed in an earthen
cocoon on the surface of the earth.

E, rutvaco, 1” 7”—1” 8’, F-w. pale ochreous,

faintly tinged with grey or pale orange, with darker cen, sh.;
i. 1. and el. l. orange or dark grey, the i. 1. sharply angulated.
VIII. o —_
 257

Larva pale green or greyish; dorsal and subdorsal lines

white; spiracular line whitish, edged above with black; the
spots whitish (Gu.) On oak and birch. VI.
L.D.; and Sherwood Forest. One at Lewisham, in 1846.

Genus 8. Dicycta.

Imago: antennz pubescent in male; abdomen rather de-

pressed in male, pomted and with protruded ovipositor in
femaie ; fore-wings not falcate, with all the lines and the three
stig. very distinct.
Larva elongate, slightly flattened, with large head, dull
colours and sharp markings; living enclosed m bundles of
leaves tied together with silk.
Pupa not dusted, enclosed in an oval cocoon placed on the
surface of the ground.
D. Oo. 17 8’’—1” 5’. F.-w. WHITISH OCHREOUS, with
the lines, cen. sh., margins of stig., and veins greyish brown ;
a broad greyish brown blotch near the base. VI.
Larva brownish black, with the dorsal, subdorsal and spira-
cular lines brilliant white (Gu.) Onoak. V, VI.
feb Ins Wr.

Genus 4, Cosmra.

Imago: antenne simple or slightly pubescent; abdomen

slender, conical; ovipositor of female not protruded; fore-
wings denticulated, with distinct lines, the el. 1. much indented
near the costa.
Larva smooth, rather flattened beneath, attenuated ante-
riorly; head small. Living within a packet of leaves united
with silk.
Pupa dusted, the hind part very pointed and conical; either
between leaves or in a cocoon on the surface of the earth. “

There are four species in this genus :—

A. F.-w. greyish ochreous or reddish ochreous. C. trapezina.
AA. F.-w. reddish brown.
z3
 258

B. H.-w. grey.
C, Two conspicuous white spots on costa of fw. @.
diffinis.
CC. No white spots on costa of f.-w. C. pyralina.
BB. H.-w. black or blackish. C. affinis.

C. Trapezina. 1/ 2/’—1/5’”", F.-w. greyish ochreous

or reddish ochreous, with darker central shade; the i. 1. and
el. 1. whitish and margined with dark grey; the i. 1. not angu-
lated; a black dot at the lower end of the ren. st. Vi, VIL.
Larva greenish, with the dorsal, subdorsal and spiracular
lines white; the spots black or dark green (Hub.) On oak,
birch, &. Especially fond of other caterpillars. V, VI.
Abundant everywhere.
©. PYRALINA, 177 QO’[S977 Ww vaddichs brown; the
i. ]., el. 1. and much angulated cen. sh. blackish: a white
streak on the costa beyond the el. 1. meets another from near
the apex: h.-w. erry. VIII.
Larva pale green; dorsal and subdorsal lines paler green ;
spivacular line yellowish, edged aboye with black; the spots
yellowish green; head dark green (Freyer). On plum and
pear. IV, V.
Sh. St. Tn. Wr.

OC. DIFFINis.. 1’ 077_7| 07" Ew reddinh brown, with

the lines all paler; the i]. and el. 1. form on the costa con-
SPICUOUS TRIANGULAR
WHITE Spots, Vt 9
VIII.
Larva pale green;
dorsal and subdorsal
lines whitish; spiracu-
line pale yellow; spots
black and circled with
white ; head black
(Freyer).
V On elm.
Brg.! Brs. Bu. Ca. Ex. Ha. K. Lw. Pll! St. Wa. We
Wr.
 259

C. arrints. 1/77 1/’—1” 2’, B.-w. dull reddish brown;

the lines all paler; whitish towards the costa; the darker cen.
sh. slightly angulated; orb. st. with a central black dot: h.w.
VERY DARK GREY 6R ALMOosT BLACK. VII, VIII.
Larva bluish green ; dorsal line broad, white; subdorsal and
spiracular lines narrow, white; head pale green (Gu.) On
elm. .V.
Brs.! Ca.! Ex.) Ha.!! K.! Lw. Ly. Pl! Sho! St!
Wa. Wt. Wr.

Family VIT. HADENIDZ.

Imago: antenne rather long; abdomen more or less
crested ; fore-wings thick, with the ordinary spots and lines;
the subt. 1. never completely straight, and often forming a W
in its middle. In repose the wings form a very inclined roof.
Larva elongate, smooth, not shining; the spots not raised:
‘sometimes having the 12th segment humped. Feeding ex-
posed or simply sheltered on trees or low plants.
Pupa shining, not dusted, and enclosed in oval cocoons, and
buried more or less deeply.
The following are the names of the genera included in this
Family:—1. Exemopra. 2. DiantHacra. 3. Hecatera.
4. Porta. 5. Dasypoura, 6. Epunpa. 7. VALERTA.
8. Mismura. 9. Acriopis. 10. PatogopHora. 11. Ev-
PLEXIA. 12. Aprecta. 18. HapEna.
This Family contains thirteen genera, five of which consist
of single species; three genera, Dianthacia, Hecatera and Eu-
plexia consist only of species of rather small size; the genera
Polia, Dasypolia, Miselia, Agriopis, Phlogophora and Aplecta
contain the largest in the Family; the remainder are of mo-
derate size; but few species are gaily coloured, and some are
very dingy. In the genus Hadena the indentation of the-
subt. 1., forming a W, reminds one of the genus Mamestra, in
the Family Apamipz. In the three genera Dasypolia,
Epunda and Valeria the antenne of the male are strongly
ciliated.
The demand for firm and constant characters is one we
 260

would very readily supply if we could, and of which we feel

the want as painfully as any of our readers can do. As
Guenée observes, this Family shades off by such imperceptible
gradations to the OrTHosip, APAMIDH and Xyxrnip#, that
it is often impossible to draw a precise line of demarcation.
But this is only a reproduction, on a small scale, of what
occurs throughout Entomology, and even in general Zoology.
Several of the HapENip# are among our commonest species
of Nocrus, such as the well-known Angle Shades (Phlogo-
phora meticulosa), Aplecta nebulosa and advena, Hadena pro-
tea, dentina and oleracea. These of course fall to the collector
his first season; and he may~also expect to meet with Dian-
thecia Cucubali, Polia flavocincta, Epunda viminalis, Miselia
Oxyacanthe, Agriopis Aprilina, Euplewia lucipara, Apleeta her-
bida, Hadena adusta, Chenopodii, Pisi and thalassina. Many
of the other species are local, others rather scarce. Dianthaecia
albimacula, Valeria oleagina, Miselia bimaculosa, Hadena
satura and assimilis are all very rare, and so was Phlogophora
empyrea till last autumn.

Genus 1. Eremosta.
Imago: antennee ciliated in male ; abdomen crested in both
sexes ; fore-wings subdentate, with confused markings.
Larva elongate; head large; spots darker, Feeding ex-
posed on the summits of grasses,
Pupa subterranean.

He OCHEOREUCA, Vp //iQenyn Ge Grit pale ochreous

varied with darker; a dark blotch from the middle of the costa
includes the orb. st.; opposite to it is a smaller dark blotch
on the inner margin; a brownish band between the el. 1. and
subt. 1. intersected by a black streak opposite the ren. st.:
h.-w. pale grey, with broad dark grey hind-margin. VII, VIII.
 261

Larva yellowish green; spiracular line pale yellow; spots

black (Gu.) On grasses. V, VI.
Brg.! Brs. Lw, St. Y.

Genus 2. DIANTH#CIA.
Imago: antenne pubescent; abdomen crested at the base,
in female terminating in an elongate cone, with a more or
less protruded ovipositor; fore-wings marbled with distinct
lines and spots, and the fringe varied ; hind-wings with a
small spot at the anal angle.
Larva smooth, velvety, attenuated at each end; head small;
generally with oblique marks along the back. Feeding on
Silene, Lychnis, &c., eating the seeds, and remaining, when
young, rolled up in the capsules or buds.
Pupa terminating in a sharp point, the wing-cases protruding
considerably beneath.

We have five species in this genus :-—

- A. F.-w. with no central white blotch.
B. F.-w. ochreous. D. carpophaga.
BB. F.-w. brown or purplish brown.
C. Stig. united at their lower end. D. Cucubali.
CC. Stig. not united. D. capsincola,
AA, F.-w. with central white blotch.
D. F.-w. purplish black. D. conspersa.
DD. F.-w. olive. D. albimacula.

D. carpopHaca. 17 38’”—1” 4’”. F-w. PALE BROWNISH

OcHREOUs varied with darker; the clay. st. dark brown; the
other stig. and lines pale ochreous; the subt. 1, preceded by
2 or 3 wedge-shaped blackish spots. VI, VII.
Larva dark grey, with the dorsal line broadly whitish ; sub-
dorsal and spiracular lines pale grey; head reddish, with two -
dark brown lines (Hub.) On Silene inflata. VIII.
Brg.! Brs. Ca. Ha. Lw. Y.

D. capstncona. 1” 4’”—1” 6/’,. F.-w. brown, with

 262

darker markings; the margins of the stig. pale ochreous, nor

UNITED ; subt. 1. much waved, pale ochreous. VI.
Larva greenish grey; dorsal line darker, with an oblique
streak proceeding from it on the back of each seg.; on each
side of it is a row of black spots ; subdorsal line indistinct;
spiracular line broad and paler than the ground-colour (Gw.)
On Lychnis dioica. VII, VIII.
Bi.! Brg. Brs. Bu. Ca.! Da. Ed. Ex. Hu. Lw. M. St.
Wray,
D. Cueupatr, 1” 321 5”, BLw. brown iwith slight
purple tinge and darker markings ; the margins of the orb. and
ren. stig. pale ochreous, and UNITED AT THEIR LOWER ENDS
;
subt. 1. pale ochreous, much waved. VI.
Larva anteriorly brownish orange, posteriorly greenish yel-
low; subdorsal line indicated by a row of white dots;
from it
slope some dark streaks towards the faintly indicated dorsal
line ;spots white. On Silene inflata. VII, VIII.
Brs. Bu. Ca.! Da. Ed. Hu. L.D. Lw. M. Sc.! St. We
Wr. ¥: :
D, auBrmacuna.- 17 4’/*,)) Baw, OLIVE-BROWN, darker in
the middle; the 4 lines black, neatly edged with white;
orb.
st. edged with black, white, with an olive centre, place
d in the
middle of a large white blotch extending from the costa;
ren.
st. margined with black, with a little white towar
ds the base,
the rest olive: fringes chequered dark olive and white. VT.
Larva ochreous-yellow; dorsal line dark grey, with oblique
lines proceding from it on each seg.; a row of black spots on
Ea side ;subdorsal line pale grey (Gu.) On Silene nutans.
Vif.
Taken near Birchwood in 1816 ; one specimen.

D. conspersa. 1/3/71" 4",

F.-w. dark grey, with pure white
markings ; the oRB. sTIG. AND A
BLOTCH BELOW IT WHITE; the ren.
st. pale grey ; the lines whitish,
margined with dark grey; a whitish
dash along the inner margin, VI,
VII.
 268

Larva reddish ochreous; dorsal line grey, with oblique

lines from it on each seg.; spiracular line whitish, edged above
with grey (Gu.) On Silene inflata and nutans ; most par-
tial to Lychnis Flos-cuculi.
Brg.! Ca. Ed. Ha. L.D. Lw. M. Sc.! Y.

Genus 8. HrcaTEra.
Imago: antenne pubescent in male; abdomen hardly
crested, hairy at the sides; the female not with a protruding
ovipositor ;fore-wings with the two middle lines approximating
on the inner margin, and enclosing a darker band.
Larva elongate; head small; no oblique dorsal stripes.
Feeding on flowers of low plants, especially Composite, quite
exposed.
Pupa with the apex pointed; without any prolongation of
the wing-cases ; enclosed in subterranean cocoons.

There are two species, readily distinguished by the ground-

colour of the fore-wings, which is white in H. serena and grey
in H. dysodea.
H. pysopea, 1/7 3’’—1" 4’", F-w. PALE GREY; the
first 3 lines whitish; the space between the i. 1. and el. 1. dark
grey, all except the stig., which are pale grey; subt. 1. very
indistinct. VIL
Larva reddish green or dull brown; dorsal line darker;
spiracular line pale green, edged above with dark brown;
spots black (Gu.) On flowers and buds of lettuce. VII,
VII.
Ca. St. Wr.
H. serena. 1” 3/’—1’ 4’, F.-w. wire; the lines
white and margined with grey; space between the i.1. and
el. |. dark grey; the margins of the stig. pale; a dark grey
blotch on the costa before the subt. 1., which is rather indis-
tinct and preceded by four black spots. VI, VII.
Larva grey; a dark grey quadrate spot on the mlddle of
each seg. on the back; spiracular line pale grey; incisions of
 264

the seg. whitish (Hub.) On hawkweed or sow-thistle. VII,

VIII.
Brg.! Ca.! Da. Ha.! Lw. Pl. Sh. St. Wa. Wt.

Genus 4. Pout.
Imago: antenne of male slightly ciliated; abdomen elon-
gate, crested on the anterior seg.; fore-wings cloudy, with the
lines and spots rather confused.
~ Larva smooth, elongate, of lively and uniform colours; head
large. Feeding exposed on herbaceous plants, generally ex-
tended along the stems.
Pupa smooth, the apex rather long; enclosed in a subterra-
nean cocoon.
There are only two species in this genus, thus distinguished :
—P. Chi has a distinct x-lke mark, which P. flavocincta has
not.

P. Car. 1” 5’’—1” 6”. FF -w. whitish grey; the mar-

gins of the stig. and lines darker; the subt. 1. preceded by a
row of wedge-shaped black spots; a SHORT BLACK STREAK
FORKED AT EACH END BELOW THE sTIG. VIII, LX.
Larva sea-green on the back, grass-green on the sides;
subdorsal line. whitish; spiracular line whitish yellow
(Treitschke). On lettuce, sow-thistle, &c. V.
Bi.! Bu. Da.! Ed.! Hu.!! L.D. M.! Se.! St. Y.

P. ruavoornora. 1” 6/”—1” 9’’’, F-w. pale grey varied

with darker, and faintly suffused wirH PALE ORANGE; a darker
cen. sh., and sometimes a row of darker spots before the
subt. 1. VIII, IX.
Larva yellowish green; spiracular line yellow, edged above
with black; spiracles reddish white, edged with black (Gu.)
On ee ek (Alsine media) and numerous other low plants.
V—VII.
Brg.! Brs.! Ca.! Ot. Da.! K. Se.!! St. Wa.! We.
Wr. Y.
 265

Genus 5. Dasypomta.
Imago: antenne ciliated in male; thorax robust, woolly;
abdomen short, thick, hairy above and at the sides; fore-wings
broad, with long fringes, cloudy, with distinct lines and spots ;
hind-wings indented on hind-margin.
LARVA UNKNOWN.

D. Tempr. 1” 8/’—1”% 10’ . Few. dull greyish

ochreous ; the i. 1. and el. 1. darker; the pale subt. 1. preceded
by a dark line; stig. very indistinct, hardly margined : h.-w.
pale greyish, with a slight ochreous tint, and with two darker
fines. “X, XI; IT h, Tit h.
Bi. Brs. Hu. M. Pl. Y. Fond of hiding itself amongst
stones.

Genus 6. Epunpa.
Imago: antenne strongly ciliated in male; abdomen
slightly crested, hairy at sides; fore-wings rather shining in
certain lights, with well-marked lines and spots.
_ Larva elongate, smooth, of lively colours; living exposed,
extended along the stems of low plants.
Pupa subterranean,

There are four species, thus recognised :—

A. F'.-w. brown or black.
B. Hinder edge of ren, st. conspicuously pale ochreous.
» EE. nigra.
BB. Hinder edge of ren. st. not conspicuously pale. | HL.
lutulenta.
AA. F.-w. pale grey.
C. F.-w. with a strong greenish tinge, and no black
streak from the base. LH’. lichenea.
CO. F.-w. not tinged with green, and with a black
streak from middle of base. £. viminalis.

Qa
 266

EH. turuuenta. 1” 6/’—1” 7”, F.-w. DARK BROWN,

sometimes blackish; the margins of the stig. hardly indicated;
the i. 1]. and el. 1. sometimes visible, and the space between
them darker: h.-w. of ¢ white, of 2 grey. X.
Larva green, sometimes with a rosy tinge: dorsal line dark
green ; subdorsal and spiracular lines whitish (Boisdv.) On
various low plants. IV.
Bi. Bee, Car Li. tte Wks ot4

ie Naa, 17/7
__ 718" ow. BLAGK > the ing -mar
gin of the ren. st. CONSPICUOUSLY WHITISH ; beyond it are
3 or 4 pale yellow dots on the costa; the cen. sh. and a
blotch below the orb. stig. are of a deeper black: h.-w. of the
$ whitish, of the 9 grey. IX.
Larva yellowish green ; dorsal and subdorsal lines pale
violet ;_spiracular white, edged above with blackish (Gw.)
On chickweed and dock. X to VI.
1. Iw. iby. Pi.

