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JavaScript Data
Structures and
Algorithms
An Introduction to Understanding and
Implementing Core Data Structure and
Algorithm Fundamentals
—
Sammie Bae
JavaScript Data Structures
and Algorithms
An Introduction to Understanding
and Implementing Core Data
Structure and Algorithm
Fundamentals
Sammie Bae
JavaScript Data Structures and Algorithms
Sammie Bae
Hamilton, ON, Canada
Acknowledgments ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xix
Introduction ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xxi
v
Table of Contents
vi
Table of Contents
String Shortening������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 43
Encryption����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 45
RSA Encryption���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 46
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 50
vii
Table of Contents
Chapter 8: Recursion���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 99
Introducing Recursion����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 99
Rules of Recursion�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 100
Base Case���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 100
Divide-and-Conquer Method����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 101
Classic Example: Fibonacci Sequence�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 101
Fibonacci Sequence: Tail Recursion������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 102
Pascal’s Triangle������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 103
Big-O for Recursion������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 105
Recurrence Relations���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 105
Master Theorem������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 106
Recursive Call Stack Memory��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 107
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 109
Exercises����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 109
viii
Table of Contents
ix
Table of Contents
x
Table of Contents
xi
Table of Contents
xii
Table of Contents
xiii
Table of Contents
Index��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 351
xiv
About the Author
Sammie Bae is a data engineer at Yelp and previously
worked for the data platform engineering team at
NVIDIA. He developed a deep interest in JavaScript
during an internship at SMART Technologies (acquired by
Foxconn), where he developed Node.js-based JavaScript
APIs for serial port communication between electronic
board drivers and a web application. Despite how relevant
JavaScript is to the modern software engineering industry,
currently no books besides this one teach algorithms and
data structures using JavaScript. Sammie understands how
difficult these computer science concepts are and aims to
provide clear and concise explanations in this book.
xv
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Industrial
Poisoning from Fumes, Gases and Poisons of
Manufacturing Processes
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.
Language: English
LEAD POISONING
AND LEAD ABSORPTION:
THE SYMPTOMS, PATHOLOGY AND PREVENTION, WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THEIR INDUSTRIAL ORIGIN
AND AN ACCOUNT OF THE PRINCIPAL PROCESSES
INVOLVING RISK.
By THOMAS M. LEGGE M.D. (Oxon.), D.P.H. (Cantab.),
H.M. Medical Inspector of Factories; Lecturer on
Factory Hygiene, University of Manchester; and
KENNETH W. GOADBY, D.P.H. (Cantab.), Pathologist
and Lecturer on Bacteriology, National Dental
Hospital. Illustrated. viii+308 pp. 12s. 6d. net.
London: EDWARD ARNOLD.
INDUSTRIAL POISONING
FROM FUMES, GASES AND POISONS
OF MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
BY
DR. J. RAMBOUSEK
PROFESSOR OF FACTORY HYGIENE,
AND CHIEF STATE HEALTH OFFICER, PRAGUE
WITH ILLUSTRATIONS
LONDON
EDWARD ARNOLD
1913
TRANSLATOR’S PREFACE
I undertook the translation of Dr. Rambousek’s book because it
seemed to me to treat the subject of industrial poisons in as novel,
comprehensive, and systematic a manner as was possible within the
compass of a single volume. Having learnt much myself from
Continental writings on industrial diseases and factory hygiene, I
was anxious to let others also see how wide a field they had covered
and how thorough were the regulations for dangerous trades
abroad, especially in Germany. A praiseworthy feature of Dr.
Rambousek’s book was the wealth of references to the work of
foreign writers which is made on almost every page. To have left
these names and references, however, in the text as he has done
would have made the translation tedious reading, and therefore for
the sake of those who desire to pursue inquiry further I have
adopted the course of collecting the great majority and placing them
all together in an appendix at the end of the volume.
Dr. Rambousek as a medical man, a chemist, and a government
official having control of industrial matters, is equipped with the very
special knowledge required to describe the manufacturing processes
giving rise to injurious effects, the pathology of the lesions set up,
and the preventive measures necessary to combat them. In his
references to work done in this country he has relied largely on
abstracts which have appeared in medical and technical journals
published on the Continent. I have only thought it necessary to
amplify his statements when important work carried out here on
industrial poisoning,—such as that on nickel carbonyl and on ferro-
silicon—had been insufficiently noted. Such additions are introduced
in square brackets or in footnotes.
In his preface Dr. Rambousek says ‘the book is intended for all
who are, or are obliged to be, or ought to be, interested in industrial
poisoning.’ No words could better describe the scope of the book.