HE. viminaris. - 1/7 4’’—1”" 5’, FB-w. pale grey, with

whitish markings; A BLACK DASH FROM THE CENTRE OF THE
BASE; the inner margin of the ren. st. black; below it the
el. ], appears as a black line in continuation, from which a
V-like mark proceeds towards the i. 1. VII.
Larva green; dorsal, subdorsal and spiracular lines and
incisions of the seg. white (Roesel.) On willow. V.
Brg. -Brs. Bu. Calf Cet Rds Ws: Ha.) Naeetiget Ly.
St. Tn. Wt. Wr. Y.!

HE. ticnenga.’ 1” 4’”—1” 5’, E-w. GREENISH grey,

with the lines darker; the stig, pale grey; the subt. 1. pale
grey, preceded by some dark spots: h.-w. of the 3 white, of
the 2 grey, with darker line beyond the middle and central
lunule, and the veins darker. VIII, IX.
Larva dark green, inclining to olivaceous, with three rows
of dusky black markings along the back; spiracular line pale
ae (Brockholes). On ragwort and other low plants. XI—
Bi Br. PL
 267

Genus 7. VALERIA.
Imago: antenne strongly ciliated in male; abdomen
crested ; fore-wings toothed, with long fringes, and with dis-
tinct lines and spots.
Larva attenuated posteriorly ; first three seg. much swollen,
bigger than the head. _It feeds exposed on shrubs.
Pupa enclosed in a cocoon formed of earth and silk.

V. orzacina. 17 7’”—1” 8’, F.-w. dull greenish ; the

ren. st. conspicuously white; the orb. st. only outlined with
whitish ; the subt. 1. yellowish green and much indented:
h.-w. whitish, with a brownish hind-margin, and transverse
black line beyond the centre. III, IV. (Freyer says some-
times in autumn).
Larva dark brown, paler anteriorly ; spiracular and subdor-
sal lines ochreous-brown; from subdorsal line a row of oblique
ochreous streaks to the dorsal line (Preyer). On sloe. V, VI.
Fishguard, in Pembrokeshire; one in July, 1800.

Genus 8. Mises.

Imago: antenne thickened in male; abdomen crested,

rather slender’in male, very stout in female ;‘fore-wings thick,
dentate; the stig. very large; hind-wings with a black spot
near the anal angle.
Larva elongate, convex above, flattened beneath ; prolegs
very long; head larger than neck; 12th seg. rather humped. .
Feeding on trees. i
Pupa enclosed in an oval cocoon formed of silk and earth.

This genus contains two species, easily distinguished by the

hind-wings ; thus :—
A. H.-w. pale grey, with a central brown blotch. M. bima-~
'
culosa.
AA. H.-w. pale brown, with no central brown blotch. .
Oxyacantha.
2a 2
 268

M. Oxyacantuz. 1” 5’”’—1” 8’”,- FB-w. pale REDDISH

BROWN, with a greenish tinge along the inner margin; i. l. and
el. 1. black; a black dash from the base through the middle of
the i. 1.; beyoud the el. 1. on the inner margin is a WHITISH
CRESCENT, IX, X.
Larva greyish brown or reddish brown, marbled with black,
white and brown; dorsal line slender, black; the spots
whitish (Gu.) On hawthorn and sloe. WI, VIL.
Common everywhere ; generally abundant.

M. BrmacuLosa. 2/9” 9/7 1}w. pate a@REY yakied

with darker; the middle of the i. 1. black; the ren. st. whitish,
with a black dash through its lower end: h.-w. pale greyish
brown, WITH A LARGE CENTRAL BROWN SPOT and another
at, the
anal angle. VIII.
Larva brown, anteriorly darker; the spots white; spiracu-
lar line paler, edged above with dark; on the 12th seg. are
two greyish points on the back (Treitschke). Onelm. VY.
Once near Bristol, in 1815.

The Parisian entomologists say we don’t know how to look

for this insect. They find the larve in the crevices of the
bark of elm trees.

- Genus 9. AgRropts.
Imago: antenne pubescent, with a tuft of hair at the base
abdomen robust, slightly crested; fore-wings thick, with ;
very
distinct lines and spots.
Larva thick, smooth, cylindrical, with well-marked ;lines
living on trees, concealing itself in the bark during the
day.
Pupa rounded in front, very pointed behind: enclosed
earthen cocoon, and buried to a very great depth. in an

A, APRILINA. [¢* Pe Eyer)? ete pale green, with

the margins of the stig., cen. sh. and lines
black, edged with ~
whitish ; HEAD AND FRONT OF THORAX PALE
GREEN; TOP OF
THE COLLAR BLACK. IX, X,
 269

Larva reddish grey, streaked with black; dorsal line

blackish ; spots white, large (@u.) On oak. VI.
Common everywhere ; generally abundant.
By the character emphasized this can with certainty be di¢-
tinguished from Diphtera Orion, which has the front of the
thorax black and top of the collar green.

Genus 10. PuHnocopHora.

Imago: antennz pubescent; abdomen long, hairy at the

sides, slightly crested; fore-wings oblong-dentate, sometimes
scolloped on the hind-margin, the two middle lines almost
- meeting on the inner margin; in repose they form a very
inclined roof, and are sometimes even folded, giving the insect
a very elongated appearance.
Larva cylindric, smooth, velvety, with oblique streaks along
the back, almost polyphagous; feeding on low plants, and con-
cealing itself under the leaves during the day.
Pupa in a subterranean cocoon.

There are only two species, including the recent addition,

P. empyrea, which is immediately recognised by the pale inner
margin and ren. st., as well as by the unscolloped hind-mar-
gin, the indentations of which form so conspicuous a character
in P. meticulosa.

P. mericutosa (The Angle-shades). 17 1/’—2’, F.-w.

pale ochreous, with a faint rosy tinge; an olive-brown patch
2a3
 270

on the inner margin before the i. 1.; a dark, triangular, brown

blotch between the i. 1. and el. 1.; the orb. st. and ren. st.
both of an oblong form and confluent. VI and IX, X.
Larva green or brownish, with numerous pale dots; the
slender dorsal line white and interrupted; the spiracular line
pale; the spiracles white (Gu.) On all low plants. XI—IV
and VII, VILLI.
Abundant everywhere,

P. empyrea. 1” 10’’—1” 11’. F.-w. purplish brown,

with darker blotches near the base below the stig. and on each
side of THE REN. sT., which Is CONSPICUOUSLY PALE YELLOW-
ISH, WITH A WEDGE-SHAPED PROLONGATION FROM ITS LOWER
END TOWARDS [Link]; a narrow whitish yellow streak along
the inner margin. IX, X. ~ eri
Larva greyish green or greyish brown, with pale dorsal and
subdorsal lines, and a row of darker lozenges along the back ;
the spots yellowish white (Boisdv.) On various low plants;
rather partial to pilewort. II—Y.
Brighton and Lewes.

Genus 11. Euriexta.

Imago: antenne pubescent in male; abdomen hairy at

sides, crested, and with a very thick crest on 3rd seg.; fore-
wings dentate but not scolloped, broad, thick, with spots and
lines distinct, slightly folded im repose.
Larva smooth, velvety, swollen posteriorly, with ill-marked
lines; head small. Feeding on herbaceous plants.

KH. Luctpara, 1" Q””’ 1’ 3’. B.-w, greyish rosy, with

a dark central band almost black, beyond which the ren. st. is
conspicuously whitish; orb. st. is large, but rather indistinct;
the hind-margin is blackish. VI, VIL.
Larva green; dorsal line paler, with oblique dark streaks
running to it; spots whitish; spiracles black (Hub.) On
various low plants, foxglove, &e. VIII, IX.
Common everywhere.
 271

Genus 12. Arnrora.

Imago: antenne pubescent in male; abdomen long, hairy,
slightly depressed, slightly crested on anterior seg.; fore-wings
oblong, thick, subdentate; the stig. large and distinct; the
‘lines rather distinct: in repose they form a slightly inclined
roof.
Larva cylindrical, long, thick, smooth, of dull colours, gene-
rally with oblique marks along the back; feeding on low
plants, under which it is concealed during the day.
Pupa subterranean.

We have five species in this genus.

A. F.-w. green. A. herbida.
AA. F.-w. brown. <A. advena.
AAA. F-w. grey.
B. F.-w. dark grey; orb. st. conspicuously pale. A. occulta.
BB. F.-w. pale grey; subt. 1. sharply angulated at imner
margin. A. nebulosa. ’
BBB. F.-w. silvery grey; subt. 1. only slightly curved at
inner margin. A. tincta.

A. HERBIDA. 1 8’’—92’’. F.-w. GREEN; the lines black,

distinctly margined with pale green, except the subt. 1; a
white dot near the, inner margin before the i. l., and 3 or 4
beyond the el. 1., placed on the veins; ‘stig. inconspicuous;
ren. st. almost filled up with dark grey. VI, VII.
Larva dark grey, with a purplish tint; the dorsal and sub-
dorsal lines whitish, the intermediate space darker (Hub.)
On various low plants. VIJI—IV.
Brg.!! Brs.! Ct. Da. Ex.-Ha. Hu.!! L.D. Lw. Ly. M.!
Pi Sc. ot. Tn. ! Wt. Wr.Y.
A. occutta. 2/”—2’” 3’”. F.-w. grey; the base, hind-
margin and cen. sh. dark grey; the lines pale grey; ons. sr.
LARGE AND CONSPICUOUS, WHITISH ; ren. st. less distinct, filled
up with dark grey; clay, st. distinct and sometimes whitish:
h.-w. dark grey; fringes white. VU, VUI.
 272

Larva black on the back, yellowish grey on the sides; dor-

sal and subdorsal lines yellowish white; spots whitish (Hwb.)
On dandelion and other low plants, IV, V.
fs a6 Ol ys Bra ea i a

A. NEBULOSA. 1” 1/7” —2” 2”, F.-w. pale grey, almost

whitish ; transverse lines indistinctly darker; the cen. sh.
forms between the stig.a dark grey blotch; a dark grey ‘spot
near the inner margin precedes the subt.1., which is there
much angulated; orb. and ren. st. both large and pale; clay.
st. distinct, but rounded. VI, VII.
Larva pale brown; dorsal line whitish, running in'the cen-
tre of a row of dark brown lozenge-shaped spots, -of which the
anterior half is the paler; spiracular line edged above with
blackish (Boisdv.) On dock and other low plants. IV, V.
Common everywhere ; frequently abundant.
A, tiveta, 1’ 11” —2”. F--w. sttvery Grey, with slight
rosy tinge towards the costa and hind-margin ; a reddish
brown streak on the inner margin precedes the subt. 1, which
is there NEARLY STRAIGHT ; a similar blotch lies nearly before
the middle of the subt. 1, (the 8 stig. are all distinct, but smaller
and neater than in A. nebulosa), WI, VIL.
Larva dull greyish brown; the dorsal: and subdorsal lines
whitish ; a dark stripe on each side of the dorsal line (F/reyer).
On grass and other low plants; alsoon birch. IV, V.
Pl. Tn. Wr. Birch and Darenth Woods.
A, ADVENA, 1” 8/”—1”" 11/”, F-w. PALE Brown with a
very faint pale rosy tint; orb. and ren. st. paler, hinder mar-
gin of ren. st. especially; the whitish subt. l. is ancuLaTED
near the inner margin, where it is preceded by a small brown
spot. VI, VII.
Larva pale greyish brown; dorsal line pale; the edges of a
series of lozenge-shaped spots along the back are dark brown,
and a similar zigzag line runs below the subdorsal line; spots
black (Boisdv.) On various low plants. ILI, IV?
_Brg..Brs.! Cat! Ct,! Da. Hd. ! Ha. !K. Di! dw. Ly.
lime. | (
Comes very freely to flowers.
 e.
Genus 18. HaprEna.
Imago: antenne pubescent, rarely pectinated in male; ab-
domen often crested, robust in female; fore-wings thick, den-
tate or subdentate, rather narrow, often with the 3 stig.
distinct, sometimes with a forked pale spot beneath the ren. st. ;
subt. |. distinct, forming a W in its middle.
Larva smooth, elongate, not flattened, cylindric, rather
brightly coloured ; living on trees or low plants.
Pupa subterranean.
A. F.-w. with a central flesh-coloured spot. H. Atriplicis.
AA. F.-w. without any flesh-coloured central spot.
B. A dark streak from the middle of base of f.-w., the space
between it and the costa being pale.
C. El. 1. conspicuously whitish towards inner margin,
and not indented. H. rectilinea.
CC. El. 1. not conspicuously whitish, and indented.
D. From the clav. st. a dark dash proceeds to the el. 1.
EK. Subt. 1. pale grey. A. W-latinum.
EE. Subt. 1. yellowish.
F. A paler band between the el. 1. and subt. 1.
HZ. contiqua. ;
FF. Space between el, 1. and subt. 1. of the dark
ground-colour. H. thalassina. .
DD. From the clay. st. no dark streak proceeds to the
ell. H. suasa.
BB. No dark streak from base of f.-w., nor any pale basal
costal blotch.
G. F.-w. brownish red,
H. Subt..1. slender, whitish, and with a dis-
tinct W. HH. oleracea.
HH. Subt. 1. broad and pale yellow; W
indistinct. H. pist. g
GG. F.-w. brown, with a faint reddish tinge. -
I. Ren. st. and subt. 1. pale reddish brown.
HZ, assimilis,
IJ. Ren. st. and subt. 1. greyish. H.
adusta. ,
 274

III. A conspicuous@arge black blotch be-

low the stig. H. satura.
GGG. F.-w. grey.
K. F.-w. with more or less of a greenish
tinge. H. protea. }
KK. F.-w. with no greenish tinge.
L. The three stig. pale. H. glauea.
LL. The two stig. and blotch beneath
them pale. H. dentina.
LLL. None of the stig. pale. H.
Chenopodit.

H. satura. 1 1’’—”, FE .-w. dark reddish brown; the

lines and stig. paler; A CONSPICUOUS BLACK BLOTCH BELOW
THE sTic., and a smaller black blotch at the base of the inner
margin; beyond the subt. 1. are a few black spots. VIII.
Larva reddish brown, with numerous short grey streaks;
the dorsal and subdorsal lines pale greyish ;the spiracular line
and belly yellowish; the incisions of the seg. flesh-coloured
(Freyer). On honeysuckle, VI.
Two specimens only have occurred, one inOxfordshire and
one in Cambridgeshire.

H. assrmrnis. 1” 7’’’—1’ 8’. F\-w. dark reddish brown,

almost black; the lines and stig. paler, hinder half of ren. st.
conspicuously so; beyond the el. 1. is a row of whitish dots:
h.-w. GREY, with reddish ochreous fringes. WII.
Larva UNKNown.
Rannoch, Perthshire, and Isle of Arran.

H. apusta. 1” 7/’’—1"" 10’”. EF-w. pale brown, with

darker blotches, one at the base along inner margin, and one
along the fold between the i. 1. and el: 1.; the stig. pale browns
HINDER EDGE OF REN. ST. OFTEN WHITISH; the yellowish
subt. |. is frequently preceded by a row of wedge-shaped dark
spots: h.-w. wurrisH, with margins, veins, and central spot
brownish. VI, VII.
Larva dull reddish, marbled with green on the back (beneath
entirely green); dorsal line indicated by dark blotches at the
 275

junction of the seg.; spiracular line whitish. On various low

plants. VII, VIII.
Bi.! Brg.! -Brs. Bu.! Ca.! Ct. Da. Ed.! Ha.! Hu.
L.D.! Lw. M.! Se. St. Y.!

H. protza. 1” 3’/”—1” 4’. F.-w. dull greenish, more

or less marbled with white or rosy; the stig. generally con-
spicuously paler, and a pale blotch obliquely beneath the
orb. st.; the most distinct line is the subt. 1., which is gene
rally whitish. IX.
Larva green; the dorsal and spiracular lines and the inci-
sions of the seg. whitish (Hubd.) Onoak. VI.
Common everywhere.
H. etavea. 1” 4’”—1” 6’”, F-w. grey; the 3 stig.
conspicuously paler; the first 3 lines rather indistinct; the
subt. 1. distinct, yellowish white, and not sharply angulated at
the inner margin, preceded by a row of wedge-shaped blackish
spots. VI. .
Larva reddish ochreous, marbled with blackish on the back ;
subdorsal line black, slightly interrupted; spiracular line dark
grey; the spiracles and six dots on the top of 2nd seg. white
(Hub.) On coltsfolt? VII, VOL
Ed. Hu. L.D. M.! Sh. St.
H. pentina. 1” 3/’—1” 5’, F.-w. pale grey, with a
faint yellowish tinge; space between the i. 1. and el. 1. dark
greyish brown, excepting the 2 stig., the vein on which they
rest, and sometimes a blotch beneath it, which are pale
whitish grey ;before the subt. 1. is a rather distinct pale band.
VI, VIL.
Larva dull olive-grey, brownish along the back, with a row
of triangular black spots above the subdorsal line; head red-
dish brown (Hud.) On dandelion and other low plants, pre-
ferring the roots. V? VI? ;
Common everywhere.

H. Ouenopopu. 1” 5’’—1” 6’”. F.-w. grey; the first

3 lines slightly paler; the subt. 1. often conspicuously paler,
 276

sometimes yellowish ; orb. st. often with a pale margin; ren.

st. with a dark grey blotch at the lower end. VI, VI.
Larva green; spiracular line red edged with white; subdor-
sal line sometimes blackish, often of the ground-colour (Boisdv.)
V? and IX. On goosefoot (Chenopodium) and orach (Atri-
plex).
Brg.! Brs. Ca. Ex. K. Lw. Sh. Wa. Wr.
H. Arripuicis.. 1” 8’’—1” 11”. F.-w. greenish grey;
ren. st. of an enormous size, containing within it a slender
white streak ;, BENEATH IT IS A CONSPICUOUS PALE FLESH-
COLOURED OBLIQUE BLOTCH ; the subt. 1. very distinct and
whitish. VI.

Larva dull greenish brown; dorsal line black; spiracular

line broad, pale reddish; spiracles white (Boisdv.) VIII, IX.
On dock, goosefoot, Persicaria, &e.
Ca. !! MM.

TH. syasils, 10 57 Bur a pale brown ; the hind-

margin dark brown; subt. 1. conspicuously yellowish
white,
much indented in the middle; a short black streak
near the
middle of the base; orb. st. of the ground-colour ; lower half
of ren. st. darker; clay. st. dark brown. Wik
Larva flesh-colour dotted with yellowish ; the dorsa
l and
subdorsal lines bluish; the spiracular line yellow (Dup.
) On
various low plants. VII—X
Bi. Brs. Bu. Ca.! M.! Sh. St. Tn. Y.
 Q77

H. otmracea. 1/7 §/’7—1" 4/"".. E.-w. DULL DARK RED ;

REN. 8ST. DEEP ORANGE; subt. l. whitish;,the other lines and
orb. st. indistinct. VI.
Larva ochreous-brown dotted with white ; dorsal line brown ;
subdorsal line pale; spiracular line bright yellow, edged above
with blackish. On various low plants. VIII, IX.
Common everywhere.
H. prs. 1” 5/’—1”" 7”. F.-w. pale reddish brown
marbled with darker; THE CONSPICUOUS SUBT. L. PALE YEL-
LOWISH, RATHER BROAD TOWARDS INNER MARGIN, and sharply
angulated there; the stig. are rarely paler than the ground-
colour. VI.
Larva dark green (or reddish brown); subdorsal and spira-
cular lines yellow. On broom and various plants, VIII
—X.
Bi. Brg. Brs.! Bu.! Ca.! Ct.! Da. Ed.! Ha. K. L.D.!
Bro al Pl. pe.4 Wal: Wr. ¥:
H. roanassina. 1/’ 6’’”—1/9’”’._ F.-w. pale brown varied
with darker; oRB. ST. AND A PALE BLOTCH AT THE BASE OF
COSTA OCHREOUS-GREY; beneath this blotch is a black streak
from the base; subt. 1- pale ochreous, sharply angulated in the
middle, but not on the inner margin. VI, VII.
Larva pale green; dorsal line darker ; oblique reddish
streaks meet it at the end of each seg.; subdorsal and spiracu-
lar lines reddish, interrupted (F'reyer). On broom, honey-
suckle, &c. VIII, IX.
Common everywhere.

H. contiaua. 1 5’”—1” 6’. F¥.-w. pale grey marbled

with darker; a small blotch at the base of the costa pale
ochreous-grey ; subt. 1. yellowish, sharply indented, preceded
by a pale band, the lower portion of which is conspicuously
whitish. grey; THE WHITISH ORB. ST., A PALE BLOTCH OB- -
LIQUELY BELOW IT, AND} THE LOWER END OF THIS BAND, FORM
A PALE OBLIQUE STREAK, VI.
Larva yellowish green; subdorsal line indicated by a row of
“4 QB
 278

oblique reddish brown streaks; spots reddish brown (Boisdv.)

On nut, and various bushes and plants. VIII, IX.
Ct. Lw. Ly.

A. W-natinum. 17 7/’’—1" 9’, Fw. PALE GREY, with

a slight purplish tint ;4 sour BLACK LINE from the middle of
the base; above it a pale ochreous blotch on the costa; the
stig. ochreous ;THE ORB. ST. LARGE AND ROUND; between and
below the stig. is a dark reddish brown blotch; lower half of
i. 1. and el, 1. whitish; subt. 1. pale grey, much indented, pre-
ceded by a reddish line. V e, VI.
Larva brownish, anteriorly with a greenish, posteriorly with
a rosy tinge; dorsal line slightly darker ; spiracular darker,
edged beneath with whitish ;subdorsal line indicated by some
sloping dark lines. VII—IX.
Brg. Brs. Ot. Lw. Ly.

H. pecrinmesa. 1” 6//”—1" 7". Fuiw. PALE GREY;

the space between the i. 1, and el. 1. dark reddish brown; THE
ORB. ST. SMALL, ALMOST LINEAR;
a thick black dash from the
middle of the base; LowER
HALF OF EL. L. WHITE. VI.
Larva brown or reddish
ochreous, with the spots and
spiracles white, and a row of
oblique dark streaks meeting
the dorsal line (Hub.) On bil-
berry (Vaccinium), bramble, &e. IX.
Hu.; near Sheffield; Torwood, Stirlingshire; and Ran-
noch, Perthshire.

Family VIII. XYLINIDZ.

Imago: antenne generally simple; thorax robust ; collar
often crested; wings oblong, with longitudinal markings; the
ordinary lines rarely distinct. Wings folded in repose, form-
ing a flattened roof, and giving-the insect an elongate appear-
ance,
 279

Larva cylindrical, elongate, smooth, generally of brilliant

colours ; living exposed on low plants or trees, of which they
eat the flowers or leaves.
Pupa often furnished with projecting ventral appendages;
‘enclosed in cocoons of variable consistence, either subterranean
or above ground.
This is a Family of small extent, comprising with us only
seventeen species, divided into six genera, two of which, Calo-
campa and Cucullia, are among the best-defined genera we
have among the Nocrurna. The species of Cucullia are best
obtained by collecting the larve; these are always brilliant,
and seek no concealment, feeding on the flowers and seeds of
various plants. C. Gnaphalii is the only species that is still a
rarity with us, unless Scrophularie may be also considered
rare. All are more or less local, except C. Verbasci and C.
umbratica, which the young collector will be sure to find his
first season, the former as a larva on the woolly leaves of the
mullein, the latter in the perfect state hovering (almost like a
Sphina) at flowers at dusk, or at rest on palings by day. The
Xyline are all local, but not uncommon at sugar and ivy-
bloom. The Sword-grasses (Calocampa exoleta and vetusta)
are now no rarities, and are obtained by sugaring in autumn
and spring. Most beginners will find Xylocampa lithorhiza
sitting on palings the first April they look for it. Cloantha
perspicillaris is one of our rarities, only two specimens being
on record. Calophasia Linarie has not occurred since 1817,
and its occurrence then is by some considered doubtful. Com-
mon throughout Europe, it probably needs but to be well
looked for; and from the habit of the larva of stripping the
stems of the Linaria (toadflax) it does not require a very close
scrutiny to detect its presence.
2B2
 280

Genus 1. XYLOcAMPA.
Imago: antenne velvety, not ciliated, with a tuft of hair at
the base; abdomen long, thick, hairy, crested on the anterior
segments ; fore-wings rather oblong, with long fringe and dis-
tinct spots.
Larva very elongated, much attenuated at each end, swollen
yin the middle, with an eminence on the 12th segment ; feeding
exposed on honeysuckle.
Pupa enclosed in a papyratious cocoon, placed on the sur-:
face of the ground.

X. LirHornizaA. 1” 4’”’—1’ 5’; Bw. pale grey with a

faint rosy tinge; ablack streak from the middle of the base to
the i.1.; the stig. distinct; A PROLONGATION FROM THE LOWER
END OF THE ORB. ST. RUNNING INTO THE REN. sr.; before the
subt. 1. is a row of black dashes. IIT e—IV.
Larva greyish ochreous; dorsal line paler, enclosed in a
series of brownish lozenge-shaped spots, that on the 8th seg,
most conspicuous; spots white edged with black; 12th seg.
with a slight hump (Gw.) On honeysuckle. VII, VIII.
Bi! Brs. Ca.! Da.! Ex.! K. L.D. Lw. Ly. M.! Se.!
Sh.! St.! Tn. Wa.! Wt. Wr. Y.

Genus 2. CLOANTHA.
Imago: antenne pubescent in male; thorax with the col-
lar not forming a hood; abdomen not depressed, slightly
crested ; fore-wings moderately elongate, with the fringe rather
dentate, with streaky markings, and the ren. st. distinct.
Larva cylindrical, thick ; spiracular line very distinct.
Living on low plants, and concealed during the day.
Pupa with no ventral appendage, subterranean.
C. pmrsproinuaris. 1’ 4’, Fw. varied with pale
ochreous, brownish green and rosy; a long black line from the °
middle of the base; the transverse lines unrepresented ;ren. st.
alone visible; a row of wedge-shaped black dashes along thé —
hind-margin. Y. 8
 281

Larva reddish brown dotted with dark brown; dorsal line

narrow, yellow ; a row of oblique brownish streaks on the back,
rather indistinct ; spiracular line pale yellow, edged with dark
brown (Gu.) On St. John’s-wort (Hypericum). VII, VIII.
One at Yarmouth, in 1841; one at Ashford, Hants, in a
spider’s web.

C. Soxipacinis.. 1 7’”—1” 9’", F.-w. pale grey with a

slaty tinge; the i. l. and el. 1. much indented, the space be-
tween them dark grey; ren. st. white; two or three wedge-
shaped black streaks precede the subt. 1. VIII.
Larva dark reddish brown, with the slender dorsal: line,
_*broad spiracular line (bordered with blackish brown), and °
dorsal spots pale yellow, the latter placed on a row of blackish
blotches (Hub.) Qn bilberry (Vaccinium). VI.
M.! The great locality for this is “The Brushes,” near
Manchester. It occurs in Scotland, but not abundantly.

Genus 8. CALOCAMPA.
Imago: antenne long, slightly ciliated in male; abdomen
much flattened, smooth, hairy at the sides; fore-wings very
oblong, the edges nearly parallel, dentate, with streaky mark-
ings and distinct spots ; in repose they are puckered and
crossed, and give the insect a very elongate form.
Larva very long, cylindrical, attenuated at each end; feed-
ing on low plants, and excessively beautiful.
Pupa subterranean, buried to a considerable depth.
We have two species in the genus, readily distinguished by
the characters emphasised. ,

Any one who has not yet seen the larva of Holeta has a
treat in store. I have only once seen it, and then I nearly
screamed with delight. No figure can give any idea of the-
beauty of the living larva.
288
 282 :

C. verusta (Red Sword-grass). 2’/7—2” 3’. . F.-w.

ochreous ; ALONG THE INNER MARGIN runs A BROAD RED-BROWN
STRIPE; ORB, ST. VERY INDISTINCT, OBLIQUELY placed, and
with a rew dark spots im it; FROM THE REN. st. a black dash
runs to. the subt. 1... EX, X; TI h, TV_h.

Larva dark green, with the subdorsal line pale yellow ; the
slender yellow spiracular line edged with black ;. spiracles yel-
low; spots white, edged with black (Gu.) On various mea-
dow-plants and marsh-plants. V, VI.
Bi. Brg.! Brs. Bu. Ca. Ct. Ed. Hu. L.D..Lw. M. Se.
Shan. Wt. ¥.
C. ExoLEeTa (Sword-grass), + 2/7 9/79” 4/7, FB-w,
GREYISH ochreous, reddish ochreous towards the costa and
hind-margin; ORB. sT. RATHER DISTINCT, nearly STRAIGHT, and
FILLED up with dark grey; a short black dash precedes the
subt.1., but does Nor REACH NEARLY TO THE REN, ST. TX Xs
TOUT Ting TE Tit,
Larva bright green; the subdorsal and spiracular lines
pale yellow, the latter intersected by a slender scarlet streak;
spots white, edged with black ; the dorsal spots connected by a
black blotch (Boisdv.) On various plants. WI, VIL.
Bi.! Brg.! Brs.! Bu! Ca. Ct. Da.! Ed.! Bx. Haw
K. L.D.! Lw. Ly. M.! Pl.! Se.!! Sh. Wt. Wr. Y.

Genus 4, Xyrrwa.
Imago: antenne slightly ciliated in male; abdomen de-
pressed, sometimes crested; fore-wings narrow, elongate, the
edges nearly parallel.
 283.

‘Larva rather short,. soft, with all the lines distinct ; feeding '
exposed on trees,
Pupa subterranean.

We have three species, thus distinguished :—

A. Fore-wings pale grey. X. rhizolitlia.
“AA. Fore-wings ochreous or brown.
B. A blackish blotch near anal angle of fore-wings. X.
semibrunnea.
BB. No blackish blotch near anal angle of fore-wings. X.
peirijicata.

X. noizouiTHA. 1” 6’’—1” 4’, FF .-w. GREYISH WHITE,

WITH A TRIFURCATE BLACK DASH FROM THE MIDDLE OF THE
BASE; a Short line on the fold below the stig. and the lower
- edge of the ren. st. are also sometimes black. IX, X; Th,
TV h.
_ Larva bluish green dotted with white; dorsal and subdorsal
lines white, rather indistinct; spiracular line yellowish white
_(Boisdv.) On oak, V.
Bro.) Brs.')'Ca. Ot! Ex. Ha. ! Ks Liws’ Ly.” Pl.t-Sh.
toh in. Wt. Wry:

X. SEMIBRUNNEA. 1’ 6’’’—1/’ 8’, '.-w. brown, darker

towards the inner margin; between the el. 1. and subt. 1. is an
OVAL BLACKISH BLOTCH near the inner margin. IX, X.
Larva UNKNOWN.
rs. !°Ca: Cr K! Ly. Pl Wr.

X. perriricata. 1’ 6’’’—1” 8””’. F.-w. ochreous slightly

tinged with grey; a darker blotch between and below the stig.,
but not with. the dark blotch between the el. |. and subt. 1.
which is so characteristic of Semibrunnea. IX, X.
Larva pale green, with white dorsal and lateral lines ; head
and legs black; prolegs green (Parjitt in litt.) On oak, lime, -
&e. V—VII.
Brs.! Ex. L.D. Ly, Wr.
 Genus 5. CucuULLIA.

Imago: antenne entirely smooth in both sexes; thorax

robust ; collar well developed, and raised in the form of a
hood; abdomen conical, not flattened, much longer than the
hind-wings ; fore-wings long, narrow-lanceolate, in repose
covering the much shorter hind-wings, and forming a very
inclined roof. zl
Larvavlong, firm, with the skin thick and shining; feeding
exposed. on low plants, of which they prefer the flowers.
Pupa soft, with a yentral projection ; subterranean, enclosed
in large oval cocoons.

We have eight species in this genus, which may be readily

_ divided into groups.
A. Fore-wings ochreous, with the costa and inner margin
darker.’ C. Verbasci, Scrophularie and Lychnitis.
AA. Fore-wings grey, with darker inner margin, or with dis-
tinct dark i.l. C. Asteris, Gnaphalit and Absinthit.
AAA. Fore-wings grey, with numerous longitudinal darker
lines. C. Chamomille and umbratica.

Of the first three species, Lychnitis is most readily dis-

tinguished by its small size, paler ground-colour, narrower and
darker costal stripe. Verbascit and Scrophularie are very dif-
ficult to distinguish in the perfect state. :
The three species of the second group present no difficulty;
the black transverse i. 1. in Absinthti separates it at a glance
from the other two; Asteris is known by its dark costa, @na-
phalit by its broad central band.
In the third group Chamomille is at once separated from
Umbratica by its darker ground-colour, and by the black
dashes in the fringes.

The long pointed wings, elongate bodies and hooded thorax

of these insects enable the merest tyro readily to recognise a
“Shark” the first time he meets with one; and the beauty of
 285

the larve (though nothing in comparison with that of a Calo-

campa larva), and the ease with which they may be picked off
the flowers and leaves of the plants on which they feed, is also
a noticeable trait in their character.

C. Verpascr.. 17 9’’—1” 10”, F.-w. @reyisx ochreous,

with a RED-brown stripe along the costa and inner margin;
the el. 1. forms 2 whitish crescents in the stripe on the inner
margin. IV e, V.
Larva greenish white, with a rather broad, bright yellow,
transverse band on each seg. reaching from spiracle to spiracle;
in this are placed the ordinary spots, which are black and very
large; a pair of large black spots on each seg. are nearly in
the subdorsal line: a black spot follows each spiracle, and two
are below it; the upper part of the proleg is black; face yel-
lowish, spotted with blue.
Brg.! Brs.! Ca.!! Ex. Lw.! Pl! St.! Wa.! Wr.

C. ScroppHunarim. 1” 8’’’—1” 9’. HF.-w. pate ochreous,

with a BLACK-brown stripe along the costa and inner margin,
only with a red-brown tendency beyond the middle; the el. 1.
forms two whitish crescents in the stripe on the inner margin.
ay
Larva greenish white; a yellow band on the back of each
seg.; dorsal black spots large and ALMOST ALWAYS UNITED ;
(lateral spots similar to those in C. Verbasci); prolegs yellow,
not with a black spot; face yellow (Rambur).. On Scrophu-
laria nodosa and aquatica, Verbascum Blattaria, VI, VII.
Ca, !! Ex. PI.
C. Lycunitis. 17 6’. F.-w. PALE ochreous ;a NARROW
stripe along the costa DARK BROWN, and a NARRow stripe along
the inner margin blackish ; this last is interrupted by the two
pale crescents at the lower end of the el. 1., and contains a pale
blotch at the anal angle. VI, VII.
Larva pale dull yellowish white or greenish white; on each
seg. a deep yellow band, with two black spots in front and a
curved black band behind; behind each spiracle is a black
 286

spot and another below it, and two spots obliquely below them;
prolegs not spotted with black ; face yellow spotted with black.
WITT LAS ;
Marlow and Arundel.