The work of translation would never have been begun but for the
assistance given me in Parts II and III by my sister, Miss H. Edith
Legge. To her, and to Mr. H. E. Brothers, F.I.C., who has been to the
trouble of reading the proofs and correcting many mistakes which
my technical knowledge was insufficient to enable me to detect, my
best thanks are due.
I am indebted to Messrs. Davidson & Co., Belfast, for permission
to use figs. 46 and 48; to Messrs. Locke, Lancaster & Co., Millwall,
for fig. 27; to Mr. R. Jacobson, for figs. 30, 33, 37, 38, and 43; to
Messrs. Siebe, Gorman & Co., for figs. 32, 39, and 40; to Messrs.
Blackman & Co. for fig. 47; to Messrs. Matthews & Yates for fig. 54;
to H.M. Controller of the Stationery Office for permission to
reproduce figs. 52, 53, and 54, and the diagrams on p. 284; and
lastly to my publisher, for figs. 41, 42, 43, and 49, which are taken
from the book by Dr. K. W. Goadby and myself on ‘Lead Poisoning
and Lead Absorption.’
T. M. L.
Hampstead, May 1913.
CONTENTS
PAGE
Introduction xiii
INDUSTRIAL POISONING
PART I
DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRIES AND
PROCESSES ATTENDED WITH RISK OF
POISONING; INCIDENCE OF SUCH
POISONING
A Pyrites Burner
B Glover Tower
C Draft Regulator
D, D´ Lead Chambers
E Air Shaft
F, F,´ F,´´ F´´´ Acid Reservoirs
G Acid Egg
H Cooler
J Gay-Lussac Tower
As already stated, two Gay-Lussac towers are usually connected
together, or where there are several lead-chamber systems there is,
apart from the Gay-Lussac attached to each, a central Gay-Lussac in
addition, common to the whole series. The introduction of several
Gay-Lussac towers has the advantage of preventing loss of the
nitrous fumes as much as possible—mainly on economical grounds,
as nitric acid is expensive. But this arrangement is at the same time
advantageous on hygienic grounds, as escape of poisonous gases
containing nitrous fumes, &c., is effectually avoided. The acids are
driven to the top of the towers by compressed air. The whole system
—chambers and towers—is connected by means of wide lead
conduits. Frequently, for the purpose of quickening the chamber
process (by increasing the number of condensing surfaces) Lunge-
Rohrmann plate towers are inserted in the system—tall towers lined
with lead in which square perforated plates are hung horizontally,
and down which diluted sulphuric acid trickles.
To increase the draught in the whole system a chimney is usual at
the end, and, in addition, a fan of hard lead or earthenware may be
introduced in front of the first chamber or between the two Gay-
Lussac towers. Maintenance of a constant uniform draught is not
only necessary for technical reasons, but has hygienic interest, since
escape of injurious gases is avoided (see also Part III).
The chamber acid (of 110°-120° Tw. = 63-70 %) and the stronger
Glover acid (of 136°-144° Tw. = 75-82 %) contain impurities. In
order to obtain for certain purposes pure strong acid the chamber
acid is purified and concentrated. The impurities are notably
arsenious and nitrous acids (Glover acid is N free), lead, copper, and
iron. Concentration (apart from that to Glover acid in the Glover
tower) is effected by evaporation in lead pans to 140° Tw. and finally
in glass balloons or platinum stills to 168° Tw. (= 97 %). The lead
pans are generally heated by utilising the waste heat from the
furnaces or by steam coils in the acid itself, or even by direct firing.
Production of sulphuric acid by the contact method depends on
the fact that a mixture of sulphur dioxide and excess of oxygen (air)
combines to form sulphur trioxide at a moderate heat in presence of
a contact substance such as platinised asbestos or oxide of iron. The
sulphur dioxide must be carefully cleaned and dried, and with the
excess of air is passed through the contact substance. If asbestos
carrying a small percentage of finely divided platinum is the contact
substance, it is generally used in the form of pipes; oxide of iron
(the residue of pyrites), if used, is charged into a furnace. Cooling by
a coil of pipes and condensation in washing towers supplied with
concentrated sulphuric acid always forms a part of the process. A fan
draws the gases from the roasting furnaces and drives them through
the system. The end product is a fuming sulphuric acid containing
20-30 per cent. SO₃. From this by distillation a concentrated acid
and a pure anhydride are obtained. From a health point of view it is
of importance to know that all sulphuric acid derived from this
anhydride is pure and free from arsenic.