C. Astrris. 1/7 8/”—1” 10’”. F.-[Link] GREY, shading

into brown along the costa, and with a brown-black stripe along
the inner margin, intersected by ONE WHITE CRESCENT in the
el. L; stig. faintly indicated, rather of an ochreous tinge.
Vixex Vil;

Larva bluish green or purplish, with yellow dorsa and sub-

dorsal lines and white spiracular line, each of these edged
more or less distinctly with blackish (Hub.) On golden-rod
(Solidago virgaurea). VIII, IX.
Brg. Lw. West Wickham.

CO. Gvapnatt. 1” 6’. F.-w. pale grey, with a delicate

rosy tinge; A BROAD DARK BROWNISH BAND BETWEEN THE T. 4.
AND EL, L.; orb. st. greyish ochreous and well-defined ; ren, st.
pale grey, hardly defined externally; the el. 1. forms a white
crescent near the subt. 1. VI.
Larva pale green; the back dull reddish, with a broad paler -
dorsal line edged with brownish; a row of dull red blotches
along the spiracles (Boisdv.) On golden-rod (Solidago virgau-
rea). WII, VIII.
Iw. Darenth Wood and Horndean; scarce.
Or Apsmnrenr.) 064) 21707, bi Fa pale grey; THE
I. L. REPRESENTED BY A DOUBLE BLACK TRANSVERSE LINE;
 287

black dots indicate the margins of the stig.; between them is

an oblong black spot. IT.
Larva green, with a row of pale green blotches along the
back; dorsal spots pale yellow ; subdorsal line white, and from
it on each seg. a white oblique streak to the belly ; a row of pale
greyish red blotches along the spiracles (freyer). On worm-
_ wood (Artemisia). -VIII, IX. ;
Plymouth.

C. Cuamomittz. 1” 9’’—1” 10’, F.-w. BROWNISH

GREY, with a slight reddish tinge towards the costa, with a
black line from the middle of the base, and numerous short
dark longitudinal lines; the black lines along the hind-margin
intersect the fringes: h.-w. BRowNISH, paler towards the base.
Ve, VI.
Larva pale straw-yellow, with a rosy transverse band on each
seg.; dorsal line dull olive-green; subdorsal line of the same
colour, but wavy and interrupted (Boisdv.) On chamomile
(Matricaria and Anthemis). VII, VII.
Ed. K. Lw. M. Pk We. Y.
CG. umeratica. 17 11/72 1/". F.-w. PALE GREY, with
a black line from the middle of the base, and numerous short
black longitudinal lines; fringes not intersected: h.-w. (of ¢)
WHITISH, with brown veins, (of Q pale brownish grey, paler at
the base). VI.
Larva blackish, with a row of orange blotches (two on each
seg.) along the back, and a row of smaller orange blotches along
the spiracles (Hub.) On sow-thistles (Sonchus cleraceus and
arvensis). 1t hides by day under the lower leaves. VII—IX.
Common everywhere.

Genus 6. CaLoPHASIA.

Imago: antennm filiform, not ciliated; abdomen hairy, a

little depressed, not crested; fore-wings with the ‘lines partly
obliterated, and only visible towards the inner margin when
they approximate.
Larva rather elongate, attenuated at each end, yellow,
 288

strongly marked with black spots; feeding exposed upon -

Lanaria.
Pupa short, with a long, filiform, ventral projection; en-
closed in a pear-shaped papyratious cocoon, attached to the
stem of the plant and mixed with rubbish.

C. Linarta. 1” 2/’—1” 3/”, FE .-w. pale grey clouded

with brown; the stig. whitish; the i. 1. and el. 1. almost meet
on the inner margin; some black dashes precede and follow
the subi... V e.
Larva pale bluish grey dotted and spotted with black; the
dorsal, subdorsal and spiracular lines yellow (Gu.) On toad-
flax (Linaria vulgaris). VI e, VII.
In 1817 the late Mr. Stephens received specimens from
Woodside, near Epping (Ill. Hf. iii. 94).

Family X. HELIOTHIDA. ,

Imago of moderate or small size; the antenne not pecti-

nated, the thorax stout, the abdomen smooth; flight often
diurnal.
Larva cylindrical, not attenuated; feeding exposed on low.
plants, often preferring the flowers.
Pupa with the abdominal portion conical, enclosed in cocoons
of little solidity.

This Family is of small extent, comprising only ten British

species; many of them are rare. The larvee are generally very
beautiful, in that respect resembling those of the preceding
Family ; and their exposed mode of feeding on the flowers and
seeds reminds one of Cucullia.
Most of the species fly briskly during the hottest sunshine;
some few also fly at dusk.
The two commonest species of the Family are Anarta: Myr-—
tilli and Heliodes heliaca; the former may be found on almost
 289

every heath in summer, the latter in meadows from the mid-

dle to the end of May. These species the young collector may
expect to meet with his first season; but in order to catch
Myrtilli he must profit by the directions given in Shield’s
“Practical Hints,’ and not hastily pursue, at full speed, each
flying specimen, but take a well-selected situation, and catch
those that fly past. We speak on this point from experience,
having had many a tumble and narrow escape of being bogged
for want of a little advice as to the proper mode of capturing
Myrtilli. Arbuti may often be found asleep on the flowers
in grass fields after the heat of the day is over, for during the
bright sun it flies gently.. The insect might readily be passed
over as one of the Micro-Lepidoptera, but is nevertheless a
veritable Noctua. Two species of Anarta are not uncommon
in the North of Perthshire, viz., Melanopa and Cordigera, but
are not very likely to be met with further South. Two of the
genus Heliothis (dipsacea and marginata) are not very uncom-
mon; but it certainly may be years before the tyro meets
with them. Heliothis peltigera, armigera, scutosa, and Chari-
clea Delphinii are all very rare; and those are indeed lucky
who have taken any of these species.

This Family comprises four genera, which may be thus

classified :—
A. Hind-wings yellow or white, with black border.
B. Body stoutish. Genus 3. ANARTA.
BB. Body slender. Genus 4. HELtopEs.
AA, Hind-wings not yellow, sometimes whitish, with dark
grey border.
C. Fore-wings rosy grey. Genus 1. CHARICLEA.
CC. Fore-wings ochreous or brownish ochreous, or white
and black. Genus 2. HE ioruis.
Q¢
 290

Genus 1. CHARICLEA.

Imago: antenne slightly pubescent in male; thorax hairy,

crested, with the collar a little raised; abdomen witha crest
on the first seg.; fore-wings acute and subfalcate at the tp,
with distinct lines and spots.
Larva smooth, cylindrical, of lively colours ; feeding on the
seeds of larkspur (Delphiniwm). f
Pupa subterranean, a little attenuated in front; enclosed in
a slight cocoon.
We have only one species, which some are disposed to think
not truly indigenous. It is common in central Europe.
C. Detpninit (Pease-blossom), 1/7 3’”—1" 4’, F.-w.
pale greyish ochreous with a rosy tinge; the space between
the base and i. 1. darker dull reddish; orb. st. indistinct; ren.
st. dark grey, rather flattened ; a reddish grey band beyond the
el. 1.
Larva reddish white or bluish white; dorsal line black; the
spots large, bluish black; subdorsal line pale yellow; spiracu-
lar line white (Gu.) On larkspur (Delphiniwm). VII. (The
larva is gregarious when young).
Has occurred near Windsor.

Genus 2. Hexioruts.
Imago: antenne of the male pubescent; thorax smooth;
abdomen rather depressed, smooth; fore-wings slightly acute
at the tip; the ren. st. more or less black.
Larva elongate, not attenuated, rather shining, with distinet
lines; the head large. Feeding exposed on low plants, pre-
ferring the flowers.
Pupa subterranean, conical.
We have five species, which may be easily recognised as fol-
lows. They fly briskly by day, and also at dusk.
A. Dark border of h.-w. with no pale blotch. H. marginata.
AA. Dark border of h.-w. with a pale blotch.
 291

B. H.-w. with a broad black central lunule.

C. H.-w. with a transverse black line before the dark
border. H. scutosa.
CGC. H.-w. with no transverse black line before the dark
border. H. dipsacea. :
BB. H.-w. with a narrow greyish central lunule.
D. F.-w. with a black dot at anal angle. H. peltigera.
DD. F.-w. with no black dot at anal angle. 4H.
armigera.

H. marernata. 1/7 2’”—1 4’, ~‘F.-w. pale brownish

ochreous, WITH A PURPLE TINGE BEYOND THE EL. L.; all the
lines and cen. sh. distinct; both the stig. distinctly outlined;
the ren. st. slightly) filled up with grey: h.-w. whitish
ochreous, with a broad blackish border and central lunule.
Wie cV 1:
Larva green, dotted with whitish; dorsal line dark green,
bordered with whitish ;subdorsal line whitish green; spiracu-
lar line yellow (a reddish grey variety is not uncommon)—
(Boisdv.) On rest-harrow. VII, VIII.
Bi. Ca.! Ct.! Lw. Wt. Wr.

H. pevriepra. 1” 8/”—1”" 5/”. FF -w. greyish ochreous

more or less tinged with brown; ORB. ST. INVISIBLE ; ren. st.
dark brown, UNITED WITH THE COSTA BY A BLOTCH; a dark
costal blotch at the commencement of the subt. 1.; a sMALL
BLACK DOT AT THE ANAL ANGLE. VI.
Larva green ; dorsal line blackish, interrupted in the mid-
dle of each seg.; subdorsal line pale green; spiracular line
white; (a variety occurs with a transverse ochreous band on
each seg.)—(Boisdv.) On Hyoscyamus, rest-harrow, and Are-
naria. WII, VIII.
Cae Ce M. Pl.

H. armicrra. 17 5/’—1" 7". F.-w. brownish ochreous ;—

THE ORB. 8ST. VISIBLE as a small dot; the ren. st. dark grey; a
dark indistinct band beyond the el. 1; No black dot at anal
angle. VIII—xX.
2°02
 292

Larva reddish brown; dorsal line streaked with yellow and

black; spiracular line similar; the spots distinct and black
(Preyer). On wild mignonette (Reseda lutea). VI, VII.
Ca. L.D. M.

Hi Disses kG 10 A ee greyish ochreous

WITH A SLIGHT GREENISH TINGE; a dark central band includes
the ren. st., which is dark grey; a dark band beyond the el. 1.
joined to the central band on the inner margin, and a row of
black dots on the hind-margin: h.-w. whitish, with a- broad
blackish border (CONTAINING A DISTINCT WHITISH BLOTCH), and
broad black central lunule. VII.
Larva straw-yellow streaked with reddish brown ; dorsal
line broad, violet-brown; a violet-brown stripe below the sub-
dorsal line; a reddish transverse band on each seg.; spots
small and black (Gu.) On numerous low plants, especially
Lanaria. VIII, IX.
Ca. Wr. Y.

H. sourosa. ‘1/ 4/*, - Biw, WHITISH, WITH NUMEROUS

BLACKISH MARKINGS ; the orb. st. and a large spot below
it are
brownish black; ren. st. is blackish; beyond the el.
1. is a
blackish band, intersected by the whitish veins;
hind-margin
brown, with a row of black dots: h.-w. whitish,
with a broad
ill-defined border containing two whitish blotches
; a broad
central lunule ; A TRANSVERSE LINE BEYOND IT and
the veins
blackish. VIII or VI.
Larva yellowish green, with the spots and several
greyish black (Freyer). On Artemisia campestris. lines
VII.
Near Carlisle.

Genus 8. ANaRTA.
Imago rather small; antenne slender, velvety
pubescent in both sexes; head small, sunk
or slightly
in
thorax short, clothed with long hair-like scale the thorax ;
thick, velvety, with confused markings ;hind s ; fore-wings
-wings yellow or
white, with black margin.
Larva short, smooth; feeding exposed on heath, bilberry,
 293

&e.; in repose with the anterior portion of the body bent

under.
Pupa enclosed in a cocoon of silk mixed with earth.

These pretty little insects fly by day, most briskly in the

hottest sunshine. We have three species, which may be thus
recognised. (Several other species occur in Lapland; and we
should not be surprised if the North of Scotland, Sutherland-
shire or Caithness were yet to add to our lists in this genus).
A. H.-w. white. A. melanopa.
AA. H.-w. yellow.
. B. Ren. st. white. A. cordigera.
BB. A white blotch beyond the orb. st. A. Myrtilli.

[Link]. 1/’—1’7 3’. F-w. grey; the stig. dark

grey; the lines black: u.-w. wHiTE, with broad black border
and central lunule. VI.
LARVA UNKNOWN.
Rannoch, Perthshire.

A. corpiceRA. 11’”—1’. F.-w. GREY; space between the

i. 1. and el. 1. dark grey; REN. st. WHITE: h.-w. yellow, with
rather narrow black border. V.
Larva reddish ochreous; dorsal line brownish ochreous,
with an oblique brownish streak meeting it on each seg.; spi-
racular line whitish anteriorly ; spots and spiracles white
(Hub.) On Vaccinium. VIII.
Rannoch, Perthshire. Sometimes found at rest on granite
rocks.

A. Myrririr (Beautiful Yellow Underwing). 11’”—1”.

F.-w. DULL RED; the lines
whitish ; the subt. 1. most dis-
tinct; IMMEDIATELY BEYOND
THM ORB. ST. IS A WHITE
pLorcH : h.-w. bright yellow,
with a broad, deep, black bor-
der. VI, VI.
Larva beautiful green; the
 294

lines darker, insersected by a series of yellowish white blotches;

spots and spiracles white (Hub.) On heath (Calluna vulgaris).
IX, X.
Bi.! Da.! Ed. Hu.!! L.D.!! Lw.! Ly. M.! Se.! Sh:
Ta. Webley!

Genus 4. HexiopEs.
Imago: antenne short, not pubescent; head small, but not
sunk in the thorax ;abdomen very slender; fore-wings broad,
slender, acute at the tip; hind-wings broad, yellow, with a
black border. In repose the wings form a very flat roof,
hardly sloping.
Larva short, thick; the head small. Feeding on the
flowers and green seeds of Cerdstium.
Pupa short, thick, subterranean.

We have only one species.

H. Arpurr (Small Yellow Underwing). 9/”. F.-w. grey-
ish brown, with a very faint purplish gloss} cen. sh. distinctly
darker, and a dark band at the hind-margin ; h.-w. deep yellow,
with black border, and the base blackish. V m—VT b.
Larva pale green or greyish green ; dorsal line darker, bor-
dered with white; subdorsal line pale; spiracular line white
(Gu.) On Cerastium arvense. VI.
Bi. Brs,! Bu.! Ct.! Da.! Ex.! Ha.! Hu.! L.D.! Li.
Mo Shal Tp. Waal Wry!

We now arrive at the third section of the TRIFIDZ, the

Mrnores, the characters of which have already been given at
page 172. The British species are only nine in number, but
are distributed into four families.
 295

_ It is not an easy matter to tabulate the families of this sec-

tion ;but the following is a rough approximation, applicable
to our British species :—
A. Abdomen crested. 2. Erasrrips.
AA. Abdomen not crested.
B. Abdomen downy ; hind-wings orange. 4. PHALMNOIDS.
BB. Abdomen not downy, smooth; hind-wings not orange.
C. Fore-wings with a white transverse line towards the
hind-margin. 3. ANTHOPHILID.
CC. Fore-wings with no white transverse lines. 1.
ACONTIDE.

Family I. ACONTIDZ:.
Imago: antenne slender, simple in both sexes; abdomen
smooth : fore-wings thick, rather shining, in repose covering
the hind-wings, and forming a very sloping roof.
Larve slender, a little swollen posteriorly, with twelve legs;
feeding exposed on Convolvulus.
Pupa subterranean.
The small extent of this Family, which comprises only two
species, might appear to render any general remarks unneces-
sary; but the beauty of the perfect insects will not admit of
their being passed over. Acontia luctuosa, which appears par-
tial to chalk, will certainly be the first to gladden the eyes of
the young collector. I once met with it between Croydon and
Sanderstead; but near Brighton it appears not uncommon in
some seasons. Agrophila sulphuralis used to be a great rarity;
but a school-boy, spending his midsummer holidays at Bran-
don, in Suffolk, having taken it, this insect found its way into
all our collections, and Mr. Dunning “awoke and found him-
self famous.” I mention this as a hint to other school-boys.
Since Mr. Dunning ceased to visit Brandon, Sulphuralis has
been no more taken.
 296

The Acontrp# fly briskly in the middle of the day during

the hot sun. Our two species may be readily recognised.
A. F.-w. sulphur-yellow, with black streaks and spots. Agro-
phila sulphuralis.
AA. F.-w. blackish, with a cream-coloured costal blotch beyond
the middle. Acontia luctuosa.

Genus 1. AGROPHILA.

Imago: abdomen smooth, banded; fore-wings rather elon-

gate; hind-wings unicolorous above.
Larva slender, geometriform, with only twelve legs; in
repose the anterior segments are bent under the middle seg-
ments, which are raised. ;
Pupa enclosed in an earthen cocoon.

A. subpHuRALIS. 10/’—11’”. EF.-w. PALE YELLOw, with

2 black streaks from the base, 1 along the inner margin and
another along the centre of the wing;
both these terminate in a blackish
band beyond the middle ; towards the
costa are 5 or 6 black spots, and 8 or
4 towards the hind-margin sometimes
united into a band. VI.
Larva green or reddish brown, dot-
ted with black; spiracular line broad,
pale yellow (Hub.) On Convolvulus. VII?
Ca. Brandon, in Suffolk, in 1845, 1846 and 1847.