The most important uses of sulphuric acid are the following: as
chamber acid (110°-120° Tw.) in the superphosphate, ammonium
sulphate, and alum industries; as Glover acid (140°-150° Tw.) in the
Leblanc process, i.e. saltcake and manufacture of hydrochloric acid,
and to etch metals; as sulphuric acid of 168° Tw. in colour and
explosives manufacture (nitric acid, nitro-benzene, nitro-glycerine,
gun-cotton, &c.); as concentrated sulphuric acid and anhydride for
the production of organic sulphonic acids (for the alizarin and
naphthol industry) and in the refining of petroleum and other oils.
Completely de-arsenicated sulphuric acid is used in making starch,
sugar, pharmaceutical preparations, and in electrical accumulator
manufacture.
Effects on Health.—The health of sulphuric acid workers cannot in
general be described as unfavourable.
In comparison with chemical workers they have, it is said,
relatively the lowest morbidity. Although in this industrial occupation
no special factors are at work which injure in general the health of
the workers, there is a characteristic effect, without doubt due to the
occupation—namely, disease of the respiratory organs. Leymann’s
figures are sufficiently large to show that the number of cases of
diseases of the respiratory organs is decidedly greater in the
sulphuric acid industry than among other chemical workers. He
attributes this to the irritating and corrosive effect of sulphur dioxide
and sulphuric acid vapour on the mucous membrane of the
respiratory tract, as inhalation of these gases can never be quite
avoided, because the draught in the furnace and chamber system
varies, and the working is not always uniform. Strongly irritating
vapours escape again in making a high percentage acid in platinum
vessels, which in consequence are difficult to keep air-tight. Of
greater importance than these injurious effects from frequent
inhalation of small quantities of acid vapours, or employment in
workrooms in which the air is slightly charged with acid, is the
accidental sudden inhalation of large quantities of acid gases, which
may arise in the manufacture, especially by careless attendance.
Formerly this was common in charging the roasting furnaces when
the draught in the furnace, on addition of the pyrites, was not
strengthened at the same time. This can be easily avoided by
artificial regulation of the draught.
Accidents through inhalation of acid gases occur further when
entering the lead chambers or acid tanks, and in emptying the
towers. Heinzerling relates several cases taken from factory
inspectors’ reports. Thus, in a sulphuric acid factory the deposit
(lead oxysulphate) which had collected on the floor of a chamber
was being removed: to effect this the lead chambers were opened at
the side. Two of the workers, who had probably been exposed too
long to the acid vapours evolved in stirring up the deposit, died a
short time after they had finished the work. A similar fatality
occurred in cleaning out a nitro-sulphuric acid tank, the required
neutralisation of the acid by lime before entering having been
omitted. Of the two workers who entered, one died the next day;
the other remained unaffected. The deceased had, as the post
mortem showed, already suffered previously from pleurisy. A fatality
from breathing nitrous fumes is described fully in the report of the
Union of Chemical Industry for the year 1905. The worker was
engaged with two others in fixing a fan to a lead chamber; the
workers omitted to wait for the arrival of the foreman who was to
have supervised the operation. Although the men used moist
sponges as respirators, one of them inhaled nitrous fumes escaping
from the chamber in such quantity that he died the following day.
Similar accidents have occurred in cleaning out the Gay-Lussac
towers. Such poisonings have repeatedly occurred in Germany. Fatal
poisoning is recorded in the report of the Union of Chemical
Industry, in the emptying and cleaning of a Gay-Lussac tower
despite careful precautions. The tower, filled with coke, had been
previously well washed with water, and during the operation of
emptying, air had been constantly blown through by means of a
Körting’s injector. The affected worker had been in the tower about
an hour; two hours later symptoms of poisoning set in which proved
fatal in an hour despite immediate medical attention. As such
accidents kept on recurring, the Union of Chemical Industry drew up
special precautions to be adopted in the emptying of these towers,
which are printed in Part III.
Naturally, in all these cases it is difficult to say exactly which of the
acid gases arising in the production of sulphuric acid was responsible
for the poisoning. In the fatal cases cited, probably nitrous fumes
played the more important part.
Poisoning has occurred in the transport of sulphuric acid. In some
of the cases, at all events, gaseous impurities, especially
arseniuretted hydrogen, were present.