Genus 2. AconTta.
Imago: abdomen smooth, slightly carinated; fore-wings
marbled with black and white; hind-wings white, with black
border, the hind-margin sinuous.
Larva long and slender, geometriform, with only twelve
legs. (The larva, however, of the only British species is
totally different from the other larvee of this genus; it has six-
teen legs, is moderately thick, and not the slightest geometri-
 297

form appearance. Guenée remarks, “ This curious exception

is perfectly unique among the Nocrux.”)
Pupa enclosed in an earthen cocoon.
A. Luctuosa. 11/’—1’’. F.-w. blackish, with the lines
darker; A LARGE WHITE BLOTCH FROM THE COSTA BEYOND THE
MIDDLE: h.-w. whitish, with a broad black border and blackish
base. VI—VIII.
Larva (with sixteen legs) reddish grey streaked and marbled
with brown; a black spot between the legs on the 5th, 6th,
7th and 8th seg. (Gu.) On Convolvulus. V, VI.
Brg. Ca. Ct. Lw.

Family IJ. ERASTRIDA.

Imago small; antenne short, simple; abdomen slender, ge-
nerally crested; fore-wings rather broad, often with the lines
and stig. well marked; in repose they form a very flat roof.
Larva with fourteen legs, half-loopers; the first pair of ven-
tral legs indistinct, a little swollen posteriorly.
Pupa enclosed in a cocoon on the surface of the earth,

This Family contains but three British species, divided into

two genera. Only of these, Hrastria fuscula, is not at all un-
common, frequenting woods. Bankia Bankiana is a local insect,
and has occurred in a boggy place near Beachamwell, in Nor-
folk, and at Whittlesea Mere; it has also occurred in the South
of Ireland. Hrastria venustula is excessively rare. In 1830
Mr. Stephens says of it, in his ‘ Illustrations,’ ‘An extremely
rare species, of which I have hitherto seen four examples only;
—a, pair in my own cabinet ; one of the latter taken, I believe,
in Epping Forest, by the late Mr. Honey; the other by the
late Mr. Bentley.” And it was fifteen years after this be-
fore the insect was again seen. In the ‘ Zoologist’ for 1845,
at page 1085, we read the following note on this species by
 298

Mr. Henry Doubleday :— On the 29th of June, whilst walk.

ing with a friend through a heathy part of Epping Forest, I ob.
served several specimens of this pretty little species, flying
over and alighting on the common fern; not having any ento:
mological apparatus with me except a couple of pill-boxes, 1]
only secured two specimens. The next day I again visited the
spot, but could not see a single individual.” The insect has
not been seen in Britain since !
The three species of this Family may be thus recognised :—
A. F.-w. with two oblique silvery white bands. Bankia
Bankiana. 2
AA. F.-w., with no silvery white bands.
B. A white blotch at anal angle. Hrastria fuscula.
BB. Basal half of the costa whitish. Hrastria venustula.

Genus 1. ERASTRIA.
Imago: antenne filiform in both sexes; abdomen slender
crested ; fore-wings with the lines and stig. distinct.
Larva smooth, slender, with only three pairs of ventral pro
legs.
Pupa in a cocoon among leaves or moss.
K. venustuta. 9’. F.-w. warrish Grey clouded with
greenish grey ;hind-margin tinted with rosy ; lower half of th
sai edged with white; between them a black spot. Vle

Larva unknown. (A description occurs in Treitschke, wht

doubts whether it belongs to the species.)
Epping Forest.

EK. ruscuna. 1” 1/’/—1” 8’”’, F.-w. BRowN; ren. st. whitish

orb. st. margined with whitish; between the stig. dark brown
A LARGE WHITE BLOTCH AT ANAL ANGLE, extending half-way
to the costa. VI, VIL.
 299

Larva yellowish grey; dorsal line broad and brown; sub-

ae line blackish and slender (Gu.) On bramble. VIII,

Brg. ! Brs. Ex.! Lw. St. Tn. Wr.

Genus 2. BAnxKta.

Imago: antenne slightly pubescent in both sexes; abdo-

men slender, smooth, not crested ; fore-wings with no stig-
mata and none of the usual lines.
Larva smooth, elongate, with two pairs of ventral prolegs
and only the rudiments of a third pair.
Pupa in an oval cocoon on the surface of the earth.
B. Bangzrana. 10/7—1”. F.-w. dull olive, with 2 slender,
oblique, silvery white bands and a small white dash at the tip.
ivi.
Larva green, darker on the back and between the seg.; sub-
dorsal and spiracular lines white (Hub.) On grasses. VIIL?
Beachamwell, in Norfolk; Whittlesea Mere; Killarney.

Family II]. ANTHOPHILIDZ.

Imago small; antenne short, simple ; abdomen slender,

smooth; fore-wings thick; in repose forming a very inclined
roof.
Larva smooth, slender, with twelve or fourteen legs; feed-
ing exposed on low plants.
Pupa in a slight cocoon amongst moss.

In this Family we have only two species, both day-flyers,

one of which, Hydrelia uncana, frequents moist places in June,
and occurs in several localities; the other, Micra ostrina, has
only once occurred here, having been taken in Devonshire two-
and-twenty years ago!
 500

Genus 1. HypRELIA.

Imago: antenne short, slightly pubescent in both sexes;

fore-wings rounded at the tip.
Larva slender.

Hl. uncana, 11’’—1”. F.-w. brown, with a pale ochreous

stripe along the costa, from which, beyond the middle, a tooth
projects into the dark ground-colour ; this tooth (and the cos-
tal stripe just before it) is margined with whitish ; an ochreous-
brown streak along the inner margin, and a whitish line
towards the hind-margin. VI.
Larva green, slender, with a lateral stripe (Treitschke). On
Carex. VIII? -
Cas fills Ole oY.

Genus 2. Miora.
Imago: antenn short, slightly pubescent in the male;
abdomen smooth ; fore-wings pointed at the tip, with distinct
lines, but no stigmata.
Larva with twelve legs, thick, pointed at each end.
Pupa short; in an oval coceon spun amongst leaves or moss.

M. ostrina. 9’. F.-w. whitish at the base; an irregular

orange band across the middle; beyond is a brownish line or
band, with some blackish streaks; it is edged externally with
white: h.-w. whitish with an ochreous tinge, darker towards
the hind-margin. VI.
Larva UNKNOWN.
One specimen near Bideford, in June, 1825.

Family IV. PHALAANOIDA.

Imago: antenne pubescent or ciliated; abdomen slender,
not crested, coarsely hairy; fore-wings thick, with the usual
lines and ren. st.; hind-wings brightly coloured (orange).
Larva smooth, elongate, with sixteen legs (but the two first
 301

pairs of ventral prolegs are short, and useless in walking);

feeding on trees.
Pupa enclosed in a slight cocoon amongst moss er bark.
This Family comprises but one genus, containing only three
known species, two of which are British. They are among the
earliest Noctue of the new year, appearing in forward seasons
as early as the middle of March; they fly rather quickly in the
bright sunshine ; and Brephos Parthenias, the commoner spe-
cies, is no rarity in birch woods; it should fall to the lot of the
young collector his first season. Brephos Notha is less gene-
rally. distributed.

Genus 1. Brepuos.
The two species may be readily distinguished, because in
Parthenias the antenne of the male are only pubescent,
whereas in Notha they have distinct pectinations. The pale
band on the fore-wings of Parthenias, preceding the ren. st., is
far more distinct than in Notha.
“B. Parruensas. 1” 8/”—1” 6’. — F-w. brownish, witn
A PALE YELLOW COSTAL BLOTCH BEFORE the REN. sT. (often
continued across the wing as a pale band); a smaller pale yel-

low costal blotch beyond the el. 1.: h.-w. orange, with the hind-
margin black, and a broad dark grey patch along the inner
margin, and dark grey central lunule. III, IV.
2D
 302

Larva dark green ; dorsal and subdorsal lines black, edged

with yellowish ; spiracular line yellowish green; spots white;
spiracles black (Boisdv.) On birch (sometimes oak and beech).
Va Vile
Brg.! Brs.! L.D, Lw. Sc. Sh.! Wt. Wr. Y.!

B. Norma. 17 3’’—1” 4’, BF-w. greyish brown, with

an indistinct yellowish costal blotch beyond the el. 1; there is
hardly the indication of a pale blotch or band before the ren.
st.: h.-w. orange, with blackish hind-margin, a large dark grey
blotch along inner margin, and blackish central Iunule: An-
TENNE OF THE MALE WITH DISTINCT PECTINATIONS. III, IV.
Larva green; dorsal and subdorsal lines darker ; spiracular
line blackish green (Boisdv.) On aspen and sallow. VI.
ISM: VW Vic

We have now reached the end of the first main grou

Nocturna, the Tarripz ; and we have
p of the
now to consider the
SUP REEE which have already been characterized at pp:
bee
This group, as already mentioned (p. 171), is poor
sented in Europe, and we have only twenty-six ly repre-
British species,
but these are divided amongst the four sections
, Varincatm,
Intruse, Limparm and SERPENTIN[, whic
h may be thus
briefly characterized :—

Varizcarz. Imago of moderate size ; palpi well deve-

loped, often thick; WINGS ANGULATED oR WITH META L-
LIC BLOTCHES ; hind-wings dull. Larva with
fourteen or sixteen legs; feeding exposed. twelve,
Inrruss. Imago of moderate or rather
large size; ABDO-
MEN more or less FLATTENED; wings broad, dull.
 303

Larva with sixteen legs; concealed by day among low

plants.
Liusatz. Imago of large size; wings broad, the u1xp-
WINGS GAILY COLOURED. Larva with sixteen legs, but
looping the anterior segments when walking, elongate,
FLATTENED BENEATH. Pupa often efflorescent,
SERPENTINE. Imago of moderate or small size; abdomen
smooth, not flattened; wings thick and rather broad.
Larva smooth, elongate, attenuated in front, wiTH
TWELYE OR FOURTEEN LEGS; feeding exposed.

Of the section VarrecaTx only two Families are repre-

presented in Britain, the Prusipz and the GonoprEnipa.
The former, with us, comprises but two genera, containing
eleven species; the latter contains only one European species,
the well-known and abundant Gonoptera libatriz.
Of the PLustp® many are very common; and the young
collector will probably obtain both species of Abrostola (Urtice
and T'riplasia) his first season, finding them sitting on palings
by day, and flying in gardens at dusk. Plusia Gamma isa
perfect plague almost everywhere, and seems to have disco-
vered the secret of perpetual motion, as there is hardly an hour
of the day or night when you may not find it actively on the
wing. Now you see it swarming in a clover field, in the blaze
of an August sun; now it is in troops at a Petunia bed, in the
dusk of a September evening. Chrysitis is also an abundant
species, and Jota and Festuce are moderately common; Brac-
tea and Interrogationis are northern species, occurring from
Manchester to Perthshire; Orichalcea seems almost confined
to the coast near Deal; Pulchrina is tolerably distributed,
though not very common; but Ildustris has not been met with
for many years, though formerly, we are told, it occurred on
Salisbury Plains,
DE ~Te2
 304

Family I. PLUSIDZ.
Imago: antennee filiform; thorax with raised tufts; abdo-
men crested; fore-wings smooth, shining, often with metallic
spots. Wings in repose forming a sloping roof.
Larva with twelve or sixteen legs, half-loopers, attenuated
in front; the spots distinct, each bearing a bristle. Feeding
exposed on shrubs or herbaceous plants.
Pupa in a silken cocoon, uot subterranean.

_The two genera may be thus distinguished :—

A. F-w. not with metallic spots; the stig. margined by raised
scales. Genus 1. ABROsTOLA.
AA. F.-w. with metallic spots (except in Ilustris); the stig.
not margined by raised scales. Genus 2. Prusra.

Genus 1. ABRosTOLA.
Imago: antennee rather long, slender; thorax with a raised
collar, and a bifid crest behind; fore-wings shining, without
metallic spots.
Larva with sixteen legs, but the first pair of ventral prolegs
ill-developed; the 12th seg. swollen or humped ; loops in walk-
ing. Feeding on stinging-nettles.
Pupa in a cocoon of silk mixed with moss.

We have two species, thus recognised :—

A. F'-w. with the basal blotch and blotch at anal angle whitish
grey. A. Urtice.
AA. F'.-w. with these blotches ochreous. A. triplasia.

A. Urtica (Spectacle). 1/7 /”—1" 5", Bw, greyish

brown; a large basal blotch wurrisx GREY, and a WHIrisH
GREY blotch at the anal angle; 4 BLACK APICAL STREAK, which
is preceded by two short black lines before the subt. 1. VI
and VII.
 305

Larva greenish white, with two or three oblique white

streaks on each seg. beyond the fourth, the upper pair meeting
on the back; spiraeular line white (Freyer). On stinging-
nettle. VII and X.
Brg.! Brs.!. Bu..Ca. Ct.! Ed. Ex. Ha! Hu. K. L.D.
Lw. M. Pl. Sce.! St.1. Wt: Wr. ¥.

A. Tripuasia. 1” 4’”—1” 6”. FE-w. greyish brown;

a large basal blotch. GREYISH OCHREOUS; a small. GREYISH
ocHREots blotch at the anal angle; two short. black lines be-
fore the subt. 1. near the costa, but no black apical streak. VI,
Mil:
Larva dull green, with two white streaks along the back ;
5th and 6th seg. rather swollen, each with a V-like mark point-
ing towards the head; 12th seg. with a dark green spot,
encircled with white on the back; spiracular line white,. with
some oblique white streaks proceeding from it upwards (Freyer).
On stinging-nettle. VII—IX.
Bi.| Brs.!, Bu. Ga. Ct.! Ex.!Ha.! Hu. K. M.! Wr. Y.

Genus 2. Puustia.
Imago: antenne long and slender; thorax with a widely
spread forked crest; abdomen crested ; fore-wings shining, ge-
nerally with metallic spots or blotched. .
Larva with only twelve legs, no trace of the other two pairs,
attenuated in front; feeding exposed on low plants.
Pupa in a loose silken cocoon.
We have nine species in this genus, which may be readily
thus distinguished :—
A. F.w. with no metallic spots or blotches. P. dlustris.
AA. F.-w. with large metallic blotches.
B. A large brassy blotch beyond the middle. P. orichalcea.,
BB. A brassy band before and another beyond the middle.
P. chrysitis.
AAA. F.-w. with small metallic blotches.
OC. One central blotch. P. bractea.
[Link]
 306

CC. Two central blotches and one near the apex. P.

Festuca.
AAAA. F.-w. with metallic letter-like spots.
D. F.-w. rosy grey. P. Jota.
DD. F.-w. purplish grey. P. pulchrina.
DDD. F.-w. violet-grey. P. gamma.
DDDD. F.-w. bluish grey. P. interrogationis.

P. wiustris. 1/’ 6’”—1” 8’’. F-w. greenish grey, with

a rosy blotch on the inner margin before the i. 1., and a slen-
der rosy band beyond the el. 1.; beyond this is a golden brown
blotch at anal angle, in which terminate 2 whitish lines which
are nearly parallel to the hind-margin. VII.
Larva pale green; dorsal line dark green; spiracular line
yellowish ; spots blackish (Hub.) On Aconitum and —? V.
Taken formerly on Salisbury~Plains.

P. onIcHALcEA. 1/7 8’’—1"’ 10’, ¥'.-w. brown, with a

delicate purple tint; lower half of el. 1. whitish; BEYOND THE
REN. ST. TOWARDS THE COSTA IS A BRASSY GREEN BLOTCH
REACHING TO THE SUBT. L.; below it is a golden brown blotch
beyond the el. 1. VITI.
Larva green; dorsal line white, edged with a wavy streak ;
spiracular line broad and white, edged above with dark green ;
spots white (Treitschke). On hemp-agrimony (Hupatoria can-
nabinum). WI, VIL.
Deal. We are indebted to Mr. Harding for supplying our
collections with this species.
P. curysrris (Burnished Brass). 1 4’”—1" 6’”, Fw.
BRASSY GREEN, with the base and a central band (between the
i. |. and el. 1.) brown; the band is sometimes interrupted;
hind-margin with a brownish tinge. VI—VIIT. :
Larva pale green; the subdorsal line represented by two
rows of white streaks, and the spiracular line white (Boisdv.)
On nettle, thistle, &c., &. VI, VII and IX, *
Common everywhere.
P. Bracrna. 1” 6/”—1/ 8’, Fw. purplish brown,
with a large dark golden brown blotch on the middle of the
 307

inner margin, reaching half-across the wing; IN IT AT ITs UP-

PER EDGE IS A CONSPICUOUS SILVERY BLOTCH. VII.
Larva very similar to that of Jota (H. D. in litt.)
rae 1D. Wet Sh. Y.

P. Festuce. 1” 3/’—1” 5’”, F.-w. golden brown, with

some silvery yellowish blotches, 2 on the inner margin, 1 at the
base of the costa and 1 at
the apex ; at the lower end
of the latter is a pearly sil-
very streak, and two
PEARLY SILVERY BLOTCHES
LIE RATHER OBLIQUELY IN
THE MIDDLE OF THE WING.
VII, IX.
Larva green; dorsal
vessel dark green, with 3
slender pale green lines on each side; spiracular line pale
green (Dup.) On reeds, Carex, Sparganium, and other marshy
plants. VII.
Bi.! Ca.! Hd. L.D.! M. Wr. Y.
P. Iora (Golden Y). 1% 4’”—1” 7’, F-w. Rosy grey,
blotched with brown towards the hind-margin at the base and
along the costa, and with a dark golden brown blotch on the
middle of the inner margin, enclosing a small paler blotch
‘toward the el. 1.; the el. 1. is HARDLY PERCEPTIBLY INDENTED
below the middle; THE REN. st. INDIsTINcT; below the stig.
are two pale golden spots, one V-like, the other round; some-
times they are united. VI and VIL.
Larva pale green, with wavy yellowish white lines on each
side of the back; spiracular line yellowish white (Boisdv.) On
nettle, groundsel and honeysuckle. IV and VI.
Brs.! Bu.! Ct.! Da.! Ed. Ex. Ha.! Hu. K.! Lw. M.!
Pl. Sc. Sh. St.! Tn. Tr,! Wa., Wr.

P. putcupina. 1” 8’”—1’ 6’, F'.-w. PURPLISH GREY,

distinctly blotched or chequered with brownish ; the 4 lines are
all distinct; the el. 1. is VERY PERCEPTIBLY INDENTED below
 308

the middle; THE REN. sT. DIsTINcT; below the stig. are two
silvery spots, one V-like, the other round. VI, VU.
Larva green, with the spiracular line yellow (H. D. in litt.)
On nettles, groundsel, &c. V.
Brs. Bu.! Ca. Ot.! Da.! Ed. Ex.! Hu. K. Lw. M.! Se.
Sh. St. Wr.
P. gamma (Silver Y). 17 6’”’—1” 8’. F.-w. vIOLET-grey
clouded with dark grey ; obliquely below the orb. st. is a silvery
mark resembling the Greek letter y, or a y, whence the name.
VI—X.
Larva green; dorsal line bluish. green, edged with slender
white lines; above the subdorsal line is a pale whitish green
line ; spiracular line yellowish, edged above with dark green;
spots whitish. On all sorts of low plants. IV and VII—IX.
Abundant everywhere. <

P. INTERROGATIONIs, 17 3/7 —1” 5’”... F.-w.: BLUISH

grey clouded with dark grey, with a silvery white V-like mark
below the orb. st., followed by (and sometimes united with) a
silvery white round spot. WI, VII.
Larva green, with white markings (Treitschke). On sting-
ing-nettle. V, VI.
Da. Hu. L.D. M.! Sh. Llangollen.

Family I. GONOPTERIDA.
Genus GONOPTERA.

Imago: antenne short, ciliated in the male; thorax with

raised collar; abdomen flattened and truncate in both sexes;
fore-wings broad, angular and deeply indented.
Larva with sixteen legs, smooth; feeding exposed on the
leaves at the end of branches of trees.
Pupa enclosed in a cocoon spun among the leaves on the
tree.

The single species of this genus is well known for its hyber-
 309

nating faculties and partiality to out-houses (the first specimen

I met with was in Mr. Smart’s Camera Obscura at Frant, near
Tunbridge Wells); it is consequently frequently met with by
incipients during the winter months, and may be found on the
wing at the end of April and in May. From the larva feeding
on willows, the perfect insect frequently shelters under the
bridges over streams, where it is sometimes disturbed by a
boating party.

G. Lipatrix. 17 8’’—1” 10’. F.-w. reddish grey,

with a large orange blotch at the base, and another between the
whitish i. and el. 1.; a white dot in the centre of the wing
and 1 in the middle of the base. III h—VIh and VIII, IX.

Larva velvety green, with the incisions paler; subdorsal line

yellow, edged beneath with black (Gu.) On willow. VII.
Common everywhere.
 310

Of the section IntrRus# (see ante, p. 302) all the three fami-
lies are represented in Britain, but so poorly that we only num-
ber six species in this section altogether. Two species are
generally abundant, Mania typica and Amphipyra Tragopogonis,
and can hardly fail to fall into the collector’s hands his first
season; the latter is especially fond of creeping into houses
and secreting itself in blinds, and when dislodged, if it falls on
its belly or back, it shuffles along in a very peculiar manner,
whence no doubt it has attained the name of “the Mouse.”
Manta Maura is also a common species, and has a peculiar,
quiet, owl-like, flapping flight; it is commonly found in gar-
dens, but is uneasy if boxed, and those unwise enough to leave
one in a box all night will find there the next morning a mass
ot “ fluff,” and the personal appearance of the M. Maura much
deteriorated. Toxocampa pastinum is a local insect, and not
of general occurrence ; it flies in the mid-day sunshine. Am-
phipyra pyramidea is common in many places, and comes
freely to sugar; but how slyly it sidles away at the approach of
the collector! Stilbia anomala has occurred in few localities ;
the greater number of specimens have been found in the New
Forest, among heath.

Family I. AMPHIPYRID
AL.
Imago of moderate or large size; abdomen much flattened.
Larva with sixteen legs, smooth, attenuated in front.
Pupa in a cocoon amongst leaves.

This Family comprises two genera, thus recognised :—

A. Abdomen much flattened; fore-wings with ren. st. indis-
tinct. Genus 1. AmpHIPYRA.
 311

AA, Abdomen not flattened; ren. st. of fore-wings distinct.

Genus 2. Manta.

Genus 1. AMPHIPYRA.
Imago: thorax smooth; abdomen smooth, flattened ; wings
shining, not dentate.
Larva thick, smooth, green, with distinct lines; feeding on
trees or low plants.
Pupa in a cocoon on the surface of the ground.

We have two species, readily distinguished :—

A. F.-w. with i. 1. and el. 1. distinct; h.-w. coppery. 4. pyra-
midea.
AA. F.-w. with i. 1. and el. 1. imperceptible ;_h.-w. pale brown.
A. Tragopogonis.

A. PYRAMIDEA (Copper Underwing). 1” 11/7

— 9” 1/”,
F.-w. brown, with a darker central band; the i. 1. and el. 1. pale
brown; orb. st. dark brown, surrounded by a pale ring: h.-w.
coppery, inclining to brown towards the costa. VII.
Larva green; the dorsal, subdorsal and spiracular lines
white; the 12th seg. with a raised peak (Hub.) . On oak, wil-
low, elm, &. V.
Brg.! Brs.! Bu. Ca. Ex.!! K. Lw.! M. Sh.! St. Zn.
Wa. Wt. Wr. Y.

A. Tracopoconis (Mouse). 1/7 2”’—1” 6’. F.-w. dull

brown, with a faint darker band before the el.1.; the orb. st. is
represented by one blackish dot, and the ren. st. by two: h.-w.
pale greyish brown, VII—IX.
Larva beautiful apple-green ; the dorsal, subdorsal and spi-
racular lines pure white; there is no elevation on the 12th Bee,
(Gu.) On all sorts of low plants. VI.
Common everywhere; generally abundant.
 312

Genus 2. Manta.

Imago: thorax crested; abdomen not flattened, sometimes

crested; wings dentate or subdentate, rather shining.
Larva smooth, attenuated gradually in front; feeding on low
plants; concealed by day.
Pupa subterranean.

The size and colour of the two (rather discordant) species

which compose this genus render it impossible to confound
them ; besides, the crested abdomen and toothed wings belong
only to M. Maura.

M. ryprca. 1” 6’’—1 8’’. F.-w. brown marbled with

dark brown; the lines paler; the veins and margins of stig.
whitish ochreous: h.-w. dark grey. VI.
Larva greenish grey, with a faint rosy tint in the incisions;
a row of oblique whitish streaks intersect the dark grey sub-
dorsal line, and those on the 11th or 12th seg. are followed by _
a black streak; spiracular line whitish, edged above with
blackish (Dup.) On dock, willow-herb, &c. IX—TIV. (When
young the larva is quite gregarious, and almost defoliates the
plant on which it occurs).
Common everywhere.
There is a superficial resemblance between this insect and
Heliophobus popularis and Neuria Saponarie. From both it
may be distinguished by its dark hind-wings. ae
M. Maura. 2” 57” —2” 7”, F-w. blackish brown; a
black spot between the stig., 1 before and another beyond
them, and below them is a large black blotch occupying the
space between the i. 1. and el. 1. and reaching to the inner mar-
Gin geval, V LU.
Larva purplish brown,. darker on the sides; dorsal line yel-
lowish ; subdorsal indistinct, yellowish, intersected by oblique
whitish streaks, edged behind with black; spiracular line
whitish (Dup.) On dock, chickweed, &. IV, V.
Common everywhere.
 313

Family 1. TOXOCAMPID.
Genus ToxocaMPa.
Imago of moderate size; thorax smooth, with raised dark-
coloured collar ; abdomen smooth, rather flattened; wings not
dentate, the fore-wings with distinct blackish ren. st.
Larva smooth, elongate, attenuated at each end, with sixteen
legs, the first two pairs of ventral prolegs rather short.
Pupa in a cocoon.
We have only one species.

T. pastinum (Black-neck). 1/7 7’’—-1”’ 9’, F.-w. grey,

with numerous short transverse streaks; an indistinct brown-
ish grey band beyond the el.1.; a black dot represents the
orb. st., and a rather narrow black crescent the ren. st.; from
its lower end are frequently two short black streaks; front
of the thorax and back of the head blackish. VI.
Larva greyish, darker on the back, and dotted with black;
the dorsal, subdorsal and spiracular lines whitish, edged with
yellowish orange (Gu.) On Vicia = Cracca. V.
Brg. Lw. Ly. Se.!! St. Tn. ¥

Family III. STILBID.

Genus STILBIA.

Imago: thorax smooth ; abdomen long, smooth (slender in

the male); fore-wings narrow, the stig. distinct; in repose the
fore-wings partly overlap, and form a very inclined roof.
Larva smooth, cylindrical, thick, with sixteen legs; feeding
on grasses during the winter.
Pupa subterranean. &

This peculiar genus consists at present of only a single spe-

cies. It forms one of those abnormal genera which cannot be
introduced satisfactorily anywhere.
2E
 314

Se-ANOMADAS 94 127 2577 eee arc grey, paler

towards the inner margin; both the stig. pale grey; the orb.
st. oblong and obliquely placed: h.-w. whitish grey. VIII,
IX.
Larva green or reddish grey, with the dorsal and subdorsal
lines slender, yellowish white; the spiracular line broad and
white (Graslin). On grasses. I, IL
L.D. Ly. M. Pm.

Of the section Limparn (see ante, p. 303) only one genus

(Carocaza),in the Family Catrocatip#, is here represented.
The name of the genus signifies “ beautiful beneath,” because
the perfect insects, when at rest, forming a flat grey triangle,
have no peculiar beauty to boast of; but when the hind-wings,
which are either red or greyish blue, are exposed to view, we
at once alter our opinion as to the beauty of the insect.
The Red Underwing (Catocala Nupta) is common in the
South of England, and in August and September may fre-
quently be observed flying by day in the neighbourhood of wil-
lows: on such occasions the uninitiated are apt to take it for a
butterfly. This willno doubt be the first of the genus the
young collector meets with. The Crimson Underwings (C.
sponsa and promissa) are local species, but common in the
New
Forest, where they are obtained rather freely by sugar.
C.
Frawini is a great rarity, but appears to occur further North
than the common Nupta.

Genus CATOcALA,
Imago of large size; antenne long, slender, pubescen
t
the male; thorax slightly crested; abdomen long, conic in
al,
 515

shghtly crested; wings broad, thick; the hind-wings gaily

coloured. In repose the wings form a very flat roof.
Larva elongate, beneath flattened and spotted with black,
attenuated at each end, with fleshy filaments on the sides
above the legs; head flattened (with the face obliquely placed)
and rather forked at the top. Feeding on trees, and resting:fey
to)
attached to the trunks.
Pupa covered with a bluish efflorescence, enclosed in a slight
cocoon of silk, spun amongst leaves or bark.

The four species may be thus recognised :—

A. H.-w. bluish grey. C. Frawini.
AA. H.-w. red. C. Nupta.
AAA. H.-w. crimson.
B. Central band of h.-w. slender and slightly sinuous. C.
promissa.
BB. Central band of h.-w. broad and much indented. (.
sponsa.

C. Fraxint (Clifden Nonpareil). 3’ 9’’”—4”, F.-w. pale

grey dusted with dark grey; the i]. and el. 1. dark grey;
ren. st. grey, with dark outline; below it is a pale blotch:
h--w. dark greyish black, with a pale greyish stun band beyond
the middle. VIII e—IX.
Larva greyish dusted with black; a small hump on the 9th
and another on the 12th seg.; belly whitish; prolegs pinkish
white (Sepp.) On poplar, aspen and ash. VII.
Brg. Bu. M. Wt.

C. Nupra (Red Underwing). 2” 117/38” 1". F.-w.

grey, with dark grey i. 1., el. 1., cen. sh. and ren. st.; the lat-
ter is preceded by a pale blotch; the orb. st. is not repre-
sented: h.-w. RED, with broad black border, and a BRoap
though much indented central black band. VII, VIII. =
Larva greenish grey, with a double, wavy, whitish line on
the back; subdorsal line whitish, and slight rosy humps across
the 5th to 12th seg. (Sepp.) On willows and poplars. V, VI.
Brg.! Bre: ! Ca.!! Ct. Ex.K, Lw.-Ly. Tn. Was Wr:

Ee
 316

C. promissa. 2/7 1/”—2” 8’, FF.-w. WHITISH grey, with

the i. 1. and el. 1. black, tHz FORMER DOUBLE AND VERY DIS-
tinct, followed by a pale band; the subt. 1. well-defined and
MUCH INDENTED; the orb. st. is not represented: h.-w. CRIM-
son, with a broad black border, and sLENDER SLIGHTLY SINUOUS
central black band. VII.

Larva bluish white, with an irregular black line above the

spiracles, and a black X-like mark on each side of the back, on
the 6th to 11th seg. (Hub.) On oak. V, VI.
Brg. Lw. Ly. Pm.

C. sponsa. 2” 4’ 9”'7/" Bw, yELLowisH grey, WITH

4 PALE CENTRAL BLOTCH INCLUDING THE ORB. sf. (very ill-
defined), the ren. st. and a spot beneath them; the i. L., el. 1.
and subt. 1. blackish, the latter nor deeply indented: h.-w.
CRIMSON, with broad black hind-margin, and sLENDER central
black band, MucH INDENTED, almost forming a W. VII, VII.
Larva dull green; dorsal line purplish, a row of whitish
spots on each side; spiracular line ochreous; an ochreous
hump on the 9th seg. (Hub.) On oak. VI.
Brg. Lw. Ly.
 317

Of the section SERPENTINE (see ante, p. 303), three families,

each comprising a single genus, are represented in Britain.
We have, indeed, only four species in the section, one of
which, Ophiodes lunaris, has occurred but once, in Hampshire ;
Euclidia Mi is common in meadows, and Phytometra enea on
heaths, and probably both will fall to the lot of the collector his
first season. Huclidia glyphica appears more partial to woods,
and is less generally distributed than its congener, but is far
from rare.

Family I. OPHIUSIDA.
Genus OPHIODES.
Tmago: thorax robust; the collar raised; abdomen smooth,
rather flattened; wings thick, with distinct lines and stigmata.
Larva elongate, flattened beneath, with a forked tubercle on
the 12th segment, with sixteen legs, the two first pair of pro-
legs a little shorter than the others,
Pupa thick, efflorescent, enclosed in a rough cocoon amongst
leaves.

O. tunaRis. 2” 2’”—2” 3’, F-w. grey; the veins

paler; i. 1. and el. 1. pale ochreous, edged externally with
orange; subt. 1. pale ochreous; orb. st. represented by a brown
dot; ren. st. ochreous-brown: h.-w. pale ochreous-brown
(Sepp.) V.
Larva brownish
vse
grey; spiracular line reddish brown; two
black spots, edged with red, on the back of the 6th seg.; fork
of the 12th seg. red (Sepp.) Onoak. VII.
One taken in Hampshire, by Captain Chawner.

253
 518

Family Il. HUCLIDIDA:.

Genus EvucLIpiA.

Tmago of rather small size; antenne short, pubescent in the

male; thorax short, smooth; abdomen short, with a slight
crest; wings thick, with distinct lines and stigmata.
Larva smooth, elongate, with twelve legs, in repose coiling
up the anterior segments ; feeding exposed on low plants.
Pupa enclosed im a cocoon amongst moss.

We have two species, readily distinguished by the charac-

ters emphasised.

Bi. Vr i ee wena tlcm bro wit ethic mle as

el. ]. and subt. 1. pale ochreous; THE EL. L. MAKES AN EXTRA-
ORDINARY INDENTATION AND
MEETS THE I. L. ON THE IN-
NER MARGIN; orb. st. black;
ren. st. brown, edged with
black towards the base, and
externally with pale ochre-
us: h.-w. blackish, clouded
with ochreous towards the
base, with a central PALE
OCHREOuS band and submar-
ginal spots. VI.
Larva pale violet, with pale yellow spiracular line; head
with a black spot (Hub.) On clover, &c. V.
Common everywhere.

HK. erypuica, 1 2’’”—1” 3’, F-w. purplish grey

tinged with ochreous; the i. 1. followed and the el. 1. preceded
by a dark brownish band; in the latter the ren. st. is con-
cealed; a dark brownish blotch on the costa beyond the el. 1.;
THE EL. L. ONLY SLIGHTLY INDENTED, AND REACHING THE
INNER MARGIN FAR FROM THE I. L.: h.-w. DULL ORANGE,
clouded with black towards the base, ‘and with a black wavy
streak from the anal angle. VI.
 319
Larva dull ochreous, beneath brownish ; spiracular line
whitish ; head brown (Hub.) V.
Brg.! Brs.! Ca.! Ct.! Da.! Ex. Hu.!! Ha. K.! L.D.
iw. Ly. M.! Pl. So.! Sh. St. Tn. Wa. Wr. Y.!