Thus, in the reports of the German Union of Chemical Industry for
the year 1901, a worker succumbed through inhalation of poisonous
gases in cleaning out a tank waggon for the transport of sulphuric
acid. The tank was cleaned of the adhering mud, as had been the
custom for years, by a man who climbed into it. No injurious effects
had been noted previously at the work, and no further precautions
were taken than that one worker relieved another at short intervals,
and the work was carried on under supervision. On the occasion in
question, however, there was an unusually large quantity of deposit,
although the quality of the sulphuric acid was the same, and work
had to be continued longer. The worker who remained longest in the
tank became ill on his way home and died in hospital the following
day; the other workers were only slightly affected. The sulphuric
acid used by the firm in question immediately before the accident
came from a newly built factory in which anhydrous sulphuric acid
had been prepared by a special process. The acid was Glover acid,
and it is possible that selenium and arsenic compounds were present
in the residues. Arseniuretted hydrogen might have been generated
in digging up the mud. Two similar fatalities are described in the
report of the same Union for the year 1905. They happened similarly
in cleaning out a sulphuric acid tank waggon, and in them the
arsenic in the acid was the cause. Preliminary swilling out with water
diluted the remainder of the sulphuric acid, but, nevertheless, it
acted on the iron of the container. Generation of hydrogen gas is the
condition for the reduction of the arsenious acid present in sulphuric
acid with formation of arseniuretted hydrogen. In portions of the
viscera arsenic was found. Lately in the annual reports of the Union
of Chemical Industry for 1908 several cases of poisoning are
described which were caused by sulphuric acid. A worker took a
sample out of a vessel of sulphuric acid containing sulphuretted
hydrogen gas. Instead of using the prescribed cock, he opened the
man-hole and put his head inside, inhaling concentrated
sulphuretted hydrogen gas. He became immediately unconscious
and died. Through ignorance no use was made of the oxygen
apparatus.
Another fatality occurred through a foreman directing some
workers, contrary to the regulations against accidents from nitrous
gases, to clean a vessel containing nitric and sulphuric acids. They
wore no air helmets: one died shortly after from inhalation of nitrous
fumes. Under certain circumstances even the breaking of carboys
filled with sulphuric acid may give rise to severe poisoning through
inhalation of acid gases. Thus a fatality1 occurred to the occupier of
a workroom next some premises in which sulphuric acid carboys had
been accidentally broken. Severe symptoms developed the same
night, and he succumbed the next morning in spite of treatment
with oxygen. A worker in the factory became seriously ill but
recovered.
A similar case is described2 in a factory where concentrated
sulphuric acid had been spilt. The workers covered the spot with
shavings, which resulted in strong development of sulphur dioxide,
leading to unconsciousness in one worker.
The frequent observation of the injurious effect of acid gases on
the teeth of workers requires mention; inflammation of the eyes of
workers also is attributed to the effects of sulphuric acid.
Leymann’s statistics show corrosions and burns among sulphuric
acid workers to be more than five times that among other classes.
Such burns happen most frequently from carelessness. Thus, in the
reports of the Union of Chemical Industry for 1901, three severe
accidents are mentioned which occurred from use of compressed air.
In two cases the acid had been introduced before the compressed
air had been turned off; in the third the worker let the compressed
air into the vessel and forgot to turn off the inlet valve. Although the
valves were provided with lead guards, some of the acid squirted
into the worker’s face. In one case complete blindness followed, in a
second blindness in one eye, and in the third blindness in one eye
and impaired vision of the other.
Besides these dangers from the raw material, bye-products, and
products of the manufacture, lead poisoning has been reported in
the erection and repair of lead chambers. The lead burners generally
use a hydrogen flame; the necessary hydrogen is usually made from
zinc and sulphuric acid and is led to the iron by a tube. If the zinc
and sulphuric acid contain arsenic, the very dangerous arseniuretted
hydrogen is formed, which escapes through leakages in the piping,
or is burnt in the flame to arsenious acid.
Further, the lead burners and plumbers are exposed to the danger
of chronic lead poisoning from insufficient observance of the
personal precautionary measures necessary to guard against it (see
Part III). Those who are constantly engaged in burning the lead
sheets and pipes of the chambers suffer not infrequently from
severe symptoms. Unfortunately, the work requires skill and
experience, and hence alternation of employment is hardly possible.
Finally, mention should be made of poisoning by arseniuretted
hydrogen gas from vessels filled with sulphuric acid containing
arsenic as an impurity, and by sulphuretted hydrogen gas in
purifying the acid itself. In the manufacture of liquid sulphur dioxide,
injury to health can arise from inhalation of the acid escaping from
the apparatus. The most frequent cause for such escape of sulphur
dioxide is erosion of the walls of the compressor pumps and of the
transport vessels, in consequence of the gas being insufficiently
dried, as, when moist, it attacks iron.
Sulphur dioxide will come up for further consideration when
describing the industrial processes giving rise to it, or in which it is
used.
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