Family IIT. POAPHILID

At.
Genus PHYTOMETRA.

Imago of small size ;antenne short, slender ;abdomen very

Benier smooth ; wings short, rather slender; the fore--wings
with indistinct lines, but no spots.
Larva UNKNOWN.

P. mNEA. 83/’—9’”, F-w. dull green, with an indistinct

reddish band beyond the middle, and the hind-margin also red-
dish. VI, VII.
Larva UNKNOWN.
Brg.! Brs.! Bu. Ca.! Ct.! Da.! Ed. Ex.! Has bia.
K.! L.D.! Lw.! Ly.!M. Se Shi! Tae Wa. Wr. Yo

With this species we conclude the Noorurna, a Family of

no inconsiderable extent, as may be seen from the fact of our
having in this country very nearly 300 different species.
From the number and great similarity of the species, this
group must always present considerable difficulty to the begin-
ner; but he must console himself with the reflection, that the
greater the difficulty he overcomes the more honourable is his
position, or, as it is more pithily expressed in Latin,
Quo plus difficultate, eo plus honore.

Were there no difficulties whatever, the study would lose

many of its advantages as an intellectual training, and in the
eyes of many it would also lose much of its charms.
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DT XxX “Ie

LIST OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA,

WITH THE NAMES USED BY DOUBLEDAY (IN HIS ‘ SYNONYMIC
LIST OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA’) AND STEPHENS (IN HIS
BRITISH MUSEUM ‘CATALOGUE OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA’)
GIVEN AS SYNONYMS.
——d

The names printed in Capitals and Small Capitals are those

used in the ‘Manual’ (the number following each species
refers to the page where the description will be found; the
numbers preceding the names of the species are merely conse-
cutive numbers); the names printed in Roman are those used
by Doubleday, and those printed in Italics are those used by
Stephens. Whenever a synonym is not given for a species, it
appears in Doubleday or Stephens under the same name, or
else it is not in their lists at all.

LEPIDOPTERA.

Rhopalocera. Preripi J
GONEPTERYX
PAPILIONIDZ 2 Raamnt, 16
PapiLionipI ’ COLIAS
PAPILIO 3 Epvusa, 16
1 Macwaon, 15 4 Hya.s, 17
 322

APORTA
NYMPHALIDI
5 Crater, 18
Pieris Crategi LIMENTTIS
PIERIS 23 SrBIiva, 33
6 Brassica, 18 APATURA
7 Rapa, 18 24 Iris, 34
8 Narr, 19
9 Dapuipicr, 19 VANESSIDI
ANTHOCHARIS CYNTHIA
10 Carpaminzs, 20
25 Carpul, 37
Euchloe Cardamines
Vanessa Cardui
LEUCOPHASIA
VANESSA
11 Sryapis, 20
26 ATALANTA, 38
NYMPHALIDE 27 Io, 38
28 AnTiopa, 38
SaTYRIDI 29 PotycHLoros, 39
ARGE ~ 30 Urtica, 39
12 GataTHra, 26 GRAPTA
LASTOMMATA 31 C-aLBum, 40
13 AieERta, 27 Vanessa C-album
Satyrus Algeria
LASIOMMATA ARGYNNIDI
14 Mruaara, 27 ARGYNNIS
Satyrus Megera 32 Paputa, 41
HIPPARCHIA 33 ADIPPE, 42
15 Semen, 28 34 Acrara, 42
Satyrus Semele 35 Laruonia, 42
16 Janira, 28 36 SELENE, 43
Satyrus Janira 37 EvupHrosyne, 43
17 Titnonus, 28 MELITAHA
Satyrus Tithonus 38 Crnxia, 44
18 Hyperantuus, 28 39 ATHALIA, 47
Satyrus Hyperanthus 40 Artemis, 47
Enodia Hyperanthus
EREBIA ERYCINIDE
19 Branpina, 29 NEMEOBIUS
20 CassiopE, 29 41 Luctna, 48
COZNONYMPHA
21 Davus, 32 LYCENIDE
Satyrus Davus THECLA
22 Pampuritus, 32 42 Breru a, 51 or 52
Satyrus Pamphilus 43 Pron, 52
 325

44 W-atpum, 52 or 53 ANTHROCERA
45 Quercus, 53 or 54 69 Minos, 80
46 Rust, 53 or 54 70 Trironn,80
CHRYSOPHANUS 71 Lonicrra, 81
47 Puusas, 54 or 55 72 FILIPenputa, 81
48 Dispar, 55
SPHINGIDZ
49 CuryseEts, 55 or 56
SMERINTHUS
POLYOMMATUS
73 OcELLATUS, 87
50 Arerotus, 57 or 58
74 Poputt, 87
51 Atsus, 57 or 58
75 Titi, 87
52 Acts, 58
53 Arion, 58 or 59 ACHERONTIA
54 Corypon, 59 or 60 76 Arropos, 88
55 Anonts, 59 or 60 SPHINX
56 AteExts, 60 or 61 77 CoNnvoLvoLt, 81
57 Aeon, 60 or 61 78 LicustrR:, 90
58 AcEsrTIs, 61 79 Prvasrrt, 90
59 ARTAXERXES, 61 or 62 DEILEPHILA
80 EvuprHorsiaz, 92
HESPERIDA 81 Gatti, 94
THYMELE 82 Livornica, 94
60 ALVEOLUS, 65 Lineata
Syrichthus Al¢eolus CHA ROCAMPA
Pyrgus Alveolus 83 Neri, 95
THANAOS Daphnis Nerii
61 Taaes, 65 or 66 CELERIO, 96
Nisoniades Tages 5 ELpEnor, 96
STEROPES Porce tts, 97
62 Paniscts, 66 SESUDA
Cyclopides Paniscus
MACROGLOSSA
PAMPHILA
87 STELLATARUM, 96
63 AcTHON, 67
64 Lrivga, 68 SESTA
65 Syivanus, 68 or 69 88 Fucrrormis, 99
66 Comma, 69 89 BompyLirormis, 99
A4AGERIIDA
Weterocera SPHECIA
90 Apirormis, 102
SPHINGINA Aigeria Apiformis
ZYGLNIDEA 91 Bempecirormis, 102:
PROCRIS Aigeria Apiformis
67 Sraticss, 78 TROCHILIUM
68 GLoBuLaRiA, 78 92 VusprrormeE, 104
 B24

93 CHRYSIDIFORME, 104 PTEROSTOMA

94 IcHNEUMONIFORME, 104 119 Pavprna, 120
95 CynipirorMeE, 104 Ptilodontis Palpina
96 SpHecirorME, 105
97 ScoLmi#@FoRME, 105
PTILOPHORA
98 ALLANTIFORME, 105
120 PLumicERa, 121
99 TipuLirormeE, 105 DRYMONIA
100 Myopa#rorme, 106 121 Doponma, 121
101 Cuxic1rormE, 106 Notodonta Dodonea
102 Formica@rorme, 106 122 Cuaonta, 121
Notodonta Chaonia
BOMBYCINA GLUPHISIA
123 CrENnaTa, 122
AHEPIALIDA
LEIOCAMPA
HEPIALUS 124 Dicrza, 122
103 Hecrtus, 110 Notodonta Dictea
104 Lupu tus, 111 = Pheosia Dictea
105 Humuti, 111 125 Dicrzorpes, 123
106 VELLEDA, 111 Notodonta Dicteoides
107 Syxvinus, 111 Pheosia Dicteoides
ZEUZERIDA LOPHOPTERYX
126 Cametina, 124
ZEUZERA Notodonta Camelina
108 Ascott, 113
127 Cucunuina, 124
PHRAGMATACIA Notodonta Cucullina
109 ARruNobINIs, 113 128 Carmenita, 124
Zeuzera Arundinis Notodonta Carmelita
COSSUS DILOBA
110 Lie@niperDa, 114 129 CaRULEOcEPHALA, 125
NOTODONTIDZA PETASIA
130 Casstnga, 125
CERURA
131 NuBecucosa, 126
111 Brtousprs, 117
112 Furovna, 117 PERIDEA
113 Brerpa, 117 132 Treprpa, 126
114 Vinvta, 118 Notodonta Trepida
STAUROPUS CLOSTERA
115 Facer, 118 133 Rectusa, 127
NOTODONTA 134 Curtuna, 127
116 Dromeparius, 119 PYGHRA
117 TrrropHus, 119 135 Bucepwana, 128
118 Zrezac, 119 Phalera bucephala
 325

LIIPARIDE LITHOSIA
PSILURA 149 AuREOLA, 137
136 Monacua, 130 150 Hetvota, 188
Liparis Monacha 151 Srramineora, 138
Lymantria Monacha Flava
152 Comptana, 138
HYPOGYMNA 153 CompLanuLa, 138
137 Dispar, 130 Lurideola
Liparis Dispar 154 GRISEOLA, 132
DASYCHIRA 155 Pyemmo.a, 139
138 FascEexina, 131 Luteola
Orgyia Fascelina 156 Muscerpa, 139
139 Pupipunpa, 131 CGENISTIS
Orgyia Pudibunda 157 Quapra, 139
DEMAS Lithosia quadra
140 Cory, 132 GNOPHRIA
Orgyia Coryli 158 [Link], 140
Lithosia rubricollis
ORGYIA
Atolmis rubricollis
141 Antieva, 132
142 Gonosticma, 132 CYBOSIA
159 MeEsomeE ta, 140
LELIA Lithosia mesomella
143 Canosa, 133
Orgyia cenosa
PHILEA
160 IrRoRELLA, 141
LEUCOMA Setina irrorella
144 Vau-niervum, 133 Eindrosa irrorella
Orgyia V-nigra
NUDARIA
STILPNOTIA 161 Mounpana, 141
145 Sanicts, 134 162 Senex, 141
Liparis Salicis
PORTHESIA CHELONIDA
146 Curysorrua@a, 134 HYPERCOMPA
Liparis Chrysorrhea 163 Dominuta, 144
Euproctis Chrysorrhcea Callimorpha Dominula
147 AurRiFiva, 135 EUTHEMONIA
Liparis auriflua 164 Russuta, 144
Euproctis auriflua Diacrisia Russula
ARCTIA
LITHOSIDHA 165 Caza, 145
MILTOCHRISTA 166 Viitica, 145
148 Mintara, 136 NEMEOPHILA
Lithosia miniata 167 PxLantaGinis, 146
QF
 326

EuthemoniaPlantaginis 187 Inicrrotta, 158

Parasemia Plantaginis
PHRAGMATOBIA Te posta
168 Furiainosa, 146 ee ann
SPILOSOMA EEee ,
169 Menrnastrt, 147 SATURNIDAi
[Link] SATURNIA
170 Papyratia, 147 189 Pavonta-minor, 160
Phragmatobia Urtice Saturnia Carpini
171 LupricEreDa, 148
Phragmat. Lubricepeda PLATYPTERYGID&
DIAPHORA CILIX
172 Menpica, 148 190 Spryvuxa, 162
Phragmatobia mendica PLATYPTERYX
Cycnia mendica 191 Lacertinaria, 162
CALLIMORPHA Platypteryx Lacertula
173 Jacopmam, 148 - DREPANA
Euchelia Jacobee 192 Stcuua, 163
EULEPIA Platypteryx sicula
174 Gramnica, 149 193 Faveatarta, 163
175 Crisrum, 149 Platypteryx Falcula
DEIOPEIA 194 Hamuta, 164
176 PutcHELa, 150 Platypteryx164hamula
195 Uneuroura,

BOMBYCIDA Platypteryx unguicula

LASIOCAMPA PSYCHID:
177 Rust, 153 PSYCHE
178 Trirou, 153 196 Nicricans, 166
179 Quercus, 153 Sterrhopteryx nigricans
ERIOGASTER 197 OpacEta, 166
180 Lanusrris, 154 Sterrhopteryx opacella
PCECILOCAMPA 198 Fusca, 166
181 Popust, 154 FUMEA
TRICHIURA 199 RaviExta, 167
182 Crarmer, 155 200 NiripeLua, 167
CLISIOCAMPA 201 RericeLya, 167
183 Casrrensis, 156 COCHLIOPODIDZ
184 Neusrnia, 156 HETEROGENEA
ODONESTIS 202 AsrELLus, 168
184 Poratorta, 157 Limacodes Asellus
GASTROPACHA LIMACODES
186 QuERcirornr, 157 203 TEsrupo, 169
 327

NOCTUINA 217 Psi, 180

Semaphora Psi
TRIFIDA Triana Psi
Bombyciformes 218 Leporrna, 181
NOCTUO-BOMBY
CIDA Apatela Leporina
Apatela Leporina
THYATIRA
219 Aceris, 181
204 Derasa, 173
220 Meescrpuata, 181
205 Batis, 174
221 Strricosa, 181
CYMATOPHORA 222 Aunt, 182
206 [Link], 174 223 Licustri, 182
Ceropacha duplaris 224 Romicis, 182
Ceropacha duplaris 225 Auricoma, 183
207 Fiucruosa, 174 226 MeEnyanTHIDIs, 183
Ceropacha fluctuosa 227 Sautcts, 183
Ceropacha fluctuosa 228 Myrioa, 183
208 Ditora, 175 Euphorbie
Ceropacha diluta Euphorbie
Ceropacha diluta SIMYRA
209 Or, 175 229 Venosa, 184
Ceropacha Or
Ceropacha Or Genuine
210 Ocuraris, 175 _ LEUCANIDE
Ceropacha ocularis
Ceropacha ocularis SYNIA
211 Fravicornis, 176 230 Muscvutosa, 186
Ceropacha flavicornis Leucania musculosa
Oria musculosa
Ceropacha flavicornis
212 RipEns, 176
LEUCANIA
Ceropacha ridens 231 ConicErRA, 187
Mythimna conigera
Ceropacha ridens
232 Turca, 187
Mythimna Turca
BRYOPHILIDZ
233 Lirnareyria, 188
BRYOPHILA Mythimna Lythargyria
213. Pera, 177 234 Oxssoxera, 188
214 GLaNDIFERA, 177 235 Lirroratis, 188
236 Pouporina, 189
BOMBYCOIDA 237 Comma, 189
DIPHTHERA 238 SrraMINEA, 189 2
215 Orton, 179 239 Impura, 189
ACRONYCTA 240 Pa uEns, 190
216 Tripens, 180 241 Paraemitipis, 190
Semaphora Tridens Nonagria Phragmitidis
Triana Tridens Calamia Phragmitidis
Qn 2
 328

MELIANA 263 Sconopacrna, 200

242 FrLamMMEa, 190
DIPTERYGIA
Nonagria arundinicola 264 Pinasrri, 20]
Senta flammea
SENTA
XYLOMYGES
243 Unva, 191 265 ConspicittaRis, 201
Nonagria Ulve Cloantha Conspicillaris
Xylina Conspicillaris
NONAGRIA
244 Despxcta, 192
APOROPHYLA
266 AusTRaALis, 202
Cenobia rufa
245 Futva, 192 LAPHYGMA
246 Concotor, 192 267 Exieua, 202
Extrema Caradrina exigua
Extrema Caradrina exigua
247 Hewtmannt, 193 NEURIA
248 Neurica, 193 268 SaponaRrm, 203
249 GEMINIPUNCTa, 193
-HELIOPHOBUS
Paludicola
250 Canna, 193 269 PopuLaris, 203
251 Typua, 194 270 Hispipa, 204
252 Crassicornis, 194 CHARZAS
Leucania crassicornis 271 GrRaminis, 204
Cerapteryx graminis
APAMIDZ: Cerapteryx graminis
GORTYNA PACHETRA
253 Fravaco, 196 272 Leucopuma, 205
HYDRECIA CERIGO
254 Nicrtirans, 197 273 CyruErea, 205
Apamea nictitans Thalpophila texta
255 Prrasiris, 198 LUPERINA
Gortyna Petasitis
256 Micacna, 198 274 TEstTacea, 206
Hama testacea
Gortyna micacea 275 DumeErItu, 206 -
AXYLIA Heliophobus Dumerilii
257 Purnris, 198 276 CeEsprtrs, 206
Agrotis putris hareas cespitis
Xylina putris
MAMESTRA
XYLOPH ASIA 277 ApsEcta, 207
258 Rurna, 199 Luperina abjecta
259 Lirnoxyrna, 199
Mamestra nigricans
260 SuBxusrris, 200
261 Potyopon, 200 278 ANcEps, 208
262 HeEpatica, 200
Luperina infesta
Hama sordida
 329

279 ALBICOLON, 208 HYDRILLA

Luperina albicolon 298 Pausrris, 216
280 Furva, 208 ACOSMETIA
Luperina furva 299 Carietnosa, 216
Hama furva Hydrilla caliginosa
281 Brassica, 208
Hadena Brassice
CARADRINA
300 MorpuHets, 217
282 PERsICARIA, 209
301 ALsINEs, 217
Hadena Persicariz
302 Brianna, 217
APAMEA 303 CusicuLants, 218
283 BasILinga, 210
Luperina basilinea NOCTUIDH
Hama basilinea
284 ConneExa, 210
RUSINA
Luperina connexa 304 TrnEBRosa, 220
Hama connexa Rusina ferruginea
285 Gemrna, 210 AGROTIS
Hadena gemina 305 VALLIGERA, 223
286 Unanimis, 210 306 Pura, 223
287 OpHIOGRAMMA, 211 307 Surrusa, 223
288 Frsrosa, 211 808 FEnnica, 223
Hydrecia leucostigma Opigena fennica
Hydrecia leucostigma 809 Saucta, 224
289 OcuLEa, 211 310 SrGetum, 224
Didyma 311 LunicERA, 224
Didyma 312 ExcLAmationts, 224
313 CorricEa, 225
MIANA 314 CINEREA, 225
290 Srricizis, 212 315 Ripm, 225
291 FascruncuLa, 212 316 Cursoria, 225
292 Lirerosa, 212 317 Niaricans, 225
293 FuruncuLa, 213 Fumosa
294 [Link], 213 318 Trrrici, 226
295 Arcuosa, 213 319 AauiILiNna, 226
Acosmetia arcuosa 320 OBELIscA, 226
CELENA 321 AGATHINA, 227
296 Hawortuu, 214 Chersotis Agathina
Chersotis Haworthii Lytaa Agathina
322 PorpuyRrea, 227
Chersotis porphyrea
CARADRINIDH: Lycophotia porphyrea
GRAMMESIA 323 Pracox, 227
297 TrILInEA, 215 Spelotis precox
Meristis Quercus Hapalia precox
253
 330

324 Ravina, 227 345 SuBpnosEa, 236

Spelotis ravida Chersotis subrosea
Spelotis ravida Canophila subrosea
325 PyropHina, 228 346 Brera, 236
Spelotis pyrophila Graphiphora Rubi
Spelotis pyrophila 347 Umerosa, 237
3826 Lucnrnea, 228 Lytea umbrosa
Spelotis Cataleuca 348 Basa, 237
Spelotis Cataleuca Graphiphora baja
327 AsHWORTHII, 228 349 Sosrina, 237
TRIPHENA 350 NEGLECTA, 237
328 TanTHina, 229 Orthosia neglecta
329 Fimprta, 229 Orthosia neglecta
330 InTERJECTA, 230 351 XaNTAHoGRAPHA, 238
331 SuBszqua, 230 Segetia xanthographa
332 OrBoNnA, 230 Segetia xanthographa
333 Pronusa, 231 -

ORTHOSIDH
NOCTUA
334 GLAREOSA, 233 TRACHEA
Noctua Hebraica 352 Pinrprrpa, 240
Graphiphora glareosa Panolis piniperda
335 Drpuncra, 233 PACHNOBTA
Graphiphora depuncta 353 ALPINA, 241
336 AuGuR, 234 Teniocampa hyperborea
Spelotis augur Orthosia hyperborea
Spelotis augur THNIOCAMPA
337 Piecta, 234 354 Gornica, 242
Chersotis plecta Semiophora gothica
Graphiphora plecta 355 LrucoGraPHa, 242
338 C-nIGRUM, 234 Noctua leucographa
Graphiphora C-nigrum Cerastia leucographa
339 Dirrarrzium, 234 356 Rusricosa, 243
Graphiph. ditrapezium Glea rubricosa
340 TRiaAncuLum, 235 357 INnstaBILis, 243
Graphiphora triangulum Orthosia instabilis
341 Ruomsorera, 235 358 Opia, 243
Graphiph. rhomboidea Orthosia opima
342 Brunnea, 235 859 Popunert, 243
Graphiphora brunnea Orthosia Populeti
343 Frstiva, 236 3860 SraBiLis, 243
Graphiphora festiva Orthosia stabilis.
344 Dannit, 236 361 GraciLis, 244
Graphiphora Dahlii Orthosia gracilis
 331

362 Mrntosa, 244 XANTHIA

Orthosia miniosa 379 CirrRaGo, 252
363 Munpa, 244 380 CERAGO, 252
Orthosia munda 381 FrLavaco, 252
364 Crupa, 245 Silago
Orthosia cruda 382 AuRAGO, 253
ORTHOSIA 383 GiILvaGo, 253
365 Susprota, 245 384 FrRRUGINEA, 253
Congener Orbona ferruginea
Congener CIRRADIA
366 Upsiton, 246 385 XMERAMPELINA, 254
Hama Ypsilon Atethmia centrago
367 Lora, 246
368 MacrLenra, 246 COSMIDA
ANCHOCELIS TETHEA
369 Ruorina, 247 386 Suprusa, 256
Xanthia rufina LIpimorpha subtusa
Orbona rufina 387 Retusa, 256
870 Pisractna, 247 Ipimorpha retusa
Anthocelis pistacina EUPERIA
371 Lunosa, 248 388 FuLyaaco, 256
Anthocelis lunosa DICYCLA
372 Lirura, 248 389 Oo, 257
Anthocelis litura Cymatophora Oo
CERASTIS Hugramma Oo
373 VaAccINit, 249 COSMIA
Glea Vaccinii 390 TRrApEzina, 258
Orrhodia Vaceini Euperia Trapezina
374 Spapicea, 249 Euperia Trapetzina
Glea spadicea 391 Pyraxina, 258
Orrhodia ligula 392 DIFFINIs, 258
375 EryTHROCEPHALA, 249 393 AFFINIS, 259
Glea erythrocephala
Orrhodia erythrocephala FTADENIDZ
SCOPELOSOMA EREMOBIA
376 SaTELLITIA, 250 394 OcuroLEuca, 260
Eupsilia Satellitia DIANTHACIA
DASYCAMPA 395 CarpvopHaca, 261
377 RUBIGINEA, 250 Perplexa
HOPORINIA 396 Capstncota, 261
878 CrocEaGo, 251 397 CucuBaLt, 262
Xantholeuca Croceago 398 ALBIMACULA, 262
Lodia Croceago 399 ConsPERSA, 262-
HECATERA 418 Nersutosa, 272
400 DysopEa, 263 Eurois nebulosa
Polia Dysodea 419 Tinora, 272
Polia Dysodea Eurois tincta
401 Sprena, 263 420 ApvENa, 272
Polia serena Eurois advena
Polia serena
HADENA
POLIA 421 Satura, 274
402 Cui, 264 422 AssIMILIs, 274
403 Fravoctncra, 264 423 ApustTa, 274
DASYPOLIA 424 Protea, 275
404 Trempti, 265 425 Gravca, 275
Crymodes Templi 426 DeEnTINA, 275
EPUNDA 427 CHENoPopDU, 275
405 LuTuLenta, 266 Mamestra Chenopodii
Hadena lutulenta 428 Arripiicts, 276
Chareas lutulenta Trachea Atriplicis
406 Nicra, 266 429 Suasa, 276
Hadena Athiops Mamestra suasa
Chareus Zithiops 430 OLERACEA, 277
407 Vimrnaxis, 266 Mamestra oleracea
Cleoceris viminalis 431 Pist, 277
408 LicHENEa, 266 Mamestra Pisi
Eumichtis lichenea 432 THALASSINA, 277
VALERIA 433 ContTia@ua, 277
409 OLEactIna, 267 434 W-Latinum, 278
Genistez
MISELIA
Genisie
410 Oxyacantrua, 268 435 Rectizinea, 278
411 Brmacutosa, 268 Hyppa rectilinea
AGRIOPIS
412 AprItina, 268
Chariptera Aprilina XYLINIDHA
PHLOGOPHORA XYLOCAMPA
413 Mericurosa, 269 436 Lirnoruiza, 280
414 Empyrea, 270 CLOANTHA
EUPLEXIA 437 PERSPICILLARIS, 280
415 Lucrpara, 270 Actinotia perspicillaris
APLECTA 438 [Link], 281
416 Hursrpa, 271 Lithomoia Soliduginis
Eurois herbida CALOCAMPA
417 OccutTa, 271 439 Verusra, 282
- Eurois occulta 440 Exouera, 280
 333

XYLINA ACONTIA
441 RetzorirHa,283 464 Lucrvosa, 297
442 SremMIBpRuNNEA, 283
443 Prrririoata, 283 ERASTRIDZ!
CUCULLIA ERASTRIA
444 VeERBascl, 285 465 Venustuxa, 298
445 ScropHuLaria, 285 466 Fuscuna, 298
446 Lycanitis, 285 BANKIA
447 AsTeERIs, 286 467 Banxrana, 299
448 GNapPHaLu, 286 Hydrelia Bankiana
449 ABsINTHII, 286
450 CHAMOMILL&[, 287 ANTHOPHILIDZ
45! Umpratica, 287
HYDRELIA
CGCALOPHASIA 468 Uncana, 300
452 Linarim, 288 Hyela uncana
MICRA
HELIOTHIDZA 469 Osrrina, 300
Eromene Ostrina
CHARICLEA
453 DELPHINII, 290
PHALANOIDZ
Periphanes Delphinii
BREPHOS
HELIOTHIS
470 PartrHenias, 301
454 Manrernata, 291
471 Norua, 302
455 PELTicERA, 291
456 ArMIGERA, 291
457 Dipsacra, 292 QUADRIFIDA
458 Scurosa, 292 Variegate
ANARTA PLUSIDA
459 MeELanopa, 293 ABROSTOLA
460 CorpIGERA, 293 472 Urtica, 304
461 Myrriiui, 293 473 TripLasta, 305
HELIODES PLUSIA
462 ArBuTI, 294 474 Inuusrris, 306
Heliodes heliaca Euchaleia illustris
Panemeria Arbuti 475 OrIcHALCEA, 306
476 Curysitis, 306
477 Bracteéa, 306
Minores 478 Frstuca, 307
ACONTIDZ 479 lTora, 307
AGROPHILA 480 PuLoHrina, 307
463 SULPHURALIS, 296 Inscripta
Agrophila sulphurea 481 Gamma, 308
Emmelia sulphuralis 482 INTERROGATIONIS, 308
 334

GONOPTERIDA Limbate
GONOPTERA CATOCALIDA
483 Lipatrix, 8309 CATOCALA
Scoliopteryx Libatrix 490 Fraxtnt, 315
Scoliopteryx Libatria 491 Nupta, 315
492 Promissa, 316
Intruse 493 Sponsa, 316
AMPHIPYRIDZ
AMPHIPYRA Serpentine
484 PyramipEA, 311 OPHIUSIDA
Philopyra pyramidea
485 Tracopoconis, 311 Ora 1
Philopyra Tragopogonis 494 Lunants, 317
Scotophila Tragopogonis
MANIA EUCLIDIDA
486 Typtca, 312 EUCLIDIA
Nenia typica 495 Mz, 318
Nenia typica 496 GLypHica, 318
487 Maura, 312
Mormo maura POAPHILIDA
PHYTOMETRA
TOX OCAMPIDZA 497 AANEA, 319
TOXOCAMPA Prothymia enea
488 Pastinum, 313

STILBIDA
STILBIA
489 ANomaLA, 314
 AE eaten
OT Xx ETS

The following Latin names of Plants occurring in the

volume, their English names are here appended.

Aconitum : Monk’s Hood

Aira caespitosa Turfy Hair Grass
5 canescens Grey Hair Grass
Alnus glutinosa Alder
Alsine media Common Chickweed
Anthemis Chamomile
Arctium Lappa Burdock
Arenaria Sand-wort
Artemista Wormwood
a campestris Field Southernwood
a maritima Sea Wormwood
Arundo Phragmites Common Reed
Astragalus Milk Vetch
Atriplex Orache
Betula alba Birch
Brassica Napus Rape -
Briza : Quaking Grass
Calluna vulgaris Ling; Heather
Campanula rotundifolia Harebell
Cardamine impatiens Bitter Cress
 336

Carduus acanthoides Welted Thistle

5% lanceolatus Spear Plume Tiifstle
nf nutans Musk Thistle
Carea Sedge
Cerastium arvense Mouse-ear
Chenopodium Goose-foot
Cladium Mariscus Common Sedge
Convolvulus Bindweed
* arvensis Small Bindweed
Cynosurus cristatus Crested Dog’s-tail Grass
Daucus Carota Wild Carrot
Delphiniwmn Larkspur
Digitalis purpurea Foxglove
Eipilobium Willow Herb
Eriophorum Cotton Grass
Erodium cicutarvum ‘Stork’s-bill
EHupatorium cannabinum Hemp Agrimony
Euphorbia Cyparissias Cypress Spurge
ah Esula Leafy-branched Spurge
a Paralias Sea Spurge
Festuca duriuscula Hard Fescue Grass
Galium Mollugo White Bedstraw
» verum Yellow Bedstraw
Glyceria fluitans Floating Sweet Grass
Hedera Helix Ty
Helianthemum vulgare Common Rock Rose
EHippocrepis comosa Horse-shoe Vetch
Hippophae Rhamnoides Sea Buckthorn
Hyoscyamus Henbane
Hypericum St. John’s-wort
Ilex Europeus Holly
Impatiens noli-me-tangere Yellow Balsam
Iris Pseudacorus Yellow Flag
Lathyrus Vetchling .
Lagustrum vulgare Privet
Linaria vulgaris Common Yellow Toadflax
Lonicera periclymenum Woodbine ; Honeysuckle
Lotus corniculatus Bird’s-foot Trefoil
Luzula Wood Rush
Lychnis dioica Red Campion
 337

Lychnis Flos-cuculi Ragged Robin

Matricaria Wild Chamomile
Milium effusum Millet Grass
Myosotis arvensis Field Scorpion Grass
Myrica Gale Sweet Gale
Nerium Oleander Oleander. (A greenhouse plant)
Orobus Bitter Vetch
Persicaria (Polygonum), Spotted Persicaria
Peucedanum palustre Hog’s Fennel; Milk Parsley
Phleum pratense Cat’s-tail Grass
Plantago lanceolata Ribwort Plantain
3 major Greater Plantain
id maritima Sea Plantain
Poa annua Annual Meadow Grass
» aquatica Reed Meadow Grass
» pratensis Smooth-stalked Meadow Grass
Populus nigra Black Poplar
> tremula Aspen
Primula vulgaris Primrose
~ Prunus spinosa Sloe; Blackthorn
Pteris aquilina Common Fern
Reseda lutea Wild Mignonette
» luteola Weld
Rhamnus catharticus: Buckthorn
» Lrangula Alder Buckthorn
~ Rubus Ideus Raspberry
Rumex acetosa Sorrel
» aquaticus ~ Water Dock
»» hydrolapathum Great Water Dock
Salia alba Willow
» caprea Sallow
» triandra }
5, veminalis } Osier
Scabiosa arvensis Field Scabioug
ie succisa Devil’s-bit Scabious
Scirpus Club Rush
Scrophularia . Fig-wort
fy aquatica Water Betony
5 nodosa Knotted Fig wort
26
 338

Senecia Jacobea Ragwort

Silene Catchfly
» mflata Bladder Campion
» mutans Nottingham Catchfly
Solidago virgaurea Golden Rod
Sonchus arvensis Corn Sow Thistle
A oleraceus Common Sow Thistle
Sparganium Bur Reed
Teucrium Scorodonia Wood Sage
Trifolium montanum Mountain Trefoil
fe procumbens Hop Trefoil
Triticum repens Couch Grass
Trollius Europeus Globe Flower
Indian Cress (a garden plant),
Tropeolum often improperly called Na-
~ sturtium
Turritis glabra Tower-wort
Tussilago Petasites Butter Bur
Typha latifolia Reed Mace
Ulmus campestris Elm
Urtica dioica Stinging Nettle
Vaccinium Myriillus Bilberry
Verbascum Mullein
- Blattaria Moth Mullein
Ks Lychnitis White Mullein
Vicia cracca Tufted Vetch
Viola canina Dog Violet
» odorata Sweet Violet
» tricolor Wild Heart’s-ease

LONDON:
PRINTED BY EDWARD NEWMAN, 9, DEVONSHIRE STREET,
BISHOPSGATE STREET.
 RECENT ENTOMOLOGICAL PUBLICATIONS.

HE NATURAL HISTORY of the TINEINA.

By H. T. Sraryton, assisted by Professor ZELLER and
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N.B.—Vol. IT. is in preparation.

MHE ENTOMOLOGIST’S ANNUAL for 1857.

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RACTICAL HINTS respecting MOTHS and BUT.-

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UNE: a Book for the Country in Summer Time. By
H. T. Srarnron. 3s. ~ ;

Seventh and cheaper edition,

IRBY and SPENCE’S INTRODUCTION to EN-
TOMOLOGY. 5s.
London: Lonemax, Brown, Green, Lonemans, & Roperts.

With many Illustrations, Price Twopence (or 13 for 2s., 100

jor 14s.),
HE EDUCATIONAL SHEET of BUTTERFLIES,
Adapted for Schools. By H. T. Sramron, Author of
‘June: a Book for the Country in Summer Time.’

GIST’S WEEKLY
ER for 1856. 93.2"

HE SUBSTITUTE; or, Entomological Exchange

Facilitator and Entomologist’s Fire-side’ Companion for
1856—7. 5s.

SUMMER JOURNAL FOR ENTOMOLOGY.

On Saturday, April 4th, 1857, Price One Penny, No. 27
(the first of the new Volume) of

THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S WEEKLY

INTELLIGENCER.
This will be continued for Twenty-six weeks, that is to the
end of September. Occastonarty ILLusrRatTions WILL BE
GIVEN. §
London: KE, Newman, 9, Devonshire St., Bishopsgate St.,
N.E.; and to be had of all Booksellers.
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